History of the Modern World Nationalism In 19 th Century Europe: Part 2 Italy Austria-Hungary Ottomans Russia Italy Austria-Hungary Ottomans Russia.

History of the Modern WorldHistory of the Modern WorldNationalism

In 19th Century Europe: Part 2

Italy

Austria-HungaryOttomans

Russia

Italy

Austria-HungaryOttomans

Russia

Nationalism Triumphs in EuropeSection 3: Unifying Italy, pp 700-704

Witness History Audio: Stirrings of Nationalism

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Obstacles to Italian Unity

At the Congress of Vienna, Austria was given much of northern Italy, while the Hapsburgs and a

French Bourbon ruler controlled other Italian states. Giuseppe Mazzini and other nationalists

wanted to unite the peninsula and its people, who spoke the same language.

Objectives:

1. List the key obstacles to Italian Unification

2. Understand the roles played by Cavour and Garibaldi in this struggle

3. Describe the challenges faced by the new Italian nation

The Struggle for Italy

Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia wanted to enlarge his kingdom. His prime minister, Count Camillo

Cavour, got Napoleon III to agree to aid Sardinia in any war with Austria, and then Cavour

provoked the war. France helped Sardinia defeat Austria and annex the province of Lombardy.

Other provinces soon also joined Sardinia and with the help of Giuseppe Garibaldi, a nationalist

leader in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Victor Emmanuel II became king of Italy.

Section 3: Unifying Italy

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Challenges Facing the New Nation

Italy’s unification was not a smooth process. The industrial north and the agricultural south were

difficult to bring together. The Catholic Church asked its members to stand against the

government that did away with the Papal States. Leftist radicals also fought against what they

saw as a government that was too conservative.

Nationalism Triumphs in EuropeSection 3: Unifying Italy

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History Interactive: Unifying Italy

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The Hapsburg Empire Declines

The Austrian Hapsburgs tried to stifle nationalist activity in their lands, but the people were too diverse

to coexist under one government. The Hungarians were especially determined to become

independent.

Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires, pp705-709

Witness History Audio: Balkan Nationalism

Formation of the Dual Monarchy

Hungarian leader Ferene Deák worked out a compromise with Austria that gave Hungary status as

a separate state with its own constitution. However, Francis Joseph still ruled both Austria and

Hungary. This made other subject peoples more determined to have their own states.

Objectives:

1. Describe how nationalism contributed to the decline of the Hapsburg Empire.

2. List the main characteristics of the Dual Monarchy.

3. Understand how the growth of nationalism affected the Ottoman Empire.

Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

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Geography Interactive: Major Nationalities in Eastern Europe, 1800-1914

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Color Transparency 134: Europe, 1803 and 1914

The Ottoman Empire Collapses

During the 1800s, various peoples ruled by the Ottomans staged revolts. Other European countries

seized the opportunity to try to take control of Ottoman lands. One of the most contentious regions

was the Balkans, where an event would help to start World War I.

Color Transparency 135: Court Ball at the Hofburg

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Color Transparency 134: Europe, 1803 and 1914

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Conditions in Russia

Russia was the largest nation in Europe. Its social structure gave much power to landowning

nobles, who did nothing to improve industry. Most Russians were serfs, who served the

landowners. Landowners actions were governed only by the Tsar, who ruled with absolute power.

Nationalism Triumphs in EuropeSection 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction, pp. 710-715

Witness History Audio: Plight of the Serfs

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Color Transparency 136: Gambling with the Lives of Serfs

Objectives:

1. Describe major obstacles to progress in Russia.

2. Explain why tsars followed a cycle of absolutism, reform, and reaction.

3. Understand why the problems of industrialization contributed to the outbreak of revolution.

Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution

After losing the Crimean War, Russian leader Alexander II was forced to free the serfs. Many

serfs moved to cities to work in industry. The tsar also allowed some forms of localized

government and introduced legal reforms. When the tsar moved back toward policies of

repression, he was assassinated by terrorists. His son then brought more harshness to the

throne—increasing the power of the secret police and suppressing non-Russian cultures. Many

peoples were persecuted, especially the Jews.

Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction

The Drive to Industrialize

The revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx got a boost from the discontent of workers as industrialization

took hold. Peasants who moved to cities found dangerous jobs, low pay, and slums.

Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution

Military disasters in a war with Japan drove workers to strike and protesters to fill the streets.

When the tsar’s troops fired on peaceful protestors, the revolution of 1905 gained power. Tsar

Nicholas II agreed to summon a Duma to approve all laws. He quickly dissolved the Duma,

however, after its leaders criticized his rule. Nicholas then appointed conservative Peter Stolypin

as prime minister. He was assassinated in 1911.

Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction

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Witness History Video: Crisis and Revolution in Russia

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