History of India- Early times

Syllabus- history mains

• PAPER - I• 1. Sources:

Archaeological sources: Exploration, excavation, epigraphy numismatics, monuments.Literary sources: Indigenous: Primary and secondary ; poetry, scientific literature, literature , literature in regional languages, religious literature.Foreign accounts: Greek, Chinese and Arab writers.

• 2. Pre-history and Proto-history: Geographical factors ; hunting and gathering (paleolithic and mesolithic) ; Beginning of agriculture (neolithic and chalcolithic).

• 3. Indus Valley Civilization: Origin, date, extent, characteristics, decline, survival and significance, art and architecture.• 4. Megalithic Cultures: Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures outside the Indus, Development of community life,

Settlements, Development of agriculture, Crafts, Pottery, and Iron industry.• 5.Aryans and Vedic Period: Expansions of Aryans in India.

Vedic Period: Religious and philosophic literature; Transformation from Rig Vedic period to the later Vedic period; Political, social and economical life; Significance of the Vedic Age; Evolution of Monarchy and Varna system.

• 6. Period of Mahajanapadas:Formation of States (Mahajanapada) :Republics and monarchies; Rise of urban centres; Trade routes; Economic growth; Introduction of coinage; Spread of Jainism and Buddhism; Rise of Magadha and Nandas.Iranian and Macedonian invasions and their impact.

• 7. Mauryan Empire:Foundation of the Mauryan Empire , Chandragupta, Kautilya and Arthashastra; Ashoka; Concept of Dharma; Edicts; Polity, Administration; Economy; Art, architecture and sculpture; External contacts; Religion; Spread of religion; Literature. Disintegration of the empire; Sungas and Kanvas.

• 8. Post - Mauryan Period (Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Kushanas, Western Kshatrapas):Contact with outside world; growth of urban centres, economy, coinage, development of religions, Mahayana, social conditions, art, architecture, culture, literature and science.

• 9. Early State and Society in Eastern India, Deccan and South India:Kharavela, The Satavahanas, Tamil States of the Sangam Age; Administration , economy, land grants, coinage, t rade guilds and urban centres; Buddhist centres; Sangam literature and culture; Art and architecture.- Indian science and technology

• 10. Guptas, Vakatakas and Vardhanas:Polity and administration , Economic conditions, Coinage of the Guptas, Land grants, Decline of urban centres, Indian feudalism, Caste system, Position of women , Education and educational inst i tut ions; Nalanda, Vikramshi la and Vallabhi, Literature, scientific literature, art and architecture.

• 11. Regional States during Gupta Era:The Kadambas, Pallavas, Chalukyas of Badami; Polity and Administration, Trade guilds, Literature; growth of Vaishnava and Saiva religions. Tamil Bhakti movement, Shankaracharya; Vedanta; Institutions of temple and temple architecture; Palas, Senas, Rashtrakutas, Paramaras, Polity and administration; Cultural aspects. Arab conquest of Sind; Alberuni, The Chalukyas of Kalyana, Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas; Polity and Administration; local Government ; Growth of ar t and archi tecture, religious sects, Institution of temple and Mathas, Agraharas, education and literature, economy and society.

• 12. Themes in Early Indian Cultural History: Languages and texts, major stages in the evolution of art and architecture, major philosophical thinkers and schools, ideas in Science and Mathematics.

• 13. Early Medieval India, 750-1200: - Polity: Major political developments in Northern India and the Peninsula, origin and the rise of Rajputs- The Cholas: administration, village economy and society- “Indian Feudalism”- Agrarian economy and urban settlements- Trade and commerce- Society: the status of the Brahman and the new social order- Condition of women

• 14. Cultural Traditions in India, 750-1200:- Philosophy: Skankaracharya and Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita, Madhva and Brahma-Mimansa- Religion: Forms and features of religion, Tamil devotional cult, growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India, Sufism- Literature: Literature in Sanskrit, growth of Tamil literature, literature in the newly developing languages, Kalhan’s Rajtarangini, Alberuni’s India- Art and Architecture: Temple architecture, sculpture, painting

• 15. The Thirteenth Century:- Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate: The Ghurian invasions – factors behind Ghurian success- Economic, social and cultural consequences- Foundation of Delhi Sultanate and early Turkish Sultans.- Consolidation: The rule of Iltutmish and Balban.16. The Fourteenth Century:- “The Khalji Revolution”- Alauddin Khalji: Conquests and territorial expansion, agrarian and economic measures- Muhammad Tughluq: Major projects, agrar ian measures, bureaucracy of Muhammad Tughluq.- Fi ruz Tughluq: Agrar ian measures, achievements in civil engineering and public works, decline of the Sultanate, foreign contacts and Ibn Battuta’s account.

• 17. Society, Culture and Economy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries:- Society: composition of rural society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery under the Sultanate, Bhakti movement, Sufi movement.- Culture: Persian literature, literature in the regional languages of North India, literature in the languages of South India, Sultanate architecture and new structural forms, painting, evolution of a composite culture.- Economy: Agricultural production, rise of urban economy and non-agricultural production, trade and commerce.

• 18. The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century – Political Developments and Economy:- Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir(Zainul Abedin), Gujarat , Malwa, Bahmanids.- The Vijayanagra Empire.- Lodis.- Mughal Empire, First phase: Babur and Humayun.- The Sur Empire: Sher Shah’s administration.- Portuguese Colonial enterprise.- Bhakti and Sufi Movements.19. The Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century – Society and Culture:- Regional cultural specificities.- Literary traditions.- Provincial architecture.- Society, culture, literature and the arts. in Vijayanagara Empire.

20.Akbar:- Conquests and consolidation of the Empire.- Establishment of Jagir and Mansab systems.- Rajput policy.- Evolution of religious and social outlook, theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy.- Court patronage of art and technology.

21. Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century:- Major administrative policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb.- The Empire and the Zamindars.- Religious policies of Jahangir , Shahjahan and Aurangzeb.- Nature of the Mughal State.- Late Seventeenth century crisis and the revolts.- The Ahom Kingdom.- Shivaji and the early Maratha Kingdom.22. Economy and Society in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries:- Population, agricultural production, craft production.- Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies : a trade revolution.- Indian mercantile classes, banking, insurance and credit systems.- Condi t ion of peasants, condi t ion of women.- Evolution of the Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth.

23. Culture in the Mughal Empire:- Persian histories and other literature.- Hindi and other religious literature.- Mughal architecture.- Mughal painting.- Provincial architecture and painting.- Classical music.- Science and technology.24. The Eighteenth Century:- Factors for the decline of the Mughal Empire.- The regional pr incipal i t ies: Nizam’s Deccan, Bengal, Awadh.- Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas.- The Maratha fiscal and financial system.- Emergence of Afghan Power, Battle of Panipat:1761.- State of politics, culture and economy on the eve of the British conquest.

• PAPER - IIEuropean Penetration into India:The Ear ly European Set t lements; The Portuguese and the Dutch; The English and the French East IndiaCompanies; Their struggle for supremacy; Carnatic Wars; Bengal -The conflict between the English andthe Nawabs of Bengal; Siraj and the English; The Battle of Plassey; Significance of Plassey.British Expansion in India: Bengal – Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim; The Battle of Buxar; Mysore; The Marathas; The three Anglo-

Maratha Wars; The Punjab.• 3. Early Structure of the British Raj: The early administrative structure; From diarchy to direct control; The Regulating Act

(1773); The Pitt’s India Act (1784); The Charter Act (1833); The voice of free trade and the changing character of Br i t ish colonial rule; The English utilitarian and India.

• 4. Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule:(a) Land revenue settlements in British India; The Permanent Settlement; Ryotwari Settlement ; Mahalwari Settlement ; Economic impact of the revenue arrangements ; Commercialization of agriculture ; Rise of landless agrarian labourers; Impoverishment of the rural society.(b) Dislocation of traditional trade and commerce; De-industrialisation; Decline of traditional crafts; Drain of wealth; Economic Transformation of india ; Railroad and communication network including telegraph and postal services; Famine and poverty in the rural interior; European business enterprise and its limitations.

• 5. Social and Cultural Developments:The state of indigenous education, its dislocation; Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy, the Introduction of western educat ion in India; The r ise of press, literature and public opinion; The rise of modern vernacular literature; Progress of science; Christian missionary activities in India.

• 6 . Social and Religious Reform movements in Bengal and Other Areas:Ram Mohan Roy, The Brahmo Movement; Devendranath Tagore; Is War Chandra Vidyasagar; The Young Bengal Movement; Dayanada Saraswati; The social reform movements in India including Sati, widow Remarriage, child marriage etc.; The contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India; Islamic revivalism – the Feraizi and Wahabi Movements.

• 7. Indian Response to British Rule:Peasant movements and tribal uprisings in the 18th and 19th centuries including the Rangpur Dhing (1783), the Kol Rebellion (1832), the Mopla Rebellion in Malabar (1841-1920), the Santal Hul (1855), Indigo Rebel l ion (1859-60) , Deccan Upr ising (1875) and the Munda Ulgulan (1899- 1900); The Great Revolt of 1857 - Origin, Character, Causes of failure the consequences; The shift in the character of peasant upr isings in the post -1857 period; the peasant movements of the 1920s and 1930s.

• 8. Factors leading to the birth of Indian Nationalism: Politics of Association; The Foundation of the Indian National Congress; The Safety-valve thesis relating to the birth of the Congress; Programme and objectives of Early Congress; the social composition of early Congress leadership; The Moderates and Extremists; the Partition of Bengal (1905); The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal; the economic and political aspects of Swadeshi Movement; The beginning of revolutionary extremism in India.

• 9. Rise of Gandhi, Character of Gandhian nationalism: Gandhi ’s popular appeal ; Rowlatt Satyagraha ; the Khilafat Movement; the Non-co operation Movement; National politics from the end of the Non-cooperation movement to the beginning of the Civil Disobedience movement; the two phases of the Civil Disobedience Movement ; Simon Commission ; The Nehru Report; the Round Table Conferences; Nationalism and the Peasant Movements; Nationalism and Working class movements; Women and Indian youth and students in Indian politics (1885-1947); the election of 1937 and the formation of ministries; Cripps Mission; the Quit India Movement; the Wavell Plan; The Cabinet Mission.

• 10. Constitutional Developments in the Colonial India between 1858 and 1935.• 11. Other strands in the National Movement The Revolutionaries: Bengal, the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P,

the Madras Presidency, Outside India. The Left; The Left within the Congress: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, the Congress Socialist Party ; the Communist Party of India, other left parties.

• 12. Politics of Separatism the Muslim League: the Hindu Mahasabha ; Communalism and the politics of partition; Transfer of power; Independence.

• 13. Consolidation as a Nation: Nehru’s Foreign Policy; India and her neighbours (1947-1964); The linguistic reorganisation of States (1935-1947); Regionalism and regional inequality; Integration of Princely States; Princes in electoral politics; the Question of National Language.

• 14. Caste and Ethnicity after 1947: Backward castes and tribes in post - colonial electoral politics; Dalit movements.

• 15. Economic development and political change: Land reforms ; the politics of planning and rural reconstruction; Ecology and environmental policy in post - colonial India; Progress of science.

• 16. Enlightenment and Modern ideas:(i) Major ideas of Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau.(ii) Spread of Enlightenment in the colonies. (iii) Rise of socialist ideas (up to Marx); spread of Marxian Socialism.

17. Origins of Modern Politics:(i) European States System.

(ii) American Revolution and the Constitution.(iii) French revolution and aftermath, 1789-1815.(iv) American Civil War with reference to Abraham Lincoln and the abolition of slavery.(v) Br i t ish Democrat ic Politics, 1815 - 1850; Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders, Chartists.18. Industrialization:(i) English Industrial Revolution : Causes and Impact on Society(ii) Industrialization in other countries: USA, Germany, Russia, Japan(iii) Industrialization and Globalization.19. Nation-State System:(i) Rise of Nationalism in 19th century(ii) Nationalism: state-building in Germany and Italy(iii) Disintegration of Empires in the face of the emergence of nationalities across the world.

20. Imperialism and Colonialism:(i) South and South-East Asia(ii) Latin America and South Africa(iii) Australia(iv) Imperialism and free trade: Rise of neo-imperialism.(iv) South-East Asia-Vietnam 21. Revolution and Counter-Revolution:(i) 19th Century European revolutions(ii) The Russian Revolution of 1917- 1921(iii) Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany.(iv) The Chinese Revolution of 194922. World Wars:(i) 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal implications(ii) World War I: Causes and consequences(iii) World War II: Causes and consequence23. The World after World War II:(i) Emergence of two power blocs(ii) Emergence of Third World and non-alignment(iii) UNO and the global disputes.24. Liberation from Colonial Rule:(i) Latin America-Bolivar(ii) Arab World-Egypt(iii) Africa-Apartheid to Democracy

•25. Decolonization and Underdevelopment:(i) Factors const raining development: Latin America, Africa

26. Unification of Europe:(i) Post War Foundations: NATO and European Community(ii) Consolidation and Expansion of European Community(iii) European Union.

27. Disintegration of Soviet Union and the Rise of the Unipolar World:(i) Factors leading to the collapse of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union, 1985-1991(ii) Political Changes in Eastern Europe 1989-2001.(iii) End of the cold war and US ascendancy in the World as the lone superpower.

History of India

• Based on tools divided into following• Paleolithic

– lower(100000 years)– Middle(40000 years agao)– Lower(10000 BC)

• Mesolithic(• Neolithic

Paleolithic period

• Tools:– Lower: handaxe, chopper, cleaver, choppingtools– Middle: flakes– Upper: burins and scrapers

• It is likely that the palaeolithic people subsisted on such animals as ox, bison, nilgai, chinkara, gazelle, black buck antelope, sambar, spotted deer wild boar, a variety of birds, and tortoises and fishes and on honey and plant foods like fruits roots, seeds and leaves.

Paleolithic sites• Sohan valley: Adial, Balwal and Chauntra, The banks of rivers Beas, Bangange and Sirsa• The Luni river (Rajasthan) complex. Chittorgarh (Gambhirs basin), Kota (Chambal basin), and

Negarai (Berach basin)• Attirambakkam, gudiyam(TN)• Anganwadi, bhagalkot(Ghatprabha)• Buharbalang valley in orissa• Suvarnarekha valley, damodar valley• Chirki, Koregaon,Chandoli and Shikarpur in maharastra

• River belts for paleolithic sites– Luni– Beas, bangange, sirsa– Sabarmathi, mahi– Narmada– Tapti, godavari, krishna, bhima, – Raro– Baitarani, brahmani, mahanadi– Palar, penniyar, kaveri

• Sohanian culture: The name is derived from the Sohan river, a tributary of Indus.Found in the Siwalik Hills in North-west India and Pakistan. The artefacts of these stages were found in three river terraces which were correlated with the phases of the four-fold Pleistocene glaciation. These stages have been named T1, T2 and T3. – The animal remains from this deposit included horse, buffalo, straight-tusked

elephant and hippopotamus, suggesting an environment characterized by perennial water sources, tree vegetation and grass steppes. The tools included the pebble choppers, blades etc.

• Acheulian culture Acheulian culture, named after French site of St. Acheul, was the first effective colonization of the Indian subcontinent and is almost synonymous with the lower Palaeolithic settlements in India. The Acheulian culture was a hunter-gatherer culture that adapted to a variety of climates including but not limiting to western Rajasthan, Mewar plain, Saurashtra, Gujarat, Central India, Deccan plateau, Chota Nagpur plateau and the Eastern Ghats, north of the Cauvery river

Bhimbekta rock shelters

• Bhimbekta rock shelters– Raisen district of madya pradesh– Group of 5 clusters with more than 400 sites– Discovered by Wawankar– 5 times periods present

• Upper paleolithic: red and green lines; bison, tiger and rhino• Mesolithic: bows&arrows, spears, sticks; dances, birds, hunting scenes, • Chalcolithic: interaction with malwa plains• Early historic: red, whtie and yellow, sccripts, tunic like dresses, yaksha, try god and

magical sky chariots• Medieval: colors prepared by combining manganese, hematite and wooden coal.

Mesolithic

• Pleistocene ended and climate got warmer• Tools: microliths or small stone tools, very small in size and length of 1 to 8cms and

introduction of geometric shapes– Palaeolithic tools like scraper, burin and even choppers also continue– Blade, core, point, triangle, lunate and trapeze are the main types of

Mesolithic tools• Fluting: method of blade production

• Tilwara: copper fish hook, habitation site• Bagor: largest & completely documented site. By V N mishra.

– Has 3 cultural phases. Bones of both domesticated and wild animals found• Langhnaj: fist site in arid zone. More than 100 sites found in consolidated sand dunes. H

D sankalia– 3 cultural phases. Phase I has microliths, burials and animal bones

Mesolithic sites

• The Pachpadra basin and the Sojat area (Rajasthan) are rich in mimliths. The significant habitation site discovered is Tilwara. Tilwara has two cultural phases, Phase-I is Mesolithic and is characterized by the presence of microliths. In Phase-II wheel made pottery and pieces of iron are found together with microliths.

• Bagor (Rajasthan) on the river Kothari is the largest Mesolithic site in India and has been horizontally excavated. Bagor has three cultural phases. On the basis; of radiocarbon dating phase I or the earliest phase of culture has been placed between 5000-2000 B.C.

• The Kriahna and Bhima rivers have produced my microliths. The microliths in many clums survive to the phase of Neolithic Cultures. Sangankallu situated on the western fringe of the Kmmtaka plateau has produced cores, Wes, points and aescents. The Godavari delta is rich in micrdiths. Here the micrdiths are associated with the Nedithic Culture. The Kurnool area has many microliths. Microliths have also been reported from Renigunta, in Chittoor district in Andhn Pradesh. Since tbe Mesolithic age covers a long span of time and there are many mesolithic sites in India, an attempt bas been made to classify different sites chronologically and on the basis of material remains. Some sites are real Mesolithic sites because of the abundance of microliths and chronological sequence and some ::t% are chronologically of later time and reflect the infiuence of Mesolithic culture and these sites fall in the category of the sites of Mesolithic tradition.

Life styles

• Hunting and gathering majorly• Bhimbekta, adamgarh, pratapgarh, mirzapur: famous painting• Rhinpceros hunt in adamgarh• Deer and antelope most common• Carefully burying dead(life after death belief started here?)

Dating methods

• Paleomagnetism/archaeomagentism/magentostratigraphy• Radioactive dating(radio carbon, K-Ar, Ur, etc)• Luminescence• ESR• dendrochronology• Stratigraphy

– principles of original horizontality, superposition, and cross-cutting relationships

Neolithic

• First site is Mehrgarh(around 7000 BC)• Crop cultivation, animal husbandry and settled life defines neo lithic• Divided into pre ceramic and ceramic phase

Chalcolithic

• Use of stone along with copper(first metal to be used)• Largely in isolation from harappan• Banas or ahar culture

– South rajasthan(river banas)– Ahar, gilund and balathal critical sites

• Ahar: 3 phases. A(2580 BC), B(2080 BC) and C(1500 BC). Complete absence of stone tools, presence of copper slag indicating copper smelting center. Copper brought from aravalli hill range. Dominant ware is black and red ware with white decoration. Saddle querns and rubbing stones indicate grain production. Humped animals important. Animals include : domestic fowl, ass, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig. Grains: rice, sorghum, bajra and millet. Huts made of mud, stone and wattle daub

• Gilund: stone blade industry. Structural remains exists. System of mud brick walls formed of a platform(similar to harappan)

• Balathal: 2600 to 2000 BC. Stones used for construction and with kitchen and storage spaces. Plants: wheat, barley, millet, black gram, green gram, peas, linseed and jujube. Antiquities: terracotta bull, terracota beads, terracotta ball, stone querns, grinders and hammer stone.

chalcolithic

• Malwa region

Critical places of Pre historic times

• Adamgarh, brahmagiri, birbhanpur, chopani mando, jalala halli, jambudip, dorothy deep,lekhania, mahadaha, morhana pahar, sarai nahar rai: Mesolithic sites

• Ahar, chandoli, chirand, diamabad, ganeshwar, gilund, inamgaon, jorwe, kayatha, kili gul mohammad, nevasa, pandu rajar dhibi, senuwar: Chalcolithic

• Anjira, burzahom, chechar kutubpur, daojali hading, galigai cave, gufkal, gumla, jalilpur, koldihwa, loebnar, mehrgarh, mundigak, napchik, pynthorlangtein, rana ghundai, saraikhola, sarutaru, taradih, utnur, watgal: neolithic

Indus valley civilization

• Charles masson visited first the village first in 1826• Sir alexander cunnigham in 1872 took samples from the site• John marshall announced the city to the world(Director Gen of ASI)

– Radio carbon dating, mohenjadaroo found settlement underneath buddhist monastery(kushan period)

– No use of Iron. Hence belong to pre Iron age– Similar objects found in mesopotamia

• Chronology– Neolithic: 5500-3500 BC– Early harappan: 3500-2600 BC– Mature harappan: 2600-1800 BC– Late harappan: 1800 onwards

• Around 1299600 sq Kms in size. 1100Kms N-S and 1550 Kms W-E

Excavators

• A ghosh: sarasvathi and its tributary, discovered more than 25 sites• Suraj bhan: upper sarasvati basin in 60’s, disccovered sites in banawali, rakhigarhi,

mithathal• S R Rao: in 50’s and 60’s explored gujarat • Y D sharma: Punjab,• J P joshi: Kutch area

ChronologyPerson Timeline Reason

Marshall 3250-2750 Based on Mohenjadaroo. 1000 years for antecedent growth

Mackay(1927-28) 2800-2500 Based on his work at Mohenjadaroo

MS Vats(1921-31) 3500-2500 Based on Harappa(felt earlier than Mohenjadaroo)

C j gadds 2350-1770 Based on Indus like seals at Ur mesopotamia

Piggott & wheeler 2500-1500(1700)

Cross linked with items dates(imported from mesopotamia) & established timelines. Items: carnelian beads and stone house urns

Allbright(1955) -1750 To coincide with mesopotamia evidence

Fairservice 2000-1500 Based on radioC14 dating for Quetta valley

D P agarwal 2300-1750 Plotted 2 dozen dates(Kot diji, kalibangan & lothal inc)

Dales 2900-1900 Applied correction factors(Kot diji, kalibangan, amri, mohenjadaroo, harappa, Rojdi, lothal). All sites included

Robert H Brunswig

2800-2000 3 phase proposal. Formative(2800-2500), mature(2500-2200) Late(2200-2000)

J P Joshi 2480-2050(mature)

Excavation at Surkotada introduced 3 sub mature phases. 2480-2300,2290-2140,2130-2020. MASCA calibration

Possehl 2867-2000 Urban into four phases

Rafiq Mughal 3500- 2 phase of early harappan. First beginning(3500-3400) & second beginning(3000-2900)

Early Harappan spread

• Mundigak– Located on trade route. Found both iranian and baluchisthan artifacts. – Has a palace(lot of pillars), potential temple and sun dried defensive square brick wall.

Bronze tools found– Stones: lapis-lazuli, steatite(from Iran & central asia since they are not available locally)

• Quetta valley– Damb sadatt has large houses with brick walls: 3 millenium BC. Similar pottery paintings

to mundigak. Used clay seal and copper as well– Rana ghundai finely made painted pottery with friezes of humped bull in black– Periano Ghundai female figurines

• Central and south baluchisthan– Anjira, Togau, Nindowari and Balakot– Seems to have both persian influence and Indus influence (e g: Pottery)– Used pipal and humped bull(motif in pottery) which continued into Mature harappan

Early Harappan spread

• Indus area– Amri

• People live in mud and stone brick houses. • Granary found• Wheel made pottery and motifs of humped bull. Similar findings in Tharro &

Kohtras buthi• Fortified settlements

– Kot diji

– Mehrgarh– Rahman dheri– Tarkai Qila

Indus valley civilization

• Critical cities– Nucleus cities

• Mohenjadaroo• Harappa• Dolahira• Rakhigarhi

– Coastal cities• Suktagendor• Balakot• Alladinho• Lothal• Kuntasi

Other cities & townships• Chanhudrao• Kot diji• Surkotada• Desalpur• Kalibangan• Rupar• Manda• Rojdi• Banawali• Kunal

Mahajanapadas

Mauryan empire

• Sungas• Kanvas

Middle kingdoms

• Satavahana dynasty• Gupta empire• Sakas• Yavanas or yonas• Pahlavas• Hunas• Kushans• Parthians• Rais• Shahi

deccan

• Satavahana• Mahameghavahana dynasty• Gupta• Vakatakas• Harsha vardhana• Gurjars• Vishnukundinas• Maitrakas• Gurjara pratiharas• Rajputs• Katoch• Chauhans

Deccan

• Kachwaha• Paramaras• Solankis• Tanwars• Palas• Candra• Eastern ganga• Senas• Varmans

Northeast

• Varman• The Mlechchha dynasty• Palas• Twirpa

South

• Chola• Chera • Pandyas• Kalabhras• Kadamba• Western ganga• Badami chalukya• Pallavas• Eastern chalukya• Rashtrakutas• Western chalukya• Yadavas• Kakatiyas• Kalachuris• hoysala

Medieval india

Chola

Hoysala

Rajput

Sikh

Deccan sultanate

Gajapati kingdom

Vijayanagara

Reddy

Ahom

Mughal empire

Maratha empire

Delhi sultanante

Trigarta kingdom

kakatiya

Significant individuals

• Chandra gupta maurya• Kautilya• Shankaracharya• Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita, Madhva and Brahma-Mimansa• Ashoka• Allauddin khilji• Muhammad Tughluq• Fi ruz Tughluq• Babur

• Humayun• Sher shah• Akbar• Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb.

Paper 2 syllabus

• General Studies-I 300 Marks (Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society)• Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.• Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities,

issues• The Freedom Struggle - its various stages and important contributors /contributions from different parts of the country.• Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.• History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national

boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.

• Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.• Role of women and women's organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues,

urbanization, their problems and their remedies.• Effects of globalization on Indian society• Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.• Salient features of world's physical geography.• Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors

responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India)

• Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location- changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes

Paper 3 syllabus

General Studies -II: 300 Marks (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations)• Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.• Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution

of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.• Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.• Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries• Parliament and State Legislatures - structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of

these.• Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary Ministries and Departments of the• Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.• Salient features of the Representation of People's Act.• Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional• Bodies.• Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies• Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and

implementation.• Development processes and the development industry the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors,

charities, institutional and other stakeholders• Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes;

mechanisms, laws, institutions and• Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.• Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.• Issues relating to poverty and hunger.• Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations,

and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures.• Role of civil services in a democracy.• India and its neighborhood- relations.• Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests• Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India's interests, Indian diaspora.• Important International institutions, agencies and fora, their structure, mandate

Paper 4 syllabus

General Studies -III 300 Marks (Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management)• Development, Bio diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management.• Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.• Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.• Government Budgeting.• Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage,

transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers• Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System objectives,

functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions;• economics of animal-rearing.• Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements,

supply chain management.• Land reforms in India.• Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.• Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.• Investment models.• Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life• Achievements of Indians in science & technology;• indigenization of technology and developing new technology.• Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual

property rights.• Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment• Disaster and disaster management.• Linkages between development and spread of extremism.• Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.• Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security

challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering and its prevention• Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism• Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate

Paper 5 syllabus

General Studies -IV 300 Marks (Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude)• This paper will include questions to test the candidates' attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in

public life and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him in dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine these aspects. The following broad areas will be covered.

• Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships.

• Human Values - lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values.

• Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.

• Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections.

• Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance.• Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.• Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in

government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance;

• ethical issues in international relations and funding; corporate governance.• Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity; Information• sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen's• Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption.• Case Studies on above issues.