Hist2 6 the coming of the spaniards

• 1. Philippine History with Politics and Governance

2. The Magellan expedition had to sail westward in going to the East 3. The so-called First Catholic Mass in Limasawa The initial conversion of the natives to Catholicism in Cebu The Battle of Mactan and its significance The aftermath 4. C:/Users/Yvan/Music/Magellan_ Elcano_Circumnavigation- en.svg 5. It clearly implied which colonial power owned the archipelago 6. The pacification campaigns Missionaries and their activities Successfully established settlement in Cebu, Panay, and Manila 7. Causes of subjugation Military might of Spaniards Policy of Attraction Method of divide and conquer Crucial role of Christianity The lack of unity among Filipinos Reduccion and plaza complex 8. Spanish conquistadores were mostly experienced soldiers and had superior arms vis-a-vis the natives they wore helmets and body armor 9. Exempting the local chiefs from tributes and the polo They bribed the Filipinos by giving them gifts Concluded blood compacts with the native rulers. (Magellan and Kulambo in Limasawa, 1521 and with Humabon in Cebu the following days) Legazpi had a blood compact with Urrao of Samar and Katuna and Gala of Bohol in 1565 10. It proved to be effective since the natives lived in fragmented autonomous barangays They realized Filipinos were not united Befriended certain groups of Filipinos and used them in subjugating other natives 11. Colonization of the Philippines was viewed as the conquest of the sword and the cross Missionaries were proved to be effective colonizers when they converted first the native chiefs and family members to the Catholic faith. The follow the leader syndrome did the rest. 12. Converted natives became fanatics Blind obedience became associated with the promise of salvation and of protection from the hostile elements. Filipinos began to practice a syncretic blend of religion that is presently referred to as Folk Christianity. The friars allowed the native to go on with some folk beliefs and practices like sacrificial offering, use of incense and so on. 13. Early settlements and communities lacked contacts and meaningful relationship except for occasional trade exchanges. Some barangays warred with each other Differences were noted between the Islamized inhabitants of Mindanao and Sulu, and the animistic people of Luzon and the Visayas No common medium of communication or lingua franca National sentiment was non-existent 14. Natives hospitable attitude was indicative f their familiarity with other groups of people (generally traders) coming from outside the archipelago The Filipinos sense of hospitality may also explain the acceptance of the Catholic religion 15. Christianized natives were required to put up their dwellings in a particular area where they could be within hearing distance of the church bells (bajo de la campana) 16. Refusal to be under Spanish-controlled area were referred to as remontados, cimarrones, ladrones, monteses, or tulisanes The plaza also became witness to injustices, oppression, and exploitation suffered by the Filipinos 17. Encomienda System Imposition of taxes Polo y servicio Role of the traditional leader Manila- Acapulco Trade Other government monopolies 18. Encomienda from the word encomendar which means to entrust or to assign responsibility to a person. A certain area of land with its inhabitants was assigned to a particular Spaniard who was given the responsibility to collect tribute and to utilize the people in government and church projects 19. Became source of abuse and corruption The native who were unable to pay tribute were force to flee mountains If theres plenty of gold and money (reales) was scare, the encomendero collect money and vice versa. If the harvest was bountiful, the encomendero collected the products 20. Kinds of taxes Direct Taxes tribute or tax income Indirect Taxes includes bandala and the custom tax Other fees fees from not-so- common products like wine, tobacco, betel nut, firecrackers, and opium 21. 1570 onwards Tax was 8 reales Anyone can pay gold, blanket, textile materials, palay, etc. Later in 1789 8 rose to 15 reales 22. Special tax (1635 19th century) real or rice called samboangan or donativo de Zamboanga was imposed to suppress the Moro attacks Vinta (1781-1851) to adequately prepare the vintas in defense of coastal areas from Moro pirates Tribute was replaced in 1884 by cedula personal 23. Purpose was to create projects for self-enrichment which began in 1580 Native Indios and mestizos from 16-60 years old were to work for 40 days a year and was reduced to 15 days a year in 1884. They worked in construction of buildings, mines, forests, ships as rowers. Exemption was through the payment of a falla (1 real every day for 40 days) 24. Led to decline of communities and agricultural production suffered which resulted in starvation and death and separation of families It was a source of corruption Natives were also arbitrarily conscripted to serve the military 25. Traditional leaders were assigned to implement tribute, polo, and bandala It brought a wide cleavage between the traditional leaders and the people, politically and economically. 26. Through Galleon de Manila or Nao de China, it was the only vessel that linked the Philippines and the Americas. It established monopoly where only the governor- general, Spanish traders, those with consular duties and rights, Spaniards in Manila, and religious orders benefitted the trade. Natives suffered from manning the galleons as sailors and rowers 27. Governor-General Jose Basco (1778-1789) started the monopoly on a number of products: Tobacco (1781) and wine, (1786) which adversely affected the Ilocanos 28. The cultivation and marketing of tobaccos was put under the supervision and control of the Spaniards Payment for tobacco and other products was usually in the form of promissory note and should be exchanged at high discounts 29. Natives were victims of dishonesty and cheating of agents of the government Monopoly of bandala, which involved the forced sellinng of requisitioned products most especially palay, tobacco, and coconut oil 30. The initial resistance and subsequent subjugation of lowland communities The opposition of the Moros The successful avoidance of ethnic communities 31. Lack of understanding of the natives made it difficult for them to wage an effective resistance against the Spanish invaders Effectively controlled areas became centers of population. Outlying territories were free up to the middle of 18th century 32. ArrivalofMagellan(1521) Sultanate systems in Mindanao planned to extend in the north DuringLegazpistime Strongest opposition came in Manila ruled by Rajah Soliman Theraids Declared jihad against foreign invaders and conducted raids in Visayas Successfulattempts In many cases, the Spaniards were successful but on a shot-term bases. 33. Some groups fled to upland areas and increased though time who became known later as the cultural minority They were able to preserve their culture