Hi! My name is Nathan! I will be your instructor for the Computer Merit Badge!

Hi!Hi!

My name is My name is Nathan!Nathan!

I will be your I will be your instructor for instructor for the Computer the Computer Merit Badge!Merit Badge!

For those of you For those of you who are who are

wondering what to wondering what to do????do????

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Please have a seat Please have a seat and we will get and we will get

started!!!started!!!

http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/crawfordsburn/net-190.GIF

Those who don’t Those who don’t want to listen want to listen

during this class, during this class, YOU will have to YOU will have to

deal with BUZZ!!!deal with BUZZ!!!

Oh BUZZ!!!Oh BUZZ!!!

Where are you Where are you BUZZ????BUZZ????

Here BUZZ!!!!Here BUZZ!!!!

Nathan, don’t bother me, I’m Nathan, don’t bother me, I’m eating!!!eating!!!

http://www.animfactory.com/free/birds/vultures_variant_page_vulture_snacking.html

Scouts, I get real mean and Scouts, I get real mean and ugly if disturbed while eating!ugly if disturbed while eating!


SO, you best behave or,SO, you best behave or,YOU will be my next meal!YOU will be my next meal!


Remember, YOU Remember, YOU don’t want me to don’t want me to call for BUZZ!!!call for BUZZ!!!

RIGHT!!!!!RIGHT!!!!!

I want to I want to personally personally

welcome you to: welcome you to: The Brazoz The Brazoz

Valley District Valley District Computer Merit Computer Merit

Badge class.Badge class.

Are you ready to Are you ready to hike the information hike the information highway and learn highway and learn about computers??about computers??

http://www.animationfactory.com/free/computer/parts_variant_page_monitor_accessories_information_highway.html

As you can see, I As you can see, I have come have come

prepared for this prepared for this adventure!adventure!

Have YOU?Have YOU?

Do you have a Do you have a pen or pencil to pen or pencil to

write with?write with?

Please get it out Please get it out now?now?

When you are When you are ready, raise your ready, raise your hand and keep it hand and keep it

raised until raised until everyone has their everyone has their

hand raised!hand raised!

Is everyone ready?Is everyone ready?

Good!!!Good!!!Mr. Fleming Mr. Fleming

please click the please click the mouse to mouse to continue!continue!

We are about to We are about to begin an exciting begin an exciting

adventure!adventure!

First, I would like First, I would like to make some to make some introductions!introductions!

Again, my name Again, my name is Nathan.is Nathan.

I am your I am your instructor for this instructor for this

merit badge!merit badge!

I would like to I would like to introduce you to introduce you to

my very able my very able bodied assistant!bodied assistant!

Oops!Oops!Wrong Assistant!!Wrong Assistant!!

Scouts this isScouts this isMr. Fleming.Mr. Fleming.

If Mr. Fleming If Mr. Fleming had not had not

volunteered his volunteered his time, I would not time, I would not be able to teach be able to teach

this merit badge!this merit badge!

Thank you Thank you Mr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!

Your WelcomeYour WelcomeNathan!Nathan!

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Let’s Let’s Begin!Begin!

Mr. Fleming Mr. Fleming would you please would you please

hand out the hand out the work book for work book for

this merit badge.this merit badge.

Mr. Fleming please Mr. Fleming please click the mouse to click the mouse to

continue!continue!

Does everyone have Does everyone have a work book? If not a work book? If not

raise your hand!raise your hand!

Scouts, at this Scouts, at this time please write time please write

your name, your name, Troop #, class #, Troop #, class #, today’s date and today’s date and phone # on the phone # on the

front of the work front of the work book.book.

Mr. Fleming please Mr. Fleming please click the mouse to click the mouse to

continue!continue!

Raise your hand Raise your hand when you are done!when you are done!

Scouts, if you do not Scouts, if you do not fill out the front page fill out the front page of the work book and of the work book and you do not turn the you do not turn the

work book into work book into Mr. Fleming, Mr. Fleming,

GUESS WHAT?GUESS WHAT?

You, WILL NOT, You, WILL NOT, get credit for taking get credit for taking

this merit badge!this merit badge!

Do you understand?Do you understand?IF NOT, raise your IF NOT, raise your hand and ask your hand and ask your questions NOW!questions NOW!

Mr. Fleming please Mr. Fleming please click the mouse, to click the mouse, to

continue.continue.

Mr. Fleming Mr. Fleming would you please would you please show our Scouts show our Scouts

the computer the computer parts you have parts you have brought along brought along

with you!with you!

Please explain what Please explain what each part is and the each part is and the

function it has within function it has within the computer!the computer!

Mr. Fleming please Mr. Fleming please click the mouse click the mouse

when done.when done.

Thank youThank youMr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!

Now would you Now would you please go through please go through

the “History of the “History of Computers”!Computers”!

History of ComputersHistory of Computers

The first true calculating machine was the __________, which was in use before

400 BC and is still used in some countries.

Abacus

In 1617, a Scottish mathematician named John Napier developed a set of

calculating rods made of bone or ivory, nicknamed ______________. Napier’s Bones

Charles Babbage, a nineteenth-century English mathematician, designed plans for a

_________ _________. His machine consisted of four parts: an input device, a

memory (which he called a “store”), a processor (he called it a “mill”), and an

output device. Although he never built the machine, Babbage developed many of the principles upon which modern computers

were developed.

Difference Engine

The first major development in computing hardware came

when, after the results of the 1880 U.S. Census had taken seven years to tabulate, the

Census Bureau held a contest to see if anyone could invent a

faster method.

The winner was Herman Hollerith, who invented the __________ ________ and formed the company that later became the

giant International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation.

Punched Card

In 1910, James Powers, an employee of the Census Bureau, improved on the system; his

new company became a major part of the early computer manufacturer Remington

Rand which, in turn, added the Sperry and Univac companies and ultimately became

_________.Unisys

The punched-card system was the most widely used method for reading information into early programmable computers, which did not arrive on the scene until World War

II. This was not because nobody had thought of them, but rather because the early

ones were very _________ --- only the Department of Defense, then called the War Department, had enough money to pay for

them.

Expensive

Several machines were built at about the same time. The most famous was the

__________ at Harvard University and the ________ and ________ at the University of

Pennsylvania.EDVACENIAC

Mark I

These early machines were one-of-a-kind, and each had it’s peculiarities. The first

machine to be mass-produced and sold was the ________, designed by Dr. J. Presper

Eckert and Dr. John Mauchly (who had built ENIAC and EDVAC) in 1951.

UNIVAC

IBM started selling systems two years later. Soon the computer industry became known

as “___ ___ ___ ______ ______”; other companies came and went rapidly.

IBM and the seven dwarfs

The first-generation computers were huge and expensive. Their central processors were made of _________ ______. By

modern standards, they were quite slow. Huge air conditioners were required to keep them from burning themselves up. If an air conditioner failed, the computer had to be

shut down instantly. Neither the computers nor the air conditioners were very reliable.

Only a few of the first-generation computers were sold.

Vacuum Tubes

These early computers used several electromechanical parts. One was a _____,

a mechanical switch that is activated (switched on or off) by an electrical device

called a __________.Solenoid

Relay

On one occasion, a relay failed. When the engineer took it apart, he found a dead

insect jammed between the switch contacts. This was the source of the term ____ to

designate a problem with a computer component --- either hardware or software.

Bug

Several Major technical developments followed, each resulting in a new generation

of computers. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invented the

__________ while working at Bell Laboratories in 1947.

Transistor

Transistors, which replaced _______ _____, made the second generation of computers

smaller, faster, and more reliable. Many of these systems were sold to business,

industry, and science.

Vacuum Tubes

In 1958, Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the first ________ ________. _________ _________ combine a number of individual transistors into a single unit.

Integrated CircuitIntegrated Circuits

In 1971, engineers at Intel Corporation designed the first _______________. A _______________ puts all the circuits

needed for a computer onto a single chip. This development made the _________

computer possible.

Micro-processorMicro-processor

Personal

A number of companies, including _________ ________, ______ ______, and _____________, were producing ________

computers by 1977.Personal

Radio ShackCommodoreApple Computer

Introduced in 1981, the ____ personal computer rapidly became a major success.

Many other companies began making personal computers and the software to run

them.

IBM

This competition has forced down prices and made personal computers even more powerful than the largest computers built

only a decade ago.

New software programs are continually being produced to take advantage of this

increased power, and to expand the way in which we use computers.


Now, would you Now, would you please go through please go through

the “Types of the “Types of Computers”!Computers”!

Types of ComputersTypes of Computers

There are two basic categories of computers,

___________ __________

and

____________ _________.

Special-purpose

General-purpose

___________ __________ computers are preprogrammed to perform a specific task,

such as injecting fuel in an automobile engine, keeping time in a digital watch, or

programming a videocassette recorder.

Special-purpose

___________ __________ computers can be adapted to perform any number of

functions. Most computers you have read about are __________ ________ computers.

General-purpose

General-purpose

Minicomputers Microcomputers

MainframesSupercomputers

Computers come in four main sizes;

________________________, ________________________,

________________________, ________________________.

______________ are the largest and fastest. They are used for large projects such as national or global weather forecasting,

satellite tracking, etc.

Supercomputers

______________ computers are very powerful and can be as large as an entire

room.

Mainframe

They are used, for example, by banks to keep track of millions of checks and

deposits, by airlines to schedule thousands of flights and make seat reservations, and by governments to keep track of their citizens.

Mainframes usually have terminals connected to them. A terminal consists of a monitor and keyboard that allow a person to

enter information and retrieve it from the computer.

______________ are smaller and are sometimes used in medium-size companies to run their manufacturing plants or keep

track of inventories. They also have terminals attached to them.

Minicomputers

______________ or personal computers are the smallest computers, designed to be used

by individuals for writing, illustrating, budgeting, playing games, and

communicating with other computers.

Microcomputers



the “Parts of a the “Parts of a Computers”!Computers”!

Parts of a ComputerParts of a Computer

Every computer, whether a large, multi-user system or a desktop personal computer, is

composed of the same elements:

___________________,

___________________,

___________________, and

___________________.

Central Processor

Input Devices

Storage Units

Output Devices

The most important part of a computer is the _______________________ _____, or

“brain,” of the computer. This is the part that processes information - storing

information that is put into the computer, making changes to it, and creating output.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU may be a single chip made of __________ that has thousands or millions of tiny ________ built into it. The speed of the computer is measured by how fast the CPU

executes specific instructions, and is expressed in:

___________________________________.MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second)

SiliconCircuits

The CPU is only a little larger than a postage stamp. Sometimes a computer also has a ______________, like a second brain that works with the CPU on certain kinds of

tasks. A math ______________, for example, helps a CPU do mathematical

calculations even faster.

Co-processor

Co-processor

The CPU in a personal computer is usually located on the main circuit board, or

________________, of the computer.Mother Board

Also on the mother board is ____________. There are two kinds of _____________.

ROM _______________________ and RAM ________________________.

MemoryMemory

Read Only MemoryRandom Access Memory

ROM is __________ memory that tells the computer in what order to process

information. It makes sure that the computer follows a ____________________ approach to calculating, displaying information to the

monitor, and so on.

Permanent

Step-by-Step

RAM is __________ memory that keeps track of the information put into the

computer and the specific commands given to the computer. It can only remember this

information while the computer is turned on. If you turn off the computer, it _________

everything in RAM.

Temporary

Forgets

In addition to memory, you often find a

______________________, a

______________________, and

________________ on the motherboard.

Graphics Controller

Disk Controller

Ports

A __________________ tells the monitor how to display information on the screen.

Graphics Controller

A __________________ tells a floppy disk or hard disk how to store information for

later use.

Disk Controller

______________ are connectors that allow you to attach any number of things – such as

a monitor, printer, modem, mouse, or keyboard – to the computer.

Ports

INPUT DEVICES:INPUT DEVICES:

The ______________ is used to type letters and numbers into the computer and to move

things around on the screen. Most keyboards use the standard _________ (the order of the letters, reading from the left, on the top row) layout of keys, which was designed during the nineteenth century to slow typist down

and to separate certain letter combinations to keep mechanical typewriters from ________.

Keyboard

Jamming

QUERTY


A _____________ is another device used to input information into a computer. It has a moving ball with two wheels that sense the

direction in which the mouse is being dragged across the desktop. By _________ at different parts of the screen, a mouse can select different features. It can also be used to draw pictures. Other pointing devices are trackballs, joysticks and pressure-sensitive

tablets.

Mouse

Pointing


_________________ are used to convert sounds we can hear, such as voices or music,

into a form that can be understood by the computer. Some computers are equipped

with ______________ so that you can record directly onto your computer just as you

would onto a tape recorder.

Sound Digitizers

Microphones


A ___________ is a device that converts written words or pictures into _______ form. Once it has been __________, an image can be read and changed by the computer. There

are a number of different scanners.

ScannerDigital

Digitized


_______________ scanners are about the size of a chalkboard eraser. When you drag the scanner over a picture, it _________ the picture and converts it into a signal which is

dent to the computer.

Hand-Held

“Reads”


A _____________ scanner looks like a copy machine. A _____________ is placed face

down on the scanner and a moving head inside the scanner __________ the image.

FlatbedPhotograph

“Reads”


Another type of scanner uses a __________ video camera which takes a picture of the

image or object.

Digital


A ___________ can be used to check conditions such as temperature, light and moisture. The _________ takes a reading

and converts the information into a _______ format so that the computer can understand

it. _________ are used in scientific laboratories to tack experiments, and in manufacturing to guide robots and their

movements.

Sensor

SensorDigital

Sensors

STORAGE DEVICES:STORAGE DEVICES:

Storage units do not require constant electric power because they can _______ information

for later use. Most storage is either _____________ or ___________.

Store

Magnetic Optical


____________ memory works on the same principal as a cassette tape. ___________

storage is usually in the form of a ________ disk, a _______ disk, or a _______ drive.

Exposure of the disk or tape to a _________ may erase everything.

MagneticMagnetic

FloppyHard Tape

Magnet


A _________ disk contains a circular piece of flexible (floppy) material coated with tiny particles that will hold a _________ charge.

Floppy

Magnetic


A device called a ______ can ______ the charge of the particle as a

__________ or __________.

Drive Read

Negative Positive


A ________ can also change the charge of the particle by _________ to the disk. A

floppy disk is used to load programs on the computer, and sometimes to transfer

__________ to another computer. It is easily inserted and removed from the computer.

DriveWriting

Information


A _______ disk is made up of a series of stacked, rigid (hard), circular disks.

Hard


Because a number of disks can be stacked together and the information placed closer together, hard disks can store much more

information than _________ disks.Floppy


Hard disks are usually used to store _________ and ________ files. A moveable head, similar to a record arm, moves over the

spinning disks to read the information contained on them. Hard disks can be either ______ or made as ___________ cartridges.

Programs Large

Fixed Removable


Information on both floppy and hard disks are organized in _______ --concentric circles almost like grooves on a phonograph record --and ________, shaped like pieces of a pie.

To find a specific item on the disk, the computer can go to the ______ and _______ that contains it, and then scan until it finds what it wants. Because it does not have to

search the entire disk, the computer finds the information faster.

Tracks

Track

Sectors

Sector


A _______ drive uses a cartridge with a long piece of magnetic tape wound inside it. The

cartridge head _______ or _______ the information on the tape as the tape passes over it. Most ______ drives are used only

for making copies of the information stored on the computer in case it is lost or damaged. This is because ______ drives are very slow

at __________ specific information

Tape

Reads Writes

Tape

Tape

Accessing


CD-ROM ________________________________ is an example of _________ storage. As a

compact-disc player for a stereo, information is stored using a ______ rather than

____________. A _______ burns tiny pits into the surface of the disc. The laser can

later read these valleys as bits of information

(Compact-Disc Read-Only Memory)Optical

LaserMagnetically Laser


Most ________ drives are WORM _______________________ devices, which

means information stored on them can be read many times but cannot be erased and

rewritten. Some ________ disks, however, can be erased and reused. ________ storage

devices can hold very large amounts of information and the disks are relatively

inexpensive to manufacture and distribute.

(Write Once Read Many)Optical

OpticalOptical


The following table compares the typical storage capability of different media.


High Density Diskette

Hard Drive

CD-ROM

1.4 megabytes – 720 typed pages

80 megabytes – 40,000 typed pages

540 megabytes – 270,000 typed pages

OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:

The __________ is like a TV set that allows you to see the output of the computer.

Monitor


A ___________ displays information by using _________. A ________ is a single

dot on the screen. Groups of ________ form text or pictures on the screen.

MonitorPixels Pixel

Pixels


Monitor


A monitor can have different ____________ depending upon how many ________ can be displayed upon the screen. The more ______ it can show, the higher its ___________ and

the sharper the picture.

Resolutions

Resolutions

PixelsPixels


A monitor described as having 640 x 480 ___________ can display 640 ______ across

and 480 _______ up and down, a total of 307,200 ______ at one time. Monitors can

display information in _____ and _____ (Monochrome), shades of ______ or ______.

Resolution PixelsPixels

PixelsBlack White

Grey Color


A _____________ is made up of a series of ________ that take sound stored in ______ form computers understand and convert it to

________ form which you can hear. A ______________ is one kind of _______

________ converter.

Sound Card

Sound Card

Circuits Digital

DigitalAnalog

Analog


Once the ________ is converted, it is sent to a _________ either inside the computer or attached to it, which generates the _______ you hear. _______ _______ usually allow you to input ________ into the computer as

well as play them.

Sound Cards

Sound

Sound

Sound

Speaker


A _________ allows you to print out information on paper. The quality of a

________ is determined by how detailed a print it can produce. A high-quality _______ can produce up to 300 DPI ____________. This means a solid one-inch printed square

would consist of 90,000 tiny dots (300 across and 300 down).

Printer

PrinterPrinter

(dots per inch)


There are several different technologies used to print an image, including;

_______________,

_______________,

_______________,

_______________, and

_______________.

Laser Printers

Ink-Jet Printers

Thermal Printers

Impact Printers

Plotters


A _________ printer works like a copy machine. A _________ traces the image’s ____ pattern onto a _____________ drum. As the drum rotates, another drum leaves

__________ particles on the charged area. A wire pulls the _______ off the drum and deposits it onto the paper. Another roller

then heats the _______ and presses it permanently to the paper.

Laser

Toner

Dot PhotosensitiveLaser

Toner

Toner



_________ printers use ___________ that is shot like a jet through tiny nozzles in the

print head. The _____ is forced through the nozzles as the head moves across the page,

leaving a series of tiny ____ dots, which dry to form an image.

Ink-Jet Liquid Ink

Ink

Ink


__________ printers use specially coated paper like a fax-machine paper to print information. Instead of applying ____ or ________ to the

page, a print head heats up a ____ on the paper, causing the paper to turn dark. Another type of

_________ printer uses rolls of different colored ________ paper that are melted into

individual ____ on the paper. Combinations of four colors black, blue, red and yellow produce

a broad range of color.

Thermal

Ink TonerDot

ThermalWaxedDots


_________ printers uses a series of _____ aligned in a rectangle call a ___________. For example, there might be a total of 24 _____ arranged 4 pins across and 6 ____

down. Letters and pictures are formed when the _____ strike a ________ that leaves ____ on the pages whenever there is a ____ to be printed. The head of the printer then moves over slightly to print the _____ in the next

matrix.

Impact Pins

Pins Pins

Pins Ribbon InkDot

Dots

Dot Matrix


__________ are used primarily for engineering and architectural drawings. A

series of _____ is controlled by moving arms to actually draw individual _____ on the

paper.

Plotters

PensLines


A ________, short for modulator demodulator, is a device which allow you to communicate with other computers over a ____________ line. _________ convert information from a form that a computer

understands to a form that can travel over a _____________ line. Once information gets to the computer on the other end of the line, it is converted by another _______ back into

a form that it can understand.

Modem

Modem

ModemsTelephone

Telephone


Now, would you Now, would you please go through please go through “Understanding “Understanding

Data”!Data”!

Understanding DataUnderstanding Data

Data are collections of information:

___________,

___________,

___________, or

___________.

Numbers

Text

Pictures

Sound

Each piece of data stored in the modern computer is made of _____ or ______,

interpreted by the computer as 1 or 0 – on or off – depending on whether a simple ______

is on or off.

Bits Digits

Circuit

A single _____________ is called a _____; eight _____ usually make a ______.

Memory capacity is usually counted in multiples of ______ -- thousands _________, millions ____________, or billions of bytes

____________.Gigabytes

Binary Digit BitBits Byte

Bytes KilobytesMegabytes

Because computers use only 0 and 1, the _________ number system, they need more places to describe numbers. Numbers are

usually written as _______. Think of a ____ as a series of eight light switches. Each

switch has only two positions: ____ or ____.Off

Binary

Bytes Byte

On

The table below shows how numbers 0 through 0 are represented as _______ of information:

Number Binary Byte

0 00000000

1 00000001

2 00000010

3 00000011

4 00000100

5 00000101

6 00000110

7 00000111

8 00001000

9 00001001

Bytes

This system works well for _________ or ________ numbers. However, more complex numbers, or ______ numbers, use a different

system requiring more ______ of information. _____ numbers are stored using a system

resembling scientific notation which uses a floating decimal point. For example, the number 12,345.67 could be stored as 1234567 x 10 to the minus 2 power. Because _____ numbers require

more _____ of information and are processed slightly differently, many computers use special co-processors called FPUs _________________.Floating Point Units

IntegersWhole

Real

Real

Real

Bytes

Bytes

_____ is stored using a special code corresponding to the numbers between 0 and

255. The code called ASCII

The computer represents each character as an eight-digit ________ number, or _____ of

information.

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Text

Binary Byte

The table below show how some of these characters are represented.

Character ASCII Code Binary Number

$ 36 00100100

1 49 00110001

A 65 00110000

_________ are stored as a series of small dots called _______. A video controller for

your monitor might provide for example, 640 x 480 ______. This means that each

horizontal row contains 640 ______, and there are 480 of these rows stacked

vertically.

PicturesPixels

PixelsPixels

If your monitor is ________ ________, each ______ requires only one _____ of

information, telling it to display 1 (black) or 0 (white).

Black & WhitePixel Byte

If the monitor is __________, it designates up to 256 different shades of _____ between

black and white for each ______.

GrayscaleGray

Pixel

_______ monitors use three separate ________ ________ -- Red, Green, and

Blue. Each color beam ______ the screen and electronically paints each ______ with a

certain amount of color, which when combined with the others produces the

desired final color.

ColorElectronic Beams

ScansPixel

Eight _____ of information per _____ will produce 256 different colors on the screen. Sixteen ____ will produce 32,767 different

colors and 24 ____ will produce 16.7 million different colors – the maximum number of colors the human eye can see, sometimes

referred to as ______ _____.

Bits Pixel

Bits

True Color

Bits

________ is made up of __________, which travel through the air by passing from one

__________ to the next. These __________ are called _______ -- if you could see them

they would look like the _______ at the beach.

Sound Vibrations

MoleculeWaves

Waves

Vibrations

The height, or ___________, of the ______ determines how loud the sound is.

Amplitude Wave

How ______ the ______ are together determines the ______________, or pitch – how high or low the sound is to your ear.

Close WavesFrequency

Sound WaveSound Wave

Sound is stored in a computer by _________ a sound ______ at specific time intervals and then assigning a value to the __________ of the sound on the _______. When sound is

played back, the computer rebuilds the shape of the ______ and sends that information to a

_________ that vibrates the _____, recreating the original sound ______ that you

can hear.

SamplingWave

Wave

Wave

WaveSpeaker Air

Amplitude



“Computer “Computer Software”!Software”!

Computer SoftwareComputer Software

______________, a set of instructions organized into a __________ is what makes ___________ work. A ___________ tells

the computer specifically what to do.

SoftwareProgram

Hardware Program

There are three main categories of programs:

______________________,

______________________, and

______________________.

Operating Systems

Application Programs

Programming Languages

___________________ control the basic operations of the computer

Operating Systems

Operating system software is the set of ___________ that control all of the

computer’s basic operations-- ________, __________, _______, _________, and

______ ___________. This software can best be thought of as a traffic police officer,

sending instructions to the place in the computer where they will be carried out.

ProgramsInput

Output File MemoryTask Management

There are two styles of operating systems,

______________ and

______________.

Text Based

Graphical

Text based systems require that you type each command __________ as specified, which means you must ___________ a

number of ___________ and their _________.

MS-DOS, a popular system that operates on IBM-compatible personal computers, is a

good example of a text-based ___________ ____________.

ExactlyMemorize

CommandsFormats

OperatingSystem

Graphically based, or GUI (________ ______ ________), systems

present you with _______ or ______, form which you select commands. These are

obviously easier to learn, since you need only __________ each command rather than

________ it.

Graphical User InterfaceMenus Icons

RecognizeRecall

Examples of graphical operating systems include the __________ _________ ______, used with the Apple Macintosh computers; __________, a graphical shell that works with MS-DOS; and ______, a system that runs on a number of different personal and

minicomputers.

Macintosh Operating System

WindowsUnix

___________________ allow you to do a specific job with the computer, such as write

a letter or draw a picture.

Application Programs

What type of program made this?

Database Manager

_________ ___________, or DBMs, are used for __________, ________, and

__________ track of a set of information called a __________.

Database ManagersOrganizing Storing

KeepingDatabase

The data are organized in lines called _________, with each _________ consisting of a number of ________. The same set of ________, with different contents in each

_______, is stored for each ________.

Records RecordFields

FieldFields

Record

For example, a troop attendance database could be set up with a _______ for each

Scout in the Troop. Each _______ would consist of _______ for the Scout’s name, patrol, rank, and for each Troop meeting,

campout, or other event.

RecordRecord

Fields

An entry of _________ or ________ could be made in the appropriate ______ of each

Scout’s ________ after each activity.

The Scoutmaster could then easily print out a roster of Scouts who attended a particular

event.

Present AbsentField

Record

He could also us the DBM program to ____________ the ___________ of activities attended by each Scout.

A good DBM can perform complicated _______ and _________ of the _________,

and produce neatly printed __________, with bar ________ and pie ________.

Calculate Percentage

Sorts Searches DatabaseReports

Graphs Charts


Spreadsheet

____________ are similar to database managers with several important

differences. A ____________ program handles _________ of _________,

__________ row and column __________, ________, and ___________.

If you change a ________ in the ______, the program immediately ___________ the

totals.

Spreadsheets

SpreadsheetTables Numbers

Calculating SubtotalsTotals Percentages

Number TableRecalculates

Like the DBM, the spreadsheet can produce _____ or ________ output.

It can quickly show what happens to your budget if, for example, you decide to

________ a certain ______, or to ________ every item by a ________ percentage.

Text Graphic

Increase Item ReduceFixed

_______ ___________ provide a series of tools that make ________ easier. Once

_______ are entered into the computer, they can easily be ____________ and _________.

Word ProcessorsWriting

WordsRearranged Corrected

Like other programs, _______ __________ allow you to change the _____ and ______

(together called the ______) of the _______, make ___________ versions of documents

without completely __________ them, check your ___________, and produce neat

_________ output. Some even ______ your _________.

Word ProcessorsSize Style

Font LettersDifferent

RetypingSpelling

Printed CheckGrammar

Spelling___________ and _________ checkers are not ___________. If you ________ a word in such a way as to make _________ word,

the ________________ will not find it.

GrammarFoolproof Misspell

AnotherSpell-checker


Desktop Publishing

_______ ___________ programs allow you to incorporate _______, __________, and

__________ and place them on a _______. They include special _____ for __________

text, __________ pictures so they can be printed on different types of _________, and

_________ color.

You can design a __________, a _________, or even a ________ on a __________

_____________ program.

Desktop PublishingWords Pictures

Drawings PageTools Formatting

ConvertingPrinters

Adding

Newsletter PosterBook Desktop

Publishing

_________ and ________ programs allow you to make __________ and __________

on the computer.

Some programs draw in two dimensions and are known as either _______ or ______

programs.

Graphics DesignPictures Drawings

Paint Draw

Other programs allow you to draw in ____ and ______ dimensions and create

sophisticated _________.

These programs are know as CAD or _________________ ________, programs.

TwoThree

Models

Computer-Aided Design

Three-dimensional CAD programs can be used to create ___________, or outlines, of _________, and _______ ________, which

can show ________, _______, and _______.

CAD programs a used by ___________ engineers to design entire ____________

down to each individual ______.

Wire-framesObjects Solid Models

Texture Light Shadows

AutomotiveAutomotives

Part

What type of program allowed Nathan to be your instructor?

Animation

___________ programs allow you to combine ______, ________, _______, and ________ on screen for _____________, __________, or _________ presentations.

AnimationText Graphics Sound

Video EntertainmentEducation Business

These programs often provide a series of tools to produce both _____________

(drawing a line that an object will follow) or _____________ animation (a series of

successive drawings that appear to move when played back, similar to television

___________).

Path-based

Cell-based

Cartoons

_________ programs provide the tools to _________, ______, __________, ________,

______, and _______ back ________.

You can record you _______, _______, or other ________ by converting them into

_________ format and then ________ them on the computer.

SoundRecord Edit Rearrange Process

mix Play Sound

Voice MusicSounds

Digital Storing

The computer can then _______ them back to ________ format for playback.

Music is usually ___________ using a special code called MIDI

__________________________________.

ConvertAnalog

Recorded

(Musical Instrumental Digital Interface

This code allows a _________ instrument to create _________ instructions when it is _________ that can be understood by the

__________.

The _________ then tells another MIDI ____________ to play back the same

______.

MusicalMusical

PlayedComputer

ComputerInstrument

Notes

Special ________________ music ________ can _____ a number of different MIDI

instruments together to produce a complete ________ band.

Multi-channel SoftwareMix

Digital

What type of program allowed this modem to communicate with

another computer?

Communications

_______________ programs allow computers to _______ to each other.

Standard _______________ software allows to act like, or ________, a _________ so that

it can talk to ____________ or _______________.

CommunicationsTalk

CommunicationsEmulate Terminal

MainframesMinicomputers

This software also allows _________ to talk to each other on a local ___________.

You can ______ and _______ messages, share ___________, and even share

__________.

ComputersNetwork

Send ReceiveFiles

Programs



“Programming “Programming Languages”!Languages”!

Programming LanguagesProgramming Languages

___________________ are used to write other programs.

Program Languages

A ____________ _________ converts ____________ typed by a programmer into a

_______ the computer can understand.

The computer then performs the ______ and _________ them back into _______ and

_________ the programmer can understand.

Programming LanguageInstructions

Format

TasksConverts Words

Numbers

What type of code is this?

Machine Code

Early programs were written in __________ code, or __________ code.

____________ code is a set of __________ specific to that particular ___________.

____________ code instructions are written in __________ language, i.e., 0’s and 1’s.

MachineLow-level

Machine InstructionsComputer

MachineBinary

Later, _____________ programming languages that could be converted into ___________ _____ were developed.

This made programming easier, since _________ could be written in a more ________________ language and then __________ and ____________ into a

___________ code.

High-level

Machine Code

ProgramsEnglish-like

Compiled TranslatedMachine

Programs written in _______________ language are usually referred to as ________

code.

A ___________ program would convert this __________ code into __________ code,

also called _______ code.

Once a program was __________, it could not be changed.

Higher-levelSource

CompilerSource Machine

Object

Compiled

The __________ code had to be changed and the program __________ into a new _______

code.

Another method of converting ________ code into _________ code is called

___________, in which an ___________ program converts each instruction as it is sent to the CPU into __________ code.

SourceRecompiled

Object

SourceMachine

Translation Interpreter

Machine

Examples of ____________ programming languages are:

____________,

____________,

____________,

____________, and

_______.

High-level

COBOL

FORTRAN

BASIC

Pascal

C

COBOL stands for _________ __________ ___________ __________ and was popular

for ________________ programming on ___________ computers.

FORTRAN stands for ________ _________ and is used primarily for ___________ and

_____________ programming.

Common BusinessOriented Language

Business-orientedLarger

Formula TranslationScientific

Engineering

BASIC, short for __________ ____ _______ ___________ __________ _______, is an

___________ language often used to program ________________.

Pascal is named after the French mathematician _______ ________. It was originally designed as a teaching tool but is now a ________________ programming

language.

Beginner’s All-purposeSymbolic Instruction CodeAll-purpose

Microcomputers

Blaise Pascal

General-purpose

C is a very popular _____________ language because it was designed to work on a number

of different ___________.

A program written in C for one type of ___________ can easily be converted to

work on a different ______ and ______ of computer.

Programming

Computers

ComputerSize Type

Recently, _____________ languages such as ______ have become popular.

_________ programming is done by putting together _______, or ________, of commonly used commands such as

instructions on how to _______, how to ______ information to a disk, etc., into

__________ programs.

Object-orientedC++

ObjectGroups Modules

PrintSave

Complete

_________ programming saves ______ because the programmer is able to _____ parts of programs that have already been

_________ by others.

Programming this way is more like putting together _______ of a puzzle than trying to

________ each ___________ piece.

Object TimeReuse

Developed

PiecesDesign Individual



“Communications”!“Communications”!

CommunicationsCommunications

What is this?

How does it help computers communicate?

Modem

Computers can ____________ with other computers if they are ________ together, have the appropriate ____________, and understand the ________, or _________,

each uses to _____________.

Computers can be linked in the same building over a LAN ____________

________ using telephone-type ________ or special _________.

CommunicateLinkedSoftware

Rules ProtocolCommunicate

Local-AreaNetwork Wiring

Cables

Computers can communicate over _____________ _________ using special ________ lines designed for transmitting

__________ information.

A _____________ _________ might span the entire country.

Computers can _____________ anywhere in the world if they have a _______ and ______ to standard ______________ telephone lines.

Wide-Area NetworkPhone

Digital

Wide-Area Network

CommunicateModem Access

Long-Distance

Computers _______ and __________ information in _________.

Special ________ at the ___________ and _____ of each ________ tell the

communicating computers whether the correct information was _______ and

__________.

Send ReceiveBlocks

Signals BeginningEnd Block

SentReceived

Computers communicate at different ______, measured in the _____________ or _______,

rate.

For example, early modems __________ data a 300 ________.

Common modem communication ________ have increased from _______ to _______

baud.

SpeedsBits-per-second Baud

TransferredBaud

Speeds9600 12800

____________ computers allows users to _______ and _________ messages

____________, thorough email __________ _______ and to share __________ and

_______.

Sending electronic mail usually involves the following steps:

NetworkingSend Receive

Electronically ElectronicMail Programs

Files

1) The person wishing to _____ a message connects to a electronic mail __________ using a ________.

2) He or she ________ the message to a ____ computer using a special network _______ for the person _________ the message.

3) The ____ computer stores the _________.

SendService

Modem

Uploads HostAddress

Receiving

Host Message

4) When the person to whom the message was _______ logs onto the ______ computer, the _____ computer indicates that ______ is _________.

5) The __________ is _____________ form the _____ computer to the ___________ computer to be ______.

Sent HostHost Mail

Waiting

Message DownloadedHost Receiver’s

Read

LAN’s are usually set up in one of _______ basic ________ or ______________:

___________________,

___________________, and

___________________.

These different types of networks have different __________ in terms of _______, ____________, and other ____________.

ThreeShapes Configurations

Star Network

Bus Network

Token-ring Network

Advantages SpeedCapacity Capabilities

In a ______ network, each computer is linked through a central __________, like the

spokes of a bicycle wheel connecting to a central _____.

A ______ network, has a main _______ similar to a _________, with ______, or

__________, for each computer.

StarController

Hub

Bus CableHighway Exits

Branches

A ____________ network connects each ____________ to the _______ in a large

________.

Token-ringComputer Next

Circle

By using a _______ and a __________ line, you can connect you computer to a BBS, or

________________ __________.

BBS’s allow a _________ of computers users to ________ information ___________ and even have ____________, or ________,

on-line.

Modem Telephone

Bulletin-board Service

NumberShare Simultaneously

Discussions Forums

Besides the many local, ________ BBS’s, there are a number of ____________ BBS’s, such as ______________, ___________ and ___________ __________, which provide all

kinds of ____________, from electronic ________________ to the latest sports _______ and company _______ Prices.

Most _____________ services charge an _______ connect ____ to use the system.

PrivateCommercial

CompuServe ProdigyAmerica Online

Informationencyclopedias

Scores Stock

CommercialHourly Fee



“Computers“ComputersAt Work”!At Work”!

Computers At WorkComputers At Work

The computer industry itself is huge and offers many job opportunities in sales and manufacturing. Electrical ____________

design hardware. Electronics ______________ build and repair them.

Technically competent people with creative minds are in demand for __________ and __________ new applications software.

Engineers

Technicians

DesigningWriting

Universities have computer science departments. Each large computer system, such as those in Business, industry, science, and health care, requires a _______ _______

to keep it running.

Many of these large systems hire ____________ to develop and improve

applications software.

System Manger

Programmers

There are also many computer-related jobs that are not specifically in the computer

industry. For example, ______ _________ and ______ _______ _______ use computers to produce special film sequences for movies

and television commercials. Films will eventually be shot using _______ cameras

and edited completely _________.

Graphic DesignersSpecial Effects Creators

DigitalDigitally

___________ ________ who guide commercial airplanes in and out of airports use sophisticated computer systems to help them do their jobs. _________ companies now record and edit albums and compact

discs digitally using computer equipment. _________ are using animation programs to

produce simulations or reenactments of crimes to help persuade juries as to what

happened in their case.

Air-Traffic Controllers

Record

Lawyers

Large ___ __________ use computers to analyze geographic data in search for places

to drill new oil wells.

________ are using computers to receive images such as X rays and CAT scans from

patients who can’t come into their offices for diagnosis.

Oil Companies

Doctors

__________ _______ robots are used extensively in assembly-line manufacturing,

where they provide precise control of sophisticated equipment.

Computer-Driven

These robots must be designed, built, and programmed. Most jobs in the future will

require some basic __________ skills.Computer


Now, would you Now, would you please go through please go through “Copyrights and “Copyrights and

Software Piracy”!Software Piracy”!

CopyrightsCopyrights

&&

Software PiracySoftware Piracy

Most software is produced by __________. A ________ _______ is a company that

produces and sells software. Producing good software requires a lot of work. The program

must be designed, written, tested, supplemented with directions on how to use it, packaged and shipped to stores where is

can be purchased. Most software is ___________, which means that it cannot be copied without special permission from the

__________.

PublishersSoftware Publisher

Copyrighted

Publisher

(Books, records, and movies are protected the same way.) Most publishers allow you to make _____ backup copy of the program in

case something happens to the original. However, it is ________ to give copies of the software to your friends. If you do, you are committing a ________. The ___________, the ___________, the ___________ and the

________ all lose money if you copy the program.

One

Illegal

Crime ProgrammerPublisher Distributor

Store

They then have to charge higher prices or, in some cases, not make any more new

software. Some software, called _________, is distributed in a slightly different way.

___________ is available form a number of places, such as electronic bulletin boards, and doesn’t require you to ____ for it before you

use it. The people who make _________ want you to try the program and see if you

like it. If you want to keep it, they ask you to ____ for it by sending money to them.

Shareware

Shareware

PayShareware

Pay

Their name and address are usually provided at the beginning of the program. It is OK to

give a friend a copy of a __________ program as long as they promise that if they

decide to keep and use it, they will send _________ to the publisher.

Some software is completely free. Called _______________ software, it is not

copyrighted and can be used and copied.

Shareware

Payment

Public-domain

Scouts, describe Scouts, describe several ways in several ways in

which you and your which you and your family could use a family could use a personal computer personal computer

other than for other than for games and games and recreation.recreation.

Scouts, you had best Scouts, you had best be writing these be writing these

ideas down, cause ideas down, cause this will allow you this will allow you

to complete to complete requirement 9 of requirement 9 of

the computer merit the computer merit badge.badge.

Again, Scouts, Again, Scouts, describe several describe several

ways in which you ways in which you and your family and your family

could use a personal could use a personal computer other computer other

than for games and than for games and recreation.recreation.


This completes the This completes the text book session of text book session of the Computer Merit the Computer Merit

Badge!Badge!

Scouts, if you have Scouts, if you have viewed the power viewed the power point presentation point presentation

from the beginning to from the beginning to the end, and filled out the end, and filled out

the workbook, you the workbook, you have completed the have completed the

following merit badge following merit badge requirements.requirements.

Requirement 1Requirement 1Requirement 2Requirement 2Requirement 3Requirement 3Requirement 6Requirement 6Requirement 7Requirement 7Requirement 8Requirement 8Requirement 9Requirement 9


Would you please Would you please go over go over

requirement 4!requirement 4!

Requirement 4 (Do THREE of the following)

A) Use a database manager to create a troop roster, providing name, rank, patrol, and

telephone number of each Scout. Sort the register by rank, by patrol, and alphabetically

by name.


B) Use a spreadsheet program to develop a weekend campout food budget for your

patrol.


C) Use a word processor to write a letter to parents of your troop’s Scouts, inviting them

to a court or honor. Use the mail merge feature to make a personalized copy of the

letter for each family.


D) Use a computer graphics program to design and draw a campsite plan for your

troop.


Would you please Would you please go over go over

requirement 5!requirement 5!

Requirement 5 (Do TWO) of the following)

A) Visit a business or industry that uses computers. Study what the computer

accomplishes and be prepared to discuss what you observed.


B) Use a computer attached to a local area network or equipped with a modem to

connect to a computer network or bulletin-board service such as Prodigy, CompuServe,

or America Online. Send a message to someone on the network or download a

program or file from the network.


C) Use a general-purpose programming language to write a program application of your choice, subject to approval by your

counselor.

Scouts, as you can see Scouts, as you can see you have some work you have some work ahead of you in order ahead of you in order

to complete the to complete the Computer Computer

Merit Badge, but with Merit Badge, but with Mr. Fleming’s help Mr. Fleming’s help this is the fun part!!this is the fun part!!

Mr. Fleming will be Mr. Fleming will be more than willing to more than willing to arrange time during arrange time during

the remaining the remaining sessions, for this merit sessions, for this merit

badge, so you can badge, so you can work on requirements work on requirements

4 & 5.4 & 5.

Or, you may work on Or, you may work on requirements 4 & 5 on requirements 4 & 5 on

your own, with the your own, with the approval of Mr. approval of Mr.

Fleming.Fleming.

Or, you can setup Or, you can setup individual individual

appointments with appointments with Mr. Fleming to Mr. Fleming to

work on work on requirements 4 & 5.requirements 4 & 5.

The choice is yours!The choice is yours!

I would like to thank I would like to thank each and everyone of each and everyone of

you Scouts for you Scouts for allowing me to be your allowing me to be your

teacher, teacher,

and I want to give a and I want to give a very special thanks to very special thanks to

Mr. Fleming for Mr. Fleming for volunteering his time volunteering his time and for all his hard and for all his hard

work in putting work in putting together this together this

Computer Merit Computer Merit Badge class!!!!!!Badge class!!!!!!

Thank you Thank you Mr. Fleming!Mr. Fleming!

Your WelcomeYour WelcomeNathan!Nathan!

Well, I am off in Well, I am off in search of another search of another adventure, and I adventure, and I

would like to leave would like to leave you with the you with the

following thoughts!following thoughts!

Turn On Your Speakers,

So You Can Listen To My Music!!

Click Your Mouse

And Enjoy!!

Make Yourself Comfortable!!

Reflect On Your Day!!

May Each Sunrise,

And Give You Peace!!

May Your Smile Be Contagious,

Find You With A Smile On Your Face!!

And Brighten Someone’s Day!!

May God’s Blessings Shine Upon Your Face,

Keep Smilin’

And

Lookin’ Up!!! - (:o}

Compliments Of: Dave Fleming

Scouts, can you list what computer components were used in the making of the presentation you just viewed!!

Hi! My name is Nathan! I will be your instructor for the Computer Merit Badge!

Documents

univac slide

unisys slide

expensive slide

abacus slide

punched card slide

napiers bones slide

difference engine slide

work book