H.Grand Alliance – U.S. (FDR), U.K. (Winston Churchill), & U.S.S.R. (Joseph Stalin). 1.Unconditional Surrender – Allies fight until Axis surrender w/o.

H.H. Grand Alliance – U.S. (FDR), Grand Alliance – U.S. (FDR), U.K. U.K. (Winston Churchill), & (Winston Churchill), & U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. (Joseph Stalin).(Joseph Stalin).

1.1. Unconditional Surrender Unconditional Surrender –– Allies fight until Axis Allies fight until Axis

surrender w/o surrender w/o conditions.conditions.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced the Allies were

fighting for the "unconditional surrender" of Germany, Italy

and Japan - a stand immediatelyendorsed by British Prime

Minister Winston Churchill. (L-R) French Gen. Henri Giraud,

Roosevelt, Charles DeGaulle, Churchill. January 24, 1943.

Total WarTotal War

• Concept of “total war”

• Mobilizing the economy

• Rationing• Women in the

work force• Propaganda• Military tactics

Two women stand amidst the ruins of an almshouse in Berkshire, England.

Gasoline, coffee, sugar, meat, other goods Gasoline, coffee, sugar, meat, other goods are rationed.are rationed.

““Victory Gardens” and other measures.Victory Gardens” and other measures.

Rationing and Rationing and Victory Victory

GardensGardens

Mobilizing the EconomyMobilizing the Economy

A worker inspects 1000-pound bomb cases

Women in the Work ForceWomen in the Work Force

“Rosie the Riveter”

A WASP (Women's Airforce Service Pilot) pilot during the war.

Army Air Field, Texas.

A female combat photographer.

Allies vs. AxisAllies vs. Axis

Allies in green; Axis in orange; neutral in grayAllies in green; Axis in orange; neutral in gray

At the beginning of 1943, the Allies agreed to seek from the Axis Powers nothing short of “unconditional surrender.”

Allies enter Rome

Italy SurrendersItaly Surrenders19431943

The bodies of Italian dictatorBenito Mussolini, center,

his mistress, Clara Petacci, right,and Achille Starace, former

secretary of the Fascist Party, hang by their heels in Milan, Italy,

April 29, 1945, after they wereexecuted by Italian partisans.

AP Photo/U.S. Army Air Force

The D-Day InvasionThe D-Day InvasionJune 6, 1944June 6, 1944

Eisenhower speaks with U.S. paratroopsof the 502d Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division on the evening of June 5, 1944.

Large landing craft convoy crosses the English Channel on June 6, 1944.

“Operation Overlord”

Allied ships during D-Day invasion, 1944.

I. D-Day Invasion (June 6, 1944) - Allies invade at Normandy to liberate France.1. Largest naval invasion in history.

The The Battle of NormandyBattle of Normandy (D-Day (D-Day) was fought in ) was fought in 1944 between Nazi Germany in Western Europe 1944 between Nazi Germany in Western Europe and the invading Allied forces as part of the and the invading Allied forces as part of the larger conflict of World War II. Over sixty years larger conflict of World War II. Over sixty years later, the Normandy invasion, codenamed later, the Normandy invasion, codenamed Operation OverlordOperation Overlord, still remains the largest , still remains the largest seaborne invasion in history, involving almost seaborne invasion in history, involving almost three million troopsthree million troops crossing the English Channel crossing the English Channel from England to Normandy in from England to Normandy in then German-occupied then German-occupied France. It is most France. It is most commonly known by commonly known by the name the name D-DayD-Day..

U.S. troops wade ashore at Normandy

D-DayInvasion

The invasion was supposed to happen on June 5th, but was postponed due to bad weather and rough seas.

Utah Beach, Normandy.

82nd Airborne dropped inland of Normandy beach (some off DZ).

Allied forces under U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower. “Operation Overlord” 150,000 Allies, biggest military offensive in history. Allies fought their way past underwater mines, barbed wire, and machine-gun fire. Heavy resistance even though Germans thought it was a diversion for a larger invasion elsewhere. Germ slow response allowed Allies to set up a beachhead. Within three months, Allies had 2 million men and half mill vehicles.

The primary Allied formations that saw combat in The primary Allied formations that saw combat in Normandy came from the Normandy came from the U.S., U.K., and CanadaU.S., U.K., and Canada. .

Substantial Substantial Free French and Polish forcesFree French and Polish forces also also participated in the battle after the assault phase, and participated in the battle after the assault phase, and

there were also contingents from there were also contingents from Belgium, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, the Netherlands, and Czechoslovakia, Greece, the Netherlands, and

NorwayNorway..

2.2. Liberation of Paris – Aug 1944. Liberation of Paris – Aug 1944.

An American soldier guards German troops captured during the Battle of

the Bulge

U.S. troops advance through the snow toward the town of St. Vith,

Belgium

3. Battle of the Bulge (1944) – Last effort by Germans to win.

German Tiger at Battle of the Bulge.

J.J. Tuskegee Airmen – The Tuskegee Airmen – The African-African- American pilots of WWII.American pilots of WWII.

Pilots of the "Tuskegee Airmen,"

the elite, all-African American 332nd Fighter Group at Ramitelli, Italy.

P-51’s of the 332d Fighter Group; the "redtails" of the Tuskegee Airmen. The nearest aircraft depicted is that of

Lt. Lee Archer, an Ace.

Tuskegee Airmen in front of a P-40.

U.S. Air Commander Harris – strategic bombing of cities to U.S. Air Commander Harris – strategic bombing of cities to crush will to fight.crush will to fight.

Feb, 1942, 4-engine bombers available for action.Feb, 1942, 4-engine bombers available for action. 1943, 1943, B-17 Flying FortressB-17 Flying Fortress; allowed US to bomb ; allowed US to bomb

Berlin/Germany, better technology with radar; used chaff to Berlin/Germany, better technology with radar; used chaff to block ground radar.block ground radar.

1944, the 1944, the B-29 SuperfortressB-29 Superfortress developed (able to bomb Japan) developed (able to bomb Japan) had 10 machine guns, pressurized to fly at 30K feet, 20K lbs of had 10 machine guns, pressurized to fly at 30K feet, 20K lbs of bombs (incindiaries), fly 1,900 miles. bombs (incindiaries), fly 1,900 miles.

B-17’s on their way to German factories.

The Firebombing of The Firebombing of DresdenDresden

Dresden at the time, “was a mass

of munitions works, an intact

Gov’t center, and a key

transportation center. It is now

none of those things.”

Dresden, Germanyafter bombings.

316 bombers of the US Eighth Air Force attacked Dresden’s marshaling yards outside the city center. Taking part were

B-17 Flying Fortresses.

The Nazis last desperate bid to turn the course of WWII The Nazis last desperate bid to turn the course of WWII was by unleashing an arsenal of sinister weapons was by unleashing an arsenal of sinister weapons (Wernher von Braun) against the Allies. (Wernher von Braun) against the Allies.

They were known as the V-1 (prototype cruise missile) They were known as the V-1 (prototype cruise missile) and the V-2, the first ballistic missile. Both weapons and the V-2, the first ballistic missile. Both weapons caused immense civilian casualties in London and caused immense civilian casualties in London and Antwerp (By March of 1945, 1,054 hit England).Antwerp (By March of 1945, 1,054 hit England).

After WWII, Braun & his team came to White Sands, After WWII, Braun & his team came to White Sands, NM.NM.

German V2 rocket being prepared for launch in the early 1940's.

The “V” was for

Vengeance.

By Jan 1945, Hitler moved into a bunker 55 ft below Berlin to direct the war. March 1945, Allied moved into Germany. In April 1945, Allies linked with Soviets in northern Germany. Soviet forces began pushing west: Ukraine (end of 1943), Balkan states beginning of 1944), Warsaw (Jan 1945), Berlin (Apr 45); southern front swept through Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. In 1945, Hitler Youth members (13-14 years old) were on the front lines. Blamed the world’s Jews for the war.

Germany Germany

SurrendersSurrenders

K. Hitler commits suicide – Apr 30, 1945. 1. V-E Day (Victory in Europe) – war

in Europe ended on May 7, 1945.

Cover of US newspaper, May 2, 1945.

““Hot Time In The Town Of Hot Time In The Town Of BerlinBerlin””

by Frank Sinatraby Frank SinatraThere'll be a hot timeThere'll be a hot timeIn the town of BerlinIn the town of BerlinWhen the Yanks go marchin' When the Yanks go marchin' ininI wanna be there boy,I wanna be there boy,And spread some joyAnd spread some joyWhen they take old BerlinWhen they take old Berlin

There'll be a hot timeThere'll be a hot timeIn the town of BerlinIn the town of BerlinWhen the Brooklyn boys When the Brooklyn boys beginbeginTo take the joint apartTo take the joint apartAnd tear it downAnd tear it downWhen they take old BerlinWhen they take old Berlin

They're gonna start a rowThey're gonna start a rowAnd show them howAnd show them howWe paint the town back, in We paint the town back, in KokomoKokomoThey're gonna take a hikeThey're gonna take a hikeThrough Hitler's ReichThrough Hitler's ReichAnd change his 'Heil' to And change his 'Heil' to 'What ya know, Joe''What ya know, Joe'

There'll be a hot timeThere'll be a hot timeIn the town of BerlinIn the town of BerlinWhen the Yanks go marchin' inWhen the Yanks go marchin' inYou could never keep 'em You could never keep 'em happy down on the farmhappy down on the farmAfter they take BerlinAfter they take Berlin

<instrumental interlude><instrumental interlude>

I'm gonna grab a FrauI'm gonna grab a FrauAnd show her howAnd show her howWe paint the town back, in We paint the town back, in MichiganMichiganI'm gonna take a hikeI'm gonna take a hikeThrough Hitler's ReichThrough Hitler's ReichAnd change that 'Heil' to And change that 'Heil' to 'Gimme some skin''Gimme some skin'

There'll be a hot timeThere'll be a hot timeIn the town of BerlinIn the town of BerlinWhen the Yanks go marchin' inWhen the Yanks go marchin' inYou know that you could never You know that you could never keep 'em happy down on the keep 'em happy down on the farmfarmAfter they take BerlinAfter they take Berlin

V-E DayV-E DayMay 7, 1945May 7, 1945

The Pacific War, 1944The Pacific War, 1944––19451945

U.S. soldiers raise the American flag after capturing Iwo Jima.

The Navajo Code Talkers (400) have The Navajo Code Talkers (400) have been credited with saving countless been credited with saving countless lives and hastening the end of the lives and hastening the end of the war.war.

The Code Talker's primary job was to The Code Talker's primary job was to talk and transmit information on talk and transmit information on tactics, troop movements, orders and tactics, troop movements, orders and other vital battlefield information via other vital battlefield information via telegraphs and radios in their native telegraphs and radios in their native dialect.  A major advantage of the dialect.  A major advantage of the code talker system was its speed. code talker system was its speed. The method of using Morse code The method of using Morse code often took hours where the Navajos often took hours where the Navajos handled a message in minutes.    handled a message in minutes.    

The Navajo's unwritten language was The Navajo's unwritten language was understood by fewer than 30 non-understood by fewer than 30 non-Navajo's at the time of WWII.  The Navajo's at the time of WWII.  The size and complexity of the language size and complexity of the language made the code extremely difficult to made the code extremely difficult to comprehend, much less decipher.  It comprehend, much less decipher.  It was not until 1968 that the code was not until 1968 that the code became declassified by the US became declassified by the US Government.    Government.    

Pfc. Preston Toledo and Pfc. Frank Toledo, Navajo cousins in a Marine

artillery regiment in the South Pacific,

relay orders over a field radio in their native tongue.

Cpl. Henry Bake, Jr., and Pfc. George Kirk, Navajos serving in

December 1943 with a Marine Corps signal

unit, operate a portable radio set in a

clearing behind the front lines.

L. Navajo Code Talkers – Native Americans used their native language as code during WWII.

The Navajo CodeThe Navajo CodeNAMES OF PLANESNAMES OF PLANES NAVAJO WORDNAVAJO WORD CODECODEDIVE BOMBER DIVE BOMBER GINI CHICKEN GINI CHICKEN HAWK HAWK TORPEDO PLANE TORPEDO PLANE TAS-CHIZZIE TAS-CHIZZIE SWALLOW SWALLOW FIGHTER PLANE FIGHTER PLANE DA-HE-TIH-HI DA-HE-TIH-HI HUMMING BIRD HUMMING BIRD BOMBER PLANE BOMBER PLANE JAY-SHO JAY-SHO BUZZARD BUZZARD

NAMES OF SHIPSNAMES OF SHIPS BATTLESHIP BATTLESHIP LO-TSO LO-TSO WHALE WHALE AIRCRAFT CARRIER AIRCRAFT CARRIER TSIDI-MOFFA-YE-HI TSIDI-MOFFA-YE-HI BIRD CARRIERBIRD CARRIERSUBMARINE SUBMARINE BESH-LO BESH-LO IRON FISH IRON FISH DESTROYER DESTROYER CA-LO CA-LO SHARK SHARK

► Outlawed by Geneva Convention, Japanese used mustard gas in China & New Guinea.► Australia stockpiled tons of mustard gas for defensive purposes (uncovered in 2007).

M.M. Japanese conquest of SE Asia.Japanese conquest of SE Asia.

1.1. Forced laborers – 800K Koreans Forced laborers – 800K Koreans sent to Japan.sent to Japan.

2.2. Burma-Thailand Railway (1943) – Burma-Thailand Railway (1943) – 12K Allied & 90K natives died.12K Allied & 90K natives died.

3.3. French Indochina – Ho Chi French Indochina – Ho Chi Minh’s Minh’s Communist Party Communist Party provided provided info & rescued info & rescued U.S. pilots.U.S. pilots.

POW workers on the Burma-Thailand Railway (1943).

The The Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March was a was a war crime involving the forcible war crime involving the forcible transfer of 72K POW’s, with wide-transfer of 72K POW’s, with wide-ranging abuse and high fatalities, ranging abuse and high fatalities, by Japanese forces in the by Japanese forces in the Philippines in 1942. Philippines in 1942.

Approximately 5-10K Filipino and Approximately 5-10K Filipino and 600-650 American prisoners of war 600-650 American prisoners of war died before they could reach Camp died before they could reach Camp O'Donnell.O'Donnell.

The march occurred after the three-The march occurred after the three-month Battle of Bataan, part of the month Battle of Bataan, part of the Battle of the Philippines (1941-42).Battle of the Philippines (1941-42).

Generals Wainwright (left) and MacArthur.

The DeathMarch (1942).

N.N. Japanese Internment – Japanese Internment – Manzanar camp in CA during Manzanar camp in CA during

WWII.WWII.

Executive Order 9066: Resulting in the Relocation of Japanese Executive Order 9066: Resulting in the Relocation of Japanese (1942)(1942)

Executive Order No. 9066Executive Order No. 9066The President The President Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military AreasAuthorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military AreasWhereas the successful prosecution of the war requires every Whereas the successful prosecution of the war requires every possible protection against espionage and against sabotage to possible protection against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense material, national-defense premises, and national-national-defense material, national-defense premises, and national-defense utilitiesdefense utilities as defined in Section 4, Act of April 20, 1918, 40 Stat. 533, as defined in Section 4, Act of April 20, 1918, 40 Stat. 533, as amended by the Act of November 30, 1940, 54 Stat. 1220, and the Act of as amended by the Act of November 30, 1940, 54 Stat. 1220, and the Act of August 21, 1941, 55 Stat. 655 (U.S.C., Title 50, Sec. 104);August 21, 1941, 55 Stat. 655 (U.S.C., Title 50, Sec. 104);

Now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the Now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, I hereby United States, and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, I hereby authorize and direct the Secretary of War, and the Military Commanders authorize and direct the Secretary of War, and the Military Commanders whom he may from time to time designate, whenever he or any designated whom he may from time to time designate, whenever he or any designated Commander deems such action necessary or desirable, to prescribe military Commander deems such action necessary or desirable, to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate Military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate Military Commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, Commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any person to enter, remain in, or and with respect to which, the right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary of War or the leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary of War or the appropriate Military Commander may impose in his discretion. The Secretary appropriate Military Commander may impose in his discretion. The Secretary of War is hereby authorized to provide for residents of any such area who are of War is hereby authorized to provide for residents of any such area who are excluded therefrom, such transportation, food, shelter, and other excluded therefrom, such transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations as may be necessary, in the judgment of the Secretary of accommodations as may be necessary, in the judgment of the Secretary of War or the said Military Commander, and until other arrangements are War or the said Military Commander, and until other arrangements are made, to accomplish the purpose of this order. The designation of military made, to accomplish the purpose of this order. The designation of military areas in any region or locality shall supersede designations of prohibited and areas in any region or locality shall supersede designations of prohibited and restricted areas by the Attorney General under the Proclamations of restricted areas by the Attorney General under the Proclamations of December 7 and 8, 1941, and shall supersede the responsibility and December 7 and 8, 1941, and shall supersede the responsibility and authority of the Attorney General under the said Proclamations in respect of authority of the Attorney General under the said Proclamations in respect of such prohibited and restricted areas.such prohibited and restricted areas.

Manzanar Camp,central California.

Japanese-Americans leaving from Los Angeles to Manzanar.

Doolittle Raid – Boost US morale; bombed Doolittle Raid – Boost US morale; bombed Japan; small damage but huge boost in Japan; small damage but huge boost in morale; crash landed in China; nearly morale; crash landed in China; nearly

250K Chinese killed for revenge.250K Chinese killed for revenge.

The Doolittle Raid; April 18, 1942.

A B-25 taking off from Hornet for the raid.

LtCol James H. Doolittle, USAAF (front), leader of the raiding force, wires a Japanese medal to a 500-pound bomb,during ceremonies on the flight deck of USS Hornet, shortly before his force of sixteen B-25B bombers took off for Japan.

Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle (center) with members of his

flight crew and Chinese officials in China after the attack.

O.O. Pacific Theater.Pacific Theater.

1.1. Battle of Midway (June 4, Battle of Midway (June 4, 1942) 1942) – turning point of war – turning point of war in Asia.in Asia.

a)a) U.S. planes destroyed U.S. planes destroyed 4 4 Japanese aircraft Japanese aircraft carriers.carriers.

US cracked Japanese codes; knew they’re coming; runways intact and carriers safe.US cracked Japanese codes; knew they’re coming; runways intact and carriers safe. Four Japanese carriers sunk; Navy never recovered.Four Japanese carriers sunk; Navy never recovered. US established superiority in the Pacific.US established superiority in the Pacific. Now – war of attrition; war became bitter.Now – war of attrition; war became bitter.

Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryu burning, morningof 5 June 1942.

The Battle of MidwayThe Battle of Midway

The USS Yorktown receives a direct hit during the battle of Midway

2. Guadalcanal (Aug 1942-Feb 1943) – first Japanese land taken. 3. Iwo Jima (Feb-Mar 1945) – flag;

airstrip. Invasion on Feb 19, 1945, faced 22,000 Japanese on volcanic island. Jap used natural tunnels for static defense (in contrast to bonsai/ rushing attacks used before. Code name for Mt. Sirabachi was “Mt Hot Rocks.” Took 4-days to raise U.S. flag (photo), approx 40-days to take island.

It has been said that if was not forthe Navajo Code Talker's, the Marines

would have never taken Iwo Jima. 

KamikazeKamikaze -  - Means "divine wind“ in Means "divine wind“ in Japanese, and refers to the Japanese, and refers to the suicide attackssuicide attacks by Japanese military aviators, against Allied by Japanese military aviators, against Allied shipping in the closing stages of the Pacific shipping in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of WWII. campaign of WWII.

USS Bunker Hill was hit by Ogawa and another kamikaze near May 11, 1945. 372 personnel were killed.

A Mitsubishi Zero fly’s toward the USS White Plains on October 25, 1944. The aircraft exploded shortly after this picture was taken, scattering debris across the deck.

The USS Hornet shooting

at a Kamikaze

near Japan.

Kamikaze headingtoward US carrier.

A kamikaze (just left of center near the top border), a Mitsubishi Zero in this case, about to hit the USS Missouri.

Preparing the “Little Boy” atomic bomb to be

dropped on Hiroshima, Japan.

Birth of the Atomic BombBirth of the Atomic Bomb“The Manhattan Project”“The Manhattan Project”

P.P. U.S. President Harry S. Truman U.S. President Harry S. Truman (after FDR died in Apr) – Drop (after FDR died in Apr) – Drop atomic bombs on Japan.atomic bombs on Japan.

1.1. Hiroshima (1st bomb - Hiroshima (1st bomb - Aug 6, Aug 6, 1945), by The 1945), by The Enola Gay. Enola Gay. 2.2. Nagasaki (2nd Nagasaki (2nd

bomb on Aug 9).bomb on Aug 9).

Japan made extensive preparations to defend the homeland; many U.S. losses if Japan made extensive preparations to defend the homeland; many U.S. losses if Allies invaded.Allies invaded.

Albert Einstein was a German Jew and helped start the Manhattan Project.Albert Einstein was a German Jew and helped start the Manhattan Project. US only had two bombs; not sure how effective they would be.US only had two bombs; not sure how effective they would be.

HiroshimaHiroshimaThe blast destroyed

90% of the city.

When the bomb

exploded, the

temperature at

ground zero rose to

7,000 degrees

Fahrenheit. The

blast killed 70,000

people instantly; an

additional 70,000

were dead by the

new year from burns,

radiation, or other

injuries. Nearly all

the victims were

civilians.

Nagasaki before and after bombing.

The upper-body of a boy exposed to the explosion.

3. Japan surrenders – V-J Day (Sep 2, 1945) Aboard the USS Missouri, ending WWII.

Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs as Supreme Allied Commander during formal surrender ceremonies on the USS MISSOURI in Tokyo Bay. September 2, 1945.

Should We have Dropped Should We have Dropped the Atomic Bombs on the Atomic Bombs on

Japan?Japan?PROPRO CONCON

Saved U.S. Lives.Saved U.S. Lives. Immoral.Immoral.

Better than Invasion.Better than Invasion. Militarily Militarily

Refused to Surrender.Refused to Surrender. Unnecessary. Unnecessary.

Shortened the War.Shortened the War. Killed overKilled over

Part of “Total War.”Part of “Total War.” 210,000 210,000 Civilians.Civilians.

Made the U.S. a Made the U.S. a Started the AtomicStarted the Atomic

Superpower!Superpower! Weapons Race. Weapons Race.

Military TacticsMilitary Tactics

Injured survivors of the Nagasaki blastFamily in the wreckage of their Liverpool home

United States War InvolvementCharacteristics World War I World War II

Military Personnel 4,744,000 16,354,000Army 4,057,000 11,260,000Air Force (Part of Army) (Part of Army)Navy 599,000 4,183,000Marines 79,000 669,000Coast Guard 9,000 241,000Killed 116,516 405,399Wounded 204,002 670,846

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States.

Battle Deaths in World War IICountry Battle Deaths

USSR 7,500,000Germany 3,500,000Yugoslavia 410,000

Poland 320,000Romania 300,000United States 292,000United Kingdom 245,000France 210,000Hungary 140,000Finland 82,000Italy 77,000Greece 74,000Canada 37,000

Germany lost the most soldiers in World War I, and the Soviet Union lost the most in World War II. The percentage of Soviet losses in World War II is more than

twice the percentage of German losses in World War I.

Germany lost a total of less than 2 million in WWI, while the Soviet Union lost a total of 7.5 million in World War II.

Q. The Nuremberg Trials – Convicted

many for crimes against humanity after WWII.

The Nuremberg Military Tribunal.

War crimes trialsWere also heldIn Italy and Japan.

WWII Words and WWII Words and PhrasesPhrases

BlockbusterBlockbuster – Refers to a bomb that could level an – Refers to a bomb that could level an entire block. When the boys came home, the phrase entire block. When the boys came home, the phrase caught on to represent anything that made a real caught on to represent anything that made a real impact.impact.

““Gung HoGung Ho” – The origin goes back to the Chinese ” – The origin goes back to the Chinese who worked on the Great Wall. Their foreman would who worked on the Great Wall. Their foreman would yell “Gung Ho” and they’d all get busy in unison. yell “Gung Ho” and they’d all get busy in unison. The phrase caught on with the Marines in WWII The phrase caught on with the Marines in WWII when General Carlson began using it for when General Carlson began using it for enthusiastically working (together or single). enthusiastically working (together or single).

““Panic ButtonPanic Button” – B-17 and B-24 bomber planes had a ” – B-17 and B-24 bomber planes had a button that when the pilot hit it, the alarm would be button that when the pilot hit it, the alarm would be heard throughout the plane. It would warn the crew heard throughout the plane. It would warn the crew to jump out immediately. In civilian life, it is meant to jump out immediately. In civilian life, it is meant as a warning (written or verbal) for fast action.as a warning (written or verbal) for fast action.

The “Big Three” at Yalta: Winston Churchill, FDR, and Josef Stalin.

R. The Yalta Conference (Feb 1945) – The “Big Three” decided on post-war Europe.

1. Divide Germany; control Poland; and United Nations after WWII."For the Russian people, the question of Poland is not only a question of honor but also a question of security. Throughout history, Poland has been the corridor through which the enemy has passed into Russia. Poland is a question of life and death for Russia.“

-- Josef Stalin Feb, 1945

Attlee, Truman, and Stalin at Potsdam Conference, July 1945.

S. Potsdam Conference (July 1945) –

President Truman demanded free elections in Eastern Europe.

“A freely elected gov’tin any of these EastEuropean countrieswould be anti-Soviet,and that we cannot allow.”

-- Josef Stalin July, 1945

Soviet controlled areas in Red and Pink.

IsraelIsrael declared its independence in 1948. declared its independence in 1948. With a diverse population currently exceeding With a diverse population currently exceeding seven million citizens of primarily Jewish seven million citizens of primarily Jewish background and religion, it is the world's only background and religion, it is the world's only Jewish state. Jerusalem is the capital city and Jewish state. Jerusalem is the capital city and seat of government. Israel is the only country in seat of government. Israel is the only country in the Middle East considered to be a liberal the Middle East considered to be a liberal democracydemocracy, having a broad array of political , having a broad array of political rights and civil liberties present. rights and civil liberties present.

IsraelIsrael 1948, Arab League 1948, Arab League

members Egypt, members Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq Lebanon and Iraq declared war and declared war and announced their rejection announced their rejection of the UN partition of the UN partition decision.decision.

Yom Kippur War Yom Kippur War (aka (aka 1973 Arab-Israeli War) a 1973 Arab-Israeli War) a coalition of Arab states coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria led by Egypt and Syria launched a surprise launched a surprise attack on Israel on Yom attack on Israel on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism. The conflict led Judaism. The conflict led to a near-confrontation to a near-confrontation between the two nuclear between the two nuclear superpowers, the US and superpowers, the US and the Soviet Union.the Soviet Union.

OPEC members declared OPEC members declared an oil embargo against an oil embargo against the US, causing the 1973 the US, causing the 1973 energy crisis.energy crisis.

1947