Helen Xiao BIO.62 ONCHOCERCIASIS (RIVER BLINDNESS) opperd/parasites/images/worms.jpg.

Helen XiaoBIO.62

ONCHOCERCIASIS

(RIVER BLINDNESS)

http://www.icp.ucl.ac.be/~opperd/parasites/images/worms.jpg

MOST VICTIMS ARE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/onchocerciasis-map.png?ua=1

INFECTION LEADS TO NODULES

http://www.ijqhw.net/index.php/qhw/article/viewFile/5918/8515/21360

WORMS AVOIDS IMMUNE SYSTEM BY HIDING IN

NODULES

http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/modeling/images/TDR/palpationTDR98031026.jpg

http://www.riverblindness.org/images/album-pics/onchocerciasis/image_06.jpg

INFLAMMATION CAUSES ITCHY RASHES AND AN APPEARANCE OF

LEOPARD SKIN

http://www.neglecteddiseases.gov/assets/photos/uganda/lg_uganda6.jpg

http://www.who.int/apoc/media/skin.gif

INFECTION LEADS CLOUDING OF THE CORNEA

http://www.ijqhw.net/index.php/qhw/article/view/5918/8515

BLINDNESS CAN OCCUR IF DISEASE IS NOT TREATED

http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2004/images/emergingphoto5.jpg

www.hxbenefit.com

RIVER BLINDNESS IS CAUSED BY: NEMATODE ONCHOCERCA

VOLVULUS

http://blackflies.info/sites/blackflies.info/files/u13/volvulus1_reduced_3.jpghttp://parasite.org.au/para-site/images/onchocerca-microfilariae.jpg

web.stanford.edu

THE NEMATODE IS TRANSMITTED BY THE BITE OF A

FEMALE BLACK FLY

https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2014/schwaab_abbe/fly.jpghttp://extension.entm.purdue.edu/publichealth/images/blackfly/blackfly.jpg

LIFE CYCLE:

http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/images/onchocerciasis/O_volvulus_LifeCycle.gif

LIFE CYCLE OF ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS GOES THROUGH HUMAN AND BLACK FLY

STAGES

http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/images/onchocerciasis/O_volvulus_LifeCycle.gif

PARASITIC NEMATODES HAVE AN ENDOSYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP

WITH THE WOLBACHIA BACTERIA

http://www.atlas.or.kr/donation/donation_files/demo23.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Wolbachia.png

ht tp : / / cmr.asm.o rg /con ten t /24 /3 /459 /F2 . l a rge . jpg

WOLBACHIA BACTERIA CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS OF RIVER BLINDNESS

ht tp : / / cmr.asm.o rg /con ten t /24 /3 /459 /F2 . l a rge . jpg

WOLBACHIA BACTERIA CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS OF RIVER BLINDNESS

TO DIAGNOSE THE DISEASE, DOCTORS LOOK FOR LARVAE IN

SKIN SNIPShttp://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/health_professionals/index.html

http://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2004/Onchocerciasis/skinsnip.png

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)-

Kills microfilariae

Accelerates onchocercal blindness

EARLY TREATMENTS WERE INEFFECTIVE AND CAUSED SEVERE

SIDE EFFECTS

http://www.in.all.biz/img/in/catalog/58199.jpeg

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)-

Kills microfilariae

Accelerates onchocercal blindness

Suramin-

Kills adult worms

Highly Toxic

EARLY TREATMENTS WERE INEFFECTIVE AND CAUSED SEVERE

SIDE EFFECTS

http://sterlingmedicaladvice.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/suramin.jpg

http://www.in.all.biz/img/in/catalog/58199.jpeg

Ivermectin Kills Larvae

TWO NEW TREATMENTS ARE MUCH MORE EFFECTIVE:

http://www.sightsaversusa.org/images/content/16890.jpg

Ivermectin Kills Larvae

Doxycycline Kills

Wolbachia bacteria and

thus adult worms

TWO NEW TREATMENTS ARE MUCH MORE EFFECTIVE:

http://www.sightsaversusa.org/images/content/16890.jpg

https://web.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2006/Onchocerciasis/IMAGES/doxy.jpg

RESEARCH SHOWS TWO DRUGS ARE BETTER THAN

ONE

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0140673600045815/1-s2.0-S0140673600045815-main.pdf?_tid=ef7059d4-6422-11e4-a47d-00000aacb360&acdnat=1415106373_bc145e148c47c38309d4e2778ebfe6ca

WEARING INSECT REPELLENT AND COVERING EXPOSED SKIN CAN

PREVENT INFECTION

http://nycpestpros.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Kinds-of-Insect-Repellent.jpg

http://s252.photobucket.com/user/MicheleinPlaya/media/Blog%20Images%202013/LayeredClothes_zps0d9235d3.jpg.html

END THE LIFE CYCLE OF ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS WITH HELP FROM MERK

http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/images/onchocerciasis/O_volvulus_LifeCycle.gif

END THE LIFE CYCLE OF ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS WITH HELP FROM MERK

http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/images/onchocerciasis/O_volvulus_LifeCycle.gif

37 MILLION STILL INFECTED BUT WE ARE ON THE RIGHT TRACK

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131055/

http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/ http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0140673600045815/1-s2.0-S0140673600045815-

main.pdf?_tid=ef7059d4-6422-11e4-a47d-00000aacb360&acdnat=1415106373_bc145e148c47c38309d4e2778ebfe6ca

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Onchocerca_volvulus/ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/med.2610130103/asset/

2610130103_ftp.pdf http

://ac.els-cdn.com/S0002934305800105/1-s2.0-S0002934305800105-main.pdf?_tid=a3866b24-6307-11e4-b468-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1414984698_c629e2cb182d09ef914d8b60573e6c66

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0140673602094989/pdff t?md5=e32b8c57ad027d626edc6b5f82acf92f&pid=1-s2.0-S0140673602094989-main.pdf

https://web.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2006/Onchocerciasis/Diagnosis.html

http://tropej.oxfordjournals.org.l ibproxy.l ib.unc.edu/content/45/3/128.ful l .pdf+html

http://www.who.int/apoc/cdti/ ivermectin/en/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3043740/ http://cmr.asm.org/content/24/3/459.fi gures-only

WORKS CITED: