KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION IN THE SEDIMENTS AND FLESH OF BOE DRUM (Pteroscion peli) AND GREATER AMBERJACK (Seriola dumerili) FROM THE KORLE LAGOON ESTUARY, ACCRA, GHANA. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ABOAGYE HACKMAN RICHARD i
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Heavy Metal Concentration in the Sediments and Flesh of Boe Drum and Greater Amberjack from the Korle lagoon estuary,Accra - Ghana
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KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION IN THE SEDIMENTS AND FLESH OF BOE DRUM (Pteroscion peli) AND GREATER
AMBERJACK (Seriola dumerili) FROM THE KORLE LAGOON ESTUARY, ACCRA, GHANA.
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
ABOAGYE HACKMAN RICHARD
MAY 2012
i
ABSTRACT
The Korle Lagoon in Accra, Ghana, has become one of the most polluted water bodies on
earth. Different aquatic organisms often respond to external contamination in different
ways, where the quantity and form of the element in water, sediment, or food will
determine the degree of accumulation. The concentration of copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Zinc
(Zn), and Cadmium (Cd) in the flesh of Pteroscion peli and Seriola dumerili were
assessed from October 2011 to January 2012. Eight fishes were sampled for each fish
species. Sediments were taken from three different sites on a monthly basis at the estuary
of the Korle lagoon. Samples collected were digested with a di-acid of the ratio 9; 4 of
nitric acid and perchloric acid respectively. Heavy metal was determined using the
Atomic Adsorption Spectrophometer (AAS). Heavy metal concentrations in sediment
were below the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Sediment
Quality Guideline for Estuaries over the period and ranked in the order: Pb> Zn> Cu>
Cd. The result of this research showed that heavy metals were continuously deposited and
removed from sediments into the water column of the Korle lagoon estuary. Also the
study indicated that the levels of metal in the flesh of Seriola dumerili and Pteroscion
peli were low for, copper and zinc but higher for Lead and Cadmium as compared to the
World Health Organization Standard (2005). Heavy metal concentrations in the flesh of
S. Dumerili and P. peli in relation to size revealed that both sizes accumulated higher lead
and cadmium concentrations and lower Zinc and Copper concentration. The present study
showed that consumption of fish from the Korle Lagoon estuary should be prohibited and
should be discouraged because of the high levels of Pb and Cd in the flesh of Seriola
dumerili and Pteroscion peli in both small and large sizes.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I thank the most high God for the strength and calm through the perplexing times during my
study.
I wish to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Dr Nelson W Agbo, for his
invaluable comments and excellent supervision. I must also thank him for the cordial relations
showed towards me, which was very helpful and very much cherished.
My thanks also goes to Mr Kwasi Adu Obirikorang for being my second supervisor, assisting me
on field, laboratory and in putting this together.
I wish to thank Mr Napoleon Jackson and Mr Douglas for their assistance in the laboratory. I
thank my mum, Miss Monica Hackman so much for her inspiration, motivation and financial
assistance in putting this thesis together. My thanks also go to the entire membership of Christ
Apostolic Church, Odorkor Official Town Assembly for their prayers into this dissertation.
My sincere thanks also go to the following persons Mary Abena Yamoah, Enoch Adjei Mensah
and Solomon Antwi for their diverse assistance in the preparation of this dissertation.
My special thanks go to Mr. Daniel, Maame Awotwe, Sister Violet and all fishers of the Korle
A blank solution of the di-acid and distilled water used which contained no analyte
element was made and after, a series of calibrated solutions of the di acid and distilled
water containing known amounts of analyte element (the standards) were also made. The
blank and standards were atomized in turn, with their respective responds measured.
Graph of both responses were plotted. The digested samples were then atomized and their
response measured. The concentrations of heavy metal in the sample were known by the
calibration and the absorbance obtained for the unknown.
35
All samples were accompanied by blanks at a rate of one blank per 20 samples. Replicate
analyses were conducted for all the samples to evaluate the precision of the analytical
technique. The results were expressed as total concentration (μg/g wet weight (ww).
3.3.4. Measurement of Physicochemical Water Parameters
Monthly measurement of temperature, salinity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS),
conductivity and dissolved oxygen (DO) of the Korle Lagoon were taken between the
hours of 7am-10am, using a multi-parameter probe at the 3 sampling site over the four
months period -(YSI 550A model)(Plate 13).
Plate 13 Water Quality parameter been taken insitu
36
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0. RESULTS
4.1. Heavy metal concentrations in Sediment Samples
Copper concentration s were consistently fluctuating over the period and ranged between
4.38 μg/g ww to 5.90 μg/g ww from November 2011 to January 2012. A mean
concentration of 5.12 μg/g ww was recorded for the estuary over the four month period.
Lead concentration increased drastically from a mean value of 2.80 μg/g ww in October
to 39.20 μg/g ww in December 2011. A decrease in the concentration of lead was
recorded for January 2012.
Zinc ranged from 9.46 μg/g ww to 14.66 μg/g ww but this decrease was inconsistent as
concentration declined from 12.44 μg/g ww in November 2011 to 9.46 μg/g ww in
December 2011.
Cadmium concentration fluctuated over the period with highest concentration of 2.50
μg/g ww recorded in December 2011.Heavy metal levels in sediment over the period
ranked in the following order: Pb > Zn >Cu >Cd.
The monthly heavy metal concentrations of the four metals in the sediments of the Korle
lagoon estuary are shown in Table 4.1.
37
Table 4.1. Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn) and Cadmium (Cd) concentration (μg/g ww) in the sediment from the Korle lagoon Estuary.
Month n Cu Pb Zn Cd
October 9 4.41±0.15 2.80±0.96 12.21±4.28 2.33±0.25
November 9 4.38±0.39 2.86±1.49 12.44±3.62 2.26±0.30
December 9 5.80±0.02 39.20±0.46 9.46±0.88 2.50±0.10
January 9 5.90±0.08 38.36±1.69 14.66±0.05 2.23±1.00
Mean 5.12±0.16 20.80±1.15 12.19±2.20 2.33±0.41
NOAA (1995)
ERL 34.00 46.70 150.00 1.20 ERM 270.00 218.00 410.00 9.60National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Effect Range low (ERL), Effect Range Medium (ERM) Values are mean± SD, n= number of samples.
4.2. Heavy metal concentrations in Pteroscion peli
Mean concentration of copper in Pteroscion peli over the sampled period was 5.11 μg/g
ww. Copper (Cu) levels increased between 2.83 μg/g ww in November 2011 to 7.65 μg/g
ww January 2012. In October 2011 concentration declined from 3.02 μg/g ww to 2.02
μg/g ww in November 2011. A mean lead (Pb) concentration of 2.73 μg/g ww was
recorded over the study period. An increase and decrease in concentration alternated over
the sampling period. Cadmium (Cd) concentration consistently increased from 1.48 μg/g
ww to 2.91 μg/g ww over the study period. Zinc (Zn) concentration increased from
November 2011 to January 2011 with values ranging between 13.58 μg/g ww to 23.11
38
μg/g ww for both months respectively. Between October 2011 and November 2011
concentration dropped from 14.09 μg/g ww to 13.58 μg/g ww. A mean concentration of
16.41 μg/g ww was recorded over the study period. Mean ± standard deviation of Cu, Pb,
Zn and Cd concentrations (μg/g ww) in the flesh of Pteroscion peli from the Korle
lagoon estuary from October 2011 to January 2012 is presented in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2. Heavy metal concentrations (μg/g ww) in the flesh of Pteroscion peli from
the Korle lagoon estuary
Month n Cu Pb Cd Zn
October 8 3.02 ± 1.20 2.62±1.1.83 1.48± 0.25 14.09±2.80
November 8 2.83 ± 0.42 2.87 ±1.80 1.51±0.29 13.58±1.97
December 8 6.92±0.91 2.51±0.45 2.81±0.22 14.86±4.27
January 8 7.65±0.93 2.95±0.34 2.91±0.15 23.11±6.99
Mean 5.11±0.86 2.73±1.10 2.17±0.22 16.41±4.00
WHO (1983) 10 2.0 2.0 1000
WHO (2005) - 0.5 0.5 1000
World Health Organization (WHO)Values are mean± SD, n= number of samples
39
4.3. Heavy metal concentration in Seriola dumerili
Concentration trend observed in Seriola dumerili varied to that of Pteroscion peli.
Copper (Cu) concentration increased from November 2011 to January 2012 from 3.36
μg/g ww to 6.14 μg/g ww. A mean concentration of 4.43 μg/g ww was recorded over the
period.
Lead (Pb) concentrations over the period fluctuated between 2.07 μg/g ww in December
2011 to 3.01 μg/g ww in November 2011. A decrease in concentration was observed
from October 2011 to November 2011 and that of November 2011 to December 2011.A
mean concentration of 2.54 μg/g ww was recorded over the period.
Cadmium (Cd) level of 1.75 μg/g ww was recorded as the mean concentration over the
sampling period. Cadmium levels in Seriola dumerili were inconsistent over the study
period between 1.35 μg/g ww to 2.95 μg/g ww.
Zinc (Zn) concentrations increased from November 2011 to January 2012 with its level
increasing from 13.43 μg/g ww to 14.98 μg/g ww respectively. A mean concentration of
13.90 μg/g ww was recorded over the study period. Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd concentrations
(μg/g ww) in the flesh of Seriola dumerili from the Korle lagoon estuary is presented in
Table 4.3.
40
Table 4.3. Heavy metal concentrations (μg/g ww) in the flesh of Seriola dumerili from the Korle lagoon estuary
Total Dissolve Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Values are mean± SD, n=number of data recorded
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0. DISCUSSION
5.1. Heavy Metal Concentration in Sediments
Heavy metals in sediments may represent a combinational effect of chemical, biological
and physical processes occurring in the fluvial, estuarine, and coastal environments.
Fluctuations in the concentrations of heavy metals in the sediment of the Korle lagoon
estuary might be due to the ability of surface sediments to integrate these changes that
occur in the water column and act both as a repository and source of suspended materials.
Spatial variations of heavy metals in the surface sediments are the results of these
processes (Lin, et al 2003). Moreover, heavy metals generally exist in the particulate
phase adsorbed on the sediments. This behaviour of heavy metals in the estuary sediment
may be strongly influenced by adsorption to organic particles (sewage deposited at the
Korle lagoon estuary) and the inorganic particles in the lagoon (Table 4.4).
The particulate fraction may be transported with the sediments, which are governed by
sediment dynamics. Re-suspension of contaminated bed sediments may be caused by
strong tidal currents which may release a significant amount of heavy metals into the
water column (Zagar, 2006).
In addition, the relatively high levels of cadmium in the sediments compared to the Effect
Range Low (ERL) could be due to the high concentrations of dissolved salts or organic
45
matter which reduces its accumulation in sediments. Lead readily accumulates in
sediments and this could be the reason for the high levels recorded over the period.
Sediments are also thought to be the most important depositional site for particulate
copper transported from rivers; although remobilization may occur when sediments are
disturbed. The low copper levels recorded could be due to the regular mixing of the water
column due to its fluvial flow rate. Moreover, during high turbidity, greater levels of zinc
associated with suspended sediments are deposited with flocculated particles where it can
and where it can particularly accumulate in anaerobic sediments (Hunt et al, 1992).
Furthermore, fluctuation of heavy metals in the sediment could be due to the water
chemistry of the Korle lagoon estuary which may controls the rate of adsorption and
desorption of metals to and from sediments. The adsorption process could remove metals
from the water column and store these metals in the substrate. Desorption on the other
hand may return the heavy metals from sediment to the water column where recirculation
and bio assimilation could take place.
High salt concentrations could create increase competition between cations and metals
for binding site. This may cause metals to be driven off from sediments into the overlying
water, and this may often occur at estuary due to river flow inputs and tides.
Decreased redox potential under hypoxic conditions could change the composition of
metal complexes as metals bind to oxygen to form oxides and this could release the
heavy metal ions into the overlying water at the estuary.
pH may increase competition between metals and hydrogen ions for binding site. A lower
pH could also dissolve metal carbonate complexes releasing free ions into the water
46
column (Connell et al, 1984) as a result of the deposition of Sewage into the Korle
lagoon estuary.
According to Long et al. (1995), the concentration of copper, lead and Zinc recorded
occurs below the Effect Range Low value therefore their effects on fishes at the estuary
would rarely be observed. Cadmium concentration recorded was equal to the ERL but
below the ERM, which implies that fishes at the estuary could occasionally be affected
by Cadmium.
5.2. Heavy Metal effect in fish species
The mean concentration of Copper and Zinc in Pteroscion peli and Seriola dumerili were
lower as compared to the World Health Organization standards (2005). Cadmium and
Lead concentration were higher than the standard used. The lower levels of copper in the
flesh of both fishes could be due to the role of copper as an ingredient, normally in the
prosthetic group, of oxidizing enzymes which are important in oxidation-reduction
processes in fishes (Moolenaar, 1998). Also, copper in the cupric form may be the most
bio available (Grimwood, 1997) and could be readily accumulated by the fishes. It may
also be regulated or immobilized in many species and might not be biomagnified in the
food chain to any significant extent (CCREM, 1987).
Low level of Zinc recorded could be due to the up take of zinc readily by the study fish
species which may not reflect in the flesh tissue (Hunt et al, 1992). High level of lead
concentration could be due to the uptake and accumulation of lead by fish from water and
sediment and this may be influenced by various environmental factors. Consumers such
as (Pteroscion peli and Seriola dumerili) may take up lead from their contaminated food, 47
often to high concentrations, but without bio magnifications (WHO, 1995). Lead uptake
by fish could reach equilibrium only after a number of weeks of exposure. Typical
symptoms of lead toxicity include spinal deformity and blackening of the caudal region
as observed in the obtained fish samples. Tetra alkyl lead which is an inorganic lead
compounds may rapidly be taken up by fish and rapidly eliminated after the end of the
exposure (WHO, 1995).
Cadmium bio accumulates in organisms with the main uptake routes being dissolved
cadmium from the water column and cadmium associated with prey items. This could be
the reason for the high levels in Seriola dumerili and Pteroscion peli (WHO, 1992).
5.3. Variation in Metal Concentrations in Relation to Body Size
Large fishes for both species had a higher metal concentration in Pteroscion peli and
Seriola dumerili, but thoroughly there were no variations in metal concentrations between
the two size classes for both fish species and may be due to similarities in bioavailability
of the heavy metals to the two fish species (Pteroscion peli and the Seriola dumerili.)
from the Korle lagoon estuary, since both fish species are piscivorous (Ferreira et al.,
2004).
Smaller fishes might have accumulated high concentrations of heavy metals and this
might be due to their size, their feeding pattern and availability of the heavy metals
(FAO, 2012).
48
CHAPTER SIX
6.0. CONCLUSIONS
Heavy metal levels in fishes sampled were less than what was found in the sediment
samples. Heavy metals in sediment were continuously adsorbed and desorbed from
sediments into the overlying water column. The sediment quality in terms of the heavy
metals was acceptable but could pose a serious risk to the aquatic life of the lagoon
estuary in future if nothing is done to check metal accumulation in the Korle lagoon
estuary sediment.
The four metal concentrations in the flesh of the two fish species were lower for Zinc and
Copper but saw a high concentration for Cadmium and Lead as compared to the World
Health Organization Standard (2005) hence not safe for human consumption.
From the study however, it was also depicted that Pteroscion peli and Seriola dumerili
accumulate heavy metals in their flesh regardless of size.
6.1. RECOMMENDATIONS
The heavy metal concentrations in estuary have to be monitored on a more regular basis
for the effects of pollution on other fish communities. Although fish flesh (muscle) is the
most important part to be used for human consumption, fish skin and liver may also be
consumed to some extent. Target organs such as liver, kidney, gonads and gills, have a
49
tendency to accumulate heavy metals in high values and therefore a study has to be
conducted to assess the concentration of heavy metals in them.
Moreover, Secondary feeders like filter feeders (Mugil cephalus) and other herbivores
fishes from the Korle lagoon estuary could be studied to know their bio accumulation
levels and their magnification in the food chain.
Accumulation of heavy metals in fish flesh may be considered as an important warning
signal for fish health and human consumption. The present study shows that consumption
of fish from the Korle Lagoon estuary should be prohibited and should be discouraged
because of the high levels of Pb and Cd in the flesh of Seriola dumerili and Pteroscion
peli in both small and large sizes.
50
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