Hawaiian Language

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Hawaiian language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hawaiian

lelo Hawaii

Region Hawaii, concentrated

onNiihauand Hawaii

Ethnicity Native Hawaiians

Native

speakers2,000 (1997)[1]to

24,000+ (2006200!)[2]

Language

family"ustronesian

#a$a%o&'o$%nesian

ceanic

'o$%nesian

astern 'o$%nesian

#ar*uesic

Hawaiian

Writing

system

atin(Hawaiian a$ha-et)

Hawaiian .rai$$e

Ocial status

Ocial

language inHawaii

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Recognised

minority

language in

/nited tates

Language codes

IO !"#$% haw

IO !"#$" haw

&lottolog hawa1245 []

'his article contains I()phonetic

sym*ols+ithout roer renderin3 suort,%ou a% see *uestion ar5s, -oes, or other

s%-o$sinstead o /nicodecharacters8

The Hawaiian language(Hawaiian: lelo Hawaii, pronounced[ o l lo h v j i] :; < ; = [!]i" a #olyne"ianlan$ua$ethat take" it" name fromHawaii,the lar$e"t i"land in the tropical %orth#acific archipela$owhere it developed& Hawaiian, alon$ with 'n$li"h, i" an official lan$ua$e of

the"tate of Hawaii&in$ amehameha )))e"ta*li"hed the fir"t Hawaiian+lan$ua$econ"titutionin

-./ and -!0&

For variou" rea"on", includin$ territorialle$i"lation e"ta*li"hin$ 'n$li"h a" the official lan$ua$e in

"chool", the num*er of native "peaker"of Hawaiian $radually decrea"ed durin$ the period from the

-.0" to the /10"& Hawaiian wa" e""entially di"placed *y 'n$li"h on "i2 of "even inha*ited i"land"&)n 300, native "peaker" of Hawaiian amounted to under 0&4 of the "tatewide population& 5in$ui"t"

are worried a*out the fate of thi" and other endan$ered lan$ua$e"&[1][6]

%everthele"", from circa /!/ to the pre"ent day, there ha" *een a $radual increa"e in attention to

and promotion of the lan$ua$e& #u*lic Hawaiian+lan$ua$e immer"ionpre"chool" called #7nana

5eowere "tarted in /-!8 other immer"ion "chool" followed "oon after& The fir"t "tudent" to "tart in

immer"ion pre"chool have now $raduated from colle$e and many are fluent Hawaiian "peaker"& The

federal $overnment ha" acknowled$ed thi" development& For e2ample, the Hawaiian %ational #ark

5an$ua$e 9orrection ct of 3000 chan$ed the name" of "everal national park"in Hawaii, o*"ervin$the Hawaiian "pellin$&[;]

pid$inor creole lan$ua$e"poken in Hawaii i" Hawaiian #id$in(or Hawaii 9reole 'n$li"h, H9'& )t"hould not *e mi"taken for the Hawaiian lan$ua$e nor for a dialect of 'n$li"h&

The Hawaiian alpha*etha" . letter": five vowel" (lon$ and "hort and ei$ht con"onant", one of

them *ein$ a $lottal "top(calledokinain Hawaiian&

9ontent"

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[hide]

%ame

3 Family and ori$in

o 3&

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6 Arammar

; Dee al"o

- %ote"

/ Eeference"

0 '2ternal link"

Name[edit]

The Hawaiian lan$ua$e take" it" name from the lar$e"t i"land, Hawaii (Hawaiiin the Hawaiianlan$ua$e, in the tropical %orth #acific archipela$o where it developed, ori$inally from a #olyne"ian

lan$ua$e of the Douth #acific, mo"t likely@taheite> rather than >Tahiti&>[]

The "pellin$ >why> in the name reflect" the [hw] pronunciation of whin -th+century 'n$li"h ("till inactive u"ein part" of the 'n$li"h+"peakin$ world& Whywa" pronounced [hwai]& The "pellin$ >hee> or>ee> in the name repre"ent" the "ound" [hi], or [i]&[3]

#uttin$ the part" to$ether, O-why-(h)eereflect" [o+hwai+i], a rea"ona*le appro2imation of the nativepronunciation, [o h w i i]= = &

merican mi""ionarie" *ound for Hawaii u"ed the phra"e" >@whihe 5an$ua$e> and >@whyheelan$ua$e> in ?o"ton prior to their departure in @cto*er -/ and durin$ their five+month voya$e to

Hawai=i&[.]They "till u"ed "uch phra"e" a" late a" Hawaiian 5an$ua$e&>[1]

)n Hawaiian, lelo Hawaiimean" >Hawaiian lan$ua$e>, a" adjective" follow noun"&[6]

Family and origin[edit]

Hawaiian i" a #olyne"ian mem*er of theu"trone"ian lan$ua$e family&[;])t i" clo"ely related to

other #olyne"ian lan$ua$e", "uch a"

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time, *ecame the Hawaiian lan$ua$e within the Hawaiian )"land"&[/]imura and Wil"on (/-. al"o

"tate, >5in$ui"t" a$ree that Hawaiian i" clo"ely related to 'a"tern #olyne"ian, with a particularly

"tron$ link in the Douthern *a"ic voca*ulary> (or Dwade"h li"t amount" to a*out 300

word",[31]havin$ meanin$" "uch a" >eye>, >hair>, >*lood>, >water>, and >and&>[36]The mea"urement of

a $enetic relation"hip i" e2pre""ed a" a percenta$e&[3.][3;]

For e2ample, Hawaiian and 'n$li"h have 0co$nate" in the 300+word li"t, "o they are 04 $enetically related& ?y contra"t, Hawaiian

andTahitianhave a*out 13 co$nate" in the li"t, "o they are e"timated a" *ein$ ;64 $enetically

related&[3-]

The comparative methodi" a techniue developed *y lin$ui"t" to determine if two or more

lan$ua$e" are $enetically related, and if they are, the hi"torical nature of the relation"hip"&[3][3/]For a

$iven meanin$, the word" of the lan$ua$e" are compared& [.0]5in$ui"t" o*"erve:[.]

& identical "ound",

3& "imilar "ound", and

.& di""imilar "ound", in corre"pondin$ po"ition" in the word"

)n thi" method, the definition of >identical> i" rea"ona*ly clear, *ut tho"e of >"imilar> and >di""imilar>

are *a"ed on phonolo$ical criteria which may reuire profe""ional trainin$ to fully under"tand and

which can vary in the conte2t" of different lan$ua$e"& ?a"ically, a "ound=" manner and place of

articulation, and it"phonolo$ical feature",are the main factor" con"idered in inve"ti$atin$ it" "tatu"

a" >"imilar> or >di""imilar> to other "ound" in a particular conte2t& For e2ample, K*K and KmK are

*othvoicedla*ial"ound", *ut one i" a"topand the other ana"al& When lin$ui"t" find in compared

lan$ua$e" that compared word" of the "ame or "imilar meanin$ contain "ound" which corre"pond to

one another, and find that the"e "ame "ound corre"pondence"recur re$ularly in mo"t, or in many, of

the compara*le word" of the lan$ua$e", then the u"ual conclu"ion i" that the lan$ua$e" are

$enetically related&[.3][..]

The followin$ ta*le provide" a limited data "et for ten num*er"& [.!]The a"teri"k (L i" u"ed to "how

that the"e are hypothetical, recon"tructedform"& )n the ta*le, the year date of the modern form" i"

rounded off to 9' 3000 to empha"ie the 6000+year time lap"e "ince the #% era&

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Num*ers in )ustronesian languages

Lang

uage, % " - . ! / 0 # ,1

()N2 c+-111 45

>isa>?ua

>te$u

>eat

>$ia

>ene

>itu

>wa$u

>iwa

>u$u*

)mis ceca% tusa tu$useat

$iaene

itu

a$u siwa u$u@

'agalog isAda$awA

tat$B

Aat

$iAAni

itB

wa$B

si%A

sau

Ilocano a%sA duata$$B

uAt

$iAinnC

itB

wa$B

siasan3aD$

o

5e*uan

ousA

duhA

tu$Bua

t$iA

uno

itB

wa$B

si%A

nau$u

5hamor

ro

aisaEhFcha

hu3ua

tu$uatat

$ia3unu

Gti3uF$

usi3ua

FnotEu$u

6alaga

syisa roa te$o

eatra

di%

enina

Gto va$o siv% o$o

6alay satu dua ti3aeat $ia

ena

tuuh

$aan

se-i$an seu$uh

7avanes

esii $oro te$u

aat

$io neitu

wo$u

son3o

seu$uh

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Num*ers in )ustronesian languages

Lang

uage, % " - . ! / 0 # ,1

8i9ian dua rua to$u vI $ia onovitu

wa$u

ciwa tini

:iri*ati teuanauoua

teniua

auaniaua

onoua

itiua

waniua

ruaiua

te-uina

'ongan taha ua to$u Ini

aono Gtu va$u hiva &u$u

;moa

ntasi $ua to$u I $ia ono Gtu va$u iva seu$u

6;ori tahi rua toru whI ria onowhitu

waru

iwate5au

(archaicJn

3ahuru)

'ahitia

nhK@L iti toru

aha

ae Knohitu

va@u iva @ahuru

6ar0>, the Ton$an form in the ta*le i" part of the word KhoMo+fuluK (=ten=& The

Hawaiian co$nate i" part of the word Kana+huluK (=ten day"=8 however, the more common word for

>0> u"ed in countin$ and uantifyin$ i" K umiK , a different root&

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pplication of the le2ico"tati"tical method to the data in the ta*le will "how the four lan$ua$e" to *e

related to one another, with Ta$alo$ havin$ 004 co$nacy with #%, while Hawaiian and Ton$an

have 004 co$nacy with each other, *ut /04 with Ta$alo$ and #%& Thi" i" *ecau"e the form" for

each num*er are co$nate", e2cept the Hawaiian and Ton$an word" for the num*er >>, which are

co$nate with each other, *ut not with Ta$alo$ and #%& When the full "et of 300 meanin$" i" u"ed,

the percenta$e" will *e much lower& For e2ample, 'l*ert found Hawaiian and Ton$an to have !/4(/- N 300 "hared co$nacy&[.1]Thi" point" out the importance of data+"et "ie for thi" method O le""

data, cruder re"ult8 more data, *etter re"ult&

pplication of the comparative method will "how partly different $enetic relation"hip"& )t will point

out"ound chan$e",[.6]"uch a":

& the lo"" of all #% word+final con"onant" in Ton$an and Hawaiian8

3& lowerin$of #% Lu to Ta$alo$ [o] in word+final "ylla*le"8

.& retention of #% Lt in word+initial and word+medial po"ition in Ta$alo$ and Ton$an, *ut "hiftto KkK in Hawaiian8

!& retention of #% Lp in Ta$alo$, *ut "hift to KfK in Ton$an and KhK in Hawaiian&

Thi" method will reco$nie "ound chan$e P a" a "hared innovationof Hawaiian and Ton$an& )t will

al"o take the Hawaiian and Ton$an co$nate" for >> a" another "hared innovation& Cue to the"e

e2clu"ively "hared feature", Hawaiian and Ton$an are found to *e more clo"ely related to one

another than either i" to Ta$alo$ or #%&

The form" in the ta*le "how that the u"trone"ian vowel" tend to *e relatively "ta*le, while the

con"onant" are relatively volatile& )t i" al"o apparent that the Hawaiian word" for >.>, >1> and >->

have remained e""entially unchan$ed for 6000 year"&

History[edit]

For Hawaiian language history before 1778, seeFa!ily an" origin#

Fir"t 'uropean contact[edit]

)n ;;-, ?riti"h e2plorer Game" 9ook made the fir"t reported 'uropean contact with Hawaii,*e$innin$ a new pha"e in the development of Hawaiian& Curin$ the ne2t forty year", the "ound"

of Dpani"h(;-/, Eu""ian(-0!, French(-6, and Aerman(-6 arrived in Hawaii via othere2plorer" and *u"ine""men& Hawaiian *e$an to *e written for the fir"t time, lar$ely re"tricted to

i"olated name" and word", and word li"t" collected *y e2plorer" and traveler"& [.;]

The early e2plorer" and merchant" who fir"t *rou$ht 'uropean lan$ua$e" to the Hawaiian i"land"al"o took on a few native crew mem*er" who *rou$ht the Hawaiian lan$ua$e into new territory&[.-]lthou$h there were not enou$h of the"e Hawaiian+"peakin$ e2plorer" to e"ta*li"h any via*le

"peech communitie" a*road, they "till had a noticea*le pre"ence& @ne of them, a *oy in hi" teen"

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known a" @*ookiah($%kahaia, had a major impact on the future of the lan$ua$e& He "ailedto %ew 'n$land, where he eventually *ecame a "tudent at the Forei$n "oon de"tined to e2tinction&>[!1]

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The increa"e in travel to and from Hawaii durin$ the /th century introduced a num*er of fatalillne""e" "uch a" "mallpo2,influena, andlepro"y, which killed lar$e num*er" of native "peaker" of

Hawaiian& Hidden meanin$, a" inHawaiian poetry8 concealed reference, a" to a per"on, thin$, or place8 word" with dou*le meanin$"

that mi$ht *rin$ $ood or *ad fortune&> #ukui lamented, Sin "pite of year" of dedicated work, it i"

impo""i*le to record any lan$ua$e completely& How true thi" "eem" for Hawaiian, with it" rich and

varied *ack$round, it" many idiom" heretofore unde"cri*ed, and it" in$eniou" and "ophi"ticated u"eof fi$urative lan$ua$e& @n pa$e 2iii of the /-6 dictionary "he warned: >Hawaiian ha" more word"

with multiple meanin$" than almo"t any other lan$ua$e& @ne wi"hin$ to name a child, a hou"e, a T+

"hirt, or a paintin$, "hould *e careful that the cho"en name doe" not have a nau$hty or vul$ar

meanin$& The name of a ju"tly re"pecta*le children=" "chool, Hana Hauoli, mean" happy activityand "u$$e"t" a mi""ionary author, *ut amon$ older Hawaiian" it ha" another, le"" =innocent=

meanin$ that "hould not concern little children& Honolulu "treet (and formerly the name of a hotel

i" Hale 5ea =joyou" hou"e=, *ut lea al"o mean" or$a"m&>

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Rnder"tandin$ the kaona of the lan$ua$e reuire" a comprehen"ive knowled$e of Hawaiian

le$end", hi"tory and co"molo$y&

>?annin$> of Hawaiian[edit]

The law cited a" *annin$ the Hawaiian lan$ua$e i" identified a" ct 1;, "ec& .0 of the -/6 5aw" ofthe Eepu*lic of Hawaii:

The 'n$li"h 5an$ua$e "hall *e the medium and *a"i" of in"truction in all pu*lic and private "chool",

provided that where it i" de"ired that another lan$ua$e "hall *e tau$ht in addition to the 'n$li"h

lan$ua$e, "uch in"truction may *e authoried *y the Cepartment, either *y it" rule", the curriculum

of the "chool, or *y direct order in any particular in"tance& ny "chool" that "hall not conform to the

provi"ion" of thi" "ection "hall not *e reco$nied *y the Cepartment& ["i$ned] Gune -, -/6 Danford

?& Cole, #re"ident of the Eepu*lic of Hawaii

Thi" law e"ta*li"hed 'n$li"h a" the medium of in"truction for the $overnment+reco$nied "chool"

*oth >pu*lic and private>& While it did not *an or make ille$al the Hawaiian lan$ua$e in otherconte2t", it" implementation in the "chool" had far reachin$ effect"& Tho"e who had *een pu"hin$ for

'n$li"h+only "chool" took thi" law a" licence to e2tin$ui"h the native lan$ua$e at the early education

level& While the law "topped "hort of makin$ Hawaiian ille$al (it wa" "till the dominant lan$ua$e

"poken at the time, many children who "poke Hawaiian at "chool, includin$ on the play$round, were

di"ciplined& Thi" included corporal puni"hment and $oin$ to the home of the offendin$ child to

"tron$ly advi"e them to "top "peakin$ it in their home& in addition to the 'n$li"h lan$ua$e,> reducin$ Hawaiian to the "tatu" of a

forei$n lan$ua$e, "u*ject to approval *y the Cepartment& Hawaiian wa" not tau$ht initially in any

"chool, includin$ the all+Hawaiian amehameha Dchool"& Thi" i" lar$ely *ecau"e when the"e

"chool" were founded, like amehameha Dchool" founded in --; (nine year" *efore thi" law,

Hawaiian wa" *ein$ "poken in the home& @nce thi" law wa" enacted, individual" at the"e in"titution"took it upon them"elve" to enforce a *an on Hawaiian& ?e$innin$ in /00,

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[1]#ukui and 'l*ert took a middle cour"e, u"in$ what they could from the ndrew" dictionary, *ut

makin$ certain improvement" and addition" that were more "i$nificant than a minor revi"ion& The

dictionary they produced, in /1;, introduced an era of $radual increa"e in attention to the lan$ua$e

and culture&

'ffort" to promote the lan$ua$e have increa"ed in recent decade"& Hawaiian+lan$ua$e >immer"ion>"chool" are now open to children who"e familie" want to reintroduce Hawaiian lan$ua$e for future

$eneration"&[13]The ha #7nana 5eoV" Hawaiian lan$ua$e pre"chool" in Hilo, Hawaii,have received

international reco$nition&[1.]The local %ational #u*lic Eadio"tation feature" a "hort "e$ment titled

>Hawaiian word of the day> and a Hawaiian lan$ua$e new" *roadca"t& Honolulutelevi"ion

"tation A

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& an imitation and adaptation to >"tandard> Hawaiian8

3& a native %i ihau dialect that i" "i$nificantly different from >"tandard> Hawaiian, includin$e2ten"ive u"e of palataliationand truncation, and difference" indiphthon$iation,vowelrai"in$,andeli"ion8

.& a manner of "peakin$ amon$ them"elve" which i" "o different from >"tandard> Hawaiian thatit i" unintelli$i*le to non+%iihau "peaker" of Hawaiian&

The la"t mode of "peakin$ may *e further re"tricted to a certain "u*"et of %iihauan",and i" rarelyeven overheard *y non+ %iihauan"& )n addition to *ein$ a*le to "peak Hawaiian in different way",mo"t %iihauan" can "peak 'n$li"h a" well&

'l*ert U #ukui (/;/:3. "tate" that >[v]ariation" in Hawaiian dialect" have not *een "y"tematically

"tudied>, and that >[t]he dialect of %iihau i" the mo"t a*errant and the one mo"t in need of "tudy>&They reco$nied that %iihauan" can "peak Hawaiian in "u*"tantially different way"& Their"tatement" are *a"ed in part on "ome "pecific o*"ervation" made *y %ew*rand (/1&

(Dee Hawaiian phonolo$ical proce""e"

Orthography[edit]

0ain arti&leHawaiian al$habet

Hawaiian" had no written lan$ua$e prior to we"tern contact, e2cept for petro$lyph "ym*ol"& The

modern Hawaiian alpha*et, ka $23$3 Hawaii, i" *a"ed on the 5atin "cript& Hawaiian word"end only[1;]in vowel", and every con"onant mu"t *e followed *y a vowel& The Hawaiian alpha*eticalorder ha" all of the vowel" *efore the con"onant",[1-]a" in the followin$ chart&

)a Ee Ii Oo =u Hh :k Ll 6m Nn (p Ww >

EaE EeE EiE EoE EuE EhE E5MtE E$E EE EnE EE EvMwE EE

@ri$in[edit]

Thi" writin$ "y"tem wa" developed *y merican #rote"tant mi""ionarie" durin$ -30O-36& [1/])t wa"

the fir"t thin$ they ever printed in Hawaii, on Ganuary ;, -33, and it ori$inally included thecon"onant" +, 4, 5, 6,and ,in addition to the current one" (H, K, , 0, , , W, and it had F, 9, ,:and ;for >"pellin$ forei$n word">& The initial printin$ al"o "howed the five vowel letter" (, and "even of the "hort diphthon$" (, &[60]

)n -36, the developer" voted to eliminate "ome of the letter" which repre"ented functionally

redundant allophone"(called >interchan$ea*le letter">, ena*lin$ the Hawaiian alpha*et to approach

the ideal "tate of one+"ym*ol+one+phoneme, and there*y optimiin$ the ea"e with which people

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could teach and learn the readin$ and writin$ of Hawaiian& [6]For e2ample, in"tead of "pellin$ one

and the "ame word a"$ule, bule, $ure,and bure(*ecau"e of interchan$ea*le$?band l?r, the wordi" "pelled only a"$ule&

)nterchan$ea*le ?K#& +wa" dropped, wa" kept&

)nterchan$ea*le 5KE& 5and 4were dropped, wa" kept&

)nterchan$ea*le KT& 6wa" dropped, Kwa" kept&

)nterchan$ea*le BKW& wa" dropped, Wwa" kept&

However, hundred" of word" were very rapidly *orrowed into Hawaiian from 'n$li"h, Areek,

He*rew, 5atin, and Dyriac&[63][6.][6!]lthou$h the"e loan word" were nece""arilyHawaiianied,they

often retained "ome of their >non+Hawaiian letter"> in their pu*li"hed form"& For

e2ample, +ra@ilfully Hawaiianiedi" alakila, *ut retainin$ >forei$n letter"> it i"+ara@ila&[61]nother

e2ample i" 9ibraltar, written a" Ki$alalekaor 9ibaraleta&[66]

While [] and [ ] are not re$arded a"Hawaiian "ound", [*], [ ]O , and [t] were repre"ented in the ori$inal alpha*et, "o the letter" (b, r, and tfor the latter are not truly >non+Hawaiian> or >forei$n>, even thou$h their po"t+-36 u"e in pu*li"hed

matter $enerally marked word" of forei$n ori$in&

Alottal "top[edit]

0ain arti&leokina

Okina (oki=cut= -na=+in$= i" the modernHawaiian namefor the "ym*ol (a letter that repre"ent"the$lottal "top&[6;])t wa" formerly known a" uina(="nap=[6-][6/]&

For e2ample" of the okina, con"ider the Hawaiian word" Hawaiiand Oahu(often"imply Hawaiiand Oahuin 'n$li"h ortho$raphy& )n Hawaiian, the"e word" can *e pronounced[hP

i& i];QP and [o &hu];P , and can *e written with an okina where the $lottal "top i" pronounced&[;0][;]

Hi"tory[edit]

" early a" -3., the mi""ionarie" made "ome limited u"e of the apo"trophe to repre"ent the $lottal

"top,[;3]*ut they did not make it a letter of the alpha*et& )n pu*li"hin$ the Hawaiian ?i*le, they u"ed it

to di"tin$ui"h kou(=my= from kou(=your=&[;.])n -6!,William CeWitt le2anderpu*li"hed a $rammarof Hawaiian in which he made it clear that the $lottal "top (callin$ it >$uttural *reak> i" definitely a

true con"onant of the Hawaiian lan$ua$e& [;!]He wrote it u"in$ an apo"trophe& )n /33, the ndrew"+#arker dictionary of Hawaiian made limited u"e of the openin$ "in$le uote "ym*ol, called >rever"ed

apo"trophe> or >inver"e comma>, to repre"ent the $lottal "top& [;1]Du*"euent dictionarie" have

preferred to u"e that "ym*ol& Today, many native "peaker" of Hawaiian do not *other, in $eneral, to

write any "ym*ol for the $lottal "top& )t" u"e i" advocated mainly amon$ "tudent" and teacher" of

Hawaiian a" a "econd lan$ua$e, and amon$ lin$ui"t"&[;6]

'lectronic encodin$[edit]

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The okina i" written in variou" way" for electronic u"e":

turned comma: >,Rnicodehe2 value 03?? (decimal 6//& Thi" doe" not alway" have thecorrect appearance *ecau"e it i" not "upported in "ome font"&

openin$ "in$le uote, a&k&a& left "in$le uotation mark: Rnicodehe2 value 30- (decimal-36& )n many font" thi" character look" like either a left+leanin$ "in$le uotation mark or auotation mark thicker at the *ottom than at the top& )n more traditional "erif font" "uch a" Time"

%ew Eomanit can look like a very "mall >6> with the circle filled in *lack: ?&

?ecau"e many people who want to write the okina are not familiar with the"e "pecific character"andKor do not have acce"" to the appropriate font" and input and di"play "y"tem", it i" "ometime"

written with more familiar and readily availa*le character":

the D9)) apo"trophe ', Rnicodehe2 value 3; (decimal ./,[;;]followin$ the mi""ionary

tradition&

the D9)) $rave accent (often called>*ackuote> or >*acktick> `,[;-]Rnicodehe2 value 60(decimal /6

the ri$ht "in$le uotation mark, or >curly apo"trophe> ,Rnicodehe2 value 30/ (decimal!6[;/]

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Phonology[edit]

0ain arti&leHawaiian $honology

9on"onant"[edit]

5onsonants

La*ial )lveolar @elar &lottal

Nasal n

(losive t M 5

8ricative h

onorant w M v $

Hawaiian i" known for havin$ very few con"onantphoneme" O ei$ht: Kp, k t, , h, m, n, l, w vK & )t

i" nota*le that Hawaiian ha" allophonic variation of [t] with [k],[-1][-6][-;][--][w]with [v],[-/]and (in "omedialect" [l] with [n]&[/0]The [t]O[k] variation i" uite unu"ual amon$ the world=" lan$ua$e" (althou$h

related to how hard and "oft 9developed in many 'uropean lan$ua$e", and i" likely a product *oth

of the "mall num*er of con"onant" in Hawaiian, and the recent "hift of hi"torical Lt to modern [t]O[k],

after hi"torical Lk had "hifted to [ ] & )n "ome dialect", K K remain" a" [k] in "ome word"& The"evariation" are lar$ely free, thou$h there are conditionin$ factor"& KlK tend" to [n] e"pecially in word"

with *oth KlK and KnK, "uch a" in the i"land name 3nai([la n i]:; = O[na n i]:; = , thou$h thi" i" notalway" the ca"e: eleeleor eneene>*lack>& The [k] allophone i" almo"t univer"al at the *e$innin$"of word", wherea" [t] i" mo"t common *efore the vowel KiK& [v] i" al"o the norm after KiK and KeK,

wherea" [w] i" u"ual after KuK and KoK& fter KaK and initially, however, [w]and [v] are in free variation&[/]

Bowel"[edit]

Hawaiian ha" five "hortand five lon$vowel", plu" diphthon$"&

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6onophthongs

hort Long

8ront 4ack 8ront 4ack

5lose i u i: u:

6id < M e o e: o:

Open = M R a:

Hawaiian ha" five pure vowel"& The "hort vowel" are Ku, i, o, e, aK, and the lon$ vowel", if they are

con"idered "eparate phoneme" rather than "imply "euence" of like vowel", are Ku , i , o , e , a K: : : : : &When "tre""ed, "hort KeK and KaK tend to *ecome [ ]< and [ ]= , while when un"tre""ed theyare [e] and []& KeK al"o tend" to *ecome [ ]< ne2t to KlK, KnK, and another [ ]< , a" in ele[p l ]< < & Dome$rammatical particle" vary *etween "hort and lon$ vowel"& The"e

include aand o>of>, !a>at>, naand no>for>& ?etween a *ack vowel KoK orKuK and a followin$ non+*ack vowel (Ka e iK, there i" anepenthetic[w], which i" $enerally not written& ?etween a front

vowel KeK or KiK and a followin$ non+front vowel (Ka o uK, there i" anepenthetic[j] (a y"ound, which i"

never written&

Ciphthon$"[edit]

hort diphthongs

Ending

with AuA

Ending

with AiA

Ending

with AoA

Ending

with AeA

tarting

with AiAiu

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tarting

with AoAou oi

tartingwith AeA

eu ei

tarting

with AaAau ai ao ae

The "hort+vowel diphthon$" are Kiu, ou, oi, eu, ei, au, ai, ao, aeK& )n all e2cept perhap" KiuK, the"e

are fallin$ diphthon$"& However, they are not a" ti$htly *ound a" the diphthon$" of 'n$li"h, and may

*e con"idered vowel "euence"& (The "econd vowel in "uch "euence" may receive the "tre"", *ut

in "uch ca"e" it i" not counted a" a diphthon$& )n fa"t "peech, KaiK tend" to [ei] and KauK tend"

to [ou], conflatin$ the"e diphthon$" with KeiK and KouK&

There are only a limited num*er of vowel" which may follow lon$ vowel", and "ome author" treat

the"e a" diphthon$" a" well: Ko u, e i, a u, a i, a o, a eK: : : : : : &

Long diphthongs

Ending

with AuA

Ending

with AiA

Ending

with AoA

Ending

with AeA

tarting

with AoAo:u

tarting

with AeA e:i

tarting

with AaAa:u a:i a:o a:e

#honotactic"[edit]

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Hawaiian "ylla*le "tructurei" (9B& ll 9B "ylla*le" occur e2cept for w%8[/3]wuoccur" only in twoword" *orrowed from 'n$li"h&[/.][/!]" "hown *y DchJt,[63][/1][/6]Hawaiian word+"tre""i" predicta*le in

word" of one to four "ylla*le", *ut not in word" of five or more "ylla*le"& Hawaiian phonolo$ical

proce""e"include palataliation and deletion of con"onant", a" well a" rai"in$, diphthon$iation,

deletion, and compen"atory len$thenin$ of vowel"& [-6][/;]#honolo$ical reduction (or >decay> of

con"onant phoneme" durin$ the hi"torical development of the lan$ua$e ha" re"ulted in thephonemic $lottal "top&[/-][//]Rltimate lo"" (deletion of intervocalic con"onant phoneme" ha" re"ulted

in Hawaiian lon$ vowel" and diphthon$"& [//][00][0][03]

Grammar[edit]

0ain arti&leHawaiian gra!!ar

Hawaiian i" an analytic lan$ua$ewithver*O"u*jectOo*jectword order& While there i" no u"e

of inflectionfor ver*", in Hawaiian, like otheru"trone"ian per"onal pronoun",declen"ioni" found in

the differentiation *etween a+ and o+cla"" $enitive ca"eper"onal pronoun" in order to

indicate inaliena*le po""e""ionin a *inary po""e""ive cla"" "y"tem& l"o like many u"trone"ian

lan$ua$e", Hawaiian pronoun" employ "eparate word" for inclu"ive and e2clu"ive we(clu"ivity, and

di"tin$ui"h"in$ular,dual, and plural& The $rammatical function of ver*" i" marked *y

adjacentparticle"("hort word" and *y their relative po"ition", that indicate ten"eOa"pectOmood&

Dome e2ample" of ver* phra"e pattern":

uaB'E?O perfective

eB'E?anaO imperfective