Havaai Adde

8/4/2019 Havaai Adde

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vkkqfud gokbZ vM~Msvkkqfud gokbZ vM~Msvkkqfud gokbZ vM~Msvkkqfud gokbZ vM~Msvkkqfud gokbZ vM~Ms

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ljdkj }kjk MkW- es?kukn lkgk iqjLdkj ls iqjLrljdkj }kjk MkW- es?kukn lkgk iqjLdkj ls iqjLrljdkj }kjk MkW- es?kukn lkgk iqjLdkj ls iqjLrljdkj }kjk MkW- es?kukn lkgk iqjLdkj ls iqjLrljdkj }kjk MkW- es?kukn lkgk iqjLdkj ls iqjLr


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fo"k; lwphfo"k; lwphfo"k; lwphfo"k; lwphfo"k; lwph

Hk w fedkHk w fedkHk w fedkHk w fedkHk w fedk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ xiizkDdFkuizkDdFkuizkDdFkuizkDdFkuizkDdFku--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xv foeku ry rFkk mlds izdkj foeku ry rFkk mlds izdkj foeku ry rFkk mlds izdkj foeku ry rFkk mlds izdkj foeku ry rFkk mlds izdkj---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11111

ukxfjd rFkk lSfud gokb Z vM~M sukxfjd rFkk lSfud gokb Z vM~M sukxfjd rFkk lSfud gokb Z vM~M sukxfjd rFkk lSfud gokb Z vM~M sukxfjd rFkk lSfud gokb Z vM~M s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22222O;oLFkk ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2lSfud foeku ry -------------------------------------------------------------------- 3gokb Z vM~Mk sa ds fofHkUu vax ---------------------------------------------------- 4kkouiFk ju os -------------------------------------------------------------------- 5,sizu rFkk ikfdx cs ---------------------------------------------------------------- 9

VSDlh iFk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10gokb Z vM~Mk fun sZ'k fcanq ---------------------------------------------------------- 11Vfe Zuy Hkou --------------------------------------------------------------------------12foeku'kkyk ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13daV k sy Vkoj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------13jkf=kdkyhu vorj.k lqfokk,a --------------------------------------------------14izdk'kh; lqfokk,a -------------------------------------------------------------------15

vojksk dks n'kkZuk------------------------------------------------------------------17j s fM;k s lapkfyr lsok, aj s fM;k s lapkfyr lsok, aj s fM;k s lapkfyr lsok, aj s fM;k s lapkfyr lsok, aj s fM;k s lapkfyr lsok, a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1919191919

jsfM;k s lapkj lsok -------------------------------------------------------------------19 miXkzg lapkj lSVdke ----------------------------------------------------------- 21jsfM;ks vorj.k lqfokk,a --------------------------------------------------------- 22


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midj.k vorj.k iz.kkyh midj.k vorj.k iz.kkyh midj.k vorj.k iz.kkyh midj.k vorj.k iz.kkyh midj.k vorj.k iz.kkyhb aLV b aLV b aLV b aLV b aLV wwwwwes aV ~l yS a fM ax flLVe vFkok vkb Z-,y-,l-es aV ~l yS a fM ax flLVe vFkok vkb Z-,y-,l-es aV ~l yS a fM ax flLVe vFkok vkb Z-,y-,l-es aV ~l yS a fM ax flLVe vFkok vkb Z-,y-,l-es aV ~l yS a fM ax flLVe vFkok vkb Z-,y-,l- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2222222222vkb Z-,y-,l- D;k gS\ ---------------------------------------------------- 23vkbZ-,y-,l- ds izdkj rFkk Hkkx------------------------------------24

ekbksoso vorj.k iz.kkyhekbksoso ySa fMax flLVe vFkok ,e- ,y-,l- -----------------------27jsMkj---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27jsMkj inkZ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------29jsfM;ks lapkyu lqfokk,a ---------------------------------------------------------- 30,u-Mh-ch- uk Wu Mk;jsD'kuy chdu ---------------------------------------- 30oh-vks-vkj- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33nwjh ekid ;a=k Mh-,e-bZ- ------------------------------------------------------ 34Xykscy iksth'kfuax flLVe th-ih-,l- ------------------------------------ 36xxu ;kstuk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38Hkfo"; dh ok; q lapkyu iz.kkyh -----------------------------------------------39

gokb Z vM~Mk fuek Z.k ;k stukgokb Z vM~Mk fuek Z.k ;k stukgokb Z vM~Mk fuek Z.k ;k stukgokb Z vM~Mk fuek Z.k ;k stukgokb Z vM~Mk fuek Z.k ;k stuk----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4141414141ekLVj Iyku ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41kkou iFk dk pquko---------------------------------------------------------------43i zpkyu lac akh i z frc aki zpkyu lac akh i z frc aki zpkyu lac akh i z frc aki zpkyu lac akh i z frc aki zpkyu lac akh i z frc ak------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4444444444

ok;q lhek lacakh ------------------------------------------------------------44ckkk,a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45ek Sle dh Hk wfedk ------------------------------------------------------------46

vU; O;okku ----------------------------------------------------------------- 46lkekftd izfrcak ------------------------------------------------------------47izeq[k {ks=kks a ls lehirk rFkk vPNh ifjogu lsok,a a ----------47foekuk sa dk 'kk sj --------------------------------------------------------------48lgh {ks= k dk pquko --------------------------------------------------------- 50

vkfF Z kd izfrcakvkfF Z kd izfrcakvkfF Z kd izfrcakvkfF Z kd izfrcakvkfF Z kd izfrcak-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5050505050Hkw fe dh Hkk Sxk sfyd cukoV ----------------------------------------------51feV~Vh rFkk fuekZ.k lkeXkz h dh lajpuk -----------------------------51fctyh] ikuh vkfn tSlh lsokvksa dh miyCkrk----------------51Hk wfe dk ewY; ----------------------------------------------------------------- 52

i;k Zoj.k lac akh i z frc aki;k Zoj.k lac akh i z frc aki;k Zoj.k lac akh i z frc aki;k Zoj.k lac akh i z frc aki;k Zoj.k lac akh i z frc ak------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5353535353Hkw fe] ok;q rFkk ty dk iznw" k.k --------------------------------------- 54Hk wfe dk dVko ---------------------------------------------------------------54


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ok; q lac akh {k s= k dk fodklok; q lac akh {k s= k dk fodklok; q lac akh {k s= k dk fodklok; q lac akh {k s= k dk fodklok; q lac akh {k s= k dk fodkl------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5656565656kkou iFk rFkk VSDlh iFk ------------------------------------------------------ 57/kkou iFk dh yackbZ---------------------------------------------------------------57kkou iFk dh pkSM+kbZ--------------------------------------------------------------60/kkou iFk dh Hkkj okgu {kerk ---------------------------------------------- 61kkou iFkksa dh fn'kk---------------------------------------------------------------61kkou iFkksa dh la[;k--------------------------------------------------------------62

lekukarj kkou iFk----------------------------------------------------------------63'kks YMj] LVki&os rFkk fDy;j os -----------------------------------------------64ju os ,aM lsVh ,fj;k vFkok jslk-----------------------------------------66VSDlh iFkVSDlh iFkVSDlh iFkVSDlh iFkVSDlh iFk----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6666666666,si zu,si zu,si zu,si zu,si zu---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6767676767ikfdxikfdxikfdxikfdxikfdx------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6868686868

ukst+ bu ikfdx ikfdx----------------------------------------------------68

,safxYM ukst+ bu ikfdx --------------------------------------------------- 69,safxYM ukst+ vkmV ikfdx -----------------------------------------------70lekukarj ikfdx -------------------------------------------------------------- 70

Hk w fe lac akh {k s= k dk fodklHk w fe lac akh {k s= k dk fodklHk w fe lac akh {k s= k dk fodklHk w fe lac akh {k s= k dk fodklHk w fe lac akh {k s= k dk fodkl------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7171717171;k=kh Vfe Zuy Hkou rFkk muds izdkj --------------------------------------- 71dsa fn zr ;k=kh Hkou -------------------------------------------------------------------71fodsa fn zr ;k=kh Hkou ---------------------------------------------------------------- 72

xsV vkxeu ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73fi;j fQaxj Hkou --------------------------------------------------------------------73fi;j miXk zg Hkou -------------------------------------------------------------------74fjeksV miXkzg Hkou------------------------------------------------------------------74xfr'khy okgu ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 74;k=kh Hkou ds fofHkUu Hkkx;k=kh Hkou ds fofHkUu Hkkx;k=kh Hkou ds fofHkUu Hkkx;k=kh Hkou ds fofHkUu Hkkx;k=kh Hkou ds fofHkUu Hkkx------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7575757575

izLFkku gky vFkok ykmat ------------------------------------------------ 75vkxeu gky vFkok ykm at -----------------------------------------------76

Vka ftV gky vFkok ykmat ------------------------------------------------ 76;k=kh Hkou dh lajpuk ------------------------------------------------------------77;k=kh }kj rFkk gokbZ iqy --------------------------------------------------------79ifjogu O;oLFkk ---------------------------------------------------------------------80lqj{kk ds izc ak ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 81

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HHHHHkkkkkkjrh; foeku ry rFkk mudh izc ak O;oLFkkkjrh; foeku ry rFkk mudh izc ak O;oLFkkkjrh; foeku ry rFkk mudh izc ak O;oLFkkkjrh; foeku ry rFkk mudh izc ak O;oLFkkkjrh; foeku ry rFkk mudh izc ak O;oLFkk-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8282828282ns'k dk oSekfud bfrgkl --------------------------------------------------------- 83jk"V h;dj.k ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85foeku iku izkfkdj.kk sa dk xBu --------------------------------------------87ns'k ds foeku ryks a dh orZeku fLFkfr -------------------------------------88

ns'k ds varjk Z"V h; gokb Z vM~M sn s'k ds varjk Z"V h; gokb Z vM~M sn s'k ds varjk Z"V h; gokb Z vM~M sn s'k ds varjk Z"V h; gokb Z vM~M sn s'k ds varjk Z"V h; gokb Z vM~M s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9090909090eqacbZ varjkZ"Vh; gokbZ vM~Mk -------------------------------------------------- 91

bafnjk xkakh varjkZ"V h; gokbZ vM~Mk fnYyh ------------------------------ 97 fr:ouari qje varjk Z"V h; gokb Z vM~Mk ------------------------------------ 102psUuS varjkZ"Vh; gokbZ vM~Mk ------------------------------------------------ 106dksydkrk varjkZ "V h; gokbZ vM~Mk ----------------------------------------- 110

ns'k ds vkn'k Z gokb Z vM~M sn s'k ds vkn'k Z gokb Z vM~M sns'k ds vkn'k Z gokb Z vM~M sn s'k ds vkn'k Z gokb Z vM~M sns'k ds vkn'k Z gokb Z vM~M s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 114114114114114ukxiqj foeku ry-----------------------------------------------------------------115t;iqj foeku ry ----------------------------------------------------------------- 117

y[ku foeku ry --------------------------------------------------------------- 119oMk snjk foeku ry ---------------------------------------------------------------- 121bankSj foeku ry -------------------------------------------------------------------122iVuk foeku ry ------------------------------------------------------------------124Hk qcus'oj foeku ry -------------------------------------------------------------126baQky foeku ry ------------------------------------------------------------------129xqokgkVh foeku ry --------------------------------------------------------------130

dkyhdV foeku ry--------------------------------------------------------------132gSnjkckn foeku ry --------------------------------------------------------------135dks;acrwj foeku ry--------------------------------------------------------------137vU; foeku ryk s a dk fodkl rFkk foLrkjvU; foeku ryk s a dk fodkl rFkk foLrkjvU; foeku ryk s a dk fodkl rFkk foLrkjvU; foeku ryk s a dk fodkl rFkk foLrkjvU; foeku ryk s a dk fodkl rFkk foLrkj----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 138138138138138

gokb Z vM~Mk s a dk futhdj.kgokb Z vM~Mk s a dk futhdj.kgokb Z vM~Mk s a dk futhdj.kgokb Z vM~Mk s a dk futhdj.kgokb Z vM~Mk s a dk futhdj.k------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 141141141141141Hkkjr esa gokbZ vM~Mks a ds futhdj.k dh ;kstuk ----------------------143

fo'o ds lqi z fl) gokb Z vM~M sfo'o ds lqi z fl) gokb Z vM~M sfo'o ds lqi z fl) gokb Z vM~M sfo'o ds lqi z fl) gokb Z vM~M sfo'o ds lqi z fl) gokb Z vM~M s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 146146146146146fo'kky gokbZ vM~Mk& ts-,Q-ds- U;w;kdZ----------------------------------148;wjksi dk izeq[k gokbZ vM~Mk&SadQVZ foeku ry--------------------152dkalkbZ varjkZ"V h; gokbZ vM~Mk] vkslkdk ------------------------------156fo'o dk fo'kkyre&yanu dk ghFk zks foeku ry -----------------------158flaxkiqj dk pkaxh foeku ry -------------------------------------------------162



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gk ax dkgk ax dkgk ax dkgk ax dkgk ax dkaaaaax dk uofufe Zr ^p sd&ySi&dk sd* foeku ryx dk uofufe Zr ^p sd&ySi&dk sd* foeku ryx dk uofufe Zr ^p sd&ySi&dk sd* foeku ryx dk uofufe Zr ^p sd&ySi&dk sd* foeku ryx dk uofufe Zr ^p sd&ySi&dk sd* foeku ry------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 166166166166166&b athfu;fj ax dk egku peRdkj&b athfu;fj ax dk egku peRdkj&b athfu;fj ax dk egku peRdkj&b athfu;fj ax dk egku peRdkj&b athfu;fj ax dk egku peRdkj-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 166166166166166

iqjkuk gokbZ vM~Mk& ^^dkbZ&rkd**------------------------------------------167,d fo'kky ifj;kstuk -----------------------------------------------------------169;k=kh Hkou rFkk kkou iFk --------------------------------------------------- 170lac af/kr ;kstuk,a a -------------------------------------------------------------------173

vU; gokbZ vM~Ms------------------------------------------------------------------175

ifjf'k"Vifjf'k"Vifjf'k"Vifjf'k"Vifjf'k"V---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 178178178178178 ifjf'k"V&1 % ifjf'k"V&1 % ifjf'k"V&1 % ifjf'k"V&1 % ifjf'k"V&1 %Hkkjrh; foekuiku izkf/kdj.k }kjk lapkfyr gokbZ vM~Ms --------------------- 179 ifjf'k"V&2 % ifjf'k"V&2 % ifjf'k"V&2 % ifjf'k"V&2 % ifjf'k"V&2 %Hkkjrh; foekuiku izkf/kdj.k }kjk lapkfyr flfoy ,aDyso dh lwph --- 183 ifjf'k"V&3 % ifjf'k"V&3 % ifjf'k"V&3 % ifjf'k"V&3 % ifjf'k"V&3 %dqN izeq[k Hkkjrh; uo fufeZr vFkok fuekZ.kk/khu gokbZ vM~Ms ------------- 185

usnac'ksjh dksphu] dsjy------------------------------------------------------185rwjk es?kky; ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 185fyaxiqbZ fetksje-----------------------------------------------------------------185dkjfxy tEew o d'ehj-----------------------------------------------------186 caxyk Sj nso sugYyh --------------------------------------------------------------186gSnjkckn 'ke'kkckn ------------------------------------------------------------186

ifjf'k"V&4 % ifjf'k"V&4 % ifjf'k"V&4 % ifjf'k"V&4 % ifjf'k"V&4 %Hkkjrh; foekuiku izkf/kdj.k }kjk lapkfyr,u-Mh-ch- LVs'kuk sa dh lwph --------------------------------------------------------- 187

ifjf'k"V&5 % ifjf'k"V&5 % ifjf'k"V&5 % ifjf'k"V&5 % ifjf'k"V&5 %Hkkjrh; foekuiku izkf/kdj.k }kjk lapkfyroh-vks-vkj- rFkk Mh-,e-bZ- LVs'kuks a dh lwph -------------------------------- 191

ifjf'k"V&6 % ifjf'k"V&6 % ifjf'k"V&6 % ifjf'k"V&6 % ifjf'k"V&6 %

Hkkjrh; foekuiku izkf/kdj.k }kjk lapkfyrbaLVwes aV~l ySafMax flLVe vkbZ-,y-,l- LVs'kuks a dh lwph-------------194

ifjf'k"V&7 % ifjf'k"V&7 % ifjf'k"V&7 % ifjf'k"V&7 % ifjf'k"V&7 %Hkkjrh; foekuiku izkf/kdj.k }kjk lapkfyr jsMkjizkFkfed rFkk f}rh;d LVs'kuks a dh lwph -----------------------------------196



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ifjf'k"V&8 % ifjf'k"V&8 % ifjf'k"V&8 % ifjf'k"V&8 % ifjf'k"V&8 %o"kZ 1996 ds vkadM+ks a ds vuqlkj ;krk;kr dh n`f"V lsfo'o ds foeku ryks a dk LFkku izFke lkS gokbZ vM~Ms --------------- 197

ifjf'k"V&9 % ifjf'k"V&9 % ifjf'k"V&9 % ifjf'k"V&9 % ifjf'k"V&9 %o"kZ 2004 ds ;krk;kr dh n`f"V ls fo'o ds lcls cM+ s gokbZ vM~Ms -------------------------------------------------------------------------200

ifjf'k"V&10 % ifjf'k"V&10 % ifjf'k"V&10 % ifjf'k"V&10 % ifjf'k"V&10 %

Hkkjrh; foekuiku izkf/kdj.k }kjk lapkfyrfoeku ryksa dh lwph tgka okfll vFkok ikih yxs gSa------------------202

ifjf'k"V&11 %ifjf'k"V&11 %ifjf'k"V&11 %ifjf'k"V&11 %ifj f' k"V&11 % foeku ryks a ds ifjofrZr ;k LFkkuh; uke --------------------204

ifjf'k"V&12 %ifjf'k"V&12 %ifjf'k"V&12 %ifjf'k"V&12 %ifj f' k"V&12 % Hkkjrh; foeku ryks a ds ;krk;kr fooj.k --------------------- 206



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leiZ.kleiZ.kleiZ.kleiZ.kleiZ.k

ok;q;kuks a }kjk ckjackj ;k=kk djus okys mu;kf=k;ks a dks ftuds fy, gh bu lHkh

foeku ryksa dk fuekZ.k] fodklo foLrkj fd;k tk jgk gSA



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[kkyh ist



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HkwfedkHkwfedkHkwfedkHkwfedkHkwfedk

fdlh le; gokbZ tgkt dks ,d vtwch oLrq le>k tkrk Fkk rFkk ,sls O;fDr;ksads uke maxfy;ksa ij fxuk, tk ldrs Fks ftUgksaus dHkh foeku ;k=kk dh gksrh FkhAfdarq vkt ds O;Lr ;qx esa ok;q;ku dsoy 'kku vFkok QS'ku dh oLrq gh ugha

cfYd vkkqfud thou ds vax ekus tkus yxs gS aA blh dkj.k vc gekjs fy, fdlh ,sls fo'kky uxj dh dYiuk dj ikuk laHko ugha gS tgka ij dksbZfoekury gokbZ vM~Mk uk gksA bl izdkj vkt fo'o ds yxHkx izR;sd ns'kesa] pkgs og vhdk dk ?kkuk ;k ekstafcd gk s vFkok ,f'k;k dk ekynho ;kczqusbZ gks] varjkZ"Vh;] varnsZ'kh; vFkok ?kjsyw gokbZ vM~Mk vo'; feysxkA

okLro esa foeku ry vFkok gokbZ vM~Mk vfr O;kid 'kCn gS] ftldsvarxZr dsoy foeku ;kf=k;ks a ds fy, iz;qDr gksus okyk VfeZuy Hkou gh ugha]cfYd foeku dh mM+ku ds lanHkZ es a iz;qDr gksus okys gokbZ vM~Mks a ds vU; nwljsHkkx tSls kkou iFk ju os] ,sizu] foeku'kkyk gS axj] VSDlh&os] ;krk;krfu;a=k.k dsanz daVk sy Vkoj] jsfM;ks chdu] jsMkj vkfn Hkh lfEefyr gSaA

ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj foeku ry og LFkku gS ftls foekuks a ds vkxeu]izLFkku] rFkk vU; xfrfofk;ksa ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA tc fdlhfoekury ,jksMk sedks vusd ;k=kh lqfokkvks a tSls ;k=kh izrh{kk d{k iSls at+j

ykmat+] ,;jykbu dkmaVj] dkj ikdZ] vkfn ls ;qDr dj fn;k tkrk gS rks mlsfoekuikuvFkok,;jiksVZdgk tkrk gSA oSls fganh 'kCngokbZ vM~Mkleku:i ls ,jksMk se rFkk ,;jiksVZ nksuks a ds fy, iz;qDr gksrk gSA vr% foeku ryds lHkh vaxks a dh leku :i ls tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, bu lHkh igyqvks adk foLr`r fo'ys"k.k vko';d gSA



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gokbZ vM~Mks a ls lacafkr tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, lkekU;r% vaXkz sthdh iqLrdksa dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gS] vkSj muesa Hkh vfkdrj fons'kh foekuryks als lacafkr tkudkjh gh miyCk gks ikrh gSA ;g tkudkjh ;k rks bruh rduhdhHkk"kk es a gksrh gS fd tu lkkkj.k mls le>us esa vius dks vleFkZ ikrk gS ;kfQj ;g tkudkjh fo'kq) O;olkf;d gksrh gS tks lHkh oxZ ds ikBdks a ds fy,fo'ks"k ykHknk;d ugha fl) gks ikrh gSA

bUgha dfBukb;ksa dks ;ku esa j[krs gq, bl iqLrd esa foeku ryks a ds fuekZ.k

ls lacafkr laiw.kZ tkudkjh ,d lkFk miyCk djkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA blizdkj gokbZ vM~Ms ds fuekZ.k ds fy, LFky dk pquko ls ysdj kkou iFk] VfeZuyHkou] ,sizu vkfn dh cukoV ds fooj.k fn, x, gSaA foeku ry esa ok;q lacakh {ks=krFkk Hkwfe lacakh {ks=k ds izeq[k eksa dks Hkh ;Fkksfpr LFkku fn;k x;k gSA

blds vykok Hkkjrh; rFkk fons'k ds izeq[k gokbZ vM~Mks a ls foLr`r fooj.kfn, x, gSaA Hkkjrh; gokbZ vM~Mks a es a varjkZ"Vh; foeku ryks a tSls eqacbZ] fnYyh]dksydkrk] psUuS] fr:ouariqje vkfn rFkk vkn'kZ foeku ryks a tSls xqvkgkVh]

dks;acrwj] ukxiqj] y[ku] t;iqj lfgr yxHkx 12 foeku ryks a dk foLrkjiwoZd ifjp; rFkk vusd nwljs foeku ryks a dk laf{kIr ifjp; fn;k x;k gSAns'k esa fuekZ.kkkhu vFkok uo fufeZr gokbZ vM~Mks a tSls usnac'ksjh dksphu] rwjkes?kky;] ysaxiqbZ ,sty vkfn dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

varjkZ"Vh; foeku ryks a es a fo'o izfl) foeku ryks a tSls tkWu ,Q- dsusMhgokbZ vM~Mk] SadQVZ foeku ry] dkalkbZ varjkZ"Vh; gokbZ vM~Mk] vkslkdktkiku] yanu dk ghFkzk s foeku ry rFkk flaxkiqj dk pkaxh foeku ry ds

ifjpkyu rFkk mM~M;u lacakh fooj.k fn, x, gSaAokLro esa oSekfudh ls lacaf/kr vfkdrj lwpuk,a vaXkz sth esa miyCk gksrh

gS a rFkk vaXkz sth ds vusd 'kCnks a dks fganh esa :ikarfjr djus es a izk;% dfBukbZvkrh gSA izLrqr iqLrd esa bu 'kCnks a ds vFkZ rFkk mPpkj.k ds fy, lkekU;r%Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk izdkf'kr dh tkus okyh ikfjHkf"kd 'kCnkofy;ks a rFkk Qknjdkfey cqYds }kjk rS;kj fd, x, vaxjsth&fganh dks'k r`rh; laLdj.k dk lgkjkfy;k x;k gSA fdarq] bl ckr dk Hkh ;ku j[kk x;k gS fd 'kCnks a rFkk okD;ks adk fganh esa v{kj'k% vuqokn djus ds ctk; mUgs a ewy :i ls fganh esa gh fy[kktk, rkfd ;g ,d uhjl ljdkjh vkadM+k u yx dj ,d jkspd iqLrd rFkkmi;ksxh lanHkZ ds :i esa iz;qDr dh tk ldsA ljyrk ds ms'; ls vusd izpfyrvaXkz sth ds 'kCnks a dks muds ewy :i esa gh NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA

Hkwfedk



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bl izdkj bl iqLrd dk ykHk lgtiw.kZ


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[kkyh ist



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izkDdFkuizkDdFkuizkDdFkuizkDdFkuizkDdFku

^foKku izlkj* foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ds fofo/k fo"k;ksa ij iqLrdksa dk izdk'ku djjgk gS A foxr vusd o"kks ds nkSjku yksdfiz; foKku ds Dykfld xzaFkksa ds lkFk gh Hkkjrdh oSKkfud fojklr] izfr&foKku] LokLF; rFkk Lo;a djds ns[kks* tSlh iqLrdekyk,alkeus vkbZ gSaA gekjk ;gh iz;kl jgk gS fd foKku rFkk izkS|ksfxdh ds fofHkUu igyqvksa

ij mfpr ewY; ij mPpLrjh; iqLrdsa izdkf'kr dh tk,aAfoKku izlkj }kjk izdkf'kr ^vk/kqfud gokbZ vM~Ms** uked bl iqLrd us gekjs

izdk'ku dk;Ze dks ,d u;k vk;ke fn;k gSA iqLrd dks ljy vkSj lqcks/k Hkk"kk 'kSyhesa izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA bl iqLrd ds fy, ys[kd Jh fcey dqekjJhokLro dks tqykbZ 2006 esa foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj dh vksj lsMkW- es?kukn lkgk iqjLdkj iznku fd;k tk pqdk gSA

bl iqLrd esa foeku ryksa ds fuekZ.k ls lacaf/kr laiw.kZ tkudkjh tSlss LFky dk

pquko] /kkou iFk] VfeZuy Hkou] ,sizu vkfn dh cukoV ds fooj.k bR;kfn ,d lkFkmiyC/k djkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA blds vykok Hkkjrh; rFkk fons'k ds izeq[kgokbZ vM~Ms ls foLrr fooj.k Hkh fn;s x;s gSaA geas vk'kk gS fd iqLrd dk ykHk foekury] gokbZ daifu;ka] foeku fuekZ.k daifu;ka vkfn ds vf/kdkjh] flfoy bathfu;fjax],jksukfVdy bathfu;fjax vkfn ds fo|kFkhZ] foekuksa }kjk ckjackj ;k=kk djus okys ;k=khvkfn lHkh mBk ldrs gSaA

bl iqLrd ds laca/k esa ikBdksa ds fopkj ,oa lq>ko vkeaf=kr gSaA

Qjojh 2008 fou; ch- dkEcysubZ fnYyh funs'kd

foKku izlkj



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[kkyh ist



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foeku ry rFkk muds izdkjfoeku ry rFkk muds izdkjfoeku ry rFkk muds izdkjfoeku ry rFkk muds izdkjfoeku ry rFkk muds izdkj

ifjp;

vusd ;k=kh rFkk nwljs yksx izk;% gokbZ vM~Ms dk vFkZ dsoy mlhLFkku ls yxkrs gSa tgka ij os foeku dk fVdV vkfn cqd djrs gSa rFkk

foeku ij lokj gksrs gSaA blh dkj.k cgqkk yksxksa dks ;g dgrs gq,lquk tkrk gS fd eqacbZ esa lkarkwt rFkk lgkj uked nks gokbZ vM~MsgSaA tc fd okLrfodrk ;g gS fd lgkj rFkk lkarkwt nksuksa ,d ghgokbZ vM~Ms ds nks Hkkx gSaA

okLro esa foeku ry vFkok gokbZ vM~Mk vfr O;kid 'kCn gS] ftlds varxZr dsoy foeku ;kf=k;ksa ds fy, iz;qDr gksus okyk

VfeZuy Hkou gh ugha] cfYd foeku dh mM+ku ds lanHkZ esa iz;qDr gksus okys vU; dbZ LFkku tSls kkou iFk ju os] ,sizu] foeku'kkykgSaxj] VSDlh&os] ;krk;kr fu;a=k.k dsanz daVksy Vkoj] jsfM;ks chdu] jsMkj vkfn Hkh lfEefyr gSaA ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj foeku ry ogLFkku gS ftls foekuksa ds vkxeu] izLFkku] rFkk vU; xfrfofk;ksa ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA tc fdlh foeku ry ,jksMkse dksvusd ;k=kh lqfokkvksa tSls ;k=kh izrh{kk d{k iSlsatj ykmat+],;jykbu dkmaVj] dkj ikdZ vkfn ls ;qDr dj fn;k tkrk gS rks mlsfoekuikuvFkok,;jiksVZdgk tkrk gSA oSls fganh 'kCn gokbZ vM~Mk

leku :i ls ,jksMkse rFkk ,;jiksVZ nksuksa ds fy, iz;qDr gksrk gSA



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vk/kqfud gokbZvM~Ms 2

gokbZ vM~Mksa ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, lcls igysbudh lajpuk rFkk fuekZ.k dks foLrkj ls le>us dh vko';drk gSAvkb,] lcls igys bls gh le>us dk iz;kl djrs gSaA

ukxfjd rFkk lSfud foeku ry

O;oLFkk %O;oLFkk %O;oLFkk %O;oLFkk %O;oLFkk %tSlk fd lHkh yksx tkurs gSa foeku ry gokbZ vM~Ms nksizdkj ds gksrs gSa % ukxfjd vFkok vlSfud foeku ry rFkk lSfudfoeku ryA ukxfjd foeku ryksa ds varxZr os gokbZ vM~Ms vkrs gSaftuds kkou iFk] ;k=kh VfeZuy Hkou rFkk gokbZ vM~Ms ds vanj fLFkrvU; lHkh lqfokkvksa dk LokfeRo rFkk laiw.kZ izcak ukxfjd O;oLFkk }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA blds vykok buesa ;krk;kr fu;a=k.k dsanzdaVksy Vkoj] rFkk jsfM;ks lapkj lqfokk,a vkfn Hkh vlSfud gksrh gSaA

ukxfjd vFkok vlSfud foeku ryksa ds dqN mnkgj.k gSa % fnYyh] eqacbZ] dksydkrk] psUuS] fr:ouariqje vkfn ds varjkZ"Vh;gokbZ vM~Ms vFkok jkaph] oMksnjk] Hkksiky] y[ku] xqokgkVh] ukxiqj]ve`rlj] eaxyksj] dks;acrwj] Hkqcus'oj vkfn ds varnsZ'kh; vFkok

?kjsyw gokbZ vM~MsA bu lc dk izcaku Hkkjrh; foekuiku izkfkdj.kds gkFkksa esa gSA Hkkjrh; foekuiku izkfkdj.k ds izcak okys varjkZ"Vh;rFkk jk"Vh; gokbZ vM~Mksa dh lwphifjf'k"V&1ifjf'k"V&1ifjf'k"V&1ifjf'k"V&1ifjf'k"V&1 esa nh xbZ gSA

buds vykok vusd ukxfjd foeku ry ,sls Hkh gSa ftudkizcaku jkT; ljdkjksa] futh daifu;ksa vFkok dqN vUk ,tasfl;ksa dsikl gSA tSls caxykSj varjkZ"Vh; foeku ry ftldk izcaku fganqLrku

,;jksukfVDl fyfeVsM ds gkFkksa esa gS] te'ksniqj foeku ry VkVk LVhy] fglkj foeku ry gfj;k.kk ljdkj] QStkckn foeku rym-iz- ljdkj] Qqjlrxat foeku ry bafnjk xkakh jk"Vh; mM+kuvdkneh] jkmjdsyk foeku ry LVhy vFkkWfjVh] cksdkjks foeku rycksdkjks LVhy IykaV] uSosyh foeku ry uSosyh fyxukbV dkiksZjs'ku]



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dY;kuiqj foeku ry vkbZ- vkbZ- Vh- dkuiqj] iqV~VkirhZ foeku ryJh lR; lkb laxBu ts ds iqj foeku ry ts ds lewg] bR;kfnA

lkekU;r% Hkkjr ds yxHkx lHkh vlSfud gokbZ vM~Mksa ij foeku ;krk;kr fu;a=k.k ,;j VkfQd daVksy dk dk;Z Hkkjrh;foekuiku izkfkdj.k }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA oSls caxykSj gokbZ vM~Ms ij ;krk;kr fu;a=k.k fganqLrku ,;jksukfVDl fyfeVsM }kjk rFkk

Qqjlrxat foeku ry ij ;g dk;Z jk"Vh; mM+ku vdkneh dsvfkdkfj;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA blh izdkj viokn Lo:i dqN vU;LFkkuksa ij ;krk;kr fu;a=k.k nwljh ,tsafl;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

blds vykok vusd vfu;af=kr gokbZ vM~Ms Hkh gksrs gSa tgka ij foeku;krk;kr fu;a =k.k fd;k gh ugha tkrk gSA bu gokbZ vM~Mksa ij foekupkyd Lo;a ckgj ns[krs gq, foeku dks uhps mrkjrk gS ,sls foeku ry

iz k;% de egRoiw.kZ] futh vFkok xSj ljdkjh gksrs gSa tgka cgqkk ;k=khfoeku ugha tkrs gSaA dsoy dHkh&dHkkj dqN futh vFkok vU; NksVs eksVsfoeku tkrs gSaA vr% bu LFkkuksa ij ;krk;kr fu;a=k.k dh vko';drk ughale>h tkrh gSA bl izdkj ds dqN mnkgj.k gSa] e;wjiqj foeku ry m-iz-] jRukfxfj foeku ry egkjk"V] lkxj foeku ry e-iz-] QStkcknfoeku ry m-iz- bR;kfn okLro esa vfkdrj futh rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa

ds gokbZ vM~Ms vfu;af=kr gh gksrs gSaA

lSfud foeku ry

lSfud foeku ryksa ds varxZr os gokbZ vM~Ms vkrs gSa tks Hkkjrh; ok;qlsuk] ukS lsuk] Fky lsuk] rFkk vU; lacafkr foHkkxksa tSls rVj{kd

dksLVxkMZ] lhek lqj{kk cy }kjk lapkfyr gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,vkxjk] iq.ks] paMhx


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lSfud foeku ry izfrcafkr gksrs gSa rFkk ;gka ij foeku ;krk;kr fu;a=k.k dk dkkZ ok;q lsuk] ukS lsuk rFkk vU; lqj{kk,tsafl;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA oSls dqN lSfud gokbZ vM~Mksa ij bafM;u,;jykbal] ,yk;al ,;j] tsV ,;j] lgkjk ,;jost rFkk dqN vU;gokbZ daifu;ksa ds foekuksa dks vkokxeu dh vuqefr iznku dj nh xbZgSA ;kf=k;ksa dh lqfokk ds fy, bu foeku ryksa ij fo'ks"k dk;Z {ks=k

cuk, x, gSa tgka ;kf=k;ksa ds fy, fVdV dkmaVj] lkeku dh psfdax]lqj{kk tkap] izrh{kky; vkfn dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA bu dk;Z {ks=kksadks flfoy ,;j VfeZuy dgrs gSaA dqN ,sls lSfud gokbZ vM~Ms tgkaflfoy ,;j VfeZuycus gq, gSa] muds mnkgj.k gSa % bykgkckn foekury] vkxjk] tEew] Jhuxj] tkskiqj] paMhx


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Hkkstu O;oLFkk] ekSle foHkkx] foeku ejEer dsanz] vfXu'keu dsanz]mM+ku dehZny ds fy, czhfQax dsanz] foeku'kkyk gSaxj vkfn 'kkfeygSaA ;s lHkh dsanz ok;q lkbM vFkok Hkwfe lkbM nksuksa ds varxZr ekus tk ldrs gSa D;ksafd budh LFkkiuk lqfokkuqlkj dgh Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA

izk;% ge Hkwfe dh rjQ dh O;oLFkk vFkkZr ;k=kh izrh{kk d{k]

fVdV dkmaVj] lhek 'kqYd dLVe vkfn ls rks ifjfpr gksrs gSa fdarqok;q okys Hkkx dh gesa vfkd tkudkjh ugh gksrh gSA vr% vkb,lcls igys foeku ry dh bUgh lc O;oLFkkvksa ds fo"k; esa tkuusdk iz;kl djrs gSaA

kkouiFk ju os

gokbZ vM~Ms dk lcls egRoiw.kZ vax kkou iFk ;k ju os gksrk gSAokLro esa cxSj kkou iFk ds fdlh foeku ry dks foeku ryekukgh ugha tk ldrkA ;g ,d yack vk;rkdkj lery LFkku iV~Vhgksrk gS ftl ij foeku mrjrs gSa rFkk mM+ku Hkjrs gSaA ns[kus esa kkouiFk ,d yach lhkh lM+d tSlk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

vkn'kZ kkou iFk dh yackbZ 1000 ls 4000 ehVj 3000 ls 12]000QqV rFkk pkSM+kbZ 45 ehVj 150 Qq V gks rh gSA kkou iFk lkekU;r%dahV] fcVqeu dksyrkj vFkok bl izdkj ds vU; inkFkks ls cuk;ktkrk gSA dHkh&dHkh dPpk kkou iFk gokbZ iV~Vh Hkh cuk;k tkrk gS]fdarq bls ;k=kh foekuksa ds fy, ugha cfYd dsoy NksVs futh foekuksa ds fy,iz;q Dr fd;k tkrk gSA cjlkr gksus ij dhpM+ esa vFkok [+ kjkc ekSle

vkfn esa bldk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSAkkou iFk dk fuekZ.k rFkk oxhZdj.k mldh Hkkj okgd {kerkrFkk yackbZ ds vkkkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh kkou iFk dh Hkkjokgd {kerk rFkk yackbZ ftruh gh vf/kd gksxh ml ij mruk gh cM+k rFkk vfkd Hkkj okyk foeku mrj ldsxkA /kkou iFkksa dh

5foeku ry rFkk mldsizdkj



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yackbZ ds fy, bdkvks baVjus'kuy flfoy ,fo,'ku vkxZukbts'ku}kjk dksM uacjksa dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gS] tSls 800 ehVj ls deyackbZ ds /kkou iFk dks dksM ^^1** rFkk 800 ls 1200 ehVj yackbZds kkou iFk dks oxZ ^^2** ekuk tkrk gSA blh izdkj 1200 ls 1800ehVj yackbZ ds kkou iFk dks oxZ ^^3** rFkk 1800 ehVj ls vfkdyackbZ ds kkou iFk dks dksM ^^4** ekuk tkrk gSA

dksM ^^1** rFkk ^^2** ds kkou iFkksa dk mi;ksx eq[;r% futhrFkk NksVs foekuksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;k=kh foekuksa ds lapkyuds fy, buds mi;ksx esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA NksVs ;k=kh foekuksa tSlsMksfuZ;j] ,ojks] QkWdj saMf'ki vkfn dks rks dksM ^^3** ds kkou iFkksaij mrkjk tk ldrk gS] fdarq cM+s foekuksa ds fy, dksM ^^4**kkou iFkgksuk vko';d gSA

kkou iFk dh Hkkj okgd {kerk ,y-lh-,u- yksM DykflfQds'kuua cj vFkok vktdy ih-lh-,u- isoesa V DykflfQds'ku ua cj }kjkn'kkZbZ tkrh gSA vf/kd Hkkj okgd {kerk dk vFkZ gS fd kkou iFk cM+srFkk Hkkjh foekuksa dk Hkkj lgu dj ldrk gS] rFkk mu foekuksa ds ogkafujarj mrjus rFkk mM+ku Hkjus ls kkou iFk ij dksbZ izfrdwy izHkko ughiM+rk gSA bl izdkj fdlh kkou iFk dh yackbZ fdruh Hkh vfkd D;ksa

u gks] tc rd mldh Hkkj okgd {kerk vFkok ih-lh-,u- leqfprugha gksxk] ogka ij foekuksa dk mrjuk laHko ugha gks ldsxkA vkkqfud;qx ds fo'kkydk; foekuksa tSls tacks tsV cksbax 747] ,;jcl] Mh-lh-&10 vkfn ds lapkyu ds fy, de ls de 60 vFkok vfkd ih-lh-,u- ds kkou iFk dk gksuk vko';d gSA blh dkj.k izeq[k varjkZ"Vh;gokbZ vM~Mksa tSls eqacbZ] fnYyh] dksydkrk] psUuS vkfn ds eq[; kkouiFkksa dk ih-lh-,u- 100 gS] tks fu;fer :i ls fo'kkydk; foekuksa dsmrjus rFkk mM+ ku Hkjus ds fy, mi;qDr gSaA

fdlh foeku ry ij lkekU;r% ,d ls ysdj rhu kkou iFk;k vf/kd gksrs gSaA buesa ls ,d kkou iFk tks ^^eq[;**kkou iFk



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izkbejh ju os dgykrk gS] mldh yackbZ rFkk Hkkj okgd {kerkvis{kkr vU; kkou iFkksa ls vfkd gksrh gSA izk;% blh kkou iFkdks foekuksa ds vkokxeu ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs kkouiFk dks f}rh;d vFkok xkS.k kkou iFk lsdsaMjh ;k vYVjusV ju osdgrs gSa] ftldh yackbZ rFkk Hkkj okgd {kerk vis{kkr de gksrhgSA eq[; kkou iFk ds fdlh dkj.ko'k miyCk u gksus ij ;k ok;q

ds okafNr fn'kk esa u gksus ij vFkok vU; fdUgha fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksaesa gh xkS.k kkou iFk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

igys gokbZ vM~Mksa ij cgqkk rhljk kkou iFk Hkh cuk;k tkrkFkk] fdarq vktdy rhljs kkou iFk dh vko';drk ugha le>htkrh gSA gekjs ns'k esa bldk pyu yxHkx lekIr&lk gks x;k gSAmnkgj.k ds fy, eqacbZ rFkk fnYyh foeku ryksa ij fdlh tekus esa

rhu&rhu kkou iFk gqvk djrs Fks] fdarq vc bu nksuksa LFkkuksa ij rhljs kkou iFkksa dks VSDlh iFkksa esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k x;k gS]blfy, bu nksuksa foeku ryksa ij dsoy nks&nks kkou iFk jg x, gSaA blh izdkj ns'k ds nwljs gokbZ vM~Mksa ij Hkh izk;% nks ;k fQjdgha&dgha ij dsoy ,d gh kkou iFk jg x, gSaA rhu ;k mllsvfkd kkou iFkksa ds fy, gokbZ vM~Mksa ij cgqr cMs+ rFkk dkQh

[kqys {ks=k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA gekjs ns'k ds gokbZ vM~Mksa ijvHkh bruk {ks=k miyCk ugha gksrk gSA blds vykok igys nks ;kdHkh&dHkh rhu&rhu kkou iFk ok;q dh fn'kk ds vuqlkj cuk, tkrsFks rkfd ml le; ds NksVs&NksVs foekuksa ds lapkyu esa dfBukbZ u gksA fdarq vkkqfud foekuksa ij ok;q izokg dk bruk izHkko ughaiMrk gSA oSls lekukarj /kkou iFk tgka gksrs gSa] ogka /kkou iFkksa dhla[;k rhu ls vf/kd gks ldrh gSA

kkou iFk dk fuekZ.k ok;q dh fn'kk dks ;ku esa j[krs gq, fd;k tkrk gSA foeku tc kkou iFk ij mrjrs gSa vFkok mM+kuHkjrs gSa] rks mudh fn'kk ok;q ds izokg ds foijhr gksrh gSA bldk




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dkj.k ;g gksrk gS fd Vsd&vkWQ ;k mM+ku Hkjrs le; mifjrj.k foekuksa dks mRFkkid cy fyV dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g'kfDr mUgsa ok;q izokg ds foijhr fn'kk esa nkSM+ yxkus ds dkj.kizkIr gks ldrh gSA blh izdkj ySafMax ;k vorj.k ds le; mrjrs le; foekuks a dks vojkskd 'kfDr vFkok czsd 'kfDr cszfdax bQSDV dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftlls foeku de yackbZ okys

kkou iFk ij Hkh 'kh?kz gh jksdk tk ldsA ;g 'kfDr Hkh mUgsa ok;qds foijhr izokg esa mrjus ls izkIr gksrh gSA bl izdkj ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd foeku ds vorj.k vFkok mifjrj.k ySafMax Vsd&vkWQ nksuksa gh voLFkkvksa esa ok;q dk foijhr fn'kk esa gksukvko';d gSA

blhfy, kkou iFk ds fuekZ.k ls iwoZ ml LFkku ds ekSle

lacakh fiNys dbZ o"kks ds igys ds fooj.k ,df=kr fd, tkrs gSarFkk mlh ds vkkkj ij kkou iFk dh fn'kk fukkZfjr dh tkrh gS]rkfd foekuksa ds mrjrs ;k mM+ku Hkjrs le; mUgsa foijhr fn'kk ls ok;q izokg miyCk gks ldsA

kkou iFk dk ukedj.k Hkh mldh fn'kk ds vkkkj ij gh fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn fdlh kkou iFk dh fn'kk iwoZ dh vksj gS

vFkkZr 090 fMXkzh gS] rks mls ^^kkou iFk 09**ju os 09 dgktkrk gSA izR;{k gS fd ml kkou iFk dk nwljk fljk if'pe dhrjQ vFkkZr 270 fMXkzh jgsxkA bl dkj.k ml kkou iFk ds nwljs fljs dk uke ^^kkou iFk 27**ju os 27 gksxkA bl izdkj gens[krs gSa fd ,d gh kkou iFk ds nksuksa fljksa ds nks vyx&vyx uke tSls ^^kkou iFk 09** rFkk ^^kkou iFk 27** gksrs gSaAblhfy, lkekU;r% fdlh kkou iFk dks nksuksa fljs ds ukeksa ds lkFk iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, fnYyh gokbZ vM~Ms ds eq[; kkou iFk dkuke ^^kkou iFk 10@28**gS D;ksafd ;g kkou iFk 100 fMXkzh rFkk



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280 fMXkzh fn'kk vFkkZr yxHkx iwoZ rFkk if'pe esa fLFkr gSA blhizdkj dksydkrk gokbZ vM~Ms ds eq[; kkou iFk dk uke ^^kkouiFk 01 nka;k@19 ck;ka**gS D;ksafd ;g kkou iFk 010 fMXkzh rFkk190 fMXkzh fn'kk vFkkZr yxHkx mkj rFkk nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSAcka;k@nka;k blfy, dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd dksydkrk foeku ry ijnks lekukarj kkou iFk gSaA vc fn'kk ds vkkkj ij mu nksuksa kkou

iFkksa dk uke ^^kkou iFk 01@19**gksxk] vr% mUgas vyx djus dsfy, eq[; kkou iFk dks ^^kkou iFk 01 nka;k@19 ck;ka**rFkk xkS.kkkou iFk dks ^^kkou iFk 01 cka;k@19 nk;ka**dgrs gSaA

kkou iFkksa dk uke eksVs v{kjksa esa kkou iFk ds vkjaHk esafy[kk jgrk gS ftls foeku pkyd ij vkdk'k ls ns[k ldrk gSA okLro esa kkou iFk dk uke fn'kk ds vkkkj ij j[kus dk ,d

fof'k"V ykHk ;g gS fd ok;q ds izokg ds vkkkj ij foeku ;krk;kr fu;a=kd vFkok foeku pkyd ;g fu.kZ; ys ldrk gS foeku dksmrjus ;k mM+ku Hkjus ds fy, dkSu&lk kkou iFk mi;qDr jgsxkAbl izdkj ;fn fnYyh gokbZ vM~Ms ij ok;q dk izokg if'pe ls iwoZdh vksj gS vFkkZr 270 fMXkzh gS] rks ogka ij lkekU;r% foekuksa dsvorj.k ySafMax vFkok mifjrj.k Vsd&vkWQ ds fy, ^^kkou iFk

28**dk pquko fd;k tk,xkA

,sizu rFkk ikfdx cs

,sizu og LFkku gS tgka ij foekuksa ds izLFkku ls iwoZ rFkk vkxeu dsckn mUgsa Bgjk;k tkrk gS rkfd ;kf=k;ksa] Mkd] eky vkfn dks p


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yksMj] Mkd okgu esy oSu] bZaku okgd xkfM+;ka] XkzkmaM ikoj ;wfuVfoeku ds Hkwfe ij jgrs le; bu okguksa ls foeku ds fy, fo|qrO;oLFkk miyCk djkbZ tkrh gS] okrkuqdwyu ,;j daMh'kfuax okgu]lQkbZ okgu vkfn viuk dk;Z vkjaHk dj nsrs gSaA

,sizu ij foekuksa ds ikdZ djus ds fy, ^îkfdx LVSaM** vFkokikfdx cs cus gksrs gSa] ftudk vyx&vyx uacj gksrk gS] tSls LVSaM

uacj ckjg] LVSaM uacj 5] vFkok cs uacj 31 vkfnA dHkh&dHkh^îkfdx LVSaM** dks xsV Hkh dgrs gSa] tSls xsV uacj nl] xsV uacj 15, vkfnA ^îkfdx cs** dh rqyuk dqN&dqN jsyos IysVQkeks ls dh tkldrh gSA ftl izdkj jsyos IysVQkeks ds vius vyx&vyx uke gksrsgSa] mnkgj.k ds fy, IysVQkeZ uacj 5] IysVQkeZ uacj 8] Bhd mlhizdkj ^îkfdx LVSaM** ds Hkh muds uacjksa ls gh igpkuk tkrk gSA

^îkfdx LVSaM** dh pkSM+kbZ rFkk mudh Hkkj okgd {kerk dsvkkkj ij gh ;g fukkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd og LVSaM fdl izdkjds ok;q;ku dh ikfdx ds fy, mi;qDr gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, eqacbZgokbZ vM~Ms ij ikfdx cs uacj ,d ls ysdj vkB rd e;e vkdkjds foekuksa tSls ,;jcl] ,;jcl&320] cksbax&737 ds fy, mi;qDr gSrFkk cs uacj 9 ls 12 rd fo'kky foekuksa ds fy, cksbax&747 ;k tacks

tsV ds fy, mi;qDr gSA foeku ry ij ,siz u gh ,slk LFkku gks rk gS tgka ij foeku

vfkdre le; rd jgrk gSA blfy, ,sizu dh Hkkj okgd {kerk kkouiFk] VSDlh iFk rFkk vU; LFkkuksa dh vis{kk lcls vfkd gksrh gSA

VSDlh iFk

VSDlh iFk vFkok VSDlh&os og LFkku gS ftudk iz;ksx foekuks a dsHkwfe ry ij lapkyu ds fy, rFkk gokbZ vM~Ms ds ,d Hkkx dksnwljs Hkkx ls tksM+us ds fy, ;kuh foekuks a ds vkokxeu ds mn~ns';ls fd;k tkrk gSA



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okLro esa foeku tc Hkwfe ij pyrk gS] rks mls oSekfudhHkk"kk esa ^^VSDlh djuk**dgrs gSaA blh dkj.k VSDlh djus ds fy,foeku ftu iFkksa ij pyrk gS mUgsa ^^VSDlh iFk**vFkok ^^VSDlh os** dgrs gSaA

^^VSDlh iFk** rFkk kkou iFk esa eq[; varj ;g gksrk gS fdkkou iFk fcydqy lhkk gksrk gS rFkk mldh yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ

vfkd gksrh gSA blds foijhr ^^VSDlh iFk**dh pkSM+kbZ de ;kuhkkou iFk dh vk/kh gksrh gSA ;g dksbZ vko';d ugha gS fd ^^VSDlhiFk**fcydqy lhkh js[kk esa gh gksA ^^VSDlh iFk** o js[kk ds :iesa Hkh gks ldrk gS vFkok ;g NksVs&eksVs yackbZ ds VqdM+ksa ds :i esa Hkhgks ldrk gSA blds vykok ^^VSDlh iFk**dh Hkkj okgu {kerk Hkhkkou iFk dh vis{kk de gksrh gSA oSls ^^VSDlh iFk**rFkk kkou iFk

esa ,d lekurk Hkh gS fd bu nksuksa dks dsoy foeku dh lapkyuxfrfofk;ksa ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d dk iz;ksx mM+ku ds fy, rFkk nwljs dk Hkwfe ij pyus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

^^VSDlh iFk**dks fofHkUu ukeksa tSls ^^VSDlh iFk ,&1**] ^^VSDlh iFk ch&2**, ^^VSDlh iFk Mh** vkfn }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA

gokbZ vM~Mk funsZ'k fcanqgokbZ vM~Mk funsZ'k fcanq ;|fi ;kf=k;ksa dh n`f"V ls vfkd egRo ughaj[krk gS fdarq gokbZ lapkyu dh n`f"V ls fdlh foeku ry dk ;g,d vR;ar egRoiw.kZ vax ekuk tkrk gSA

okLro esa izR;sd foeku ry ij /kkou iFk ds e/; Hkkx ds

vkl&ikl ,d fcanq dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gS ftls gokbZ vM~MkfunsZ'k fcanq vFkok ,-vkj-ih- ,;jksMkse jsQjsal IokbaV dgrs gSaA blfcanq dks lgh ek;uksa esa gokbZ vM~Ms dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkr dk |ksrdekuk tkrk gSA bl izdkj ,-vkj-ih- dh leqnz ry ls apkbZ dks gokbZvM~Ms dh leqnz ry ls apkbZ ekuk tkrk gSA

11 foeku ry rFkk mldsizdkj



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bldk dkj.k ;g gksrk gS fd oSls rks gokbZ vM~Mk dkQh cM+kgksrk gS] vr% x.kuk rFkk vU; dk;ks ds fy, blds izR;sd Hkkx dhvyx&vyx apkbZ rFkk HkkSxksfyd funsZ'kkad ft;ksxzkfQdy dksvkfMZusVysuh iM+rh gSA blds vykok] gokbZ vM~Ms ds ckdh Hkkxksa dh fLFkfrHkh ,-vkj-ih- ds vk/kkj ij n'kkZ;h tkrh gSA ,-vkj-ih- ,degRoiw.kZ fcanq gS] vr% bl fcanq dks ,d iDdk vk/kkj cukdj muds

pkjksa vksj rkj dh tkyh vkfn yxk nh tkrh gSA ,-vkj-ih- v{kka'k] ns'kkarj rFkk leqnz ry ls apkbZ] losZ{k.k }kjk fo'kq)rkiwoZd Kkrdh tkrh gS mlh ds mijkar ckdh x.kuk,a dh tkrh gSA

VfeZuy Hkou

VfeZuy Hkou vFkok VfeZuy fcfYMax foeku ry dk eq[; ;k=kh Hkougksrk gSA bl LFkku ij gokbZ daifu;ksa ds fVdV dkmaVj] ;kf=k;ksa dscSBus dh O;oLFkk rFkk izrh{kk gkWy rFkk foeku ;k=kk ls lacafkr ;k=khlqfokk ds vU; LFkku tSls lhek 'kqYd dkmaVj] vkoztu dkmaVj] cSad] iqfyl iksLV] i;ZVu dkmaVj] vko';d nqdkusa] vYikgkj x`g] chekdkmaVj vkfn fLFkr gksrs gSaA

cM+s gokbZ vM~Mksa ij ,d ls vfkd VfeZuy Hkou Hkh gks ldrsgSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, eqacbZ gokbZ vM~Ms ij varjkZ"Vh; mMkuksa ds fy,varjkZ"Vh; VfeZuy Hkou gS tks lgkj esa fLFkr gS rFkk LFkkuh;MksesfLVd mM+kuksa ds fy, iqjkuk VfeZuy Hkou foys ikysZ lkark wtds ikl fLFkr gSA bu nksuksa LFkkuksa ds chp lM+d }kjk tkus ij nwjhyxHkx 6 fd- eh- gSA okLro esa ;gka rhu VfeZuy gSaA blhfy,

cgqkk dqN yksx Hkzeo'k lgkj rFkk lkarkwt dks nks vyx gokbZvM~Ms le>rs gSaA fdarq okLro esa ;s nksuksa LFkku ,d gh gokbZ vM~Msds nks Hkkx gSaA blh izdkj fnYyh gokbZ vM~Ms esa rhu VfeZuy Hkou gSaftUgas VfeZuy 1 ,] ^1 ch^] rFkk nks dgrs gSaA VfeZuy 1 rFkk VfeZuynks ds chp dh nwjh yxHkx 8 fd- eh- lM+d }kjk gSA



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uxj ls VfeZuy Hkou dk laidZ ls mPp dksfV dh lM+dksa }kjk cuk jgrk gSA VfeZuy ds ckgj dkj ikdZ] ;k=kh cl vkfn dh O;oLFkk rFkk iqfyl vkfn dk O;kid izcak Hkh jgrk gSA bldsvykok VfeZuy Hkou ds vanj Hkh fofHk ;k=kh lqfokkvksa tSls VsyhQksu cwFk] Mkd[kkuk] cSad] eqnzk fofue; dkmaVj] Hkkstuky;]lkeku?kj DykWd :e i;ZVu dsanz] vko';d oLrqvksa dh nqdkusa vkfn

dh leqfpr izcak gksrs gSaAbUgha lc dkj.kksa ls tu&lkkkj.k dh n`f"V esa VfeZuy Hkou dks

gh okLrfod gokbZ vM~Mk ekuk tkrk gS rFkk foeku ;k=kh bls gokbZvM~Ms dk lcls egRoiw.kZ LFkku ekurs gSaA

foeku'kkyk

foeku ryksa ds vanj fo'kky dk;Z xksnkeksa ds vkdkj esa cuh gqbZ bekjr dksfoeku'kkyk vFkok gSaxj dgrs gSa tgka ij foekuksa dks ejEer] j[k&j[kkorFkk vU; dk;ks ds fy, j[kk tkrk gSA foeku'kkyk dh yackbZ] pkSMkbZ rFkkapkbZ cgqr vfkd gksrh gS rFkk ;g bl ckr dks ;ku esa j[k dj cukbZtkrh gS fd ogka ij fdl izdkj ds foeku dks j[kk tk,xkA blhfy,

cksbax 747 tSls cM+s vkdkj ds foekuksa dks j[kus ds fy, foeku'kkyk dhapkbZ yxHkx 25 ehVj 75&80 QqV rd gksrh gSA

foeku'kkyk og LFkku gS tgka ij foekuksa dks vfkd le; rd]dbZ ckj rks eghuksa rd j[kk tk ldrk gSA blds vykok] foeku'kkykvksaesa foekuksa ds fofHk Hkkxksa rd igqapus ds mn~ns'; ls vuds izdkj dhlhf


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tk ldrk gS D;ksafd lEiw.kZ foeku {ks=k dk ;krk;kr dk fujh{k.k rFkk fu;a=k.k ;gh ls fd;k tkrk gSA

daVksy Vkoj cgqkk ,d aph ehukj ds :i esa gksrh gS ftl dkijh Hkkx dkap vFkok blh izdkj ds fdlh vU; ikjn'khZ inkFkZ dkcuk gksrk gS] ftlls foeku ry dk vfkd ls vfkd Hkkx vanj cSBsfoeku ;krk;kr fu;a=kd dks fn[kkbZ ns ldsA daVksy Vkoj dh apkbZ

lkekU;r% foeku ry ij fLFkr vU; lHkh bekjrksa ls vfkd gksrhgSA ;fn daVksy Vkoj ds fy, vyx ehukj cukuk laHko ugha gksrk gSrks VfeZuy Hkou ds lcls ijh Hkkx esa fo'ks"k izdkj ds 'kh'ks dhnhokjsa vkfn dks yxk dj daVksy Vkoj dh LFkkiuk dj nh tkrh gSA

daVksy Vkoj ds Hkhrj foeku ;krk;kr fu;a=kd rFkk mlds lg;ksxh cSBrs gSa rFkk fu;a=k.k ls lacafkr muds ;a=k tSls jsfM;ks

VkalehVj] fjlhoj] VsyhQksu vkfn yxs gksrs gSaA blds vykok ekSleizs{kd rFkk vU; foHkkxksa ls lacafkr yksxksa dks cSBus dh Hkh ogha ij O;oLFkk gksrh gSA

lqj{kk rFkk vU; dkj.kksa ls daVksy Vkoj esa ckgjh O;fDr;ksadk izos'k izfrcafkr gksrk gSA

jkf=kdkyhu vorj.k lqfokk,avusd foeku ryksa ij pwafd jkf=k ds le; foekuksa dk vkokxeu gksrk gS]vr% ogka ij foekuksa ds lapkyu ds fy, kkou iFk] VSDlh iFk] ,sizuvkfn ds iznhiu vFkkZr fo|qr izdk'k O;oLFkk dk O;kid izcak jgrk gSA,sls foeku ryksa dks jkf=kdkyhu vorj.k lq fokk ls ;qDr dgrs gSaA

kkou iFk] VSDlh iFk rFkk ,sizu vkfn ds iznhiu ds fy, iz;qDrfd, tkus okys bu cYcksa dk jax vyx&vyx gksrk gSA tSls] kkou iFkij 'osr rFkk ukjaxh cYc] VSDlh iFk ds fy, uhys cYc] ,sizu ds fy,ihys cYc] vizksp ykbV ds fy, yky lq[kZ cYc iz;qDr fd, tkrs gSaAblds vykok blh izdkj ds vU; LFkyksa ds fy, gjs] ukjaxh vkfn cYc



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Hkh iz;qDr gksrs gSaA fHk&fHk jaxksa ds j[kus dk mn~ns'; ;g gksrk gS fdmu jaxksa ds vkkkj ij gh ;g irk yx tk, fd kkou iFk fdkj gSvFkok VSDlh iFk fdkj gSA blls pkyd dks foeku dk funsZ'ku djusesa lgk;rk feyrh gSA

jkf=kdkyhu lqfokk ls ;qDr gokbZ vM~Mksa ds mnkgj.k gSa % eqacbZ]dks ydkrk] psUuS] fnYyh] fr:ouariq je] ukxiqj] vgenkckn] y[ku]

okjk.klh] iVuk] [ktqjkgks] xqokgkVh] bR;kfnAjkf=kdkyhu vorj.k lqfokk ls ;qDr foeku ryksa ds vusd ykHk

gSa] tSls bu ij foekuksa ds fy, izk;% fdlh lhfer le; izfrcak dhvko';drk ugha gks rh gS vkSj bl iz dkj gokbZ daifu;ksa dks viuhle;&lkfj.kh cukus rFkk ok;q;kuksa dh mM+kuksa dks fukkZ fjr djus esavklkuh jgrh gSA blds vykok ;fn fdlh dkj.ko'k fukkZfjr mM+ku ds

vkokxeu esa foyac Hkh gks tk, rks mM+ku dks jn~n djus dh vko';drkugha gks rh gSA

,sls foeku ryksa dh ,d vkSj mi;ksfxrk ;g Hkh gS fd bUgsa nwljsvU; fudVorhZ foeku ryksa ds fy, xkS.k foeku ry vkYVjusV,;jksMkse cuk;k tk ldrk gSA xkS.k foeku ry dk vFkZ gS fd ;fnfdlh dkj.ko'k okLrfod foeku ry ij foeku mrjus esa leFkZ u gks

lds tSls ekSle dh [kjkch] kkou iFk ds miyCk u gksus] fdlh oh-vkbZ-ih- izfrcak ds dkj.k vFkok vU; fdlh dkj.ko'k rks og foekufudVorhZ xkS.k foeku ry ij mrj ldrk gSA

bUgh lc dkj.kks a ls vkt dy ;gh iz ;kl fd, tk jgs gSa fdvfkd ls vfkd foeku ryksa dks jkf=kdkyhu vorj.k lqfokk ls ;qDr cuk;k tk,A

izdk'kh; lqfokk,a

izdk'kh; lqfo/kkvks a }kjk foeku dks mrjus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA izdk'kh; lqfokkvks a ds varxZr ,d egRoiw.kZ izdk'k O;oLFkk




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vkrh gS ftls fotqvy vizksp Lyksi baMhdsVsj flLVe ;kuh okflldgrs gSaA ftldk mi;ksx foeku ds vorj.k ds le; fd;k tkrkgSA foeku pkyd ôkfll* dk mi;ksx foeku ds mfpr vorj.kdks.k ij ykus ds fy, djrk gSA

bl O;oLFkk ds varxZr kkou iFk ds vkjaHk esa 'osr rFkkyky jax dh cfk;ka yxh gksrh gSa ftudk jax foeku dh apkbZ

ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx utj vkrk gSA bl izdkj vorj.k dsle; ;fn foeku dh apkbZ lkekU; ls vfkd gS rks pkyd dksdsoy 'osr cfk;ka utj vkrh gSa vkSj og foeku dks uhps ykus dkiz;kl djrk gSSA ;fn foeku dh apkbZ lkekU; ls de gS rks mlsdsoy yky jax dh cfk;ka utj vkrh gSa rFkk og foeku dks vkSj ij ys tkus dk iz;kl djrk gSA tc foeku lgh apkbZ ij

gksrk gS rks mls yky rFkk 'osr jax dh feyh&tqyh cfk;ka utjvkrh gSa ukjaxh jax ds :i esa rFkk pkyd foeku dks mlh apkbZ ij j[kus dk iz;kl djrk gSA ftlls foeku dk vorj.k lgh rjhds ls rFkk lqj{kkiwoZd gksrk gSA

pkyd dh n`f"V ls okfll rFkk bl ds vU; izfr:i tSls rhu ckj okyk okfll] vokfll] rFkk Vh&okfll vkfn ,degRoiw.kZ vorj.k lqfokk gSA blhfy, vc vusd foekuryksa ij

okfll yxkus ds iz;kl fd, tk jgs gSaAoSls vktdy okfll ds LFkku ij vkkqfud gokbZ vM~Mks a ij^îzlhtu vizksp ikFk baMhdsVj** vFkok ^îh-,-ih-vkbZ- ikih** uked ;a=k dk mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA ;g ;a=k Hkh Hkwfe ijokfll dh rjg gh yxk;k tkrk gS rFkk blds }kjk pkyd foekudks kkou iFk ij vfkd lqjf{kr


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vojksk dks n'kkZuk

izk;% gokbZ vM~Mksa ds ikl aps Hkou] igkfM+;ka] jsfM;ks] nwjn'kZu vFkokMkd&rkj foHkkx ds izlkj.k LraHk bR;kfn yxs gksrs gSa ftuls foekuksads vkokxeu esa ckkk iM+us dk Mj jgrk gSA blh izdkj foekury dsvanj rks cgqkk de apkbZ dh oLrq,a Hkh tSls fo|qr izdk'k ds [kacs]pkj nhokjh] aps okgu rFkk xkfM+;ka vkfn Hkh foekuksa ds fy, vojksk

mRi dj ldrs gSa blfy, bu lHkh ckkkvksa dks ukjaxh rFkk 'osriV~~fV;ksa }kjk fukkZfjr ekudksa ds vuqlkj jax fn;k tkrk gS rkfd osnwj ls fn[kkbZ iM+ tk,a rFkk foeku dks muls cpk;k tk ldsA

blh izdkj mu foekuryksa ij] tgka jkf=k ds le; Hkh foekuksa dk vkokxeu gksrk jgrk gS] ogka ij bl izdkj dh ckkkvksa dks

/kkou iFk

okfll ds cYc

okfll ds cYc

/kkou iFk

vf/kd

apkbZ

'osr

izdk'k

lgha

pkbZu

kjaxhizd

k'k

deapkbZ yk

yizdk'k

okfll dh lgk;rk ls foeku vorj.kokfll dh lgk;rk ls foeku vorj.kokfll dh lgk;rk ls foeku vorj.kokfll dh lgk;rk ls foeku vorj.kokfll dh lgk;rk ls foeku vorj.k




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izdkf'kr iznhfir Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA blds fy,] izk;% yky jax dhcfk;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tks ;k rks leku dkafreku dh gksrh gSa vFkok tyrh cq>rh ySf'kax jgrh gSaA tks oLrq,a cgqr aph gksrh gSa tSls ikoj gkml dh fpefu;ka] aph igkfM;ka vkfn] ogkavfr rhoz dkafr okyh 'osr cfk;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

bUgha vojkskksa ds iznhiu ds dkj.k cM+s uxjksa ds gokbZ vM~Mksa

ds fudV ds aps Hkou] izdk'k LraHk vkfn jkf=k ds le; 'osr rFkkyky jax ds cYcksa ls izdkf'kr gksrs jgrs gSaA

ck/kkvksa dk fp=k.k vkSj iznhiuck/kkvksa dk fp=k.k vkSj iznhiuck/kkvksa dk fp=k.k vkSj iznhiuck/kkvksa dk fp=k.k vkSj iznhiuck/kkvksa dk fp=k.k vkSj iznhiu



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jsfM;ks lapkfyr lsok,ajsfM;ks lapkfyr lsok,ajsfM;ks lapkfyr lsok,ajsfM;ks lapkfyr lsok,ajsfM;ks lapkfyr lsok,a

foeku ryksa ij vusd jsfM;ks }kjk lapkfyr lsok,a miyCk jgrhgS ftuls foekuks a ds vorj.k] lapkyu rFkk Hkwfe fLFkr dsanzk s a lslaidZ LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA ;s lsok,a rhu izdkj

dh gksrh gSa %1- jsfM;ks lapkj lsok2- vorj.k lqfokk,a3- jsfM;ks lapkyu lqfokk

jsfM;ks lapkj lsok

;g rks izR;{k gh gS fd foekuksa dk Hkwfe ij fLFkr foeku ;krk;krfu;a=k.k dsanzksa ls lnSo jsfM;ks laidZ cuk jgrk gS ftudh lgk;rk ls foeku pkyd Hkwfe dsanzksa ls funsZ'k izkIr djrk gS rFkk foeku dh fLFkfr dh lwpuk nsrk jgrk gSA

jsfM;ks lapkj ds fy, jsfM;ks rjaxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAokLro esa] jsfM;ks rjaxs fuEu vko`fk yks hDosalh vFkok ,y ,Q]

e/; vko`fk ehfM,e hDosalh vFkok ,e ,Q] mPp vko`fk gkbZhDosalh ,p ,Q vfr mPp vko`fk] osjh gkbZ hDosalh & oh-,p-,Q] ijk mPp vko`fk] vYVk gkbZ hDoaslh & ;w ,p ,QrFkk vfrlkkkj.k mPp vko`fk ,DLVk gkbZ hDosalh dh gksrh gSA




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300 fdyksgVZ~t+ ls de fuEu vko`fk ,y-,Q-

300 fdyksgVZ ~t+ ls 3000 fdyksgVZ~t+ e; vkofk ,e-,Q-3 esxkgVZ~t

3 esxkgVZ~t+ ls 30 esxkgVZ~t+ mPp vko`fk ,p-,Q-

30 esxkgVZ~t+ ls 300 esxkgVZ~t+ vfr mPp vko`fk oh-,p-,Q-

300 esxkgVZ~t+ ls 3000 esxkgVZ ~t+ ijk mPp vkofk ;w-,p-,Q-

3000 esxkgVZ~t+ ls 30]000 esxkgVZ ~t+ vfr lkkkj.k mPp vko`fk

vFkok lqij mPp vko`fk] ,l-,p-,Q-

buesa ls ijk mPp vko`fk dh rjaxksa dk mi;ksx jsMkj rFkk nwjh

ekid midj.kksa Mh-,e-bZ- ds fy, rFkk e; vko`fk dh rjaxksa dkmi;ksx yach nwjh ds lapkj rFkk ,u-Mh-ch- vkfn ds fy, fd;k tkrkgS fdarq jsfM;ks laidZ ds fy, mPp vko`fk dh rjaxksa rFkk vfr mPpvko`fk dh rjaxksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA vfr mPp vko`fk oh-,p-,Qdk iz;ksx fudVorhZ foekuksa ds lkFk laidZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftldk {ks=k jast lkekU;r% 200&300 fd-eh- 100&150ukfVdy

ehy gksrk gS rFkk foeku dh apkbZ ds vuq:i c


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igkfM;ka ;k kjrh dh izkfrd xksykbZ vkfn dh ckkk u jgs] vU;Fkk;g lapkj iz.kkyh lqpk# :i ls dk;Z ugha djsxhA blh dkj.k ;fnHkwfe fLFkr LVs'ku rFkk foeku ds chp nwjh vfkd gksrh gS muds chpkjrh dh izkfrd xksykbZ O;okku curh gSA blfy, laidZ ds fy, foeku dk vfkd apkbZ ij gksuk vko';d gS vU;Fkk lhkh n`'; js[kk miyCk ugha gks ldsxhA lhkh n`'; js[kk vFkok ykbu vkWQ

lkbV dh leL;k oh ,p ,Q ds vfrfjDr ;w ,p ,Q rFkk ,l ,p,Q esa Hkh vkrh gSA lhkh n`'; js[kk leL;k ds lekkku ds fy,jsfM;ks rjaxksa dks miXkzg }kjk laizsf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA

tSlk fd crk;k tk pqdk gS fd vfkd nwjh ds foekuksa ls laidZds fy, mPp vko`fk dh rjaxksa ,p ,Q dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] ftudhlgk;rk ls 2000&3000 fd-eh- vFkok vfkd nwjh ij mM+ku Hkjrs gq,foekuksa ds lkFk Hkh laidZ LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA flaxy lkbMcSaM ,l ,l ch iz.kkyh ds iz;ksx ls rks laidZ dk {ks=k vkSj Hkhvfkd vFkkZr 6000 fd-eh- ls Hkh vfkd gks tkrk gS fdarq ,p-,Q-dh leL;k ;g gS fd [kjkc ekSle rFkk fo|qr~ LQqfyax dh mifLFkfresa laidZ [kjkc gks tkrk gSA blds vykok] fnu rFkk jkf=k esa Hkh bl

O;oLFkk ij izfrdwy izHkko gks ldrk gSA vr% blds fy, jkf=k esavyx rFkk fnu esa vyx vko`fk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bUgha lc dkj.kksals ,p ,Q laidZ vfkd fo'oLr ugha ekuk tkrk gSA oSls vktdyflaxy lkbM cSaM iz.kkyh ds miyCk gks tkus ds dkj.k ,p ,Q laidZesa vR;ar lqkkj gks x;k gS rFkk yach nwjh ds laidZ ds fy, bldkiz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA

miXkzg lapkj lSVdke

miXkzg }kjk lapkj iz.kkyh dks miXkzg lapkj vFkkZr lSVsykbV dE;qfuds'kuvFkok lSVdke dgrs gSaA mPp rduhd okyh ;g lapkj lqfokk lapkj

21 jsfM;kslapkfyr lsok,a



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lacakh vusd nks"kksa ls eqDr gSA bldh lgk;rk ls Hkwfe fLFkr fu;a=k.kdsanzksaa ls jsfM;ks rjaxsa varfj{k esa ifjek dj jgs miXkzgksa rd iz{ksfir

dh tkrh gSaA miXkzg mu rjaxksa dks okil foeku rd iz{ksfir dj nsrk

gSA blh izdkj foeku }kjk laizsf"kr jsfM;ks ladsr miXkzg ds ek;e ls

Hkwfe fLFkr dsanzksa rd igqaprs gSaA bl izdkj ,d fo'ks"k {ks=k esa fLFkr

foekuksa rFkk ml {ks=k esa fLFkr Hkwfe fLFkr fu;a=k.k dsanzksa ds chp

jsfM;ks lans'kksa dk vknku&iznku fuckZk :i ls pyrk jgrk gSA miXkzg

ds {ks=k ls ckgj fudyus ds ckn] mlh izdkj ds varfj{k esa ifjek

dj jgs nwljs miXkzg ls laidZ LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA gekjs ns'k esa bl

iz.kkyh ds iw.kZ :i ls ykxw gks tkus ds ckn ns'k ds fofHkUu gokbZ

vM~Mksa rFkk lapkj dsanzksa ds chp vkil esa rFkk foekuksa ds lkFk laidZ

LFkkfir gks tk,xkA

jsfM;ks vorj.k lqfokk,a

vorj.k lqfokk,a os lqfokk,a gksrh gSa ftudh lgk;rk ls foekuksa dkskkou iFk ij mrjus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA buesa midj.k vorj.kiz.kkyh baLVwesaV~l ySaafMax flLVe vFkok vkbZ-,y-,l- rFkk ekbksoso ySafMax flLVe vFkok ,e-,y-,l- izeqq[k gSaA mijksDr of.kZr nksuksaiz.kkfy;ksa esa ls gekjs ns'k esa vHkh dsoy vkbZ-,y-,l- dk gh mi;ksx gksrk gSA

midj.k vorj.k iz.kkyh baLVwesaV~l ySafMax flLVe

vFkok vkbZ-,y-,l-midj.k vorj.k iz.kkyh ;k baLVwesaV~l ySafMax flLVe vFkok vkbZ-,y-,l- foekuksa dks jsfM;ks rjaxksa dh lgk;rk ls kkou iFk ij mrjus esa lgk;rk nsrk gSA



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okLro esa vkjaHk ds fnuksa esa pkyd gokbZ vM~Ms dks ns[kdj foeku dksfudV ykrk Fkk rFkk vius vuqHko rFkk x.kuk ds vuqlkj mls ,d fo'ks"kdks.k ij ykdj kkou iFk ij mrkj nsrk FkkA bl izdkj foeku dk gokbZiV~Vh ij mrjuk cgqr dqN pkyd dh dq'kyrk ij fuHkZj djrk FkkA

oSls ml tekusa esa foekuksa dk vkdkj NksVk gkssrk Fkk rFkk mudhxfr de gksrh Fkh] blfy, mUgas uhps mrkjus esa vfkd dfBukbZ ugha

gksrh FkhA blds ckotwn vDlj dbZ leL;k,a vkM+s vkrh Fkha] tSlstc ekSle [kjkc gksus ij gokbZ iV~Vh Bhd ls utj ugha vkrh Fkh rks ml le; foeku dks mrkjuk cgqr eqf'dy gks tkrk FkkA bldsvykok ;fn fdlh dkj.ko'k pkyd dks n`f"V Hkze gks tk, rks foekuds xyr LFkku ij mrj tkus dk Hk; jgrk FkkA

blds ckn tSls&tSls foekuksa dk vkdkj rFkk xfr c


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nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd foeku vkbZ-,y-,l- dhvn`'; jsfM;ks rjaxksa dh lh


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iV~Vh ls yxHkx 66 ehVj 200 QqV dh apkbZ rd mrj ldrk gSAbldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd ;fn foeku ry ls 200 QqV dh apkbZ ls ij ckny f?kjs gksa] rks Hkh foeku vkbZ-,y-,l- Js.kh&,d dhlgk;rk ls cknyksa dks ikj dj ldrk gSA mlds ckn pkyd dks Hkwfe ij foeku dks lqjf{kr mrkjus esa dksbZ leL;k ugha gksrh gSA blhizdkj Js.kh&nks dh lgk;rk ls foeku Hkwfe ls yxHkx 16 ehVj 50

QqV dh apkbZ rd mrj ldrk gSA Js.kh&rhu rhu ^lh* bu lclsmke gksrh gS vkSj bldh lgk;rk ls rks foeku kkou iFk dks tSlsNw ldrk gSA

gekjs ns'k ds gokbZ vM~Mksa esa vHkh dsoy Js.kh ,d rFkk nks okysvkbZ-,y-,l- gh yxs gSaA Js.kh nks vkbZ-,y-,l- dsoy fnYyh dsbafnjk xkakh varjkZ"Vh; gokbZ vM~Ms ij yxk FkkA ogka ij vc Js.kh

rhu ^^,** yxk;k x;k gSAvly esa vkbZ-,y-,l- fdlh vdsys ,d ;a=k dk uke ugh gS

cfYd ;g rhu ;a=kksa dk la;qDr :i gSA ;s rhu ;a=k gSa yksdykbtj] XykbM ikFk] rFkk ekdZj vkmVj rFkk fefMy ekdZjA

yksdykbtj uked ;a=k ls ,slh jsfM;ks rjaxs fudyrh gSa tks Hkwfeds lekukarj gksrh gSaA bl izdkj yksdykbtj] foeku dks kkou iFk

dh e; js[kk ds lhk esa ykus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA;s rjaxs nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa] ftUgas uhyh rFkk ihyh rjaxsa dgrs

gSaA bu rjaxksa dk jax uhyk ;k ihyk gksrk gS] cfYd buesa vkil esa Hksndjus ds fy, budks ^^uhyh** rFkk ^^ihyh** dk uke fn;k x;k gSA ;srjaxsa kkou iFk dh e; js[kk ds nksuksa rjQ iz{ksfir dh tkrh gSaAtgka ij ;s nksuksa rjaxsa feyrh gSa rFkk tgka ij bu rjaxksa dh {kerk,d leku vFkok cjkcj gks tkrh gSa og {ks=k kkou iFk dh e; js[kkds lhk esa gksrk gSA

ok;q;ku esa yxk ;a=k] yksdykbtj dh bu rjaxksa dks Xkzg.k djrkgSA foeku pkyd ;g iz;kl djrk gS fd og foeku dks ,sls {ks=k esa




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ys vk, tgka ij uhyh rFkk ihyh rjaxsa cjkcj jgsaA bl izdkj foekukkou iFk dh lhk esa vk tkrk gSA

foeku ds iFk ls fopfyr gksus dh voLFkk esa foeku esa yxsladsrd }kjk pkyd dks fujUrj funsZ'k feyrs jgrs gSa fd og foekudks nk,a vFkok ck,a ys tk,A bl izdkj ok;q;ku lnSo kkou iFk dh e; js[kk dh lh/k esa cuk jgrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa foeku }kjk

yksdykbt+j ladsrd dk ihNk fd;k tkrk gSA,d ckj tc foeku /kkou iFk dh e/; js[kk dh lh/k esa vk

tkrk gS rks fQj leL;k mBrh gS mls uhps mrkjus dhA ml le;XykbM ikFk] ftls XykbM Lyksi Hkh dgrs gSa dke esa vkrk gSA

XykbM Lyksi ls Hkh uhyh rFkk ihyh rjaxs fudyrh gSa fdarq ;srjaxs lery u gksdj /oZ {ks=k esa iz{ksfir dh tkrh gSA tgka ij ;s

nksuksa rjaxs feyrh gSa rFkk tgka ij bu rjaxksa dh {kerk ,d lekuvFkok cjkcj gks tkrh gS og {ks=k /kkou iFk ij mrjus ds fy, lghdks.k ij vFkkZr lgh >qdko ij gksrk gSA

ok;q;ku esa pkyd dh lhV ds lkeus yxk ladsrd ;g n'kkZrkgS fd foeku Hkwfe ij mrjus ds fy, lgh dks.k ij gS ;k ughaA ;gdks.k 3 ls 4 fMXkzh gksrk gSA ;fn ladsrd ij gS rks bldk vFkZ ;g

gS foeku lgh iFk ls kk lgh >qdko ls dqN uhps gS vkSj pkyd mlsij ys tkrk gS ;g funsZ'k ykbZ vi dgykrk gSA blh izdkj ;fnladsrd uhps gS rks pkyd dks ykbZ Mkmu dk funsZ'k feyrk gS vkSjog foeku dks uhps ys vkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;gka Hkh foeku }kjk XykbM Lyksi ladsrd dk ihNk fd;k tkrk gSA

vkbZ-,y-,l- esa nks ekdZj Hkh yxs gksrs gSa tks vkmVj rFkk fefMy ekdZj dgykrs gSaA budk mn~ns'; pkyd dks kkou iFk lsfoeku dh nwjh trkuk gksrk gSA tc foeku ekdZj ds ij ls gksdjxqtjrk gS rks foeku fLFkr midj.k ekdZj ls fudyus okyh rjaxksa dksXkzg.k djrs gSaA ml le; foeku esa yxs gq, uhys rFkk ihys jax ds



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fo'ks"k cYc tyus cq>us yxrs gSa rFkk fo'ks"k izdkj dh ofu;ka Hkhvkus yx tkrh gSaA bl izdkj foeku pkyd dks ;g irk yx tkrkgS fd og kkou iFk ls fdruh nwj gSA vktdy ekdZj ds LFkku ijfoeku dh nwjh ds fy, dqN gokbZ vM~Mksa ij nwjh ekid ;a=k Mh-,e-bZ- yxk, tkrs gSaA

bl izdkj ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd ;s vn`'; jsfM;ks rjaxsa fdl

izdkj foeku dks uhps lqjf{kr mrkjus esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSaA blhfy,vkbZ-,y-,l- vktdy foeku ryksa dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax curk tk jgk gSA

ekbksoso vorj.k iz.kkyh ekbksoso ySafMax flLVevFkok ,e- ,y-,l-

vkbZ-,y-,l- dh rjg gh ekbksoso vorj.k iz.kkyh ;k ,e-,y-,l-Hkh foekuksa dks fdlh Hkh ekSle esa jsfM;ks rjaxksa dh lgk;rk ls kkou iFk ij mrjus esa lgk;rk nsrk gSA blesa iz;qDr gkus okys ;a=kvis{kkr NksVs vkdkj ds gksrs gSa] rFkk mudk kkou iFk dh lhkhjs[kk esa gksuk Hkh vko';d ugha gSA fdarq vfkd ykxr rFkk dqN vU;

dkj.kksa ls ,e-,y-,l- fo'o esa de LFkkuksa ij gh yxk, x, gSaAHkkjr esa Hkh vHkh gokbZ vM~Mka s ij ,e-,y-,l- ugha yxs gSaA

jsMkj

jsMkj oSekfudh ls lacafkr ,d vR;ar egRoiw.kZ l;a=k ekuk tkrk gSA bl dk mi;ksx jsfM;ks vorj.k rFkk jsfM;ks lapkyu nksuksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

jsMkj okLro esa ^jsfM;ks fMVsD'ku ,aM jsaftx* dk laf{kIr :i gSA foeku ;krk;kr fu;a=kd ds le{k jsMkj insZ ij foeku dk fcEcfn[krk jgrk gS rFkk bl ds vkkkj ij og foeku dks vU; ;krk;kr




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vFkok ckkkvksa dh mifLFkfr ds vkkkj ij fu;a=k.k ds fy, jsfM;ksrjaxksa ds lapkj }kjk mfpr funsZ'k ns ldrk gSA

jsMkj dh dk;Ziz.kkyh bl izdkj gS fd Hkwfe ij fLFkr l;a=k ls ij vkdk'k esa ijk mPp vko`fk vko`fk 3]000 esxkgVZ~t ls30]000 esxkgVZ~t dh rjaxsa iz{ksfir dh tkrh gSA ;s rjaxas foekuksavFkok apkbZ ij fLFkr vU; Bksl oLrqqvksa tSls igkfM+;ksa] aph

vV~Vkfydkvksaa] ?kus cknyksa ls Vdjk dj okil ykSV vkrh gSa vFkkZrijkofrZr gksrh gS rFkk Hkwfe fLFkr l;a=k }kjk izkIr dh tkrh gSA

bl ijkofrZr rjax rFkk izlkfjr rjax ds chp le; dk vUrjjgrk gS D;ksfd rjax dks Hkwfe ls foeku rd tkus vkSj okil Hkwfe

jsMkj dk fl)karjsMkj inkZ

le;ekid ;a=k

VkalfeVjVkalfeVj&

fjlhoj bdkbZ

jsMkj ,asVsuk



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rd vkus esa le; yxrk gSA blh le;karj dks rjax dh xfr fo|qrdh xfr ls xq.kd djus ls gh foeku vFkok vU; fdlh oLrqq dh nwjhKkr gks tkrh gSA blh ijkofrZr rjax dks ge jsMkj insZ ij foeku dsfcac ds :i esa ns[krs gSaA ;fn vkdk'k esa dksbZ foeku uk gks vFkokfoeku ry ds vklikl dksbZ ckkk uk gks rks jsMkj insZ ij dksbZ fcac ugha fn[kkbZ nsxk D;ksafd ijkofrZr rjax mifLFkr ugha jgsxhA fdarq

tSls gh dksbZ foeku ml {ks=k ls xqtjrk gS] jsMkj ij ml dk fcac fn[kus yx tkrk gSA blhfy, jsMkj dks pkSdlh ds fy, Hkh iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA

jsMkj dks lajpuk ds vkkkj ij fuEufyf[kr izeq[k Hkkxksa esa foHkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS %

'kfDr'kkyh VkalfeVj vfr laosnu'khy fjlhoj

,sUVsuk tks pkjksa rjQ ?kwerk jgrk gS

inkZ Lhu

le; ekid ;a=k

jsMkj inkZ

okLro esa jsMkj nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa % izkFkfed jsMkj f}rh;d jsMkj

izkFkfed jsMkj esa jsfM;ks rjaxsa Hkwfe fLFkr VkalfeVj ls izlkfjrgksdj foeku rd tkrh gS rFkk iqu% os gh rjaxas foeku ls Vdjk djHkwfe fLFkr fjlhoj ;a=k }kjk izkIr dh tkrh gSA bl chp rjax }kjkfoeku rd igqapus rFkk ogka ls okil vkus esa tks le; yxrk gS mlds vkkkj ij foeku dh fLFkfr Kkr gks tkrh gSA




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izkFkfed jsMkj oSls rks dk dkQh Hkjkslsean l;a=k gS fdarq blesa ,ddeh ;g gksrh gS fd foeku ds vykok vU; aph oLrq,a tSls igkfM+;ka]?kus ckny] aps Hkou vkfn Hkh jsMkj ds insZ ij fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA bl dkj.kfu;a =kd dks ;krk;kr fu;a =k.k esa dfBukbZ iM+rh gSA vr% bu jsMkjksa esa^ewfoax VkxZsV bafMdsVj^ vFkok ,e-Vh-vkbZ- dh O;oLFkk gksrh gS] ftl dksyxk nsus ij insZ ij dsoy os gh oLrq,a fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa tks xfr'khy gaSA

bl izdkj ,e-Vh-vkbZ- }kjk insZ ij dsoy foeku vFkok rhoz xfr ls mM+usokys ckny gh fn[krs gSaA fdarq ,e-Vh-vkbZ- dk pquko djus ds ckn jsMkjij fn[kkbZ nsus okyh vU; oLrq,a Hkh kqakyh fn[kus yxrh gSA vr% ,e-Vh-vkbZ- dk iz;ksx ;krk;kr fu;a=kd vfkd le; rd ugha djrk gSA

bUgha lc dkj.kksa ls vkt dy f}rh;d ;kuh lsdsaMjh jsMkj dkiz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA f}rh;d jsMkj dk fl)kar ;g gS fd Hkwfe

ls ,d rjax izlkfjr dh tkrh gS rFkk foeku esa fLFkr fjlhoj bldksizkIr djrk gSA bl rjax ds izR;qkj esa foeku }kjk ,d vU; rjax izlkfjr dh tkrh gSA ;g rjax Hkwfe fLFkr jsMkj fHk vko`fk ij,afVuk }kjk izkIr dh tkrh gS tks jsMkj insZ ij fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA blizdkj jsMkj insZ ij dsoy os gh fcac fn[krs gSa ftu ds fy, foeku}kjk rjaxsa izlkfjr dh tkrh gSaA

f}rh;d jsMkj oSls rks cgqr vfkd ilan fd;k tkus okyk l;a=kgS] fdarq bl esa ,d leL;k ;g gS fd ;gka fu;a=k.k ds fy, foekudk lg;ksx vko';d gSA blfy, ;fn dHkh fdlh dkj.ko'k dksbZvKkr vFkok vupkgk foeku vk tkrk gS rks mldk irk lkekU;r%fu;a=kd dks ugha py ldrk gSA blfy, ,sls foekuksa ds fu;a=k.k esaHkh dHkh O;okku iM+ ldrk gSA

jsMkj dk iz;ksx foeku ;krk;kr fu;a=k.k dh n`f"V ls vR;armke ekuk tkrk gSA blesa eq[; lqfokk ;g gS fd foeku dk fcacinsZ ij fn[krk jgrk gS ftlls foeku dk okLrfod fu;a=k.k yxHkx =kqfVghu rFkk ;FkkFkZiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA



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gekjs ns'k esa Hkh ftu gokbZ vM~Mksa ij jsMkj lqfokk miyCk gSogka foeku ;krk;kr fu;a=k.k vR;ar lqfokktud rFkk fo'oluh; gks x;k gSA ;krk;kr fu;a=kd rks blds mi;ksx ls larq"V jgrs gh gSa]lkFk gh foeku pkyd Hkh vius efLr"d ij ncko Mkys fcuk] rukojfgr mM+ku Hkj ldrs gSA

Hkkjr esa vgenkckn] dydkk] xqokgkVh] psUuS] fnYyh] ukxiqj]

eqacbZ] rFkk gSnjkckn esa f}fr;d jsMkj miyC/k gSaA ifjf'k"V 7ifjf'k"V 7ifjf'k"V 7ifjf'k"V 7ifjf'k"V 7

jsfM;ks lapkyu lqfokk,a

jsfM;ks lapkyu lqfokkvksa vFkok jsfM;ks uSohxs'kuy ,M~l ds varxZros l;a=k vkrs gSa ftudh lgk;rk ls foeku fdlh foeku ry igqapusesa l{ke gksrk gSA buesa izeq[k gSa % oh-vks-vkj-] ,u-Mh-ch-] Mh-,e-bZ-bR;kfnA

,u-Mh-ch- ukWu Mk;jsD'kuy chdu

ukWu Mk;jsD'kuy chdu vFkok ,u-Mh-ch- Hkwfe ij fLFkr ,d ,slkla;a=k gS tks lHkh fn'kkvksa esa leku :i ls jsfM;ks rjaxksa dk izlkj.k

djrk gSA jsfM;ks rjaxksa ij izlkj.k djus okys LVs'ku dk uke ekslZdksM ds :i esa v;kjksfir ;kuh lqij baikst gksrk gSA foeku pkydtc bl izlkj.k dks foeku fLFkr jsfM;ks daikl uked ;a=k ij Xkzg.kdjrk gS rks mlh ds vkkkj ij izlkj.k djus okys LVs'ku dh fn'kk esa foeku dks funsZf'kr dj ysrk gSA

,u-Mh-ch- dh lgk;rk ls pkyd foeku dks fukkZfjr iFk ij ys

tk ldrk gSA iFk izn'kZu ds vykok foekuksa ds vorj.k esa Hkh ,u-Mh-ch- lgk;d fl) gksrk gSA blh dkj.k gekjs ns'k ds yxHkx lHkhHkkxksa esa ,u-Mh-ch- dk tky&lk fcNk gS rFkk bl izdkj ;gka vusdgokbZ vM~Mksa rFkk foeku iFkksa ij 100 ls Hkh vfkd ,u-Mh-ch- yxk,




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x, gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, vgenkckn] y[ku] ikafMpsjh] Hkqcus'oj]tEew] dkuiqj] [ktqjkgks] vyhx


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oh-vks-vkj-oh-vks-vkj- dk iwjk uke vfr mPp vkofk loZ fn'kd rjax vFkkZr osjhgkbZ hDoSalh vksEuh jsatgSA Hkwfe ij fLFkr l;a=k ls fofHkUu fn'kkvksa esajsfM;ks fdj.ksa izlkfjr dh tkrh gSaA bu fdj.kksa dk foeku esa fLFkr ;a=k dhlgk;rk ls vfHkXkzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj foeku pkyd dks Hkwfe

fLFkr oh-vks-vkj- dh fLFkfr dk iDdk irk py tkrk gS rFkk og foekudks okafNr fn'kk esa vkxs ys tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj pkyd pkgs rks foekudks oh-vks-vkj- dh vksj ;k mlds ij rd ys tk ldrk gS vFkok ogfdlh fo'ks"k fukkZfjr fn'kk esa foeku dks vkxs c


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oh-vks-vkj- dk izlkj.k 112 ls 118 esxkgVZ~t+ dh vko`fk ij fd;k tkrk gSA okLro esa bl izdkj ds nks ladsr izlkfjr gksrs gSaftuesa igyk ladsr lanHZk ladsr jsQjsal flxuy dgykrk gS tks gjrjQ leku dyk Qst+ esa izlkfjr gksrk gSA nwljk ladsr ifjorZuh;ladsr oSfj,cy flxuy dgykrk gS] ftldh dyk vkdk'k esa fn'kkds vuqlkj fMXkzh izfr fMXkzh cnyrh jgrh gSA

lanHkZ ladsr rFkk ifjorZuh; ladsrksa dks bl izdkj izfrcafkrfd;k tkrk gS fd mkj fn'kk esa nksuksa ladsrksa dh dyk esa varj 'kwU;jgrk gS rFkk tSls&tSls fn'kk ifjofrZr gksrh tkrh gS] dyk dk varjHkh cnyrk tkrk gSA bl izdkj ;fn fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku ij nksuksaladsrksa dh dyk dk varj fy;k tk;s rks og okLro esa oh-vks-vkj-ladsr dh fn'kk n'kkZrh gSSA blhfy, ok;q;ku esa fLFkr ;a=k okLro esa

oh-vks-vkj- ds ladsrks dh dyk ds varj dk ekiu djrk gS] rFkk mlhdks ladsr dh fn'kk ds :i esa n'kkZrk gSA bl izdkj foeku esa fLFkr;a=k ls pkyd dks ;g irk yx tkrk gS fd oh-vks-vkj- ds lkis{kmkj fn'kk ls fdruh fMXkzh ij mM+ku Hkj jgk gSA

oh-vks-vkj- vR;kfkd mi;ksxh ;a=k fl) gqvk gS rFkk ns'k ds 70ls Hkh vfkd gokbZ vM~Mksa rFkk ok;q ekxZ ij fLFkr LFkkuksa ij vc

oh-vks-vkj- yxk, tk jgs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, vxjryk] ve`rlj]baQky] bUnkSj] vkSjaxkckn] dkyhdV] dkaphiqje] x;k] xqokgkVh bR;kfnns[ks a ifjfk"V 5Ans[ks a ifjfk"V 5Ans[ks a ifjfk"V 5Ans[ks a ifjfk"V 5Ans[ksa ifjfk"V 5A okLro esa Hkfo"; esa yxHkx mu lHkh LFkkuksa ij

oh-vks-vkj- yxkus dh ;kstuk gS tgka ,u-Mh-ch- yxs gSaA

nwjh ekid ;a=k Mh-,e-bZ-

nwjh ekid ;a=k vFkkZr fMlVSal estfjax bD;qiesaV ;k Mh-,e-bZ- }kjkfoeku pkyd fdlh gokbZ vM~Ms ls foeku dh nwjh 'kq)rkiwoZd Kkrdj ldrk gSA ,sls ;a=k lkekU;r% Hkwfe fLFkr oh-vks-vkj- yksdykbt+jvFkok XykbM ikFk vkbZ-,y-,l- ds lkFk gh yxk, tkrs gSaA vr%



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okLrfod :i esa nwjh ekid ;a=k }kjk foeku dh nwjh oh-vks-vkj-vFkok XykbM ikFk ;k yksdykbtj ds lkis{k Kkr gksrh gSA

nwjh ekid ;a=k ds dk;Z djus dk fl)kar jsfM;ks rjaxksa ds ,dLFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd vkus&tkus esa yxk, x, le; rFkk rjaxksa dhxfr ij vkkkfjr gSA jsfM;ks rjax foeku ls iz{ksfir dh tkrh gS rFkkHkwfe fLFkr ;a=k }kjk vfHkXkzfgr dh tkrh gSA blds izR;qkj esa Hkwfe

fLFkr ;a=k ls 50 ekbks lsdsaM ds le;karj ij ,d vU; rjax iz{ksfirdh tkrh gS ftls foeku fLFkr midj.k vfHkXkzfgr djrk gSA vcpwafd jsfM;ks rjaxksa dh xfr izdk'k dh xfr ds cjkcj gksrh gS vFkkZryxHkx 3 yk[k fd-eh- izfr lsdsaM blfy, ekis x, le; ds varjdks izdk'k dh xfr ls xq.kk djds foeku rFkk Mh-,e-bZ- ds chp dhnwjh Kkr dh tk ldrh gSA foeku fLFkr midj.k blh nwjh dks n'kkZrk

gS] ftlds vkkkj ij foeku rFkk foeku ry ds chp dh nwjh pkyddks ekywe gks tkrh gSA

Mh-,e-bZ- ;a=k esa jsfM;ks rjaxksa ds fy, ijk mPp vko`fk okyhrjaxksa ;w-,p-,Q- dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA foeku }kjk iz{ksfirrjax rFkk Hkwfe fLFkr midj.k }kjk iz{ksfir rjax esa lkekU;r% 63esxkgVZ~t+ dk varj jgrk gSA

nwjh ekid ;a=k vR;ar 'kq) rFkk =kqfVghu x.kuk }kjk foeku dhnwjh n'kkZrk gSA blh dkj.k jsMkj fu;a=kd izk;% foeku pkyd dks nwjhekid ;a=k }kjk foeku dh nwjh crkus dks dgrs gSa] rkfd ml foekudks vU; ;kr;kr ds chp jsMkj insZ ij igpkuk tk ldsA oSls ;g nwjhHkwfe ij fLFkr ;a=k rFkk foeku ds chp dh frjNh nwjh gksrh gSAmnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn dksbZ foeku 10]000 ehVj dh apkbZ ij mM+kuHkj jgk gS vkSj og foeku Mh-,e-bZ- LVs'ku ds Bhd ij igqap tkrkgS rks nwjh ekid ;a=k mldh nwjh 'kwU; fn[kkus ds ctk; 10 fd-eh-n'kkZ,xkA foeku pkyd nwjh ekid ;a=k dh bl fo'ks"krk dks ;ku esaj[kdj n'kkZbZ xbZ nwjh esa vko';d la'kksku dj nsrs gSaA




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nwjh ekid ;a=k Mh-,e-bZ- rFkk oh-vks-vkj- ,d&nwljs ds iwjd;a=k ekus tkrs gSaA bu nksuksa dk ,d lkFk iz;ksx djds foeku pkydfdlh LVs'ku ;kuh gokbZ vM~Ms ls foeku dh nwjh rFkk fn'kk Kkr djldrk gSA blhfy, tgka rd laHko gksrk gS oh-vks-vkj- rFkk Mh-,e-bZ- ,d lkFk LFkkfir fd, tkrs gSaA oh-vks-vkj- ds vykok Mh-,e-bZ-;a=k dks XykbM ikFk vFkok yksdykbtj ds lkFk Hkh yxk;k tkrk gS]

tks vkbZ-,y-,l- midj.k ds Hkkx gksrs gSaA blds }kjk foeku dsvorj.k esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA

gekjs ns'k esa Hkh yxHkx 70 ls Hkh vfkd LFkkuksa ij Mh-,e-bZ-;a=k yxk, tk pqds gSa rFkk vusd nwljs LVs'kuksa ij buds yxk, tkusdh ;ksstuk gSA ,sls dqN LVs'ku tgka oh-vks-vkj- rFkk Mh-,e-bZ- ,dlkFk yxs gSa] muds mnkgj.k gSa eqacbZ] dksydkrk] psUuS] jkaph] enqjkbZ]

ukxiqj] y[ku] okjk.klh bR;kfnns[ks a ifjf'k"V 5Ans[ks a ifjf'k"V 5Ans[ks a ifjf'k"V 5Ans[ks a ifjf'k"V 5Ans[ks a ifjf'k"V 5A

Xykscy iksth'kfuax flLVe th-ih-,l-

Xykscy iksth'kfuax flLVe vFkok th-ih-,l- ewyHkwr :i ls mixzgiz .kkyh ij vk/kkfjr] vk/kqfud ;qx dk ,d peRdkfjd ;a=k gS tksmixzg ls izkIr jsfM;ks ladsrksa dh lgk;rk ls fdlh oLrq] LFkku vFkokokgu vkfn dh lgh fLFkfr] fcuk fdlh ck lk/kuksa dk lgkjk fy, gq, rRdky n'kkZ ldrk gSA ;g ^^fLFkfr** v{kka'k] ns'kkarj rFkkapkbZ ds :i esa gks ldrh gS vFkok fdlh LFkku ls fn'kk o nwjh ds:i esa Hkh gks ldrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ th-ih-,l- }kjk ;g irk yxldrk gS fd caxykSj gokbZ vM~Ms dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr 120 57* 03**mkj] 770 39* 57** iwoZ gS ;k fQj ge dg ldrs gS fd fnYyh gokbZvM~Ms ls caxykSj gokbZ vM~Mk 1731 fd-eh- dh nwjh ij 178 fMxzh dh fn'kk esa vFkkZr yxHkx nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSA

;g ;a=k xfreku okguksa dh xfr Hkh n'kkZrk gSA bl izdkj th-ih-,l- dks ekxZn'kZu rFkk fLFkfr fukkZj.k ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tkrk



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gSA th-ih-,l- dk fodkl l-jk- vesfjdk }kjk ewyr% lSU; mi;ksxds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA ckn esa bls ukxfjd mi;ksx ds fy, Hkhlhfer :i ls miyC/k dj fn;k x;kA

th-ih-,l- dh lgk;rk ls foeku] Hkwfe fLFkr la;a=kks a dhvuqifLFkfr esa Hkh] lqxerkiwoZd mM+ku Hkj ldrk gSA bl izdkj ;fn fdlh ,sls LFkku ij tgka ij oh-vks-vkj- vFkok ,u-Mh-ch-

vkfn tSls lk/ku miyC/k ugha gksa rks Hkh foeku dsoy th-ih-,l-ds ladsrksa }kjk fcYdqy lgh iFk ij tk ldrk gSA blds vykok;fn Hkwfe ij ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk th-ih-,l- ;a=k yxk fn;k tk,ftls fMsaf'k;y th-ih-,l- vFkok Mh-th-ih-,l- dgrs gSa rks foeku vkbZ-,y-,l- vkfn ds fcuk Hkh /kkou iFk ij lqjf{kr :ils mrj ldrk gSA

th-ih-,l- uked ;g tknqbZ ;a=k i`Foh ls 20]200 fd-eh- dhapkbZ ij varfj{k esa ifjek dj jgs ^ûSoLVkj** uked 24 vesfjdhmixzgksa ls ladsr xzg.k djrk gSA ^ûSoLVkj** uke ûsfoxs'ku flLVefon Vkbe ,aM jsaftax ds vk/kkj ij j[kk x;k gSA ^ûsoLVkj** mixzgfujarj viuh ^^fLFkfr** rFkk ^^le;** dk izlkj.k djrs jgrs gSaA buladsrksa dks xzg.k djds th-ih-,l- dk daI;wVj viuh ^^fLFkfr** dk

fu/kkZj.k dj ysrk gSA bl izdkj ;fn th-ih-,l- fdlh ok;q;ku esayxk gks rks mldh Hkh fLFkfr Kkr gks tkrh gSA

uSoLVkj mixzg yxHkx 12 ?kaVs esa i`Foh dh ifjek iwjh dj ysrsgSaA budk iFk dqN bl izdkj fukkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd i`Foh ij fdlh Hkh LFkku ls de ls de pkj mixzg vo'; fn[krs jgrs gSaAvly esa fdlh fcanq vFkok LFkku dh fLFkfr Kkr djus ds fy, dels de pkj mixzgksa ls ladsr feyus vko';d gSaA

mixzg ds ladsr 1575-42 rFkk 1227-6 esxkgVZt+ ij izlkfjrgksrs gSaA bu ladsrksa dks th-ih-,l- ds laxzkgd fjlhoj xzg.k djrsgSaA laxzkgdksa ds ,asVsuk dk #[k vkdk'k dh vksj j[kk tkrk gS rkfd




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os mixzg ls vkus okys ladsrksa dks vklkuh ls izkIr dj ldsaA laxzkgdfLFkr daI;wVj x.kuk }kjk okafNr lwpuk miyC/k djk nsrk gSA

th-ih-,l- laxzkgd dkQh lLrs] gYds rFkk NksVs gksrs gSa] ftudk mi;ksx ljyrkiwoZd fd;k tk ldrk gSA bUgsa cSVjh vFkok fo|qr~ }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA budk mi;ksx pkSchlksa ?kaVsfnu&jkr] lnhZ&cjlkr vkfn esa rFkk fo'o ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa dgha

Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekSle vkfn dk Hkh bu ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA

th-ih-,l- dk mi;ksx dsoy foeku esa gh ugha cfYd vU; dbZtxgksa ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, leqnzh tgkt] dkj] jsy] Hkwfe losZ{k.k] bathfu;jh] Hkwdai ekiu] iqyksa] jsy ykbuksa rFkklM+dksa vkfn ds fuekZ.k] ikbi ykbu rFkk fo|qr~ ykbu Mkyus ds fy,]

HkkSxksfyd ekufp=kksa ds iqufuekZ.k vkSj bl izdkj ds vusdksa dk;ks ds fy, fd;k tk jgk gSA

th-ih-,l- ds vfrfjDr :l }kjk fodflr Xyksukl Hkh miXkzgij vkkkfjr th-ih-,l- tSlh gh ,d iz.kkyh gS] ftldk mi;ksx vc'kh?kz gh fd;k tkus okyk gSA bu nksuksa iz.kkfy;ksa ds mi;ksx lsoSekfudh rFkk vU; {ks=kksa esa kafr lh vk tkus dh vk'kk gSA

Hkfo"; esa th-ih-,l- ;a=kksa dks fofHkUu foeku ryksa ij yxkus dh;kstuk gS] ftlls foekuksa ds lapkyu esa vHkwriwoZ ifjorZu gks tkus dh mEehn gSA

xxu ;kstuk

miXkzg rFkk th-ih-,l- ;k :lh miXkzg iz.kkyh Xyksukl ds lfEefyr iz;ksx ls Hkkjrh; foekuiku izkfkdj.k ,-,-vkbZ- vkSj Hkkjrh;varfj{k vuqlakku laxBu bljks }kjk xxu uked ,d ubZ ;kstukdk 'kqHkkjaHk fd;k x;k gSA yxHkx 500 djksM #i;s ds ykxr okyh bl ;kstuk dk iwjk uke gS th-ih-,l- Xyksukl ,MsM ft;ksLVs'kujh



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lSVsykbV vkxesaVsM uSohxs'ku] ftlds vaxzsth ds izFke v{kjksa dks tksM+us ls xxu 'kCn vFkkZr vkdk'k dh jpuk dh xbZ gSA okLro esalkekU;r% th-ih-,l- }kjk izsf"kr ladsr ukxfjd mi;ksx ds fy, brus'kq) ugha gksrs gSaA dsoy vesfjdk ds lg;ksxh fe=k ns'kksa ds lSU; mi;ksxds fy, fo'kq) th-ih-,l- ladsr miyCk djk, tkrs gSaA blds vykokbudh miyCkrk esa dHkh&dHkh {kf.kd :i ls #dkoV Hkh gks ldrh gS

tks lqj{kk dh nf"V ls foekuksa dh mM+ku ds fy, Lohdk;Z ugha gSA fdarqxxu dh lgk;rk ls Hkkjr rFkk nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k ds {ks=kksa esa mM+ku Hkjjgs foekuksa dks th-ih-,l- rFkk Xyks ukl ds la'kks fkr o 'kq ) ladsrlnSo] fujarj rFkk vVwV :i ls iz kIr gks ldsaxsA

bl ;kstuk ds varxZr o"kZ 2008 esa Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqlakkulaxBu }kjk th-lSV&4 uked ft;ksLVs'kujh miXkzg varfj{k esa 36000

fd-eh- dh apkbZ ij d{kk esa LFkkfir djk;k tk,xkA bl apkbZ ijifjek djus okyk miXkzg kjrh ls ,d fo'ks"k LFkku ij varfj{k esa fLFkj fn[krk gS ftlls fujarj ladsr izkIr gksrs jgsaxsaA

nwljh rjQ ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa pqus gq, LFkkuksa ij Hkwfefu;a=k.k dsanz LFkkfir fd, tk,axs tks th-ih-,l- ls izkIr ladsrksa dks la'kksfkr djds iqu% th-lSV&4 xxu miXkzg dks iz{ksfir djsaxsA

rRi'pkr~ xxu miXkzg mu la'kksfkr ladsrksa dks Hkkjr rFkk nf{k.k&iwoZ,f'k;k ds {ks=kksa esa mM+ku Hkj jgs foekuksa dks izsf"kr djsxkA bl izdkjfoekuksa dks fujarj 'kq) ladsr izkIr gksrs jgsaxsA bl izdkj foekuksa dksviuh fLFkfr vR;ar 'kq) :i ls Kkr gksrh jgsxhA

Hkfo"; dh ok;q lapkyu iz.kkyh

foeku ;krk;kr dh c


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bl izdkj foeku dh fLFkfr rFkk apkbZ th-ih-,l- }kjk Kkrdh tkrh gS ftldh lwpuk miXkzg lapkj }kjk Hkwfe fu;a=k.k dsanz rdizlkfjr dj nh tkrh gSA rRi'pkr~ Hkwfe fu;a=k.k dsanz mu lwpukvksads vkkkj ij foekuksa dk fu;a=k.k dj ldrk gS ftlds fy, jsMkj dkgksuk vko';d ugha gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa foeku ;krk;kr fu;a=k.k dsanz}kjk jsMkj dh vuqifLFkfr esa Hkh dsoy miXkzg ls izlkfjr lwpukvksa ds

vkkkj ij jsMkj tSlh ;krk;kr fu;a=k.k lqfokk,a iznku dj ldrk gSAvkbZ-,y-,l- tSlh gh QSal dh dbZ Jsf.k;ka gSa] tSls QSal 1] QSal 2]QSal 3 bR;kfnA



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gokbZ vM~Mk fuekZ.k ;kstukgokbZ vM~Mk fuekZ.k ;kstukgokbZ vM~Mk fuekZ.k ;kstukgokbZ vM~Mk fuekZ.k ;kstukgokbZ vM~Mk fuekZ.k ;kstuk

ekLVj Iyku

fdlh foeku ry ds fodkl vFkok fuekZ.k ls iwoZ mldk ekLVj IykurS;kj fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd gokbZ vM~Ms dh laiw.kZ {kerk dk iwjh rjgls mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA ,d vkn'kZ gokbZ vM~Mk og ekuk tkrk gS

tgka foekuksa] ;kf=k;ksa] eky rFkk okguksa ds lapkyu gsrq lHkh lqfokk,amiyCk gksa] rFkk tks vko';drkuqlkj vfkd ls vfkd ;k=kh] foekurFkk eky vkfn dk Hkkj lgu djus esa l{ke gksA blds vykok gokbZvM~Ms dk fuekZ.k miyCk ;krk;kr ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg, rFkk mlds fuekZ.k rFkk lapkyu ij de ls de ykxr vkuh pkfg,A kg Hkh;ku j[kk tkrk gS fd ogka ij dk;Zjr deZpkjh x.kksa dks vius dk;Z

fu"iknu esa fdlh izdkj dh vlqfokk u gksA ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g ns[kh tkrh gS fd gokbZ vM~Ms ds vkl&ikl mlds fodkl dsi;kZIr volj miyCk gksa rkfd ;fn vko';drk iM+s rks Hkfo"; esamldk foLrkj Hkh fd;k tk ldsA

nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;fn fdlh LFkku ij gokbZ vM~Mk cuk;k tkus okyk gS rks lcls igys ;g ns[kk tkuk

pkfg, fd ogka ij fdruk ;krk;kr VSfQd gksxk rFkk mlh dsvuq:i ;g fu.kZ; ysuk gksxk fd gokbZ vM~Mk NksVk gksxk ;k e>ksykvFkok cM+kA bl izdkj fdlh uxj esa ;fn ,d tacks tsV cksbax 747ds mrjus yk;d gokbZ vM~Mk cukus dh ;kstuk cukrs gSa] ftl ij




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yxHkx 500 yksx ;k=kk dj ldrs gSa] rks igys gesa ;g ns[kuk gksxkfd D;k ogka ij brus ;k=kh rFkk eky fey ldsxk ;k ugh] vkSj ;fnbruk vfkd ;krk;kr feyus dh laHkkouk ugha gS rks ml uxj dsfy, NksVk vFkok e>ksyk foeku ry rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldsvykok ;fn Hkfo"; esa ml LFkku ij ;krk;kr c


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foeku ry rd okguksa ds vkus&tkus] rFkk ;kf=k;ksa ds ifjogu rFkk vU; lqfokkvksa dh miyCkrk dk leqfpr izcak fd;k tk,A

fdlh u, gokbZ vM~Ms ds fuekZ.k vFkok orZeku gokbZ vM~Ms dsfodkl vkSj foLrkj esa cgqr vfkd iwath [kpZ gks ldrh gS rFkk bldsfy, cgqr cM+s iSekus ij fuekZ.k dk;ks dh vko';drk gks ldrh gSAvr% bl iwath dks cjckn gksus ls cpkus rFkk fuekZ.k dk;ks esa dh xbZesgur ds lQy gksus ds iz;kstu ls bl ckr dk ;ku j[kk tkrk gSfd gokbZ vM~Ms dks vfkd ls vfkd le; rd mi;ksx esa yk;k tkldsA

,slh fLFkfr esa ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gS fd gokbZ vM~Ms ds fy, leqfpr Hkw&{ks=k miyCk jgs] rkfd ;krk;kr esa o`f) rFkkoSekfudh ds fodkl ds lkFk gokbZ vM~Ms dk foLrkj fd;k tk ldsAHkw&{ks=k ds vykok ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd foekuksa dk lapkyu lqjf{krvkSj lqpk# :i ls gksrk jgs rFkk gokbZ vM~Ms ds vkl&ikl dsfuokfl;ksa dks fdlh vlqfokk dk lkeuk u djuk iM+sA

kkou iFk dk pqukogokbZ vM~Ms ds fy, leqfpr Hkw&{ks=k ds iwokZuqeku ds fy, lcls igysmlds kkou iFkksa dh lajpuk dk fukkZj.k djuk vko';d gS] D;ksafdgokbZ vM~Ms dk vfkdrj {ks=k kkou iFkksa }kjk gh iz;qDr gksrk gSAkkou iFkksa dh ;kstuk rS;kj djrs le; fuEu ckrksa dk ;ku j[kktkrk gS %

kkou iFkksa dh yackbZ kkou iFkksa dh fn'kk kkou iFkksa dh la[;k/kkou iFkksa ls lacaf/kr vU; fooj.k v;k; pkj esa fn, x, gSA

43 gokbZ vM~Mk fuekZ.k ;kstuk



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oSls fdlh gokbZ vM~Ms ds fuekZ.k ds fy, dsoy Hkwfe dhmiyCkrk gh i;kZIr ugha gksrh gSA blds fy, vkSj Hkh vusd ckrksadks ;ku esa j[kuk iM+rk gS] ftudh deh ds dkj.k gokbZ vM~Ms ij foekuksa ds vkokxeu ij vkaf'kd vFkok dHkh&dHkh iw.kZ :i ls Hkhizfrcak yx ldrk gSA ;s izfrcak izpkyu lacakh dkj.kksa ls gks ldrsgSa vFkok lkekftd dkj.kksa ls Hkh gks ldrs gSaA dqN izfrcak vkfFkZd

dkj.kksa ls Hkh gks ldrs gSaA blhfy, gokbZ vM~Ms ds pquko esa fo'ks"klkokkuh dh vko';drk gksrh rFkk ;g pquko vusd fo'ks"kKksa dhlykg ysus ds ckn gh fd;k tkrk gSA

izpkyu lacakh izfrcak

fdlh gokbZ vM~Ms ij tc foeku mrjrs gSa ;k tc ogka ls mM+ku Hkjrs

gSa rks mUgsa vusd mM+ku fu;e lafgrkvksa dk ikyu djuk iM+rk gSAvfkdrj fu;e lafgrk,a lqj{kk rFkk rkjrE;rk dks n`f"V esa j[kdjrS;kj fd, x, gSaA buds dkj.k Hkh foeku ry dh fLFkfr esa dkQhQsjcny dh laHkkouk gks ldrh gSA

izpkyu lacakh izfrcak fuEu dkj.kksa ls gks ldrs gSa %

ok;q lhek lacakhmM+ku ds le; lqj{kk dh nf"V ls rFkk vU; dkj.kksa ls ok;q esa fo'ks"kapkbZ rFkk fn'kk vkfn cuk, j[kuk iM+rk gS] rkfd vkl&ikl mM+kuHkjus okys nwljs foekuksa ls gksus okyh laHkkfor VDdj vFkok ^^tksf[keiw.kZ lehirk**ls cpko gks ldssA blds vykok ok;q lhek dk dqN {ks=k

ok;q lsuk rFkk vU; lqj{kk lsukvkas ds fy, vkjf{kr ?kks f"kr dj fn;ktkrk gSA bl izdkj mu LFkkuksa vFkok mu apkb;ksa ij ukxfjd foekuksadh mM+kuksa ij dqN izfrcak yx tkrk gSA

blh izdkj ;fn u, foeku ry dks fdlh vU; foeku ry ds fudV cuk;k tk jgk gS] rks Hkh mldh mM+kuksa ij dqN lhek rd



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izfrcak yxus dh laHkkouk gks ldrh gS D;ksafd ml voLFkk esa ,d foeku ry dk mM+ku {ks=k nwljs foeku ry ds mM+ku {ks=k ds fy,leL;kdkjh fl) gks ldrk gSA bl izdkj ds dqN izfrcak fnYyh dsbafnjk xkakh varjkZ"Vh; foekuiku vkSj lQnjtax foeku ry rFkkeqacbZ ds varjkZ"Vh;

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