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A Quick Guide to Referenci
Robert Harris designed this simple fl
(Source: Harris, 2001, p.155 & 158)
HARVA
What is referencing?When you write an assignment at authors. Each time you do so, it is
both in the text of your assignmen
This practice of acknowledging au
sources you are plagiarising. Thi
against you by the University.
When to reference?References must be provided whe
organisation of material. You need
computers, other print or electron
A reference is required if you:
quote (use someone else’s exa
copy (use figures, tables or str
paraphrase (convert someone
summarise (use a brief accoun
ng
owchart to assist students to cite their research
D REFERENCING
niversity, you are required to refer to the work ecessary to identify their work by making refer
and in a list at the end of your assignment.
hors is known as referencing. If you do not refe
s is academic deceit and disciplinary action may
never you use someone else’s opinions, theories,
to reference information from books, articles, vi
ic sources, and personal communications.
t words)
cture)
else’s ideas into your own words)
t of someone else’s ideas).
1
roperly.
f othernce to it—
ence your
e taken
data or
eos,
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General Principles of thThe Harvard System requires two
references at the end of your wo
1. Within the Text—In-tex
The Harvard referencing syste
a source within the text of you
• the name of the author or
• the year of publication
• the page number (when th
when directly quoted)
2. At the End of the Text—
At the end of your text, you marticles and other sources of i
3. Other features include:
a specific order in which t which should be placed (ciflow of your writing—this
sentences (see ways of citi
When you cite sources of i
whether you quote, copy,
o the author’s surname (
o the year of publication
o page numbers when diwords/material
o correct punctuation an
e Harvard System
parts: you should have both in-text referen
k.
Citations
m requires you to include three pieces of inf
r work. This information is:
uthors
information/idea can be located on a partic
ist of References
st include a List of References, a list of all thformation you have used to research your a
is information should be structured the in-tet ed) in such a way that it causes minimal disrusually means at the very end or the very be
g below).
formation in the text of your assignment—r
araphrase or summarise—you should inclufamily name)(latest edition)
rectly quoting or closely paraphrasing an au
d spacing
2
ces and a list of
rmation about
lar page, or
e books, journalsignment.
xt referenceuption to theinning of your
gardless of
e:
hor’s
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In-Text Citations
How to Cite In-text Citations may be placed at the end of
The theory was first developed by
1. Author prominent
This way of referencing in youintegrate the author’s surname
sentence, followed by the yearpublication and page number, i
parentheses (round brackets):
ExampleChon and Sparrowe (2000, p. 1that an advantage of chain own
‘the strong national brand iden
2. Information prominent
The other way of citing referenprominence to the information
the required referencing detailparentheses at the end of the ci
Example
It has been stated that ‘the stro
brand identity’ is one of the adchain ownership (Chon and Sp
2000).
a sentence (before the concluding punctuation) i
Fayol (Robbins, 2005)…
To cite a direct quotat Write the text word for wquotation marks at the be
of the quotation. The auth
number must be included
To cite a paraphrase o
summary of an autho
ideasRestate the original word
own words. The author, d
number(s) must be inclu
To reference the over
work You do not need to includ
because it is the entire w
referring to:
t ext is tointo your
of n
23) stateership is
tity’.
ces giveswith all
intation.
ng national
antages of rrowe,
Employees’ range of skihospitality is influenced
consideration (Baum 20
“Geographical impact otourism, hospitality and
(Baum 2006, p. 5).
Larsen and Greene (19
effects of pollution in t
cities...
3
n brackets:
ionord and placeginning and end
or, date and page
.
r a short
’s words or
/ idea in your
ate and page
ed.
ll content of a
page numbers
rk you are
ls inby geographic
06, p.5)
the nature of leisure…”
9) studied the
hree major
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Acronyms and initials Acronyms are initial letters pro
appear both in-text and in the re
If a work contains numerous ref
Royal Society for the Prevention
The first citation in-text must inc
the acronym and initials will suff
Example
The Royal Society for the P
removing injured animals
In the reference list, both t
example:
Royal Society for the Preveremoval of animals at risk ,
Page numbersPage numbers should be used wh
publication.
This includes tables or figures. Pa
paraphrasing where the summari
The following examples illustrate
One page referred to
Pages that are not in sequence
Pages that are in sequence
Pages from a web site
ounced as a word. Examples are MAS, TNB etc. T
erence list.
rences to a particular resource with a long title, f
of Cruelty to Animals, the initials may be used, R
lude both the full title and the acronym or initial
ce. Write these without full stops.
revention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) has a po
RSPCA 1999).
e long title and the acronym or initials must be i
ntion of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) 1999, Policy
uthor, Brisbane.
n you directly quote material (word for word) fr
e numbers should also be provided for indirect
ed material appears in specific pages, chapters o
the use of page numbers:
Wells 1992, p. 4
Smith 1996, pp. 1, 4 & 6
Jones & Mackay 1998, pp. 25–26
Kelly & McWhirter 1997, p. 1 of 2
4
hese must
or example,
SPCA.
, and thereafter
licy on
cluded, for
statement on
om the original
uotes and
r sections.
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List of References
The List of References in the Harvand other sources you have referr
Key Points to Note
A list of references should be l
If bibliographic information e
hanging indent.
The title of a book should be icapitalise the first word of a ti
Difference between a re The reference list only identifies
You may also be required to prov
A bibliography is presented in thmaterial consulted in the prepara
In other words, a bibliog
reference list but it also i
consulted but did not cit
ard system is a single list of all the books, joued to throughout your assignment.
aid out alphabetically by author surname.
ceeds one line of text, then the following line
italics. Minimal capitalisation is recommenle’s heading/subheading and any proper no
erence list and a bibliography
ources referred to (cited) in the text of your assi
ide a bibliography.
same format as a reference list but it includes altion of your assignment.
aphy presents the same items as a
ncludes all other sources which you
.
5
rnal articles
s should have a
ed (e.g. onlyns).
nment.
l
ead or
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Citing /Referencing Differe
1. Elements for referencing a
For a book , the following elemen
order:
surname and initials of autho year of publication
title of book (in italics) in min
the edition, for example, 4th e
publisher
place of publication.
In the text
A page number is required if yparaphrasing, summarising or
directly:
(Williams 2006, p.23)
DuBrin (2006, p. 12) sugge
If you are only citing the main i
book:(Williams 2007)
Author’s surname
and initials Year of publicati
Tanke, ML 2006, Human resourc
Title of boo
nt Sources
ook ts should be presented in this
(s)
imal capitalisation
n, if not the original publication
Only the fibooks, cha
is capitalis Authors’ n
titles andalways ca
If the titlechapter cocapitalise i
colon is a
Baum, T 2manag
hospit
Thoms
u arequoting
sts that ...
dea of the
In the List of References
Williams, C 2006, Effective man
Thomson Southwestern
DuBrin, AJ 2006, Essentials of m
edn, Thomson Southw
n
Title of book in minimal
capitalization Publis
s management for hospitality, 2nd edn, Cengage L
in italicsCommas between elements
except author(s) and date Full sto
6
rst word in the titles of pters and journal articles
ed.
ames and initials, journal
ublishing firm names arepitalised.
of the article, book orntains a colon, onlyf the first word after the
roper name. For example:
06, Human resource
ement for tourism,
lity and leisure,
on, Australia.
gement 3rd edn,
, Australia.
anagement , 7th
stern, Australia.
her
arning.
at the end
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2. Elements for referencing a j
For a journal article, the followi
presented in this order: surname and initials of autho
year of publication
title of article in single quotat title of journal or periodical i
capitalisation
volume number where applic
issue number or other identifi
example, Winter
page number(s).
In the text
If the page number is required
summarise, paraphrase or dire
(Dunn & Wilkinson 2002, p
If you are citing the main idea
only:
(Dunn & Wilkinson 2002)
Author’s surname
and initials Year of publicatio
Dunn, C & Wilkinson, A 2002, ‘Wi
vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 228-246.
Volume and issue
number in lower
casePage numbers
urnal articleg elements should be
(s)
ion marksitalics and maximal
ble
r where applicable, for
In the List of References Dunn, C & Wilkinson, A 2002, ‘W
here: managing absence’, Pe
vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 228-246.
(when you
ctly quote):
. 231)
f the article
For titles of pemagazines an
the first wordwhich is not ‘t (such as ‘for’, ‘
conjunction (s
Dunn, C & Wil
were her
Personne
228-246.
n
Title of article in
minimal capitalization
and in single quotation
marks
Italics and ma
capitalization
journal title
h you were here: managing absence’, Personnel
Full stop at the end
7
ish you were
rsonnel Review,
riodicals (journals,newspapers), capitalise
and also any other worde’, ‘a’, ‘an’, a preposition
on’, ‘under’, ‘about’) or a
ch as ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’).
inson, A 2002, ‘Wish you
: managing absence’,
Review, vol. 31, no. 2, pp.
ximal
for
eview,
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3. Other Sources
To cite an article from a book coll
A book collection consists of a colle
articles or chapters, each by differebut compiled by editor(s).
If you want to cite a particular artic
cite the author(s) of the article in th
(Curthoys 1997, p. 25)
To cite a book collection
If you want to cite the entire book, reditors(s) of the collection in the te
(Hudson & Bolton 1997)
To cite a quotation or idea from a
You must acknowledge both source
text:
Graham Gibbs, in his 1981 study int
learning wrote that “because studeof their tutor’s mastery of the subjeis quite common for them to assum
reader has no needs at all” (Gibbs 1cited in Bowden & Marton 1998, p.
To refer to more than one work
Separate the references either with
or the word and
(Entwistle 1977; Haddon 1969) or :
Entwistle (1977) and Haddon (196demonstrated ...
ection
tion of
t authors,
e/chapter,
e text:
In the List of References
When you use an article or chapt collection, the title of the article
quotations. The title of the book i
example:
Curthoys, A 1997, ‘History and id
Hudson & G Bolton (eds), Cr
ustralia: changing Australi
& Unwin, Sydney, pp. 23-38.
efer to thet:
To cite the entire book:Hudson, W & Bolton, G (eds) 199
ustralia: changing Australi
& Unwin, Sydney.
n author who attributes it to another source
s in your
o student
ts are awaret matter, it that their
81, p. 39,5).
In the List of References, recor
you actually sourced:
Bowden, J & Marton, F 1998, The
learning, Kogan Page, Londo
a semicolon
) both
Each source will require a separ
List of References.
8
er from a book ppears in
s italicised. For
entity’, in W
ating
n history , Allen
7, Creating
n history , Allen
the book that
university of
n.
te entry in the
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To cite more than one author
Include both names in the order in
appear on the title page:
(Gerster & Basset 1987) or:
Gerster and Basset (1987) assert th
To cite more than three authors
Use the surname of the first author
(‘and others’) in the text:
Leeder et al. (1996, p. 78) argued ...
or
(Leeder et al. 1996)
To cite on-line or electronic jour
Journal article from a website
‘Many teachers who work in "wiredcomplaining that new technologies
1998, p.2)or
McKenzie (1998) suggests that newhave made plagiarism easier.
Journal article from a database
Dunn and Wilkinson (2002) state t payment of sick leave to employees
or
Dunn and Wilkinson (2002, p.230)‘….’
To cite from newspapers and ma
In the text
If there is no author, list the name o
newspaper, the date, year and page
(The Star 12 December 2007, p. 8)
hich they
at ...
In the List of References:
Gerster, R & Bassett, J 1991, Seiz
sixties and Australia, Hyland
Melbourne.
and et al. In the List of References:
Leeder, SR, Dobson, AJ, Gibbers,
Mathews, PS, Williams, DW
1996, The Australian film in
Dominion Press, Adelaide.
Don’t use et al. in the list of refer
authors in the order in which the
title page
als
schools" are…’(McKenzie
technologies
McKenzie, J 1998, ‘The new plaantidotes to prevent highw
electronic age’, The Educati
Journal , vol. 7, no. 8, viewe
http://www.fno.org/may9
at direct ….
tated that
Dunn, C & Wilkinson, A 2002, ‘W
here: managing absence’, Pe
vol.31 no.2, pp. 228-246, (oEmeraldInsight).
azines
f the
number:
List of References
An unattributed newspaper artic
‘Political parties gearing up for n
The Star , 12 December, 2007,p. 2
9
res of youth: the
House,
W, Patel, NK,
& Mariot, DL
ustry ,
nces. List all
y appear on the
iarism: sevenay robbery in an
onal Technology
3 May 2006,
/cov98may.html
ish you were
rsonnel Review ,
line
e:
tional elections’,
1.
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If there is an author, cite as you wo
journal article:
(Nadeson 2007, p. 3)
To quote from a privately obtain
Include the abbreviation ‘pers. com
in-text reference:
(B Daly 1994, pers. comm., 7 Aug.)
Note that the initial(s) precede th
No date can be established or est
The new programme is aimed at facstudent performance … (Umar n.d.)
or
Umar (n.d., p. 7) found that ‘…’
In a draft policy release, the Malaysi
government (c. 2001) suggests that or
‘Rural tourism in Malaysia has long
neglected …’ (Tourism Malaysia c.2
Documents on the internet (worl
Indicate page numbers by using, for
To see the page numbers, click on F
When referencing documents fromdocument , viewed date, URL
ld for a A newspaper article with a name
Nadeson, A 2007, ‘National meeti
component parties’ performDecember, p. 3.
d interview or other personal communicatio
.’ in your
surname.
Details of a personal communica
usually need to be included in th
References as it cannot be traced
Check with your tutor or lecture
preferences. Before using person
communications, ensure you hav
of the person with whom you co
blished approximately
ilitating.
an
…
been a
01, p. 1).
Umar, K n.d., Study Skills PrograInternational College, USA.
Tourism Malaysia c. 2001, Draft
tourism in Malaysia.
wide web)
example, p. 1 of 2 in in-text referencing.
ile then Print Preview while in Internet Explor
he WWW, always apply this principle: Author a
10
d author:
ng set to review
nce’, The Star,
ion do not
List of
by the reader.
for their
al
e the permission
municated.
, ACI
olicy for rural
er.
d date, name of
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Arranging the reference lis
1. The reference list is arranged in
(Do not use numbers, letters or b
2. Any reference that starts with alisted numerically.
3. Where there is more than one au
appear on the title page of the pu
page.
4. If a reference has no author, list i
Tourism Malaysia.
5. If there is no author or sponsori
the resource must appear, but w
the beginning of the reference’s t
according to the ‘A’ in ‘Australian
6. If there are two or more referencwith the oldest work first.
7. If references by the same author
alphabetically according to the ti
date, and so on, (e.g. 1993a, 1993
Formatting the reference li 1. The title should be References a
bold
left aligned in the same font size as the d
Note: headings are neither underline
2. The references contained in the l
be in single line spacing have a blank single line spac
be left aligned be arranged alphabetically
be the final page of your assi
t
lphabetical order according to the author’s famil
ullet points to begin each entry.)
umber (e.g. 7:30 Report) precedes the alphabeti
t hor of a publication, maintain the order of their
blication, even if they are not in alphabetical ord
alphabetically according to the sponsoring bod
g body, list alphabetically according to the title.
en listing alphabetically, ignore words such as, ‘
itle. For example, ‘The Australian child’ should b
’.
es by the same author, then list them in order of
have been published in the same year, then list t
le and add the letter ‘a’ after the first date, and ‘b
b, 1993c).
st
d it should be:
cument (usually 12 pt).
nor punctuated.
st should:
between each reference (Use paragraph spacing
gnment. (Appendices are placed after the refere
11
y name.
al listing and is
ames as they
r on the title
, for example,
he whole title of
he’, ‘A’, ‘An’ at
alphabetised
ublication date
em
’ after the second
of 12 pt)
ce list.)
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References
Commonwealth of Australia 2002, St
Snooks & Co., John Wiley &
Harris, R 2001, The plagiarism hand plagiarism, Pyrczak, Los Ang
le manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th e
Sons Australia, Brisbane.
ook: strategies for preventing, detecting and deaeles.
12
dn, rev.by
ing with