Harpeth River Watershed Watershed Association Association Volunteer Manual 2008
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Harpeth River
Watershed Watershed
AssociationAssociation
Volunteer Manual
2008
Harpeth River Watershed Association
Volunteer Manual
Chapter 1 HRWA Mission and Facts Introduction p.3 Facts at a Glance p.5 Program Areas p.7 Membership p.8 HRWA Staff and Board of Directors p.9 Volunteer Opportunities p.10 Helpful Hints for Booth Staffi ng p.13 Answering the Tough Question p.14 Chapter 2 The Harpeth River Watershed Watershed Map p.16 Franklin Drainage Area p.17 What is a Watershed? p.18 Public Access Points/ Harpeth River Blueway Project p.19 Top 10 RiverSmart Tips p.20 Chapter 3 Stream Health, Rain Gardens and Native Plants Protecting Your Backyard Stream p.21 Maintaining Your Septic System p.23 What is a Conservation Easement? p.25 Rain Garden Installation p.26 RiverSmart Gardening Tips p.28 Native Tennessee Plants p.30 Chapter 4 HRWA Current Issues and Studies Overview Current Issues Liberty Creek p.32 Former McCrory Lane Quarry p.33 Drinking Water Withdrawal p.34 Watershed Restoration Program p.36 Studies Overviews Dissolved Oxygen Study p.37 Bank Erosion Study p.39 Headwaters Nutrient Study p.40 Sediment Study p.41
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Harpeth River Watershed Association
Volunteer Manual Introduction
Welcome to the volunteer program with the Harpeth River Watershed Association. Thank you for your interest in helping protect and restore the Harpeth River and promoting awareness of the importance of river health. Your time and talents are greatly appreciated!
This manual will provide you with some background information to assist you with your volunteer role. We hope this will answer many of your questions and provide you with “talking points” to assist you as you interact with the community on our behalf. Please do not hesitate to contact me at any time with questions or comments regarding the contents of this manual. Much of our work deals with current issues and all attempts will be made to have the most up to date information possible.
The Harpeth River Watershed
The Harpeth River fl ows through some of the most archeologically and historically signifi cant areas in Tennessee. The 125 mile long river with its many tributaries drains about 870- square miles and fl ows through six counties in middle Tennessee from its headwaters in Eagleville to its confl uence with the Cumberland River in Cheatham County.
The Harpeth is an important recreational resource for fi shing and canoeing and a segment in the Bellevue area is designated a state Scenic River. Its aquatic diversity includes rare seep communities, creeks that contain a high diversity of fi sh and aquatic invertebrates, and some of the most exceptional habitat for amphibians and reptiles in Middle Tennessee. Fishermen and canoeists enjoy the river’s peaceful beauty and the wide variety of fi sh, crayfi sh, mussels and other aquatic life. The Harpeth is one of the unique freshwater river systems of the Southeast, which contain a greater variety of aquatic life than anywhere else in the world.
Our Biggest Challenges
Unfortunately, about one-third of the Harpeth River watershed is located in one of the fastest growing regions in the country. The cumulative effects of rapid development, certain agricultural activities, poorly functioning sewage systems, and other pressures mean that almost 30% of the Harpeth river system is not meeting state water quality standards. The primary threat to water quality in the watershed is from sedimentation. Development is quickly transforming the landscape from forests and pastures to parking lots, streets and rooftops, causing rain to rush off the land instead of soaking
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into the ground. This causes both pollution and increased fl ooding in developed areas. Pavement also prevents precious rain from soaking into the ground so that wells and creeks dry up more readily and summer river levels are lower than in the past. Conventional developments have so much pavement that they dramatically reduce the amount of rain soaking into the ground. Instead, virtually all the rain pours into storm drains and reaches nearby creeks through stormwater systems that do not necessarily control fl ooding.
You might think that factories and sewage treatment plants are the big polluters, but in reality pollution comes from everywhere. Rain runs off yards, golf courses, construction sites, roads, and farms into nearby creeks and then into the Harpeth—bringing with it sediment, toxins, fertilizers, overfl ow from failing septic systems, and animal wastes. This is called “nonpoint source” pollution, since it doesn’t come from a single source. Nonpoint source pollution is increasing with growth and can raise the cost for water utilities to produce drinking water from the region’s rivers.
In a natural setting, streams have thick vegetation on both banks. Streamside vegetation helps hold streambanks in place, and also slows and fi lters surface water fl owing into the stream. With development and landscaping, this vegetation (the riparian corridor) is often lost—either paved over or mowed down, leaving the stream with no bank-side protection. Water temperatures rise, threatening fi sh and other aquatic life. Nonpoint source pollution also increases and bank erosion becomes a serious threat.
Harpeth River Watershed Association
The HRWA’s efforts include working on better development design and land use planning, more effective erosion control, encouraging infi ltration stormwater management design, improving stream buffers, and similar on-the-ground and long-term solutions that everyone from a homeowner to a planning commissioner can implement.
The HRWA is using the watershed approach to address the challenges facing the Harpeth. Our Science and Policy advisory members are chemists, river computer model experts, biologists, engineers, and conservation policy specialists. We have conducted numerous fi eld projects to get a more detailed understanding of the threats and priorities in the Harpeth. We utilize trained volunteers in every aspect of our work.
Our approach involves seeking to understand all perspectives and working collaboratively with a wide range of stakeholders to yield long lasting and practical results. Though we are not confrontational in style, we actively confront problems. The HRWA has made a priority of building trust and developing local relationships in order to work together.
The Harpeth River Watershed offers an opportunity to restore and maintain a biologically diverse aquatic system in the heart of one of the fastest growing regions of the U.S. To achieve this long-term goal, the HRWA relies on the support of generous individuals and corporations to provide core funding that then leverages private and government grants, putting money to work in our river.
Thank you for choosing to be an HRWA volunteer. Your efforts help promote wise use of resources and increased awareness of the value of our
country’s river systems and clean water. Your time and talent is greatly appreciated!
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FACTS AT A GLANCE
Our MissionThe Harpeth River Watershed Association (HRWA) in middle Tennessee is
dedicated to preserving and restoring the ecological health of the Harpeth River and providing expertise in statewide conservation policy.
Who We Are:Non-profi t 501(c)(3) conservation organization founded in 1999Executive Director; Dorene BolzeEight full-time and two part-time staff many with graduate level degrees in biology, environmental science, anthropology, policy and law, fi nancial accounting, ecology and wildlife conservationBoard of Directors (13) and Technical and Scientifi c Advisory BoardHeadquartered in Franklin but work across six counties in Middle Tennessee Spearhead the formation of a statewide coalition to effect statewide conservation policy
What We Do:Specialize in river restoration efforts that protect streambanks and streamside zones and improve fi sh and wildlife habitat throughout the watershedConduct scientifi c fi eld studies and water quality monitoring in conjunction with state and federal agencies to provide a clear picture of the current state of the river systemLead the development of watershed planning to balance growth with protection of environmental healthParticipate in city and state policy discussions along with regulatory and permitting decisions to protect the river Ensure adequate water fl ows for sewage effl uent dilution, drinking water supplies and maintenance of good water qualityProvide training and information on various topics such as water chemistry, development design, land use planning, importance of streamside habitat, water use effi ciency, native landscaping, and agricultural practices that ensure healthy livestock and protect and improve water qualityParticipate in community events that raise awareness about the river and how everyone can be involved in protecting water qualityImprove access to the river and offer opportunities to explore the watershedUtilize the resources of talented volunteers in all program areas whenever possible
The Harpeth River:The river begins in Rutherford County near Eagleville and fl ows 125 miles to Cheatham County to its confl uence with the Cumberland River The entire system includes over 1,000 miles of tributary streamsFlows across six counties; Rutherford, Williamson, Davidson, Dickson, Hickman and Cheatham Is one of 69 diverse freshwater river systems in the Southeast which contain a greater variety of aquatic life than anywhere else in the worldHome to species of fi sh and snails such as the fi nescale darter that are found no where else in the world except the Harpeth and Red rivers. Nearly 30% of the assessed portions of the river system fail to meet all state water quality standards due to bank erosion, streamside habitat loss, nonpoint source pollution, water withdrawals, industrial pollution and high levels of treated effl uent entering the river.
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One-third of the watershed is located in one of the fastest growing regions in the country, Williamson County. This growth is the largest threat to the health of the river. The mainstem of the Harpeth is being degraded due to the increased amount of effl uent from the Franklin and Williamson county sewage treatment plants and the drinking water demand combined with the summer low fl ow season that together cause dissolved oxygen levels to drop below state standards.Drinking water source for residents in Cheatham county and the city of FranklinProvides a variety of recreational activities including canoeing, kayaking and fi shing.
Current Projects:Detection of hazardous chemicals in Liberty Creek and main Harpeth- FranklinPlanning for future water needs regarding permit for drinking water plant and developing plans for effl uent discharges - FranklinHarpeth River Blueway Campaign - to establish and improve publice access along the riverRiver restoration projects throughout watershed utilizing various funding support and volunteersParticipating in community events to educate the public about the Harpeth River and how they can help improve its healthRestoring headwater streams in Eagleville and working to reduce bacteria loads in the riverSubwatershed Planning to reduce water pollution: Five Mile Creek I-65 Goose Creek growth corridor - Franklin, Jones Creek - Dickson, South Harpeth - Fernvale and Hwy 100, West Harpeth- south central Williamson county.
Funding for Projects:Annual budget increased from $1800 in 1999 to over $750,000 in 2007 with healthy, diverse funding sources.Donations from 500 members and donors and annual events such as the Harpeth River Hootenanny – provides half of annual fundsIn-kind donations of services or products from local and national businessesState grants for stream restoration and pollutant reductionFederal grants (EPA) for establishing watershed plans that promote regulatory approaches for development to protect water quality and green spaceLocal city stream restoration projects such as Brentwood, Fairview, Kingston Springs city parks
Key Messages: Everyone who lives in the watershed can contribute to its health by using water resources wisely and not contributing to pollution. Water fl owing in the Harpeth River will eventually reach the Gulf of Mexico, via the Cumberland, Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The Harpeth River is naturally a low-fl ow river in the summer months, meaning caution must be used when considering removing water from the river. Public support is critical for HRWA to continue its successful programs that protect the river. Our funding comes from members, donors as well as grants and corporate support. Members receive benefi ts that include family friendly volunteer opportunities and free or discounted events to explore the watershed.
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RIVER RESTORATION AND WILDLIFE PROTECTION
The river restoration program relies on volunteers from scout troops, church groups, school clubs and individuals to rebuild streambanks to prevent erosion. Projects improve streamside natural areas and help reduce damage from stormwater runoff. Projects have been completed in areas such as; Little Harpeth, the Narrows, West Harpeth and the headwaters in Eagleville. HRWA uses state and federal grant funds to develop and implement watershed plans to improve water quality throughout the watershed.
Recent assessments performed by HRWA, Tennessee’s Department of Environment and Conservation and the EPA have demonstrated that water quality in the Harpeth River in the summer is signifi cantly
below state standards. The standards exist to protect wildlife and public health. HRWA has ongoing efforts to develop and implement a collaborative management plan that takes into account all impacts on water quality.
Scouts install cedar revetments to improve bank stability.
HRWA has worked diligently to push for a complete and timely clean up of the hazardous chemicals leaking into Liberty Creek and the Harpeth River.
Program Areas
POLICY AND PLANNING
HRWA policy specialists work cooperatively with local governments and state agencies to demonstrate the use of tools for designing and building developments, plan growth and ensure regulations are followed that protect water quality. Providing comments on permit reviews, presenting at state hearings, promoting public participation and developing watershed plans are some of the methods utilized to protect the river and provide communities with clean water.
Water withdrawals upstream of the lowhead dam in Franklin lead to stagnant pools and low levels of dissolved oxygen.
OUTREACH AND RECREATION
HRWA provides students, local leaders, landowners and the general public with knowledge on how to make their respective spaces more “river-friendly.” Through hands-on experiences, HRWA teaches valuable science skills and strives to inspire appreciation for the natural environment. Adventurous fi eld excursions allow members and the public to experience the natural landscape of the watershed while learning ways they can make a difference.
Families enjoy the river’s peaceful beauty.
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The Harpeth River Watershed Association needs your help to continue to protect and restore the ecological health of the watershed. Your support goes toward our programs in restoration, education, wildlife protection and statewide conservation policy.
Members enjoy benefi ts including:
Free T-shirt (at member plus level and higher).
Membership card.
Pollution Prevention Hotline card.
Free or discounted family fun events to explore the watershed.
One free education program for your scout or church group.
Voices of the Harpeth Newsletter and monthly Downstream News bulletins to keep you informed of issues that affect your river.
Family friendly volunteer opportunities to make a difference in the health of your river.
Your support allows us to work on issues such as resolving the causes of violations of state water quality standards, non-seasonal causes of low fl ow, watershed improvement plans, on-the-ground restoration and education programs. Our efforts also include work on statewide water conservation policy and urban growth and development planning to ensure decisions are made that protect our natural resources for future generations.
Please consider becoming a member and taking advantage of the benefi ts and opportunities to explore your watershed and support work on your river.
Membership
Annual Giving Levels:
$10 Student Membership $25 Basic Membership $40 Membership Plus (with t-shirt*, poster)$50-99 Crayfish$100-249 Dragonfly$250-499 Bullfrog$500-999 Tippecanoe Darter$1000-2,499 Box Turtle$2,500 and above River Otter
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Report a river emergency
If you observe fi sh kills, unusual odors, sewage spills, stream buffer damage or dirty stormwater, call the Tennessee Department of Environment
and Conservation at 1-888-891-TDEC (8332).
You may also contact local stormwater offi ces:
Franklin - 791-3218Brentwood- 371-0080Dickson - 441-9506
Williamson County - 790-5608Davidson County - 880-2420
Harpeth River Watershed Association Staff Contacts
Main Offi ce: 615-790-9767 Fax: 615-790-9897
Email Addresses for Staff: fi [email protected]
Mailing AddressPO Box 1127
Franklin, TN 37065
Physical Address1164 Columbia Avenue
Franklin, TN 37064
Dorie BolzeExecutive DirectorCell: 615-479-0181Offi ce ext: 101
Lindsay Gardner Director of Science and RestorationCell: 615-415-2873Offi ce ext: 103
Cam WestAssociate Director of Development and EventsCell: 615-306-5477Offi ce ext: 109
Melissa BuchananEagleville Outreach Specialist (PT)Cell 615-708-9980
Josh ThompsonWatershed Restoration Coordinator
Pam DaveeDirector of Development and Policy SpecialistCell: 615-491-2973Offi ce ext: 104
Roger SmitchensBusiness ManagerCell: 615-406-7740Offi ce ext: 105
Sarah GannDirector of Outreach, Volunteers and MembershipCell: 615-587-4888Offi ce ext: 108
Mike CainWatershed Assessment and Restoration Manager Cell: 615-274-3844Offi ce ext: 102
Board of Directors
Phil Pace, Chairman Ernest Bacon Linda Breggin Lori CanaleJeff Carr Mike Corn Mark Dietze Nancy HiattSkip Hindman David Lemke Josh May Mary Wade
Advisory Board
Orrin Ingram John Ingram Darrell Waltrip Lisa Harless Matt Dobson
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Volunteer Opportunities
Volunteers are vital to the success of the Harpeth River Watershed Association. Much of our restora-tion work and community impact relies on the generosity of individuals who volunteer their time and talent to assist on various projects. HRWA is expanding its volunteer program to offer other oppor-tunities to individuals interested in protecting their water resources, learning new skills and having a great time! The descriptions below describe these new opportunities. If you are ready to have fun, meet new people and actively work toward preserving our water resources for future generations, contact us today to join our fantastic volunteer team. Training may be required.
Contact Sarah Gann, Director of Outreach, Volunteers and Membership, at (615) 790-9767 or [email protected] for more information or visit our web site at www.harpethriver.org.
Volunteer Position DescriptionsAmbassador VolunteersVolunteers may assist with school fairs, community festivals, classrooms or party planning for events such as the Hootenanny and Silent Auction. Programs may consist of short-repeated activities or pre-packaged lessons that teach a variety of topics related to water quality and river life. Programs may be related to a restoration event and parties may be related to fundraising events. Volunteers may also host informational/recruitment booths at events while discussing HRWA mission and goals.
Volunteers should: Be enthusiastic about clean water and healthy riversAttend training to learn programs and key messagesBe comfortable delivering messages to students of all agesBe 18 years or older and have reliable transportationBe available to deliver 3 or more programs per year
Training:Training workshops will be provided on a quarterly or as needed basis. Training workshops will last 2-3 hours. Depending on program, additional training may be required.
Volunteer River Restoration Corps Volunteers will assist in physical restoration work on selected stream sites by creating and installing cedar revetments, building bridge structures, assisting with river clean up events or planting trees. Volunteers may also photograph sites for documentation and recommendation for restoration work.
Volunteers should: Be interested in aquatic science and protecting the environmentBe willing to work as a team and have fun!Be 18 years or older or accompanied by an adult (families and groups are welcome)Be available to volunteer on at least 4 events per yearBe physically able to navigate entry and exit to a stream site and work comfortably in or near the water Be able to lift items weighing 25lbs or more
Training: No previous experience or training is required. All information will be taught on-site.
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Volunteer ScientistsVolunteers will assist in water quality monitoring through tests and visual assessments. Tests may include dissolved oxygen, turbidity, stream fl ow, benthic macro-invertebrate sampling and others. Volunteers will participate in scientifi cally valid studies that provide data on the quality of water resources in our area.
Volunteer should: Be interested in aquatic science and attend training to learn sampling techniquesBe willing to work independently to obtain samples and run tests at designated intervals and return data in a timely fashionBe 18 years or older or if younger, accompanied by a trained adultBe able to navigate the stream site to obtain needed samplesBe willing to participate in a minimum of 1 study cycle per year
Training:No prior experience is required, training on sampling and testing techniques will be provided.
Adventure VolunteersVolunteers will lead fi eld trips for HRWA members and other community groups to their favorite watershed sites. Events may include bird-watching, wildfl ower walks, canoeing, kayaking, biking or hiking. Volunteers are encouraged to suggest other types of adventure experiences. Each event will require approximately 3-4 hours of time.
Volunteers should: Be experienced in designated eventBe 21 years or older and have reliable transportationBe certifi ed in First Aid, carry HRWA fi rst aid kit to eventBe able to provide all personal equipment, participants provide their equipment Be available to lead or assist with 2 or more events per year
Training: Experience and enthusiasm are the main pre-requisites for this position. Knowledge of local history and ecology is helpful, but not necessary.
Horticulture VolunteersVolunteers will present information to various civic organizations or school classrooms on topics such as building rain gardens, installing rain barrels and using native plants in their landscape. Volunteers may also represent HRWA in area garden shows. Volunteers may use PowerPoint presentations, table display of established gardens, handouts of native plant suggestions and information on purchasing rain barrel materials.
Volunteers should: Be interested in gardening, native plants, water conservation or related topics Have experience or be trained in installation and maintenance of rain gardens and rain barrelsBe comfortable delivering messages and demonstrating techniques in a small workshop settingBe 18 years or older and have reliable transportation
Training:Training workshops will be provided on an as needed basis. Training workshops will last 2-3 hours.
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Volunteer Speakers Bureau Volunteer will attend public meetings, group meetings and other community events to provide brief talks about the mission of HRWA. Volunteers may utilize table top display, print media, PowerPoint presentations and membership information during presentation. During meetings, volunteer may be asked to discuss HRWA’s stance on the issue and take note of citizen concerns and return information to staff. Volunteers may deliver prepared talks on HRWA history and accomplishments and how individuals can become involved. Volunteers may also assist with fundraising drives.
Volunteers should: Be enthusiastic about clean water and healthy riversAttend training to develop an understanding of HRWA mission and key messagesPossess excellent verbal communication skillsBe comfortable with public speakingBe comfortable utilizing electronic presentation equipment during programBe 18 years or older and have reliable transportation Be familiar with elected offi cials and current issuesBe available to volunteer during 3 or more events per year
Training: Training workshops will be provided on a quarterly or as needed basis. Training workshops will last 2-3 hours. Depending on program, additional training may be required.
Administrative VolunteersVolunteers will take phone calls and direct them to the correct staff member, assist with fi ling, copying, mailings or preparation for events such as the Hootenanny. Volunteers may also assist with newsletter preparation, light typing, updating the member database fi les or helping to create/gather display materials for festivals or events.
Volunteers should: Be willing to assist in an offi ce setting with accompanying tasksBe comfortable with phone interactionsBe 18 years of age or olderBe available to volunteer 2 days per month for 2-4 hours at a time
Training: Training will occur on the job during fi rst few volunteer shifts.
Consultant VolunteersConsultant volunteers are those professional individuals or companies that provide pro- bono project-based services, such as lawyers, scientists, business people, photographers, artists, computer experts, etc. These volunteers work with the staff member who has responsibility for the identifi ed project. Volunteers will be contacted as needed.
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Helpful Hints for Booth Staffing
Thank you for representing HRWA! The goal of our education booth is to provide information about the watershed and our work in a professional, non-confrontational and enthusiastic manner. We hope each experience you have is a good one but if approached by a confrontational person, listen to their concerns, be respectful and offer to have them call the offi ce for more assistance with their concerns.
If they aren’t familiar with us, give them a brief overview and show them the map, they may not realize they even live in the watershed or what a watershed is. We are a nonprofi t conservation organization working to restore the watershed for everyone who lives, works or plays here. Give them a brochure and tell them we offer events for members to explore the watershed.
Comfort is Key! Wear comfortable shoes, stand with feet spread about the width of your shoulders and your hands at your sides. Smile!
Greet all guests with eye contact and a warm verbal welcome to the event. Some opening line suggestions after introducing yourself:
Ask if they are familiar with Harpeth River Watershed Association. Ask if they are familiar with the river Ask if they like to canoe, kayak or fi shAny questions they say no to can allow you to tell them one or two things to give them more info on the question. Try not to overwhelm them with info, give them a teaser and let them digest it before sharing more. Talk about what you like the most about the river- your excitement will show! Refrain from chewing gum, using tobacco products or talking on cell phones while managing the education booth.
Ask if they’d like to be on our email list to receive information about river issues, hopefully they say yes, and sign them up!
If they are, ask if they are a member and thank them for their support and tell about any new upcoming events.
You can get families to stop if you engage the kids, especially if the booth has brought the otter or creature matching game.
Let the guest talk 80% of the time while you listen to their needs and interests.
Thank all guests for stopping by and wish them a great day!
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Answering the Tough Questions
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As you represent HRWA, you may be asked some pointed, often challenging questions about issues or our stance on policy. Here are a few answers to help you respond. Not knowing every answer is okay, don’t make up an answer. Saying “I don’t know but will fi nd out” is a totally appropriate response. Anyone can call the offi ce for further information or to speak with the staff person who works directly with the issue.
HRWA is often called a special interest group, how do you respond to that? HRWA’s goals are to protect and restore the Harpeth, a beautiful natural resource not only for the wildlife, but for the people who live, work and play in the watershed. HRWA is not a “special interest” group. HRWA’s mission is to protect the use and health of a public natural resource, the Harpeth River and all of its tributaries. The waters of the state belong to the public and the state and federal laws protect these public resources and protect people, wildlife and private property from pollution.
What is HRWA’s stance on using the Harpeth River as a drinking water source? The Harpeth is a small river and is naturally not a reliable source of drinking water. This is because the river naturally has a low-fl ow summer and fall dry period. The Cumberland River’s summer low fl ow is over 1000 times greater than the Harpeth’s. Almost all of the drinking water that is provided by various drinking water companies in Williamson County comes from the Cumberland River. The City of Franklin gets the bulk of its drinking water from the Cumberland River but has had a very small, and old, drinking water plant on the Harpeth River that supplies at most ¼ or less of the drinking water use in the summer. During the drought last summer when the Harpeth was too low, all city of Franklin customers received drinking water from the Cumberland via the Harpeth Valley Utility District. The state (TDEC) in November established the fi rst permit for the city of Franklin with requirements they most follow to pull water from the Harpeth for drinking water. Among other requirements, the state set a minimum amount of water that must stay in the Harpeth to provide wildlife habitat, protect fi shing and recreational uses, and for the river to be able to handle (assimilate) the large sewer discharges into the Harpeth.
Is the Harpeth River healthy? What areas are not? While the overall health is good of the 125 mile mainstem and 1,000+ miles of tributaries within the Harpeth River system, pressures from development, failing septic systems, sewer plant discharges and certain agricultural practices combined with summer low fl ow conditions have cause 375 miles of assessed sections of the river to fail to meet all water quality standards. Maintaining adequate water fl ow, reducing pollutants, restoring eroding streambanks, improving regulations and developing good land use plans are all necessary to improve a river’s health. HRWA works on all of these issues.
What is HRWA doing to be sure the water from the Cumberland is healthy? HVUD, who treats water from the Cumberland, is meeting all the required standards to provide safe, clean drinking water to their customers including the: City of Brentwood, City of Franklin, City of Fairview, HB&TS Utility District, Mallory Valley Utility District, Milcrofton Utility District and River Road Utility District. HVUD and all drinking water utilities are regulated by several agencies including the EPA, TDEC, the TN Utility Management Review Board.
Why are pharmaceuticals, hormones or other chemicals now found in rivers? This is an issue that the entire country will have to address and will probably involve changes in regulations on both dischargers and consumers over the course of time. When people take medicines, their bodies absorb most of the medication, but the rest passes through and is excreted. When wastewater is treated before being discharged into rivers or lakes and then water is treated again at drinking water plants, the treatments do not remove all of the drug residue. The problem isn’t confi ned to surface waters. Pharmaceuticals also permeate aquifers deep underground, source of 40 percent of the nation’s water supply. The federal government at this time doesn’t require any testing for drugs in water, but this is soon to be an issue that must be addressed. While this emerging issue is focused on how pharmaceutical residues affect wildlife, it is the red fl ag that this issue will need to be addressed.
How is HRWA handling other water withdrawals such as those from large property owners, golf courses, or farmers? Is it okay for them to withdraw water? While the volume of water withdrawn from an individual is drastically less than the amount withdrawn by a municipal drinking water plant, all withdrawals except agricultural uses if they pull more than 10,000 gallons/day are supposed to be registered with the state to help the state learn more about overall water withdraws. We encourage everyone who owns a private pump to register that pump with the state so accurate data can be gathered and analyzed. Golf courses also use wells and withdrawal from surface waters. Old Natchez Country Club is in the process of re-establishing a new permit to withdrawal from the Harpeth that will be similar to what was set for the city of Franklin. Other golf courses using the Harpeth do not have permits, but TDEC last summer informed Forrest Crossing—upriver from Franklin’s drinking water withdrawal, to cease pumping until they submitted a permit. That golf course is planning to no longer use the river and use the city’s treated effl uent. To give perspective, the current Franklin drinking water plant—produces or makes—2 mgd of drinking water. But it can pull up to 7.2 million gallons a day of raw river water—that is the full throttle pump running 24 hours a day. A 4 mgd plant—produces up to 4 mgd of drinking water—with the new permit is allowed to pull from the river at most 11.2 mgd (million gallons a day) as long as the river’s fl ow is above 10 cfs and all the other requirements. This rate and total volume of water is MUCH larger than the golf courses and other pumps that are sometimes on and off in the river. But these smaller pumps during drought conditions can be signifi cant. They just aren’t on all the time, but they add up in drought/summer low fl ow season.
What are you doing to clean up the toxic pollution at Liberty Creek? HRWA has been working since the fall of 2006 to push for an effective clean up of the chemical spill at Liberty Creek and the Harpeth River. We have advocated for improved action plans from Egyptian Lacquer’s environmental consultant and have encouraged TDEC to require effective plans. TDEC announced in November that they would not accept the Corrective Action Plan ELMCO submitted that said nothing would be done to remove the chemicals instead allowed them to drain. At this time, there is still no offi cial clean up plan approved, though some removal is happening on the creek but nothing on main Harpeth, that is being actively polluted every day.
Is sediment in the river the fault of the many developers in the area? Williamson County is one of the fastest growing regions in the country and with that growth often comes excess sediment. Many developers are moving toward implementing stricter guidelines for protecting rivers from runoff. They are utilizing more erosion control mechanisms and leaving larger buffer zones to protect rivers and creeks that cross their sites. Williamson County, Franklin and Brentwood have stormwater requirements that require various methods that prevent too much water running off the site at one time, not building too close the streams and other techniques that continually change to design development to have less impact. New efforts are moving toward having more of the rain water soak into the ground and restoring existing poor streambank and stream habitat conditions. HRWA has been a part of a signifi cant effort statewide to help establish “better site design” into development.
What does HRWA think about how well the sewage treatment plants operate? The Harpeth in Williamson County has three sewage treatment plants, the city of Franklin, and two private and small plants that are located in Cottonwood subdivision and River Rest. There is too much sewage discharge in the summer for the river to handle. The river’s oxygen problems start at the headwaters in Eagleville and occur all the way down to Cheatham County. Conditions upriver from Franklin bring the oxygen levels down so that when the river fl ows into Franklin in the summer, it receives the effl uent but is already stressed. EPA did a pollution reduction plan to address that. A key aspect of this is that the low oxygen levels happen in the summer and early fall when the river fl ow is naturally low. The permits for these plants have been up for their regular 5-year renewal cycle. HRWA is working with the state, EPA, and all the companies to develop a plan to deal with the oxygen violations during the summer in the Harpeth. Among several options, is to expand the reuse of Franklin’s effl uent, a program the city has already set in motion to have less discharged in the summer. HRWA will work to ensure that tighter regulations are met to reduce the amount of sewer effl uent that is discharged into the Harpeth River. None of us want to swim, fi sh or canoe in a river that is over 50% effl uent, as the Harpeth has been in years past during the low fl ow season.
The Harpeth River Watershed
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Harpeth River through Franklin
DWP = Drinking Water Plant intakeSTP = Sewage Treatment PlantFlags indicate sites of Dissolved Oxygen violations (studies 2006, 2007) 17
What Is A Watershed?
The land we live on is divided into watersheds. A watershed is a land area whose runoff drains into any river, stream, lake, or ocean. Small watersheds, such as the watershed for the creek behind your house, or the watershed for the pond down the road, drain into small bodies of water, and cover small land areas. The runoff from small watersheds join together, and their combined areas become a new, larger watershed. Large watersheds, such as the Mississippi Basin and the Chesapeake Bay watershed, drain into large bodies of water, and cover immense land areas.
Despite their differences in sizes, all watersheds share common properties. They all perform the same function of transporting water over the Earth’s surface. The watersheds encompass suburban lawns, parking lots and city streets. Water seeps down through the soil to aquifers, which are underground formations in rock and soil that contain enough ground water to supply wells and springs.
Many human activities have an effect on watersheds. Construction projects like dams can limit the fl ow of water; construction of roads and buildings can divert and even increase the fl ow of water. Agricultural fertilizers can run off of crop fi elds and inadvertently fertilize harmful microorganisms in rivers and lakes, having an adverse effect on water quality and marine life. The irresponsible disposal of household and industrial chemicals can be harmful because these chemicals travel through the watershed, poisoning life and damaging natural ecosystems.
Watersheds can also have an effect on humans. Many communities use rivers, streams, and aquifers as their source of drinking water. Water treatment prepares this water for human consumption, but if the water is laden with chemicals and microorganisms, it can be diffi cult to treat effectively. Floods are one of the major events in a watershed. Homes built on fl ood plains, low lying areas adjacent to rivers, are susceptible to fl ooding conditions when heavy precipitation exceeds the watershed’s capacity to absorb water. Rivers, streams, and lakes overfl ow, threaten human lives, and damage or destroy roads, buildings, and fl ood control measures. Watersheds can also become dry, causing water shortages for those who depend on their lakes and rivers for drinking water.
It is clear that humans have a close relationship with watersheds. The responsible planning of watershed use and development is important to ensure that the ecosystems sustained by the watersheds are not destroyed, and to protect the health and safety of our communities.
This information from www.epa.gov
Harpeth River Watershed Map from EPA
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Public Access Points on Harpeth River
For more information on the Harpeth River State Park, visit the Tennessee State Parks website:http://www.tennessee.gov/environment/parks/HarpethRiver/
Pinkerton Park - Franklin (upgraded launch site construction in April 2008)
Williamson County Recreation Center - Franklin (completely upgraded canoe launch opened February 2008)
Highway 100 near Old Hickory Boulevard - Nashville
McCrory Lane off I-40 - Harpeth River State Park, Hidden Lake
Kingston Springs Park - Kingston Springs
Highway 70 at Cedar Hill Road - Kingston Springs
Gossett Tract, Cedar Hill Road - Kingston Springs (HR State Park)
Narrows of the Harpeth - White Bluff (HR State Park)
Harpeth River Blueway Project
As a joint endeavor between the Harpeth River Watershed Association (HRWA) and the Tennessee Scenic Rivers Association (TSRA), the vision of the Project is to promote recreational opportunities, safety and the preservation of natural and cultural features along the Harpeth River through the provi-sion of canoe/kayak access sites and accompanying signage. This exciting opportunity will involve the cooperation of several key parties at the state and local levels, including the Kingston Springs Fire & Rescue Department in Cheatham County, who have obtained landowner permissions and installed river mile markers on a stretch of the Harpeth to improve the ability of emergency responders to lo-cate people in need of assistance on the river. Additionally, TDOT is providing mile marker, paddling access, and bridge signs. These combined efforts will be of tremendous benefi t to people who live and recreate in the area.
In kicking off the Harpeth River Blueway activities, a new access point was recently constructed by TSRA at the Williamson County Recreation Center in Franklin. Other proposed locations include Pinkerton Park in Franklin and a site within the Harpeth River State Park system. With the provision of the CEG funding, we look forward to erecting another access site in the Davidson County area and furthering the goals of the Harpeth River Blueway.
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Be RiverSmart And Keep Your River Healthy!
The water in your home once fl owed in the river. The things we do around the house every day can affect our rivers and streams – the very water we drink. Remember, your rivers are closer than you think. Become “RiverSmart” by following these easy tips:
1. REPAIR LEAKY FAUCETS AND TOILETSLeaky sinks and toilets can waste 50 gallons of water in one day, depleting our rivers. For a leaky faucet, look for a faulty o-ring or valve seat. Toilet leaks aren’t always so obvious. Try pouring colored liquid into the tank. If after 15 minutes you see dye in the bowl, you may need to replace the fl apper.
2. TURN OFF THE WATER WHEN BRUSHING YOUR TEETH OR WASHING DISHESYou can save 3-5 gallons a day. Fill up the sink when washing vegetables or doing a load of dishes.
3. RUN DISHWASHERS ONLY WHEN FULLYou can save nearly 300-800 gallons of water each month.
4. DISPOSE OF HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS SAFELYMany cleaning products found in our homes and garages are too dangerous to be disposed of in the trash or down the drain. Anything labeled “Poison” or “Danger” should be taken to your local hazard-ous waste center. Use water-based paints and wipe off excess paint with a paper towel before rinsing your brush.
5. SWEEP THE DRIVEWAY INSTEAD OF RINSING ITRunning the hose for 15 minutes can use 150 gallons of water. Water run-off from our driveways or sidewalks carries contaminants, such as dirt, motor oil, fertilizers and animal wastes into our rivers.
6. INSTALL LOW-FLOW SHOWERHEADS AND WATER-SAVING TOILETSAn outdated showerhead wastes 20 gallons/day or 7,300 gallons a year – per shower! An average family of four can save 14,000-17,000 gallons of water a year by installing high-effi ciency shower-heads.
7. FIX CAR LEAKS PROMPTLYLeaky cars leave motor oil and other fl uids on our streets and driveways. When it rains, these con-taminants are washed into our rivers. Preventing polluted run-off will help keep our rivers and drinking water safe.
8. DISPOSE OF MOTOR OIL SAFELYOne quart of motor oil can pollute 250,000 gallons of river water. Never pour leftover oil down a storm drain or into the trash – instead, drop it off at your local hazardous waste center. 9. WATER YARDS IN THE MORNING OR EVENINGWater evaporates quickly during the middle of the day. Lawns only need 1 to 1.5 inches of water per week. Watering less creates deeper, stronger roots and a healthier lawn. You could try letting the lawn go brown, as nature intended during summer months. Another option is to plant native plants or incor-porate xeriscaping techniques that require less water altogether.
10. STRIVE TO USE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PRODUCTSChoose safer, multi-purpose cleaners labeled “environmentally friendly”. Avoid chlorine, phosphate products and solvents like paint thinner. Visit www.rivernetwork.org to fi nd recipes for inexpensive, safe alternatives to make at home. 20
Protecting Your Backyard Streams
The way you care for your land will affect the nearby streams.
The Harpeth River is fed by many small streams and creeks springing out of hillsides and meadows. Each of these small streams plays a role in quality and quantity of water in the river. Water falling on gently sloping land will also make its way to the nearest stream so caring for your land can help protect those streams as well.
Streambanks – Streamside forests protect water quality
• Establish a NO MOW Zone• Plant Native Trees, Shrubs, Grasses• Give Streams a 100’ Buffer (5’ is better than none; a manicured lawn is not buffer)• Maintain Your View with smaller trees and shrubs
Trees, grasses and bushes help fi lter nonpoint source pollutants from rain running into riv-ers and streams. Native species provide wildlife habitat. Trees drop leaves into streams as food for aquatic insects (these are what fi sh eat). Trees also shade the water, keeping it cool. Complex root systems of streamside forests help hold soil in place and prevent streambank erosion and property loss. By planting lower-growing trees and bushes you can keep your view of the stream. Or pick a view spot and let the rest grow wild
Lawns & Yards – Small changes can make a big difference
Fertilizers and pet waste (as well as cattle waste) wash into streams and cause increased algae growth which can lead to low dissolved oxygen in the water. Since fi sh and aquatic insects need this dissolved oxygen, high nutrient loads from fertilizers and animals can cause fi sh kills and harm aquatic life. Herbicides/pesticides can also harm aquatic life. Taller grass keeps the lawn more moist in drier times and also helps slow rain water when it’s running off.
By installing rain barrels and rain gardens, you help water soak into the ground and refi ll groundwater supplies. When rain soaks in, it doesn’t reach the stream at the same time as all the other rain water so streams are not as full (less fl ooding). In drier times, groundwater will help keep the streams run-ning – unless it wasn’t recharged during the wetter season. This means that all our rain running off leads to more frequent and higher fl oods AND to more frequent and drier droughts. • Minimize fertilizers• Limit herbicides & pesticides• Leave grass taller when mowing• Pick up after your pet• Provide space and time for rain to soak in• Install a Rain Barrel• Make a Rain Garden
Rain that falls and can’t soak in – Stormwater Runoff
When rain falls on parking lots, roads and rooftops, it can’t soak in so it fl ows to the nearest storm drain or drainage ditch and it’s called stormwater. From here the stormwater runs quickly through smooth tunnels and pipes to the nearest stream. With an effi cient network of storm drains and pipes,
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rainwater mostly hits the stream all at once – and at high speed. This means that a lot of rain shoots into the streams moving fast, causing increased streambank erosion and carrying nonpoint source pollutants.
By encouraging rain to soak in we can decrease fl ooding and streambank erosion. This will also help to increase stream fl ows during dry times since streams are fed by ground water in drier times (as long as the groundwater gets recharged). Try disconnecting your downspouts so they don’t run onto driveways. Provide somewhere for your rain to soak into the ground (a swale or a rain garden). • Let it soak in• Slow it down• Keep out nonpoint source pollutants
Nonpoint Source Pollution – it comes from us all!
• Mud/dirt/soil• Car leaks• Fertilizers• Pet Waste• Leaking septic tanks• Grass clippings• Paint/oil• Bacteria
These pollutants don’t come from just one source like a factory pipe – they come from us all. We can each do our part to prevent them from getting into the river.
Fix car leaks to prevent antifreeze, brake fl uid, oils and such from getting into the river. Pick up after your pet. Cover or contain exposed dirt piles and bare soil. Limit fertilizers on lawns and gardens. Keep livestock out of streams and rivers. Don’t blow grass clippings into the street where they will wash into the river. Never pour paint or oil down a storm drain or onto pavement – the rain will wash it into the river. Maintain your septic system (should be checked every other year).
NOTE: Storm drains do NOT go to the treatment plant. They lead directly to the River.
The Harpeth River is one of the unique freshwater river systems of the Southeast which contain a greater variety of aquatic life than anywhere else in the world.
The Harpeth River Watershed Association is working to protect the ecological health of the Harpeth River and provide expertise in statewide conservation policy. We accomplish our goals by leveraging the scientifi c and technical training and the experience of our staff and advisors with a diverse corps of volunteers.
By caring for your stream and the land around it, you can help restore and maintain this healthy and biologically important river. You can participate in our outings and learn more about this environmental jewel. Contact us to fi nd out how you can volunteer to help the Harpeth River!
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Maintaining Your Septic System
Your septic system is an important part of your home. Wastewater from your toilets, sinks, bathtubs, dishwashers and washers fl ows into your septic tank. Your septic tank is typically located about fi ve to ten feet from your home. The tank’s size is determined by the number of bedrooms in your home.
Wastewater from your home fl ows into the tank. Lighter materials like soap suds, fats and other light solids fl oat on top of the tank forming a scum layer. Heavy solids settle to the bottom where they are broken down by bacteria. Not all solids can be broken down and remain as a layer of sludge on the bottom. Every few years, these layers of scum and sludge must be pumped out for the tank to function properly. Liquids fl ow out of the tank through the pipes to a drainfi eld where they are absorbed into the surrounding ground.
As the liquids percolate through the soil, they are fi ltered by chemical and biological processes in the soil. Eventually, the liquid fl ows into the groundwater supply and back to rivers and streams.Proper care and maintenance of your septic system is critical to keeping your home, family and the surrounding environment healthy.
Why Maintain Your Septic System?
Residential septic systems pose a serious threat to the water quality of the Harpeth River if they are not properly maintained. Overfl ow from improperly operating systems can fl ow into local streams bringing unhealthy bacteria and excess nutrients.
Maintaining the System Saves Money
Although it costs money to have your septic system pumped every few years, it saves much more money in the long run by preventing the need to dig up and replace the entire system. Replacing a system means digging up a large part of your yard and the subsequent costs to replace your land-scaping.
Maintaining the System Keeps Your Family and the Environment Healthy
Overfl ow from failing septic systems can leak into the surrounding ground. This untreated water con-tains potentially harmful bacteria that can endanger your family. The untreated water fl ows through the soil and can threaten the health of nearby streams.
Maintaining the System Protects the Value of Your Property.
Failing septic systems can lead to property value decline for you and your neighbors. Properly main-taining your system will help maintain your home’s value.
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Guidelines for Maintaining Your Septic System
DO have your tank pumped every three to fi ve years to remove the scum and sludge buildup.
DO keep heavy equipment or cars off the drain fi eld and tank. Excess weight will damage the tank and the drain lines.
DO make an accurate drawing of your tank’s location to avoid compromising it.
DO restrict the use of kitchen garbage disposals. The excess waste increases the amount of solids in the tank, slowing decomposition and risking overfl ow from the tank.
DO NOT pour grease or cooking oil down the kitchen sink. These items can clog the system.
DO NOT dump paints, motor oil, pesticides, fertilizers or other disinfectants down your drains. These chemicals kill the helpful bacteria in your septic tank and can leak out into the surrounding groundwater.
DO NOT fl ush plastics, disposable diapers or sanitary products down the toilet. These are not biodegradable and will clog the system.
DO NOT leave the water running for an extended amount of time. Excess water will cause the tank to overfl ow.
DO NOT use caustic drain openers for a clogged drain. Instead, use boiling water or a plumber’s snake to clear up clogs.
Be Alert for Problems
The following signs can indicate a potential problem with your septic system. Contact your local maintenance company if you see these signs.
Wet or standing water in your drainfi eld that does not evaporate in a day or two.Any septic odors in your home or yard.Back-up of sewage into your toilets or drains can indicate a clog or a possible system failure.
•••
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What is a Conservation Easement?
A conservation easement is a legal agreement between a landowner and a land trust or government agency that permanently limits uses of the land in order to protect its conservation values.
Does that mean that landowners give up ownership of the land?No. It simply means that as a landowner you voluntarily give up certain rights associated with that land, such as the right to build additional structures, while retaining the right to grow crops on the land. Landowners continue to own and use their land and retain the right to sell it or pass it on to their heirs. However, the future owners are also bound by the easement’s terms. In this sense, an easement is binding in perpetuity.
How are conservation easements structured?A conservation easement actually offers more fl exibility than you might think. While an easement on a property containing rare wildlife habitat might prohibit any development, another easement on a farm might allow continued farming and the building of additional agricultural structures and may only apply to a portion of the land. The key is that all of the terms and conditions of each easement are laid out in advance with the full participation of both the owner and the land trust.
How does the public benefi t from land trusts and conservation easements?Land Trusts, through conservation easements, protect a key public good by keeping the land unde-veloped and its natural resources protected. Conservation easements serve to protect water sourc-es, wildlife habitats, and prime farm and forest land while also providing relief from urban crowding, protecting historic landscapes, and preserving scenic vistas.
What are the benefi ts to the landowners of a Conservation Easement?A conservation easement has many benefi ts for the landowner. It can be essential for passing land on to the next generation. It may lower the land’s market value by removing the land development potential and therefore lower estate taxes. This can be critical in allowing the heirs to keep the land intact. In addition to this benefi t, a conservation easement may also result in income tax savings. Most importantly, the landowner gets the benefi t of knowing that their land will remain intact, open, and undeveloped, thereby preserving its benefi ts to the public and their heirs.
Are there many existing conservation easements in the U.S.?Land trusts and conservation easements can be found throughout the United States. The oldest land trusts are 100 years old! There are more than 1,300 local and regional land trusts around the country that serve to conserve and protect open spaces and the resources they provide.
Who supports conservation easements?Many of us want to leave a legacy for our children and grandchildren of protected and conserved open space and resources. Conservation easements help achieve this goal in a way that still allows for many of these tracts of land to remain as working farms, forests, scenic views and wildlife habitat.
Re-Printed with permission from the The Land Trust for Tennessee 615-244.LAND (5263)
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Rain Gardens and native plants
©Dodd Galbreath
WHAT IS A RAIN GARDEN?
A rain garden is a shallow area of soil, native plants and mulch that captures rainwater before it enters a storm drain or stream. Rain gardens naturally hold water allowing it to soak into the ground to recharge the ground water supply.
WHY HAVE A RAIN GARDEN?
With the increasing amount of ground covered by roads, parking lots and buildings, gallons of rain fl ow off the land rather than soaking into the ground. Flowing quickly off the land, the runoff carries pollutants such as oil, grease, antifreeze, fertilizers and pesticides. These “nonpoint” sources of pollution end up in the river causing excess algae growth and harming wildlife. Rain gardens slow the fl ow of water and naturally fi lter the pollutants.
CHOOSING THE RIGHT LOCATION
Your rain garden will function best if placed where water naturally collects. If you prefer a different location, redirect the fl ow of water by using a rain barrel and directing the overfl ow to your chosen spot or install piping to change the direction of fl ow. Keep these points in mind when choosing the spot.
Stay 10 feet away from house foundations Avoid planting directly under large trees Avoid septic drain fi elds
WHAT SIZE RAIN GARDEN DO YOU NEED?
The surface area of the garden should be about 20-30% of the surface (roof or pavement) that drains into the garden. Even a small garden is better than no garden at all.
GET ACQUAINTED WITH YOUR DIRT
Proper soil is the key that helps your garden to function. Test your soil by digging a hole 8”x 8”. Pour in a bucket of water and watch for the water level to drop at least 1 inch per hour. If your soil doesn’t drain properly, improve it by removing all clay soil and replacing it with a mix of 50% sand and equal parts of topsoil and compost. Even if your soil drains, you should loosen the soil to improve drainage.
DESIGN YOUR GARDEN
There are three zones in a rain garden: very wet, wet to dry and dry. Pay attention to the water needs of your plants to determine the proper placement. Your garden should be shaped like a bowl with a fl at bottom and sloping sides. The maximum depth should be about 4-6” deep. Defi ne the shape using a hose or long rope. Dig the garden about 6” deeper than you want your fi nished product. Amend the excess soil with sand and compost and use it as the planting medium. Keep the sides of the garden rough to promote drainage. Test the drainage by fi lling the bowl with water. You may fi nd that you need a berm if one side is lower to prevent overfl ow.
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PICK THE PERFECT PLANTS
Choosing the right plants is an important step to a fully functioning rain garden. Pay attention to how much sun/shade your garden receives and choose plants to match the conditions. Those that can tolerate both wet and dry conditions are the best choice.
Here are a few suggestions:
Name Sun/Shade MoistureSwamp Tupelo Sun Wet to Dry White, Willow Oak Sun Wet to DrySwamp Milkweed Either Wet to Dry Serviceberry Either Moist to Dry Buttonbush Sun WetSwamp Azalea Shade WetSwamp Rose Either WetCinnamon Fern Either WetCardinal Flower Shade WetRiver Oats Either MoistBig Blue Lobelia Shade MoistShowy Goldenrod Sun MoistBlue Flag Iris Sun Moist
WILDLIFE VISITORS
Rain gardens are a great source of food for wildlife. Flowers, like the cardinal fl ower (left), provide food for hummingbirds and butterfl ies. Not only will your garden be a beautiful addition to your landscape, you’ll attract a variety of birds and insects. By creating a backyard wildlife habitat that supplies food, water and shelter, your garden will not only prevent pollution from entering the river, it will become a haven for some of nature’s most enchanting creatures.
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Top RiverSmart Gardening Tips
Summer is here and the fl owers are blooming. But, even in wet climates our water supply can be depleted. We can still have a beautiful, healthy garden and lawn, and conserve water. It’s easy! Be RiverSmart about the things you do in your yard by following these easy tips:
Water your lawn and garden only in the morning or eveningWater evaporates quickly during the middle of the day. And, watering less creates deeper, stronger roots and a healthier lawn. Remember, a lawn only needs 1 to 1.5 inches of water per week. Or, consider letting your lawn go brown, as grass tends to go dormant during dry months and renews itself when it rains.
Landscape with native plants, instead of grass, to reduce your yard’s water needsNative plants require much less water, as they have adapted to both the climate and soil. They also attract birds and butterfl ies.
Use mulch around your plants and shrubsMulch helps to lock in moisture and slow water evaporation, and keeps roots cooler.
Eliminate or minimize pesticide use, pull those pesky weedsPesticides, including herbicides, can be dangerous to people, pets and wildlife. Consider organic alternatives such as introducing lady bugs into your yard to combat aphids. When you do use pesticides, use them only as directed on the package-excessive use does not benefi t plants and the chemicals wash downstream when it rains.
Collect water in rain barrels throughout the yearWater collected in rain barrels can be used throughout the dry months to water your garden.
Try a push mowerA modern push mower is easy to operate and costs less to own and maintain. It’s much better for the environment, and leftover grass clippings make excellent mulch for your yard.
Start a compost pileWith a compost pile, you can recycle yard debris and create an excellent source of fertilizer and mulch at the same time.
Select porous products for your driveway, yard and landscapingSurfaces such as asphalt and concrete prevent water from seeping into the ground, instead forcing the water to fl ow along the surface picking up dirt and contaminants, which fl ow into our storm drains and eventually our rivers. Consider using porous asphalt, bricks, stones and cinder blocks, which al-low water to seep into the ground around them.
Plant a treeIn our yards, trees prevent soil erosion and fi lter out pollutants carried by water run-off. And, trees planted nearby a river provide crucial habitat for birds and shade for fi sh.
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Pick up yard and lawn debrisWhen it rains, debris from our gardens and lawns can end up in our rivers and streams. This can introduce non-native plants into our waterways and disrupt the delicate balance within our aquatic ecosystems.
Minimize bark dust useBark dust can clog storm drains and increase fl ooding. Avoid placing bark dust near pavement, storm drains and steep slopes.
Plotting your plantsPlotting out your garden beforehand can save you work and water in the future. Plants with similar needs for sun, soil and water should be placed in the same area.
Avoid landscaping plasticPlastic ground covers limit the absorption of water into the soil, and extra water runs off our yards car-rying dirt and pollutants back into our rivers and streams. Natural ground covers can reduce soil loss and help prevent weeds.
Turn off the hoseIf you are interrupted or fi nished watering, remember to turn off the hose. A hose left running will waste over 375 gallons in an hour. Consider using a nozzle that auto-matically shuts off when not in use.
Stabilize your soilDirt is one of the top three river pollutants. Soil run-off from our gardens ends up in our rivers and streams, and can choke fi sh and other aquatic life. Plant native vegetation or other ground cover instead.
Dispose of chemicals properlyTake empty fertilizer, herbicide and other chemical containers to your local hazardous waste center. Do not pour leftovers down the drain or in the street. Disposed of improperly, harsh chemicals can end up in our rivers and streams.
Together, we can protect our rivers and streams!
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Native Tennessee Trees and Plants for Water’s Edge
and Moist Upland Sites
Trees > 50’ Black Oak (water oak) Full/partial sun Birds, small & large mammals. Often planted as an ornamental; small acorn eaten by many wildlife species including wood ducks & wild turkeys. Spring bloom. Pin Oak Full/partial sun Birds, small & large mammals. Fast-growing bottomland oak; leaves turn scarlet red in fall and usual-ly persist into the winter; acorns eaten by many game species including wood duck and wild turkeys; often planted on food plots. Willow Oak Full/partial sun Birds, small & large mammals. Russet-red fall color; small leaves; small acorn eaten by many wildlife species including wood ducks and wild turkeys; grows in bottomland and near streams. Can be cut into stakes and planted directly in eroding vertical banks. Sycamore Full/partial sun Birds, small mammals. Outer layer of bark fl akes off revealing lighter colors beneath; large leaves; excellent cavity tree for mammals and wood ducks; fast grower. Spring bloom. Can be cut into stakes and planted directly in eroding vertical banks. Sweetgum Full sun Birds, small mammals. Reddish and purple fall color; produces gum balls; seeds eaten by fi nches and small mammals. Spring bloom. Green Ash Full/partial sun Birds, small mammals. Fast growth rate; yellow fall color; fruits eaten by a variety of wildlife.
Trees 20’-50’ River Birch Full sun Birds, small & large mammals. Widely planted as an ornamental; distinctive bronze-colored exfoliat-ing bark; high tolerance for highly acidic soils; bloom in spring. Black Willow Full sun Birds, small & large mammals. Often used in bioengineering projects; fast-growing but short-lived shrubby-look tree; important food source for waterfowl; host plant for several butterfl y species. Bloom in spring. Can be cut into stakes and planted directly in eroding vertical banks. Sweetbay Full/partial sun Birds, small mammals. Widely planted as an ornamental; semi-evergreen; leaves dark green on top, silvery on bottom; creamy white, lemon scented fl owers 2-3” in diameter; larval plant food for butter-fl ies. Bloom in spring.
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Bushes 8’-20’ Hazel Alder Full sun Birds. Also known as smooth alder or tag alder; commonly used for shoreline or streambank restora-tion projects; poor rooting ability from cuttings; roots have nitrogen fi xing capability; good cover plant for wood ducks; used by birds in next construction; can develop colonies. Bloom in spring. Spicebush Partial sun/Full shade Birds. Yellow fall color; yellow fl owers; foliage spicy fragrant when crushed; bright red fruit eaten by birds in winter; host plant for spicebush swallowtail butterfl y; fragrant twigs make good toothpicks. Bloom in spring.
Bushes 3’-8’ Winterberry Partial sun/Full shade Birds, small mammals. A Deciduous holly; the attractive bright red fruits of winterberry are poison-ous to humans but eaten by small mammals and more than 48 species of birds, including bluebirds, American robin and northern mockingbird; male and female plants needed to produce fruits; red ber-ries persist into January making this a very popular shrub for landscaping. Bloom in spring. Water’s edge. Wild Hydrangea Partial sun/Full shade Birds, small mammals. Light yellow fall color, large clusters of white fl owers in summer, eaten by white-tailed deer. Bloom in summer. Moist upland, water’s edge. Silky Dogwood Full sun/Partial shade Birds, small mammals. Attractive white fl owers in early summer; blue fruits in late summer; reddish stems in winter; fair rooting ability from cuttings; frequently used in shoreline and streambank resto-ration projects and can be established from fascines, stakes, brush mats, or rooted plants. Bloom in spring. Water’s edge. Can be cut into stakes and planted directly in eroding vertical banks. Buttonbush Full sun/Partial shade Birds, large mammals. One of the most fl ood-tolerant shrubs; white fl owers are clustered in a ball; fl owers excellent nectar source for butterfl ies and other insects; seeds eaten by wood ducks and mal-lards; excellent protective cover for young wood ducks. Bloom in summer. Water’s edge, wetlands & standing water. Can be cut into stakes and planted directly in eroding vertical banks. American Beautyberry Full sun/Partial sun Birds, small & large mammals. Beautiful magenta berry-like fruit persists through winter; heavily used by white-tailed deer and more than 40 species of songbirds; prefers loamy to rocky soil. Bloom in summer. Dry/moist upland, water’s edge.
This project is funded, in part, under an agreement with the Tennessee Department of Agriculture, Nonpoint Source Program and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Assistance Agreement #C9994674-03-0.
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Liberty Creek and Harpeth River Contamination from Egyptian Lacquer Manufacturing Company, work funded by general support from members and donors.
Beginning in January 2007 HRWA staff began working with consultants, the City of Franklin, TDEC, the media, Battle Ground Academy Lower School and local residents from the Daniels Drive neighborhood in Franklin to fi nd the source of the odor in the area and chemicals seeping into the Harpeth and Liberty Creek. The City of Franklin, in a survey around their sewer line, found chemicals in Liberty Creek that is not related to the city’s sewer line and alerted TDEC of the water pollution problem. HRWA accomplished variety of tasks including locating seeps of chemicals into the Harpeth, creating fl yers for neighbors, keeping the media informed, participating in a town hall meeting and communicating via email notices and our web.
During the second quarter, HRWA wrote a letter to TDEC on May 1, 2007 requesting a RCRA-equivalent investigation of the site and expressed our concerns on other issues such as ongoing seeps into the Harpeth. On May 17th, TDEC responded that a RCRA equivalent investigation was not applicable to the ELMCO situation since it was a small quantity generator of hazardous waste and therefore does not have a hazardous waste permit. Following this formal communication, TDEC issued an order to the company that instructed them to submit clean-up and monitoring plans to TDEC by July 26th. In late June, TriAd submitted a groundwater assessment and an air monitoring plan which had points our consultant disagreed with, but the plans were approved with no opportunity for comment.
During the third quarter, we organized comments on Egyptian Lacquer’s Corrective Action Plan. These included those of HRWA, AquAeTer, Leed Environmental and Globally Green Environmental for submission to TDEC. Additionally, we prepared for public comments on the CAP for the October 10th TDEC public hearing in Franklin. We also sought submission of comments from State Legislators, Sen. Douglas Henry, Sen. Jack Johnson, Rep. Glen Casada and Rep Gary Moore; Franklin Aldermen; sister environmental groups WWF, TEC, TCWN, and TSRA; local citizens, Daniels Drive residents, HRWA members and others.
We successfully raised the level of awareness from the state level to the federal level by reporting to the Emergency Response Center in D.C. Once Emergency Response received calls from Daniels Drive neighbors they contacted the EPA offi ce in Jackson, TN which sent out its representative. Though EPA deemed the situation “not an immediate threat” it is still on their radar screen for oversight.
The fourth quarter activity surrounded a November 20th TDEC announcement that they would not accept the Corrective Action Plan ELMCO submitted. This is what we had been working towards since ELMCO submitted it in August. TDEC found many defi ciencies particularly with the plan for natural attenuation of the hazardous chemicals. We are pleased with this outcome and will be watching for the next version of the plan when it is submitted.
Current Issues Updates
(review of 2007 work)
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McCrory Lane Quarry along the State Scenic Harpeth, work funded by general support from members and donors.
During the fi rst quarter, HRWA staff and citizens focused on proposals by the new quarry owners. These investors proposed to use a 17-acre quarry that is 300 feet from the Harpeth River as a landfi ll, but this required an exemption under the state Scenic Rivers Act. The Harpeth is designated a state scenic river through Davidson County and the state legislative leadership of Senator Henry and Representative Moore were important to prevent the exemption and protect the integrity of the Act.
The investors purchased the 80-plus acre quarry property in 2005 and began the process of subdividing it and submitting a rezoning proposal for 180 townhomes on the fl at land next to the quarry pit and along 70S and the RR tracks. The owners also have discussed fi lling the quarry with dirt, rock and excess construction fi ll that would come from different areas around the growing Bellevue and Nashville region. This possibility has not been submitted for any state or local permits and is not allowed under state law. HRWA has supported planning staff recommendations that the rezoning request must have conditions to address safety and water quality by requiring a barrier to access to the quarry and that the quarry not be used for fi ll.
During the second quarter, the Bellevue quarry re-zoning moved through the Metro Planning Commission and Council with many delays and modifi cations. As the bill worked its way through the Metro Council process, two simultaneous activities shaped the outcome. First, Councilmen Erik Cole and David Briley introduced a bill (BL2007-1384) which would more closely align state laws designed to protect water quality in the Scenic River designated area of the Harpeth in Davidson County and local metro ordinances. Second, the bill for the re-zoning, introduced by Councilman Tygard (BL2006-1297) received much scrutiny from the public, the press and other council members because of the threat to water quality and public safety if the issues were not addressed. Although the bill was approved with conditions by the Planning Commission, the Council did not consider the conditions valid. During the Council approval process, an amendment was attached to the bill which was different from the conditions suggested by the Planning Commission. However, the results are the same.
The third quarter saw great results of our efforts to protect the scenic Harpeth. Thanks to the incredible work of so many concerned citizens, the quarry property WILL NOT be used as a site for dumping off-site materials. The developers may obtain a grading permit after they receive the proper authorization from the state to move dirt around on the 30-acre site, but because the quarry pit and the town home site are two separate pieces of property they cannot put fi ll from the town home site into the quarry. However, they can move rock and dirt from the quarry site into the quarry hole if they obtain appropriate permits for those activities. The primary difference with this end result is that Metro and the State of Tennessee have agreed to work together to make certain that the permit is very tight. It will meet all of the requirements of the metro grading permit for fi ll, which includes only inert materials originating from the site, such as limestone and dirt that exist in the berms around the edge of the quarry. Therefore, the potential for any polluting materials such as oil, asphalt or other substances that could contaminate the quarry and the Harpeth entering the quarry is minimal, especially under the close scrutiny of Metro Water Services.
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Franklin Drinking Water Withdrawal, Analyses by experts funded by donors/members, World Wildlife Fund and Patagonia.
The fi rst quarter of 2007 continued work ongoing since last summer and focused on completing stud-ies, soliciting comments from various state and federal agencies and encouraging citizens to attend the TDEC public hearing in March 2007 on the city of Franklin ARAP permit for a proposed increased withdrawal of water from the Harpeth for a new drinking water plant. At the request of the City, HRWA presented our fi ndings to lead off the hearing. HRWA completed the 2006 Dissolved Oxygen study including data over several years gathered by HRWA volunteers, TDEC and EPA. Other reports submitted included contracted work by AquAeTer on the dissolved oxygen problems stemming from the sewer plant discharges and withdrawing water. Other studies analyzed and rebutted the city’s consultant’s errors on the economic comparisons of building a new plant to supply less than half of the city’s water demand, or to switch to getting all water via the Cumberland River via Harpeth Val-ley Utility District. The crux of the issue is that the river in the summer and fall does not have enough fl ow to accommodate a continuous withdrawal of water and handle sewer effl uent without violating federal laws for oxygen levels.
The second quarter focused on educating the public and elected offi cials regarding this is-sue. HRWA, at the request of city alderman Bev Burger, provided a river fl oat for all inter-ested senior city staff, aldermen and the mayor. Several offi cials took part in this educational expedition. The 5 mile river stretch has a con-gregation of 5 public parks, the city’s withdraw for drinking water, the sewage discharge and the Egyptian Lacquer chemical seeps. Other efforts included providing a free speakers’ series that addressed the economics of wa-ter withdrawals presented by Bill Wade, Mike Corn’s discussion of how Franklin’s wastewater management and the need for fl ow in the river
and a program by Andy Sudbrock on landscaping with native plants to reduce water use. In addition, nearly 300 citizens sent letters to the state requesting they deny the permit and have the city shut down the old plant and remove the low head dam. HRWA has recommended that based on state laws, TDEC has no choice but to deny the permit since the city has economic alternatives. The city does need some time to lay pipe to provide water from HVUD to some neighborhoods in the older city sections that each summer tend to face watering limits when the city plant can not deliver enough water.
HRWA analyzed the river’s seasonal and monthly fl ow to demonstrate that a drinking water plant cannot operate year round without a 3-fold increase in reservoir size to hold water when the river, for months at a time, does not have enough for continuous withdraw. HRWA noted that the city does not have to get all its water from another utility district forever, but this is certainly a viable, economi-cally feasible option. HRWA is working with many state and federal agencies conducting a project for TDEC on how to address water withdrawal proposals based on what fl ows must stay in rivers to maintain fi sh and aquatic life. The Harpeth is an excellent case study for these important statewide issues of the need to regionalize drinking water and sewage treatment systems management and in-
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stitute basic water effi ciency programs to reduce summer irrigation uses. Many documents, articles, and citizen fl iers were put on the web site including all work by the city’s consultant to make it easy for experts to citizens to get information.
The severe drought this summer brought attention to Franklin’s woefully inadequate infrastructure for drinking water distribution. We worked to make the issue of protecting the Harpeth and upgrading current systems a campaign issue. Fortunately, the mayoral candidate with the best plans for protect-ing the Harpeth and taxpayer dollars, John Schroer, won as did 4 aldermanic candidates who are also interested in the most economic and resource sensitive plan for drinking water needs.
During the third quarter when fl ow was the lowest, we sent photos to TDEC noting that the Franklin withdraws were drying up the river and the contention that that activity violated the TN WPCA. In Au-gust, TDEC instructed the city to stop withdrawing until drought conditions ended. TDEC sent a letter to Forrest Crossing Golf Course to cease withdrawing and submit for a permit. The Old Natchez Golf Course also resubmitted for a withdrawal permit. TDEC is interested and has done some catalogu-ing of pumps in the river in the Franklin area. Franklin had to institute water restrictions early in the summer which helped to reduce water usage. But the bottom line was that if Franklin had planned better and upgraded its distribution system, City residents would not have needed to be under restric-tions while in nearby areas served by different water authorities there were no restrictions, though their sources were the same (the Cumberland). This helped to illustrate our case for better distribution systems rather than more water from the Harpeth very clearly.
During the fourth quarter, TDEC reached a decision on Franklin’s ARAP application for drinking wa-ter withdrawal. As of Nov. 28, the city is now under a permit for its withdrawal operations. The city’s activities had not been permitted under “grandfather” clauses in the regulations. TDEC did not ap-prove the city’s application, but establish a higher base fl ow that must stay in the river (10 cfs versus the proposed 5 cfs). TDEC required the city to conduct a feasibility study for removal of the low head dam and to proceed with removal if found feasible. Now that the permit is in force, the city can no longer withdraw until there is only a trickle of water over the dam. TDEC noted that if the city is to continue to withdrawal under the permit they will need to submit plans on how they will measure the fl ow at the withdrawal site and establish an automatic shut-off mechanism. The permit is a big suc-cess for everyone who enjoys the Harpeth River.
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Watershed Restoration Plans Overview
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What is Restoration?Restoration is a long-term multifaceted undertaking. The National Research Council defi nes restoration as the “return of an ecosystem to a close approximation of its condition prior to disturbance.”
The HRWA restoration program improves long-term water quality by actively working to restore stream banks, plant stream corridors as buffers, educate local communities, work with farmers to establish agricultural practices that protect water quality and other effective practices such as those related to site design, land use planning and stormwater management, and public education.
The restoration program works throughout the watershed to improve water quality and restore stream health through stabilization projects and conducts assessments of the watershed to determine priority areas. Work is either underway or in the planning stages across many areas of the 870 square mile watershed including:
Eagleville- the headwaters in Rutherford County- work in progressJones Creek- Dickson County- work in progressSouth Harpeth – western Williamson County near Fairview – planning phaseWest Harpeth – south, central Williamson County – planning phaseFive Mile Creek – southern Franklin growth corridor near I-65 – planning phase
Work by the science and restoration team includes the identifi cation of causes and sources of pollution, assessing the current overall water quality, examining potentials for improvements, establishing cost estimates, providing information/education to stakeholders in the area and implementing a variety of pollution reducing best management practices (BMPs).
Scientifi c analysis conducted to help determine stream health may include but are not limited to: Dissolved OxygenNitrates/Phosphates/pHSediment samplingVisual Stream AssessmentsBank ErosionBenthic Macroinvertebrate Inventories
•••••
••••••
Installation of cedar revetments for streambank stabilization.
Scientific Studies Overview
HRWA Dissolved Oxygen StudyJune – July 2007
Between June 19 and July 7, 2007, HRWA staff and volunteers conducted a Dissolved Oxygen Study to measure the effects of drought conditions on dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the Harpeth River in the Franklin area. Of special concern are ongoing seeps of acetone, toluene and other chem-icals into the Harpeth River and Liberty Creek discovered in December 2006. The seeps originate from a nearby company (Egyptian Lacquer). Also of interest are the effects that the City of Franklin’s drinking water withdrawal and the sewage effl uent discharge from Franklin’s sewer treatment plant (STP) have on water quality in the Harpeth River during low fl ows. For this study, we concentrated on a four mile stretch of the river beginning ½ mile above the lowhead dam on Franklin’s south side to the Williamson County Recreation Center (Rec Center) just north of town that brackets the lowhead dam/water withdrawal location, the hazardous chemical seeps in Liberty Creek and the Harpeth River, and the sewage treatment discharge.
Methods
The timeframe on data collection was to gather data around 6:00 a.m. before the sun was up, and approximately every six hours after that (i.e. noon, 6:00 p.m., midnight). There were a total of three days of collection per site, with a day between each, and four monitoring events per day. For each event, three titrations of different samples were taken, with time, temperature and DO results noted each time. In addition, weather was noted for each event. For further discussion on the methods and how this methodology can record the diurnal swing in dissolved oxygen levels similar to that recorded by continuous diurnal probe, see HRWA’s Dissolved Oxygen Study in the Harpeth River: August-Sep-tember 2006 (http://www.harpethriver.org/studies.html). A sample was collected for analysis from a run in the river at each location and titration was done on site using a LaMotte DO Kit #5860 that utilizes the Winkler method to determine dissolved oxygen content. The only exception to this was at Sites 1 & 2 where a Hach DO Kit #OX-DT with digital titra-tor using Hach method 8229 was used for six events at each site.
Results and Preliminary Findings
HRWA’s preliminary data indicate signifi cant impacts to water quality are occurring in relation to three specifi c areas. The fi rst area is the lowhead dam and water withdrawal for the drinking water plant. The second area of concern is the hazardous chemical seeps in Liberty Creek and on the Har-peth River near Liberty Creek, and the third area of concern is downstream of the Franklin STP.
Water in the impoundment above appears to be degraded due to higher temperatures and excessive algal growth, but this will require further study to measure DO above and below the withdrawal during various fl ow conditions over the dam (see photos). The sites that bracket the withdrawal (Sites 1 and 2) had mean DO con-centrations above 4.5 mg/l, with Site 2, below the dam having the highest of all the sites at 5.32 mg/l. The state standard for dissolved oxygen is 5.0 mg/l at all times. During this study, there was adequate fl ow over the dam, at some time every day, to promote aeration.
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The only other site with the mean DO above 4.0 mg/l (4.46 mg/l) was at the Highway 96 Bridge where the USGS gage is at Pinkerton Park. The data from Sites 1, 2, 2a and 3 that are before the river meets the hazard-ous chemical seeps had the highest DO levels. During this time, the river’s fl ow at the USGS gage was typi-cally between 3 to 6 cfs, excluding one rain event that increased fl ows to 10-20 cfs for a day.
The seeps around Liberty Creek are having an effect on all the sites below the USGS location, where AVER-AGE DO concentrations never got above 4 mg/l. Notably, the lowest average was 2.51 mg/l at the site below the Franklin STP discharge and the site at the chemical seeps into the Harpeth was the next lowest at 2.75 mg/l.
This DO data indicates that the chemical seeps are having an effect on dissolved oxygen concentrations and putting further stress on the river during drought low fl ow conditions. A news story on the local NBC affi liate in June captured sunfi sh in the area of the river seeps lying on their sides struggling to breathe.
This data also found the same drop in oxygen levels below the Franklin STP that has been recorded by TDEC in 2002 and 2003, and by HRWA in 2006, as noted in the 2006 report referenced above. Again, at Site 7 below the STP outfall and near the USGS gage on Hillsboro Road (about 0.8 rivers miles downstream) the DO concentrations had lows of 1.4 mg/l, averages of 2.5 mg/l, and a high of 4.37 mg/l.
It is possible that the low DO concentrations measured below the STP outfall are a combined effect with the chemical seeps, though TDEC’s monitoring data related to the seeps has not recorded high concentrations of toluene and acetone by this location in the river. Data that TDEC has collected regarding the Egyptian Lacquer/Liberty Creek hazardous chemical release are on the TDEC website.
Dissolved Oxygen Levels by Site
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
Site 1Above
LowheadDam
Site 2Below
LowheadDam
Site 2aHwy 96(USGSGage)
Site 3aboveLibertyCreek
Site 4under
FranklinRd bridge
Site 5 by4th Av &Hillsboro
Rd
Site 6Chestnut
Bend(aboveSTP)
Site 7 Rec
Center(below
STP)
DO
in m
g/l
Max DO
Mean DO
Min DO
TDECMinimum
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Volunteer Stream Bank Erosion Study
HRWA with the help of Dr. Dave Wilson, volunteer and retired Vanderbilt professor, designed and carried out the Volunteer Stream Bank Erosion Study detailed in this report.
Sediment is the leading cause of water quality degradation in Tennessee (TDEC, 2002). Sediment comes from two major sources: (1) surface erosion off land in the watershed—from construction, agricultural activities, timber cutting etc., and (2) from stream bank and bed erosion, occurring when high velocity water fl ows scour material from the stream bank and bed, and when supersaturated bank soils, structurally weakened, fall into the stream as water recedes. In 2002, TDEC prepared a sediment Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) in an effort to begin the process of addressing sedimentation in the mainstem of the Harpeth River. However, the TMDL did not address sediment from construction runoff or stream bank erosion.
In 2003, HRWA conducted a Visual Stream Assessment (VSA) of over 200 sites along 303(d) listed stream segments. Among other things, the survey revealed that over 50% of sites had occasional or common bank erosion, in addition to riparian impairment. As a result of the VSA data and the sediment TMDLs’ limitations regarding bank erosion, HRWA made two broad conclusions. First, bank erosion was a signifi cant source of sediment in the system and second, TDEC was unable to include this pollutant source as there was no associated quantifi able data.
The study found that with an average bank height of 9.17 feet, soil was lost at a rate of 0.57 cubic yards per linear foot of eroding bank. HRWA concluded that signifi cant amounts of sedimentation are entering the aquatic system from bank erosion.
It appears from the data that other factors, beyond location in the watershed, are affecting bank stability. For example, adjacent land uses, such as agriculture, specifi cally beef production alter riparian habitat and may have caused bank instability and bank loss along one site in the South Harpeth. Conversely, Site 8 along the West Harpeth downstream of Highway 96 continues to have a well-developed forest buffer, yet had one of the higher erosion rates as compared to other sites. Since this study, it has been determined that a specifi c action, the construction of the new highway 96W bridge over the West Harpeth upstream and the removal of a bend in the river, is causing bank erosion downstream of the bridge all the way to the confl uence with the main Harpeth. Site 8 became part of the largest stream restoration project of the state’s TN Stream Mitigation Program as part of HRWA’s efforts. It was during the consulting engineering fi rms site visits that the cause of the bank erosion along this heavily forested stream corridor was identifi ed. A tornado in the May of 2005 also damaged some of the forested area in part of this area as well. Thus, HRWA recommendations include increased monitoring and restoration activities.
This project is funded, in part, under an agreement with the Tennessee Department of Agriculture, Nonpoint Source Program and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Assistance Agreement, #C9994674-03-0. Grant contract # GR-04-15878-00.
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Headwaters Water Quality and Habitat Study
With the help of its science advisory council, HRWA designed and implemented the Headwaters of the Harpeth River Water Quality and Habitat Study detailed in this report.
The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation’s (TDEC) 2006 303(d) List identifi es the cause of degradation in the Harpeth River headwaters generally as alteration in stream-side or littoral vegetative cover, siltation and pollutant sources such as pasture grazing and removal of ripar-ian habitat. The 303(d) List identifi es Concord Creek, an unnamed tributary to the Harpeth River, Kelly Creek and Cheatham Branch as being impaired.
In addition to the 303(d) List, HRWA in 2001, conducted a visual stream assessment (VSA) of over 200 sites along 303(d) listed stream segments. Among other things, the VSA revealed that over 50% of sites surveyed had occasional (75% of best case) or common (50% of best case) bank erosion, in addition to riparian impairment. Of the 200 plus sites, seven were in the headwaters area and the data from these sites generally indicated that wide spread habitat degradation and nutrient enrich-ment (see Figure 2) were problems. For example, riparian scores for the east fork of Kelly Creek were 1 (poor) out of 5 (optimal) for both right and left banks, and there were agricultural land uses noted adjacent to the stream. In addition, quality control data collected by the principle investigator indicated the same.
As a result of the VSA data and the 303 (d) list data, HRWA designed and implemented the Headwa-ters of the Harpeth River Water Quality and Habitat Study. The purpose of the study was 1) to vali-date the existing HRWA and TDEC data and 2) to begin to identify areas contributing to the identifi ed impairment in an effort to begin the restoration process.
HRWA collected physical/chemical data and habitat quality data at 16 locations (Figure 1) in the headwaters located in Eagleville/Rockvale area in Rutherford County, Tennessee. Physical/chemical and algal information were collected nine times from May 2005 to May 2006 and included location (latitude/longitude), total nitrates, reactive phosphorus, pH, turbidity, conductivity, stage and algal growth. Habitat quality data were collected at each site once during the fall of 2005.
The study documents widespread habitat degradation, in addition to indicating existing pollutant loads are generally tied to nonpoint source pollution, however in some cases causes were observed directly related to land use changes adjacent to tributary systems. Unfortunately, the data do not in-dicate any one area as contributing a mass pollutant load. Conversely, the data indicate impairment appears to be a result of agricultural and municipal land use, in part resulting in wide spread habitat degradation. Habitat degradation seems to be the most obvious and widespread problem related to current land use in the headwaters. Thus, our recommendations focus on habitat restoration and include additional monitoring.
This project is funded, in part, under an agreement with the Tennessee Department of Agriculture, Nonpoint Source Program and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Assistance Agreement, #C9994674-03-0. Grant contract #GR-04-15878-00.
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HARPETH RIVER WATERSHED SEDIMENT STUDY
The Harpeth River Watershed Association and the Cumberland River Compact carried out a study of sediment in the Harpeth River watershed during the time period September, 2000 through August, 2002. Mean turbidities were calculated for forty-three stations, and ranged from a minimum of 0.87 to a maximum of 17.64 m-1, with a median of 5.26. Twelve stations showed mean turbidities of less than 3.0; thirteen stations had mean turbidities between 3.0 and 6.0; and eighteen stations had mean turbidities between 6.0 and 17.64. A mean turbidity of 1.40 was calculated for data from fi ve sites regarded as near-pristine. High turbidity levels appear to be associated mainly with damaged or nonexistent riparian vegetation and land disturbance during construction operations. The data should provide a baseline against which future data can be compared to assess progress in the control of sediment in the Harpeth River watershed.
Measurements of both turbidity T (m-1) and Total Suspended Solids TSS (mg/L) were made at nineteen of the forty-three stations. Linear and log-log least squares curves were fi tted to the data for each of the nineteen stations. Coeffi cients of determination were generally good (15 of the 19 sta-tions had r2 values greater than 0.8, 9 had r2 greater than 0.9 for the linear plots, for example), but a few were substantially smaller. However, the parameters of the plots varied quite substantially from site to site, and it does not appear possible to correlate T and TSS by means of a single universal equation. Plots of the form TSS = A.Tb had b values averaging 1.32 +- 0.32, with a median of 1.23. The fact that b is generally > 1 is accounted for by a change in particle size distribution with changing stream fl ow rate, as analyzed in Appendix C.
The annual sediment loss of that portion of the watershed upstream from the Highway 100 bridge over the Harpeth in Bellevue was roughly estimated to be 53,000 tons/year, corresponding to a loss of 406 lb/acre/year. The method used neglects bedload contributions, and so provides a lower bound for the true sediment losses. The annual sediment loss for the entire watershed is estimated to be 113,000 tons; this, also, is a lower bound.
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