Handbook of Foodborne Diseases - Taylor & Francis

Handbook of Foodborne Diseases

FOOD MICROBIOLOGY SERIES

Series EditorDongyou Liu

Biology of Foodborne Parasites, edited by Lihua Xiao, Una Ryan, and Yaoyu Feng (2015)

Molecular Biology of Food and Water Borne Mycotoxigenic and Mycotic Fungi, edited by R. Russell M. Paterson and Nelson Lima (2015)

Foodborne Viral Pathogens, edited by Peter A. White, Natalie E. Netzler, and Grant S. Hansman (2016)

Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, edited by Dongyou Liu (2017)

Food Spoilage Microorganisms: Ecology and Control, edited by Yanbo Wang, Wangang Zhang, and Linglin Fu (2017)

Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, edited by Dongyou Liu (2018)

For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.crcpress.com/Food-Microbiology/book-series/CRCFOOMIC.

Handbook of Foodborne Diseases

Edited by

Dongyou Liu

CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-03630-7 (Hardback)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if per-mission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any elec-tronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or con-tact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Liu, Dongyou, editor.Title: Handbook of foodborne diseases / [edited by] Dongyou Liu.Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, [2019] | Series: Food microbiology series | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.” | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2018004192 | ISBN 9781138036307 (hardback : alk. paper)Subjects: LCSH: Foodborne diseases--Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Food poisoning--Handbooks, manuals, etc.Classification: LCC RA1258 .H36 2019 | DDC 615.9/54--dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018004192

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site athttp://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the CRC Press Web site athttp://www.crcpress.com

This volume is dedicated to an international panel of experts on foodborne diseases, whose willingness

to share their in-depth knowledge has made a comprehensive coverage possible.

vii

Contents

Series Preface .........................................................................................................................................................................................xvPreface ................................................................................................................................................................................................ xviiEditor ................................................................................................................................................................................................... xixContributors ......................................................................................................................................................................................... xxi

1. Introductory Remarks ...................................................................................................................................................................1Dongyou Liu

Section I Foodborne Diseases Due to Viruses

2. Adenovirus ....................................................................................................................................................................................13G. La Rosa and E. Suffredini

3. Astrovirus ......................................................................................................................................................................................25Victoria A. Meliopoulos, Virginia Hargest, and Valerie Cortez

4. Avian Influenza Virus ..................................................................................................................................................................35E. Spackman

5. Enterovirus ...................................................................................................................................................................................43Dongyou Liu

6. Hepatitis A Virus ..........................................................................................................................................................................51Rakesh Aggarwal and Amit Goel

7. Hepatitis E Virus ..........................................................................................................................................................................63Kavita Lole, Prudhvi Lal Bhukya, and Bangari Haldipur

8. Human Bocavirus .........................................................................................................................................................................79José Luiz Proença-Módena, Guilherme Paier Milanez, and Eurico Arruda

9. Human Noroviruses .....................................................................................................................................................................89G. Sanchez, W. Randazzo, and D.H. D’Souza

10. Kobuviruses ................................................................................................................................................................................ 111Kattareeya Kumthip, Pattara Khamrin, and Niwat Maneekarn

11. Rotavirus ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 121Lijuan Yuan, Tammy Bui, and Ashwin Ramesh

12. Sapovirus .....................................................................................................................................................................................137Shoko Okitsu, Pattara Khamrin, Niwat Maneekarn, and Hiroshi Ushijima

13. Torovirus ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 143Ziton Abdulrida Ighewish Al-Khafaji and Ghanim Aboud Al-Mola

14. Prions ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 151Akikazu Sakudo

viii Contents

Section II Foodborne Diseases Due to Bacteria

Part A: Gram-Positive Bacteria

15. Bacillus ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 167Dongyou Liu

16. Clostridium .................................................................................................................................................................................. 175Emilio Aranda, Mar Rodríguez, María G. Córdoba, María J. Benito, and Juan J. Córdoba

17. Enterococcus: An Important Opportunistic Pathogen—Basic and Clinical Aspects ......................................................... 187Karen Flores-Moreno, Claudia Mayoral-Teran, and Yolanda Lopez-Vidal

18. Listeria monocytogenes ..............................................................................................................................................................195Rahat Wadhwa Desai and Lisa M. Trimble

19. Mycobacterium ............................................................................................................................................................................207Verlaine J. Timms and Brett Anthony Neilan

20. Staphylococcus ............................................................................................................................................................................ 215Dipendra Thapaliya

21. Streptococcus and Streptococcal Toxins ..................................................................................................................................223Udayakumar Prithika and Krishnaswamy Balamurugan

Part B: Gram-Negative Bacteria

22. Aeromonas ...................................................................................................................................................................................233Chi-Jung Wu, Maria José Figueras, Po-Lin Chen, and Wen-Chien Ko

23. Arcobacter ...................................................................................................................................................................................245Nuria Salas-Massó, Alba Perez-Cataluña, Luis Collado, Arturo Levican, and Maria José Figueras

24. Bacteroides ..................................................................................................................................................................................265Mario Julio Avila-Campos

25. Brucella: A Foodborne Pathogen ..............................................................................................................................................269S.C. Olsen

26. Burkholderia ...............................................................................................................................................................................277Danielle L. Peters, Jaclyn G. McCutcheon, Karlene H. Lynch, and Jonathan J. Dennis

27. Campylobacter.............................................................................................................................................................................289Hongsheng Huang, Catherine D. Carrillo, and Emma Sproston

28. Coxiella ........................................................................................................................................................................................303Dongyou Liu

29. Cronobacter: An Opportunistic Pathogen ...............................................................................................................................309Nemani V. Prasadarao

30. Escherichia .................................................................................................................................................................................. 317Marta Rivas, Elizabeth Miliwebsky, Beatriz D’Astek, and Luis Pianciola

31. Francisella ...................................................................................................................................................................................333A. Johansson and M. Forsman

32. Helicobacter ................................................................................................................................................................................347T. Tsukamoto

ixContents

33. Klebsiella spp. as Pathogens: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Identification, Treatment, and Prevention ........................... 361Arumugam Kamaladevi, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, and Krishnaswamy Balamurugan

34. Leptospira ....................................................................................................................................................................................369Tanu Sagar, Nitin Gupta, and Rama Chaudhry

35. Plesiomonas .................................................................................................................................................................................377Gabriel Forn-Cuní, Zoha Tavakkoliamol, and Juan M. Tomás

36. Proteus .........................................................................................................................................................................................387María José González, Pablo Zunino, and Paola Scavone

37. Pseudomonas ...............................................................................................................................................................................397Rajasekharan Sharika and Krishnaswamy Balamurugan

38. Salmonella ...................................................................................................................................................................................409S.I. Smith, A. Ajayi, and A. Seriki

39. Serratia ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 417Naheed S. Kanji, Umesh Narsinghani, and Ritu A. Kumar

40. Shigella: Insights into the Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies ...................................429Periyanaina Kesika, Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi, and Krishnaswamy Balamurugan

41. Vibrio ...........................................................................................................................................................................................443Dongyou Liu

42. Yersinia ........................................................................................................................................................................................449Huaiqi Jing

Section III Foodborne Diseases Due to Fungi

43. Candida........................................................................................................................................................................................461M. Targalska and I. Maroszynska

44. Debaryomyces ..............................................................................................................................................................................473F. Rossi and S. Torriani

45. Encephalitozoon ..........................................................................................................................................................................481Alexandra Valencakova, Lenka Luptakova, Monika Halanova, and Olga Danisova

46. Enterocytozoon ............................................................................................................................................................................ 491Sumeeta Khurana and Megha Sharma

47. Mucor and Mucormycosis .........................................................................................................................................................503Dongyou Liu

48. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ..........................................................................................................................................................509Brunella Posteraro, Gianluigi Quaranta, Patrizia Posteraro, and Maurizio Sanguinetti

Section IV Foodborne Diseases Due to Parasites

Part A: Protozoa

49. Acanthamoeba castellanii .......................................................................................................................................................... 521Abdul Mannan Baig

x Contents

50. Balantidium coli ......................................................................................................................................................................... 531Alynne da Silva Barbosa, Laís Verdan Dib, and Claudia M. Antunes Uchôa

51. Blastocystis .................................................................................................................................................................................. 541Erdogan Malatyali

52. Cryptosporidium ......................................................................................................................................................................... 551Una Ryan, Nawal Hijjawi, and Lihua Xiao

53. Cyclospora cayetanensis: Portrait of an Intriguing and Enigmatic Protistan Parasite ......................................................565Annunziata Giangaspero and Robin B. Gasser

54. Cystoisospora belli ......................................................................................................................................................................585Chaturong Putaporntip and Somchai Jongwutiwes

55. Dientamoeba fragilis Infection ..................................................................................................................................................597Candela Menéndez Fernández-Miranda, Jonathan Fernández Suarez, Noelia Moran Suarez, Javier Fernández Domínguez, María Martínez Sela, Mercedes Rodríguez Pérez, and Azucena Rodríguez-Guardado

56. Entamoeba histolytica ................................................................................................................................................................607Jesús Serrano-Luna, Moisés Martínez-Castillo, Nidia Leon-Sicairos, Mineko Shibayama, and Mireya de la Garza

57. Giardia ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 619R. Calero-Bernal and D. Carmena

58. Sarcocystis ................................................................................................................................................................................... 631B.B. Singh, R. Sharma, and E. Jenkins

59. Toxoplasma ..................................................................................................................................................................................641Fernanda Silva de Souza and Renato Augusto DaMatta

60. Trypanosoma cruzi ......................................................................................................................................................................655Paula Andrea Jiménez, Jesus Eduardo Jaimes, and Juan David Ramírez

Part B: Cestodes

61. Diphyllobothrium, Adenocephalus, and Diplogonoporus .......................................................................................................667Hiroshi Yamasaki

62. Echinococcus and Echinococcosis ............................................................................................................................................689Wenbao Zhang, Jun Li, Dominique A. Vuitton, Patrick Giraudoux, Donald P. McManus, and Hao Wen

63. Hymenolepis ................................................................................................................................................................................703Pratibha Mane and Dongyou Liu

64. Spirometra ...................................................................................................................................................................................709Hyeong-Kyu Jeon and Keeseon S. Eom

65. Taenia .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 715Dongyou Liu

Part C: Trematodes

66. Clonorchis ...................................................................................................................................................................................723G.N. Chelomina

xiContents

67. Echinostoma ................................................................................................................................................................................737Aleksandra Oliveira-Menezes and Júlia Peralta Gonçalves

68. Fasciola........................................................................................................................................................................................ 749Dongyou Liu

69. Fasciolopsis ................................................................................................................................................................................. 757Silvia Stefania Longoni, M. Fiamma, B. Paglietti, A. Santona, and P.A. Ton Nu

70. Heterophyes .................................................................................................................................................................................763U. Thaenkham and O.M.E. El-Azazy

71. Metagonimus ...............................................................................................................................................................................773Jong-Yil Chai and Bong-Kwang Jung

72. Metorchis .....................................................................................................................................................................................789Mariya Y. Pakharukova and Viatcheslav A. Mordvinov

73. Nanophyetus ................................................................................................................................................................................799Dongyou Liu

74. Opisthorchis viverrini .................................................................................................................................................................803T. Boonmars, R. Aukkanimart, P. Sriraj, S. Boonjaraspinyo, P. Luamuanwai, J. Songsri, and P. Sripan

75. Paragonimus ............................................................................................................................................................................... 813Pham Ngoc Doanh, Haruhiko Maruyama, David Blair, and Yukifumi Nawa

Part D: Nematodes

76. Angiostrongylus ..........................................................................................................................................................................823Praphathip Eamsobhana and Hoi-Sen Yong

77. Anisakis .......................................................................................................................................................................................837Dongyou Liu

78. Ascaris .........................................................................................................................................................................................845Stefano D’Amelio, Viliam Snabel, and Serena Cavallero

79. Eustrongylides .............................................................................................................................................................................853Pinky Kaur and Babu Shashikant Mourya

80. Gnathostoma ............................................................................................................................................................................... 861O. Sanpool, P.M. Intapan, David Blair, Yukifumi Nawa, and W. Maleewong

81. Pseudoterranova .........................................................................................................................................................................873Dongyou Liu

82. Toxocara ......................................................................................................................................................................................879Dongyou Liu

83. Trichinella ...................................................................................................................................................................................887Edoardo Pozio and Fabrizio Bruschi

84. Trichuris ......................................................................................................................................................................................899Cristina Cutillas and Rocío Callejón

xii Contents

Section V Foodborne Diseases Due to Toxins

Part A: Mycotoxins

85. Aflatoxins .................................................................................................................................................................................. 911María J. Andrade, Elena Bermúdez, Alicia Rodríguez, Mar Rodríguez, and Juan J. Córdoba

86. Ergot Alkaloids .........................................................................................................................................................................925Dongyou Liu

87. Fumonisins ................................................................................................................................................................................933Alicia Rodríguez, Agustín Ariño, Marta Herrera, and Juan J. Córdoba

88. 3-Nitropropionate .....................................................................................................................................................................945Dan Su and Giovanni Gadda

89. Ochratoxins ...............................................................................................................................................................................955Josué Delgado, Miguel A. Asensio, and Félix Núñez

90. Patulin .......................................................................................................................................................................................967Alejandro Hernández, Alicia Rodríguez, Santiago Ruiz-Moyano, Francisco Pérez-Nevado, Juan J. Córdoba, and Alberto Martín

91. Trichothecenes ..........................................................................................................................................................................979I. Malbrán, C.A. Mourelos, J.R. Girotti, and G.A. Lori

92. Zearalenone: Insights into New Mechanisms in Human Health ........................................................................................989Cornelia Braicu, Alina Andreea Zimta, and Ioana Berindan-Neagoe

93. Amatoxin .................................................................................................................................................................................1001Dongyou Liu

Part B: Phycotoxins

94. Brevetoxin ...............................................................................................................................................................................1009Dongyou Liu

95. Ciguatera: A Treating Physician’s Perspective on a Global Illness .................................................................................. 1017Ritchie C. Shoemaker and James C. Ryan

96. Domoic Acid ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1031Cristina Cortinovis, Leon J. Spicer, Maria Chiara Perego, Teresa Coccini, and Francesca Caloni

97. Palytoxin.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1037Jiri Patocka, Qinghua Wu, and Kamil Kuca

98. Saxitoxin and Related Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ...............................................................................................................1045Leanne Andrea Pearson and Brett Anthony Neilan

99. Scombrotoxin .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1057K. Bjornsdottir-Butler

100. Tetrodotoxin ...........................................................................................................................................................................1069A.G. Cabado, L.P. Rodríguez, and J.M. Vieites

xiiiContents

Part C: Phytotoxins

101. Cyanogenic Glycosides ........................................................................................................................................................... 1081Dongyou Liu

102. Grayanotoxins.........................................................................................................................................................................1089Muammer Kaplan and Ozcan Yilmaz

103. Myristicin ................................................................................................................................................................................1097C. Martins, J. Rueff, and A.S. Rodrigues

104. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids .......................................................................................................................................................... 1109Dongyou Liu

105. Solanine (Nightshade Glycoalkaloids) .................................................................................................................................. 1115Filomena Lelario, Laura Scrano, Sabino Aurelio Bufo, Maryam Bader, Donia Karaman, Ameen Thawabteh, and Rafik Karaman

106. Taxines .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1125Dongyou Liu

Part D: Other Toxic Agents

107. Agrochemicals: A Brief Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 1131Lucio G. Costa

108. Food Additives ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1143Dongyou Liu

109. Phthalates ................................................................................................................................................................................ 1151L. Laird and M.R. Holahan

110. Heavy Metals ...........................................................................................................................................................................1161Dongyou Liu

Index .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1169

xv

Series Preface

Microorganisms (including viruses, bacteria, molds, yeasts, protozoa, and helminthes) represent abundant and diverse forms of life that occupy various ecological niches of Earth. Those utilizing food and food products for growth and maintenance are important to human society due not only to their positive and negative impacts on the food supply, but also to their potential pathogenicity to human and animal hosts.

On the one hand, foodborne microorganisms are known to play a critical role in fermentation and modification of foods, leading to a variety of nutritious food products (e.g., bread, beverage, yogurt, and cheese) that have contributed to the sustainment of human civilization from time immemorial. On the other hand, foodborne microorganisms may be responsible for food spoilage, which, albeit a necessary step in keeping up ecological balance, reduces the quality and quantity of foods for human and animal consumption. Furthermore, some foodborne microorganisms are pathogenic to humans and animals, which, in addition to creating havoc on human health and animal welfare, decreases the availability of meat and other animal-related products.

Food microbiology is a continuously evolving field of biological sciences that addresses issues arising from the interactions between food- and waterborne microorganisms and foods. Topics of relevance to food microbiology include, but are not limited to, adoption of innovative fermentation and other techniques to improve food production; optimization of effective preservation procedures to reduce food spoilage; development of rapid, sensitive, and specific methods to identify and monitor foodborne microbes and toxins, helping alleviate food safety

concerns among consumers; use of omic approaches to unravel the pathogenicity of foodborne microbes and toxins; selection of nonpathogenic foodborne microbes as probiotics to inhibit and eliminate pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites; and design and implementation of novel control and prevention strategies against foodborne diseases in human and animal populations.

The Food Microbiology series aims to present state-of-the-art coverage of topics central to the understanding of the interactions between food- and waterborne microorganisms and foods. The series consists of individual volumes, each of which focuses on a particular aspect or group of foodborne microbes and toxins in relation to their biology, ecology, epidemiology, immunology, clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, antibiotic resistance, stress responses, treatment and prevention, and so on. The volume editors and authors are professionals with expertise in respective fields of food microbiology, and the chapter contributors are scientists directly involved in foodborne microbe and toxin research.

Extending the contents of classical textbooks on food microbiology, this series serves as an indispensable tool for food microbiology researchers, industry food microbiologists, and food regulation authorities wishing to keep abreast of the latest developments in food microbiology. In addition, the series offers a reliable reference for undergraduate and graduate students in their pursuit to becoming competent and consummate future food microbiologists. Moreover, the series provides a trustworthy source of information to the general public interested in food safety and other related issues.

xvii

Preface

Once considered rare and insignificant malaises, foodborne diseases (colloquially foodborne poisonings) have emerged as an increasingly common and serious threat to human society in recent decades. Several factors may have been driving this remarkable change of fortune for foodborne diseases. These include the ready availability of refrigerators and freezers in home settings that has pushed up the demand for convenient, ready-to-eat, or heat-and-eat manufactured food products; a dramatic reduction in the costs of air, sea, and road transportation that has facilitated frequent international trade, business, and pleasure travels; an exponential growth of the world population that has stretched the boundary of human activity; and a notable increase in life expectancy that has created an ever larger group of individuals with heightened susceptibility to infections and poisonings. Consequently, some pathogens that previously had restricted distribution are now widespread; some pathogens that were formerly regarded as veterinary concerns are routinely identified in human cases; some pathogens that were known to cause mild clinical syndromes are now involved in severe and sometimes fatal diseases; and some agents that were previously unheard of are now implicated in human poisonings.

In front of these crises, scientists, medical establishments, research organizations, and government agencies around the world have put up a valiant fight that may have temporarily halted the attack of foodborne diseases, but they are far from being in a winning position. Based on World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, annual casualties (mostly children) from foodborne and waterborne diarrheal diseases stand at 2.2 million. Our struggle against foodborne diseases is clearly being compromised by the diversity of causative agents (ranging from viruses, bacteria, yeasts, filamentous fungi, protozoa, helminthes, toxins, to toxic

agents), which render a control measure that works for one disease hopelessly ineffective for another; and also by the ingenuity of microbial pathogens, which have the capacity to evolve through genetic resortment, horizontal gene transfer, or random genetic mutation, making a previously highly efficient drug or vaccine suddenly lose its magic power. Obviously, there is still much to be learned about foodborne diseases and their causative agents.

Forming part of the Food Microbiology series, this volume documents and summarizes the most recent findings on foodborne diseases and their causative agents. Written by experts with relevant experience in foodborne pathogens, toxins, and toxic agents’ research, each chapter presents a state-of-the-art overview on a causative agent in relation to its classification, biology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Apart from providing a contemporary reference for undergraduates and postgraduates in food, medical, and veterinary microbiology, this volume offers a valuable source of information for medical professionals, health authorities, and the general public.

Given the diversity of causative agents, and the breadth and depth of research data on each foodborne disease, a comprehensive volume such as this is clearly beyond an individual’s capacity. I am fortunate and honored to have an international panel of experts as chapter contributors, whose in-depth knowledge and technical insights on foodborne diseases have greatly enriched this volume. In addition, the professionalism and dedication of senior editor Stephen Zollo have made the publication of this volume a seamless operation. Finally, the understanding and support from my family—Liling Ma, Brenda, and Cathy—have been crucial to helping keep my focus during the compilation of this all-inclusive volume.

xix

Editor

Dongyou Liu, PhD, studied veterinary science at Hunan Agricultural University, China, and conducted postgraduate research on the generation and use of monoclonal antibodies for improved immunodiagnosis of human hydatidosis at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Over the past two decades, he has worked at several research and clinical laboratories in Australia and the United States, with focuses on molecular characterization and virulence determination of microbial pathogens such as ovine footrot bacterium (Dichelobacter nodosus), dermatophyte fungi (Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton) and listeriae (Listeria species), as well as development of nucleic acid–based quality assurance models for security sensitive and emerging viral pathogens. Additionally, during the period from 1995 to 2001, he established and performed molecular tests at clinical laboratories for a range of human genetic disorders and cancer, including BRCA1, BRCA2, c-kit, B- and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements, t(11,14) chromosomal translocation, k-ras, fragile X syndrome, factor V Leiden, hemochromatosis, and prothrombin mutations. He is the primary author of more than 50 original research and review articles in various international journals, the contributor of 176 book

chapters, and the editor of Handbook of Listeria monocytogenes (2008), Handbook of Nucleic Acid Purification (2009), Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogens (2009), Molecular Detection of Human Viral Pathogens (2010), Molecular Detection of Human Bacterial Pathogens (2011), Molecular Detection of Human Fungal Pathogens (2011), Molecular Detection of Human Parasitic Pathogens (2012), Manual of Security Sensitive Microbes and Toxins (2014), Molecular Detection of Animal Viral Pathogens (2016), and Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections (2017), all of which were released by CRC Press. He is also a coeditor of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Second Edition, which was published by Elsevier in 2014. Further, he is the author of recent CRC Press books: Pocket Guides to Biomedical Sciences: Tumors and Cancers—Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems (2017); Pocket Guides to Biomedical Sciences: Tumors and Cancers—Head, Neck, Heart, Lung, and Gut (2017); Pocket Guides to Biomedical Sciences: Tumors and Cancers—Skin, Soft Tissue, Bone, and Urogenitals (2017); and Pocket Guides to Biomedical Sciences: Tumors and Cancers—Endocrine Glands, Blood, Marrow, and Lymph (2017).

xxi

Contributors

Rakesh AggarwalDepartment of GastroenterologySanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical SciencesLucknow, India

A. AjayiDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of LagosLagos, Nigeria

Ziton Abdulrida Ighewish Al-KhafajiDepartment of MicrobiologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of BabylonHilla, Iraq

Ghanim Aboud Al-MolaCollege of Science for WomenUniversity of BabylonHilla, Iraq

María J. AndradeFood Hygiene and SafetyMeat and Meat Products Research InstituteFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of ExtremaduraCáceres, Spain

Emilio ArandaFood ScienceAgricultural Resources Research InstituteSchool of Agricultural EngineeringUniversity of ExtremaduraBadajoz, Spain

Agustín AriñoInstituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (Universidad de

Zaragoza-CITA)Veterinary FacultyZaragoza, Spain

Eurico ArrudaDepartments of Cell BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil

Miguel A. AsensioFood Hygiene and SafetyInstitute of Meat ProductsFaculty of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of ExtremaduraCáceres, Spain

R. AukkanimartDepartment of Thai Traditional MedicineFaculty of Natural ResourcesRajamangala University of Technology IsanSakonnakhon, Thailand

Mario Julio Avila-CamposDepartment of MicrobiologyInstitute of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil

Maryam BaderDepartment of Bioorganic ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyUniversity Al-QudsJerusalem, Palestine

Abdul Mannan BaigDepartment of Biological and Biomedical SciencesAga Khan UniversityMedical CollegeKarachi, Pakistan

Krishnaswamy BalamuruganDepartment of BiotechnologyScience Campus, Alagappa UniversityTamil Nadu, India

Alynne da Silva BarbosaDisciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e

ParasitologiaInstituto BiomédicoUniversidade Federal FluminenseandLaboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras protozoosesInstituto Oswaldo CruzFundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

María J. BenitoAgricultural Resources Research InstituteUniversity of ExtremaduraBadajoz, Spain

Ioana Berindan-NeagoeResearch Center for Functional Genomics and Translational

MedicineandMEDFUTURE—Research Center for Advanced Medicine“Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and PharmacyandDepartment of Functional Genomics and Experimental PathologyThe Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”Cluj-Napoca, Romania

xxii Contributors

Elena BermúdezMeat and Meat Products Research InstituteUniversity of ExtremaduraCáceres, Spain

Prudhvi Lal BhukyaHepatitis GroupNational Institute of VirologyPune, India

K. Bjornsdottir-ButlerFDA, Division of Seafood Science and TechnologyGulf Coast Seafood LaboratoryDauphin Island, Alabama

David BlairCollege of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook UniversityQueensland, Australia

S. BoonjaraspinyoLiver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research CenterKhon Kaen UniversityKhon Kaen, Thailand

T. BoonmarsLiver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research CenterKhon Kaen UniversityKhon Kaen, Thailand

Cornelia BraicuResearch Center for Functional Genomics and Translational

Medicine“Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and PharmacyCluj-Napoca, Romania

Fabrizio BruschiDepartment of Translational Research, N.T.M.S.Medical SchoolUniversità di PisaPisa, Italy

Sabino Aurelio BufoDepartments of Sciences and Mediterranean CulturesUniversity of BasilicataPotenza, Italy

Tammy BuiDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and PathobiologyVirginia-Maryland College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, Virginia

A.G. CabadoFood Safety DivisionANFACO-CECOPESCAVigo, Spain

R. Calero-BernalSALUVET GroupAnimal Health DepartmentFaculty of Veterinary SciencesComplutense UniversityMadrid, Spain

Rocío CallejónDepartment of Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of SevilleSeville, Spain

Francesca CaloniDepartment of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET)Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy

D. CarmenaParasitology Reference and Research LaboratoryNational Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain

Catherine D. CarrilloOttawa Laboratory (Carling)Canadian Food Inspection AgencyOttawa, Ontario, Canada

Serena CavalleroDepartment of Public Health and Infectious DiseasesSection of ParasitologySapienza University of RomeRome, Italy

Jong-Yil ChaiInstitute of Parasitic DiseasesKorea Association of Health PromotionandSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul, Korea

Rama ChaudhryDepartment of MicrobiologyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India

G.N. ChelominaFederal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial

BiodiversityFar Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesVladivostok, Russia

Po-Lin ChenDepartment of MedicineCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan

xxiiiContributors

Teresa CocciniLaboratory of Clinical and Experimental ToxicologyPoison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information CentreToxicology UnitIstituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri S.p.A. – Benefit CorporationIRCCS Pavia, Italy

Luis ColladoInstituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile

Juan J. CórdobaFood Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research

InstituteFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of ExtremaduraCáceres, Spain

María G. CórdobaAgricultural Resources Research InstituteSchool of Agricultural EngineeringUniversity of ExtremaduraBadajoz, Spain

Valerie CortezDepartment of Infectious DiseasesSt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphis, Tennessee

Cristina CortinovisDepartment of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA)Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy

Lucio G. CostaDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington

Cristina CutillasDepartment of Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of SevilleSeville, Spain

Renato Augusto DaMattaLaboratório de Biologia Celular e TecidualCentro de Biociências e BiotecnologiaUniversidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy RibeiroCampos dos GoytacazesRio de Janeiro, Brazil

Stefano D’AmelioDepartment of Public Health and Infectious DiseasesSection of ParasitologySapienza University of RomeRome, Italy

Olga DanisovaDepartment of Biology and GeneticsUniversity of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in KošiceSlovak Republic

Beatriz D’AstekServicio FisiopatogeniaInstituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-

ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”Buenos Aires, Argentina

Mireya de la GarzaDepartment of Cell BiologyCenter for Research and Advanced Studies of National

Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN)Mexico City, Mexico

Fernanda Silva de SouzaLaboratório de Biologia Celular e TecidualCentro de Biociências e BiotecnologiaUniversidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy

RibeiroCampos dos GoytacazesRio de Janeiro, Brazil

Josué DelgadoInstitute of Meat ProductsUniversidad de ExtremaduraCáceres, Spain

Jonathan J. DennisDepartment of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta, Canada

Rahat Wadhwa DesaiDepartment of Developmental and Reproductive ToxicologyCharles River LaboratoriesAshland, Ohio

Laís Verdan DibDisciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e

ParasitologiaInstituto BiomédicoUniversidade Federal FluminenseRio de Janeiro, Brazil

Pham Ngoc DoanhDepartment of ParasitologyInstitute of Ecology and Biological ResourcesVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHanoi, Vietnam

Javier Fernández DomínguezMicrobiology UnitHospital Universitario Central de AsturiasOviedo, Spain

xxiv Contributors

D.H. D’SouzaDepartment of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tennessee-KnoxvilleKnoxville, Tennessee

Praphathip EamsobhanaDepartment of ParasitologyFaculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkok, Thailand

O.M.E. El-AzazyVeterinary LaboratoriesPublic Authority of Agriculture Affairs and Fish ResourcesKuwait City, Kuwait

and

Department of ParasitologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig UniversityZagazig, Egypt

Keeseon S. EomDepartment of ParasitologyMedical Research Institute and Parasite Resource BankChungbuk National University School of MedicineChungbuk, Korea

Candela Menéndez Fernández-MirandaTropical Medicine UnitHospital Universitario Central de AsturiasOviedo, Spain

M. FiammaDepartment of Biomedical ScienceInstitute of Microbiology and VirologyUniversity of SassariSassari, Italy

Maria José FiguerasDepartament de Ciències Mèdiques BàsiquesFacultat de Medicina, IISPVUniversitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain

Karen Flores-MorenoPrograma de Inmunologia Molecular MicrobianaDepartamento de Microbiologia y ParasitologiaUNAMMéxico City, Mexico

Gabriel Forn-CuníDepartamento de Genética, Microbiología y EstadísticaFacultad de BiologíaUniversidad de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain

M. ForsmanDivision of CBRN Security and DefenceSwedish Defense Research AgencyUmeå, Sweden

Giovanni GaddaDepartments of Chemistry and BiologyCenters for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Biotechnology, and

Drug DesignGeorgia State UniversityAtlanta, Georgia

Robin B. GasserDepartment of Veterinary BiosciencesMelbourne Veterinary SchoolThe University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia

Annunziata GiangasperoDepartment of Science of AgricultureFood and EnvironmentUniversity of FoggiaFoggia, Italy

Patrick GiraudouxChrono-environment labUniversity of Franche-Comté/CNRS Besancon Cedex, France

J.R. GirottiCONICETINIBIOLP-CCT La Plata CONICET-UNLPFacultad de Ciencias MédicasUniversidad Nacional de La PlataBuenos Aires, Argentina

Amit GoelDepartment of GastroenterologySanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical

SciencesLucknow, India

Júlia Peralta GonçalvesLaboratório de ImunoparasitologiaUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro—Campus MacaéRio de Janeiro, Brazil

María José GonzálezDepartment of MicrobiologyInstituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente EstableMontevideo, Uruguay

Shanmugaraj GowrishankarDepartment of BiotechnologyScience Campus, Alagappa UniversityTamil Nadu, India

Nitin GuptaDepartment of MicrobiologyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India

xxvContributors

Monika HalanovaInstitute of EpidemiologyPavol Jozef Safarik University in KošiceSlovak Republic

Bangari HaldipurHepatitis GroupNational Institute of VirologyPune, India

Virginia HargestDepartment of Infectious DiseasesSt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalandDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology, and BiochemistryUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, Tennessee

Alejandro HernándezSchool of Agricultural EngineeringAgricultural Resources Research InstituteUniversity of ExtremaduraBadajoz, Spain

Marta HerreraInstituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2Universidad de Zaragoza-CITAVeterinary Faculty, Zaragoza, Spain

Nawal HijjawiDepartment of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied Health SciencesHashemite UniversityZarqa, Jordan

M.R. HolahanDepartment of NeuroscienceCarleton UniversityOttawa, Ontario, Canada

Hongsheng HuangOttawa Laboratory (Fallowfield)Canadian Food Inspection AgencyOttawa, Ontario, Canada

P.M. IntapanFaculty of MedicineDepartment of Parasitology and Research and Diagnostic

Center for Emerging Infectious DiseasesMekong Health Science Research InstituteKhon Kaen UniversityKhon Kaen, Thailand

Jesus Eduardo JaimesGrupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas—UR (GIMUR)Programa de BiologíaFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y MatemáticasandEscuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad del RosarioBogotá, Colombia

E. JenkinsDepartment of Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Hyeong-Kyu JeonDepartment of ParasitologyMedical Research Institute and Parasite Resource BankChungbuk National University School of MedicineCheongju, Chungbuk, Korea

Paula Andrea JiménezGrupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas – UR

(GIMUR)Universidad del RosarioBogotá, Colombia

Huaiqi JingNational Institute for Communicable Disease Control and

PreventionChina CDCBeijing, P.R. China

A. JohanssonDepartment of Clinical Microbiology and Laboratory for

Molecular Infection Medicine SwedenUmeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden

Somchai JongwutiwesMolecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites

Research UnitDepartment of ParasitologyFaculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkok, Thailand

Bong-Kwang JungInstitute of Parasitic DiseasesKorea Association of Health PromotionandSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul, Korea

Arumugam KamaladeviDepartment of BiotechnologyScience Campus, Alagappa UniversityTamil Nadu, India

Naheed S. KanjiAustralian Health Care CentreSydney, Australia

Muammer KaplanTUBITAK MRC Food InstituteKocaeli, Turkey

xxvi Contributors

Donia KaramanDepartment of Bioorganic ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyUniversity Al-QudsJerusalem, Palestine

Rafik KaramanDepartment of Bioorganic ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyUniversity Al-QudsJerusalem, Palestine

Pinky KaurDepartment of Zoology and Applied AquacultureBarkatullah UniversityBhopal, India

Periyanaina KesikaDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand

Pattara KhamrinDepartment of MicrobiologyFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand

Sumeeta KhuranaDepartment of Medical ParasitologyPostgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarh, India

Wen-Chien KoDepartment of MedicineCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan

Kamil KucaBiomedical Research CentreUniversity HospitalandDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Hradec KraloveHradec Kralove, Czech Republic

Ritu A. KumarNavicent Health Physician Group Infectious DiseaseMacon, Georgia

Kattareeya Kumthip Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand

G. La RosaDepartment of Environment and HealthIstituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy

L. LairdDepartment of NeuroscienceCarleton UniversityOttawa, Ontario, Canada

Filomena LelarioDepartments of Sciences and Mediterranean CulturesUniversity of BasilicataPotenza, Italy

Nidia Leon-SicairosCIASaPSchool of MedicineAutonomous University of SinaloaSinaloa, Mexico

Arturo LevicanTecnología MédicaFacultad de CienciasPontificia Universidad Católica deValparaíso, Chile

Jun LiThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityXinjiang, P.R. China

Dongyou LiuRCPAQAPNew South Wales, Australia

Kavita LoleHepatitis GroupNational Institute of VirologyPune, India

Silvia Stefania LongoniCentre for Tropical DiseasesSacro Cuore-Don Calabria HospitalNegrar, Verona, Italy

Yolanda Lopez-VidalPrograma de Inmunologia Molecular MicrobianaDepartamento de Microbiologia y ParasitologiaUNAMMéxico City, Mexico

G.A. LoriCICCIDEFI-UNLP-CICFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesUniversidad Nacional de La PlataBuenos Aires, Argentina

P. LuamuanwaiNeglected and Vector Borne Research GroupKhon Kaen UniversityKhon Kaen, Thailand

xxviiContributors

Lenka LuptakovaDepartment of Biology and GeneticsUniversity of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in

KošiceSlovak Republic

Karlene H. LynchDepartment of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta, Canada

Erdogan MalatyaliDepartment of ParasitologyAdnan Menderes UniversityAydin, Turkey

I. MalbránCONICETCIDEFI-UNLP-CICFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesUniversidad Nacional de La PlataBuenos Aires, Argentina

W. MaleewongFaculty of MedicineDepartment of Parasitology and Research and Diagnostic

Center for Emerging Infectious DiseasesMekong Health Science Research InstituteKhon Kaen UniversityKhon Kaen, Thailand

Pratibha ManeDepartment of MicrobiologySHKM Government Medical CollegeHaryana, India

Niwat ManeekarnDepartment of MicrobiologyFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand

I. MaroszynskaPolish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research InstituteLodz, Poland

Alberto MartínSchool of Agricultural EngineeringAgricultural Resources Research InstituteUniversity of ExtremaduraBadajoz, Spain

C. MartinsCenter for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics,

Oncology and Human ToxicologyNOVA Medical SchoolUniversidade Nova de LisboaLisbon, Portugal

Moisés Martínez-CastilloDepartment of Infectomics and Molecular PathogenesisCenter for Research and Advanced Studies of National

Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN)Mexico City, Mexico

Haruhiko MaruyamaDivision of ParasitologyDepartment of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of MiyazakiMiyazaki, Japan

Claudia Mayoral-TeranPrograma de Inmunologia Molecular MicrobianaDepartamento de Microbiologia y ParasitologiaUNAMMéxico City, Mexico

Jaclyn G. McCutcheonDepartment of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta, Canada

Donald P. McManusQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbane, Queensland, Australia

Victoria A. MeliopoulosDepartment of Infectious DiseasesSt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphis, Tennesse

Guilherme Paier MilanezDepartment of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and ImmunologyBiology InstituteUniversity of CampinasCampinas, Brazil

Elizabeth MiliwebskyServicio FisiopatogeniaInstituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS

“Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”Buenos Aires, Argentina

Viatcheslav A. MordvinovInstitute of Cytology and GeneticsSiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirsk, Russia

C.A. MourelosCONICETCIDEFI-UNLP-CICFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesUniversidad Nacional de La PlataBuenos Aires, Argentina

Babu Shashikant MouryaNational Institute of OceanographyGoa, India

xxviii Contributors

Umesh NarsinghaniNavicent Health Children’s HospitalMercer University School of MedicineMacon, Georgia

Yukifumi NawaTropical Diseases Research CenterKhon Kaen UniversityKhon Kaen, Thailand

Brett Anthony NeilanSchool of Environmental and Life SciencesUniversity of NewcastleNew South Wales, Australia

P.A. Ton NuDepartment of ParasitologyHuè University of Medicine and PharmacyHuè City, Vietnam

Félix NúñezFood Hygiene and SafetyInstitute of Meat ProductsUniversidad de ExtremaduraCáceres, Spain

Shoko OkitsuDivision of MicrobiologyDepartment of Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan

Aleksandra Oliveira-MenezesLaboratório de ImunoparasitologiaUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro–Campus

MacaéMacaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

S.C. OlsenInfectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock National Animal

Disease CenterAmes, Iowa

B. PagliettiDepartment of Biomedical ScienceInstitute of Microbiology and VirologyUniversity of SassariSassari, Italy

Mariya Y. PakharukovaInstitute of Cytology and GeneticsSiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirsk, Russia

Jiri PatockaDepartment of Radiology, Toxicology and Civil

ProtectionUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceandBiomedical Research CentreUniversity HospitalHradec Kralove, Czech Republic

Leanne Andrea PearsonSchool of Environmental and Life SciencesUniversity of NewcastleNew South Wales, Australia

Mercedes Rodríguez PérezMicrobiology UnitHospital Universitario Central de AsturiasOviedo, Spain

Alba Perez-CataluñaDepartament de Ciències Mèdiques BàsiquesFacultat de Medicina, IISPVUniversitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain

Francisco Pérez-NevadoSchool of Agricultural EngineeringAgricultural Resources Research InstituteUniversity of ExtremaduraBadajoz, Spain

Maria Chiara PeregoDepartment of Animal ScienceOklahoma State UniversityStillwater, Oklahoma

Danielle L. PetersDepartment of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta, Canada

Luis PianciolaLaboratorio CentralSubsecretaría de Salud de NeuquénNeuquén, Argentina

Brunella PosteraroInstitute of Public HealthSection of HygieneUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Fondazione Policlinico

Universitario Agostino GemelliRome, Italy

xxixContributors

Patrizia PosteraroLaboratory of Clinical Pathology and MicrobiologyOspedale San CarloRome, Italy

Edoardo PozioDepartment of Infectious DiseasesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy

Nemani V. PrasadaraoDivision of Infectious DiseasesDepartments of Pediatrics and SurgeryChildren’s Hospital Los AngelesandDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, California

Udayakumar PrithikaDepartment of BiotechnologyScience Campus, Alagappa UniversityTamil Nadu, India

José Luiz Proença-MódenaDepartment of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and

ImmunologyBiology InstituteUniversity of CampinasCampinas, Brazil

Chaturong PutaporntipMolecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites

Research UnitDepartment of ParasitologyChulalongkorn UniversityBangkok, Thailand

Gianluigi QuarantaInstitute of Public HealthSection of HygieneUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Fondazione Policlinico

Universitario Agostino GemelliRome, Italy

Ashwin RameshDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and PathobiologyVirginia-Maryland College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, Virginia

Juan David RamírezGrupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas – UR (GIMUR)Programa de BiologíaFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y MatemáticasUniversidad del RosarioBogotá, Colombia

W. RandazzoDepartment of Preservation and Food Safety TechnologiesIATA-CSICandDepartment of Microbiology and EcologyUniversity of ValenciaValencia, Spain

Marta RivasServicio FisiopatogeniaInstituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS

“Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”Buenos Aires, Argentina

A.S. RodriguesCenter for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics,

Oncology and Human ToxicologyNOVA Medical SchoolUniversidade Nova de LisboaLisbon, Portugal

Alicia RodríguezFood Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research

InstituteFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of ExtremaduraCáceres, Spain

L.P. RodríguezFood Safety DivisionANFACO-CECOPESCAVigo, Spain

Mar RodríguezMeat and Meat Products Research InstituteUniversity of ExtremaduraCáceres, Spain

Azucena Rodríguez-GuardadoTropical Medicine UnitHospital Universitario Central de AsturiasOviedo, Spain

F. RossiIstituto Zooprofilattico dell’Abruzzo e del MoliseTeramo, Italy

J. RueffCenter for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics,

Oncology and Human ToxicologyNOVA Medical SchoolUniversidade Nova de LisboaLisbon, Portugal

Santiago Ruiz-MoyanoSchool of Agricultural EngineeringAgricultural Resources Research InstituteUniversity of ExtremaduraBadajoz, Spain

xxx Contributors

James C. RyanProgeneDx, LLCDeerfield Beach, Florida

Una RyanSchool of Veterinary and Life SciencesMurdoch UniversityWestern Australia, Australia

Tanu SagarDepartment of MicrobiologyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India

Akikazu SakudoLaboratory of Biometabolic ChemistryUniversity of the RyukyusOkinawa, Japan

Nuria Salas-MassóDepartament de Ciències Mèdiques BàsiquesFacultat de Medicina, IISPVUniversitat Rovira i VirgiliReus, Spain

G. SanchezDepartment of Preservation and Food Safety TechnologiesIATA-CSICValencia, Spain

Maurizio SanguinettiInstitute of MicrobiologyUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Fondazione Policlinico

Universitario Agostino GemelliRome, Italy

O. SanpoolDepartment of Parasitology and Research and Diagnostic

Center for Emerging Infectious DiseasesMekong Health Science Research InstituteKhon Kaen UniversityKhon Kaen, Thailand

A. SantonaDepartment of Biomedical ScienceInstitute of Microbiology and VirologyUniversity of SassariSassari, Italy

Paola ScavoneDepartment of MicrobiologyInstituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente EstableMontevideo, Uruguay

Laura ScranoDepartments of Sciences and Mediterranean CulturesUniversity of BasilicataPotenza, Italy

María Martínez SelaTropical Medicine UnitHospital Universitario Central de AsturiasOviedo, Spain

A. SerikiDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of LagosLagos, Nigeria

Jesús Serrano-LunaDepartment of Cell BiologyCenter for Research and Advanced Studies of National

Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN)Mexico City, Mexico

Rajasekharan SharikaDepartment of BiotechnologyScience Campus, Alagappa UniversityTamil Nadu, India

Megha SharmaDepartment of Medical ParasitologyPostgraduate Institute of Medical Education and

ResearchChandigarh, India

R. SharmaDepartment of Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Mineko ShibayamaDepartment of Infectomics and Molecular PathogenesisCenter for Research and Advanced Studies of National

Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN)Mexico City, Mexico

Ritchie C. ShoemakerCenter for Research on Biotoxin-Associated IllnessesPocomoke, Maryland

B.B. SinghSchool of Public Health and ZoonosesGuru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences

UniversityPunjab, India

Bhagavathi Sundaram SivamaruthiDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand

S.I. SmithMolecular Biology and Biotechnology DepartmentNigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)Lagos, Nigeria

xxxiContributors

Viliam SnabelInstitute of ParasitologySlovak Academy of SciencesKošice, Slovakia

J. SongsriLiver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research CenterKhon Kaen UniversityKhon Kaen, Thailand

E. SpackmanU.S. National Poultry Research CenterUSDA-Agricultural Research ServiceAthens, Georgia

Leon J. SpicerDepartment of Animal ScienceOklahoma State UniversityStillwater, Oklahoma

Emma SprostonMilner Centre for EvolutionUniversity of BathBath, United Kingdom

P. SripanLiver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research CenterKhon Kaen UniversityKhon Kaen, Thailand

P. SrirajRajamangala University of TechnologyIsan Sakonnakhon, Thailand

Dan SuDepartment of ChemistryGeorgia State UniversityAtlanta, Georgia

Jonathan Fernández SuarezMicrobiology UnitHospital Universitario Central de AsturiasOviedo, Spain

Noelia Moran SuarezTropical Medicine UnitHospital Universitario Central de AsturiasOviedo, Spain

E. SuffrediniDepartment of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public

HealthIstituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy

M. TargalskaBionanopark Sp. z o.o.Lodz, Poland

Zoha TavakkoliamolDepartamento de Genética, Microbiología y EstadísticaFacultad de BiologíaUniversidad de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain

U. ThaenkhamDepartment of HelminthologyMahidol UniversityBangkok, Thailand

Dipendra ThapaliyaDepartment of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences

and EpidemiologyCollege of Public HealthKent State UniversityKent, Ohio

Ameen ThawabtehDepartment of Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity Al-QudsJerusalem, Palestine

Verlaine J. TimmsCentre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology—Public HealthWestmead HospitalSydney, NSW, Australia

Juan M. TomásDepartamento de Genética, Microbiología y EstadísticaFacultad de BiologíaUniversidad de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain

S. TorrianiDipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di VeronaVerona, Italy

Lisa M. TrimbleDepartment of Quality, Food Safety and Regulatory Affairs

The Kraft Heinz CompanyGlenview, Illinois

T. TsukamotoDepartment of Diagnostic PathologyFujita Health UniversityAichi, Japan

Claudia M. Antunes UchôaDisciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e

ParasitologiaInstituto BiomédicoUniversidade Federal FluminenseRio de Janeiro, Brazil

Hiroshi UshijimaDivision of MicrobiologyDepartment of Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan

xxxii Contributors

Alexandra ValencakovaDepartment of Biology and GeneticsUniversity of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in KošiceSlovak Republic

J.M. VieitesFood Safety DivisionANFACO-CECOPESCAVigo, Spain

Dominique A. VuittonWHO-Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment

of Human EchinococcosisUniversity of Franche-Comté and University HospitalBesancon, France

Hao WenThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityXinjiang, P.R. China

Chi-Jung WuNational Institute of Infectious Diseases and VaccinologyNational Health Research InstitutesZhunan, Taiwan andDepartment of MedicineCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan

Qinghua WuDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Hradec KraloveHradec Kralove, Czech Republic

and

College of Life ScienceYangtze UniversityHubei, P.R. China

Lihua XiaoDivision of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental DiseasesNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlanta, Georgia

Hiroshi YamasakiDepartment of ParasitologyNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesMinistry of Health, Labour and WelfareTokyo, Japan

Ozcan YilmazDepartment of CardiologyFaculty of MedicineOndokuz Mayis UniversitySamsun, Turkey

Hoi-Sen YongInstitute of Biological SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Lijuan YuanDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and PathobiologyVirginia-Maryland College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, Virginia

Wenbao ZhangThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityXinjiang, P.R. China

Alina Andreea ZimtaResearch Center for Functional Genomics and Translational

MedicineandMEDFUTURE Research Center for Advanced Medicine“Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and PharmacyCluj-Napoca, Romania

Pablo ZuninoDepartment of MicrobiologyInstituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente EstableMontevideo, Uruguay

1

1Introductory Remarks

Dongyou Liu

1.1 Preamble

Foodborne diseases (also known as foodborne illnesses, or colloquially, foodborne poisonings) are pathological conditions that result mostly from ingestion of raw, or improperly prepared or stored foods contaminated by microbial pathogens, toxins, or other toxic agents. After establishing in their predilection sites, some pathogens (e.g., parasites) cause direct physical and mechanical damages to the host, while others (e.g., viruses, bacteria, and fungi) produce various virulence factors and toxins that provoke host innate and acquired immune responses, leading to gastrointestinal (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps) and other clinical symptoms (e.g., fever, joint aches or backaches, and fatigue). Being noninfectious and nonreplicating, toxins (of bacterial, fungal and algal origins) contained in food or water and other toxic agents act rapidly and induce clinical symptoms if sufficient quantities are ingested.

Despite the fact that foodborne diseases have been with us for time immemorial, they were generally considered an insignificant health concern until the early 1980s, when several large outbreaks of food-related illnesses suddenly came to the spotlight. Perhaps, the emergence or reemergence of foodborne diseases reflects several notable changes that have occurred in the preceding decades. These include increasing consumption of manufactured, ready-to-eat food products that allow ready entry of some robust, temperature-insensitive organisms (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes) into the human host, frequent international trade and travel that facilitate the spread of pathogenic organisms to where they were once absent, and aging populations whose weakened immune functions provide a fertile ground for opportunistic pathogens to thrive and expand 1,2].

Faced with these unprecedented challenges, governments and health organizations around the world have stepped up research efforts on and implemented control measures against foodborne diseases. This has not only contributed to a better understanding of the causal agents, but also helped to gain an upper hand over foodborne diseases. Nevertheless, there is still much to be learned

before highly effective mitigation strategies against foodborne diseases can be devised for their ultimate elimination. By documenting and summarizing the most recent findings on foodborne diseases in relation to their etiology, biology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, the current volume provides a sound foundation on which new discoveries on foodborne pathogens and toxins will be made.

1.2 Foodborne Pathogens, Toxins, and Toxic Agents

From both individual and collective experiences, sometimes uneventful, but more often disastrous, human society has been long aware of the possible involvement of certain agents in the spoilage of food products as well as in the causation of foodborne malaises. This has provided impetus for developing and refining various food preservation techniques (e.g., salting, smoking, and drying) to prolong the shelf life of fresh produces and maintain the quality of stored foods. Following the pioneering work of Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), it became possible for the first time to view causal agents of human diseases under a microscope, which had been largely invisible through naked eyes. Studies by the succeeding generations have pinpointed the roles of a diverse range of foodborne pathogens, toxins and toxic agents in the initiation and development of food-related illnesses in humans.

Foodborne pathogens of viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic origins demonstrate the ability to survive or grow in various food matrices (e.g., pasteurized carrot juice, peanut butter, frozen pot pies, canned chili sauce, hot peppers, white and black pepper, raw cookie dough, and raw frozen scraped ground tuna), plants and produces (e.g., cereals, hazelnuts, fenugreek sprouts, papayas, pine nuts, lettuce, and cantaloupe), surfaces (e.g., food processing facility and hospital benches), dust and soil, and water (e.g., run-off water from farms and sewage), and have the capacity to induce pathological changes in the human host after entry via contaminated food or water (Table 1.1) [3].

CONTENTS

1.1 Preamble ...........................................................................................................................................................................................11.2 Foodborne Pathogens, Toxins, and Toxic Agents .............................................................................................................................11.3 Foodborne Infection and Intoxication ...............................................................................................................................................71.4 Management of Foodborne Diseases ................................................................................................................................................81.5 Future Perspectives ...........................................................................................................................................................................8References ................................................................................................................................................................................................8

2 Handbook of Foodborne Diseases

TABLE 1.1

Characteristics of Foodborne Viral, Bacterial, Fungal and Parasitic Pathogens

Type Category Key Features Examples

Viruses RNA virus Single- or double-stranded RNA of 4–33 kb; positive sense, single-stranded RNA is identical to viral mRNA, and can be translated directly into proteins by host ribosomes; negative sense, single-stranded RNA is complementary to viral mRNA, and requires transcription by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase into positive sense mRNA before translation into proteins; relatively unstable (showing high error rate during transcription, and high rate of recombination/reassortment during co-infection)

Norovirus, hepatitis E virus

DNA virus Single-stranded DNA of 3–6 kb, or double-stranded RNA of 5–375 kb; relatively stable (showing low error rate during transcription, and low rate of recombination/reassortment during co-infection)

Human bocavirus

Prion Prion (proteinaceous and infectious virion) is composed of protein that has the ability to change the normal shape of host protein into the prion shape, which converts even more host proteins into prions

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD)

Bacteria Gram positive Classified in the kingdom Bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria possess a cell wall that comprises a thick layer (or several layers) of peptidoglycan (which retains crystal violet during Gram staining to produce purple color) attached to an inner cell membrane via lipoproteins and lipoteichoic acids (which are formed by teichoic acids and lipoids); an outer membrane is notably absent

Listeria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus

Gram negative Classified in the kingdom Bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria possess a cell wall that has a thin layer of peptidoglycan (which fails to retain crystal violet during Gram staining to produce red or pink color after restaining with basic fuchsin) sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and an outer membrane; the outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS, made up of lipid-A, core polysaccharide, and O-antigen) in its outer leaflet and phospholipids in the inner leaflet; teichoic acids and lipoids are notably absent

Helicobacter, Pseudomonas

Fungi Yeasts Classified in the kingdom Fungi, yeasts are single-celled organisms that reproduce by budding or binary fission; of ∼700 species identified, 200 are implicated in superficial/cutaneous, subcutaneous, and systemic infections (mycoses)

Candida, Saccharomyces

Filamentous fungi

Classified in the kingdom Fungi, filamentous fungi (∼100,000 species identified so far) generate tubular, elongated, and threadlike (filamentous) cellular structures (hyphae), which contain multiple nuclei and extend at their tips; filamentous fungi often cause superficial/cutaneous, and subcutaneous infections (mycoses) and produce mycotoxins that lead to food poisoning

Aspergillus, Fusarium

Microsporidia Microsporidia (previously regarded as protozoa) are relatives of zygomycetes (possession of chitin and trehalose; sequence similarity in α- and β-tubulin as well as Hsp70 genes), display features reminiscent of both prokaryotes (small genome, 16S and 23S RNA) and eukaryotes (nucleus, mitotic spindle-separated chromosome, cytoskeleton, polyadenylation on mRNA), and produce highly resistant oval or pyriform spores; of ∼1200 species identified, 12 are associated with human diseases

Encephalitozoon, Enterocytozoon

Parasites Protozoa Classified in the kingdom Protista, protozoa are small (∼50 µm), unicellular eukaryotes (∼50,000 species identified); human pathogenic protozoa are mainly found in the phyla Sarcomastigophora (amoebae and flagellates, generally reproducing by asexual binary fission) and Apicomplexa (sporozoa, reproducing by both asexual sporogony/schizogony and sexual gamogony)

Acanthamoeba, Giadia, Cryptosporidium

Cestodes Classified in the class Cestoda, phylum Platyhelminthes, kingdom Animalia, cestodes (tapeworms) have a head (scolex) with sucking organs, a segmented body, but lack alimentary canal; each segment is hermaphrodite

Echninococcus, Taenia

Trematodes Classified in the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes, kingdom Animalia, trematodes (flatworms or flukes) have a nonsegmented, usually leaf-like body, with two suckers but no distinct head; have an alimentary canal (but no anus) and are hermaphrodite; however, schistosomes are thread-like and have separate sexes

Fasciola, Opisthorchis

Nematodes Classified in the phylum Nematoda, kingdom Animalia, nematodes (roundworms) appear round in cross section, have body cavities, a straight alimentary canal, and an anus; have separate sexes

Ascaris, Trichinella

3Introductory Remarks

Viruses are noncellular, submicroscopic agents (of 20–300 nm in diameter) that do not possess organelles for independent living and rely on host cell machineries for replication and growth. Based on their genomic contents, they are usually distinguished into RNA or DNA viruses. It is noteworthy that viruses with a RNA genome (e.g., norovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, and enterovirus) are responsible for a majority of food-related viral diseases, although several DNA viruses (e.g., parvovirus [including bocavirus, bufavirus, and tusavirus] and adenovirus [particularly types 40, 41, and 52]) have been implicated in human gastroenteritis in recent years  [4]. In addition, there is another noncellular infectious agent known as prion, which is characterized by its proteinaceous nature without the presence of nucleic acids (RNA or DNA). Prion causes disease by changing existing, properly folded host proteins into the misfolded prion form, which then acts as a template for converting even more host proteins into prions (Table 1.1).

Bacteria are unicellular, prokaryotic microorganisms (of 200–10,000 nm or 0.2–10 µm in size) that appear spherical, spiral, or rod shaped, possess cell walls, but lack organelles and an organized nucleus. They exist either as saprophytic (free-living) organisms in soil, water, and organic matter, or as parasites of plants and animals (including humans). According to their color in Gram staining, bacteria are separated into Gram-positive and Gram-negative categories (Table 1.1) [5]. The most important foodborne bacterial pathogens consist of enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., Salmonella enterica Typhi, S. enterica Paratyphi A, Vibrio spp., Brucella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia spp., and Mycobacterium bovis [6–9]. Besides causing infections, a number of foodborne bacteria (e.g., Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, C. botulinum, Bacillus cereus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) are capable of secreting toxins that exacerbate the clinical diseases [7].

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that may be unicellular (yeasts and microsporidia) or multicellular (filamentous fungi) (Table 1.1). While yeasts and microsporidia are typical foodborne pathogens inducing gastrointestinal and other symptoms in humans, filamentous fungi often produce mycotoxins that cause food poisoning.

Parasites are eukaryotic organisms that live in or on another organism (host) and obtain nutritional benefits at the expense of their host. Parasites involved in foodborne infections and diseases can be separated into protozoa and helminthes (cestode, trematode, and nematode). Foodborne parasites of note are protozoa Giardia spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Acanthamoeba, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Sarcocystis; cestodes Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp., and Diphyllobothrium; trematodes Paragonimus spp., Opisthorchis spp., Fasciola spp., Clonorchis, and Nanophyetus; and nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichinella spp., Anisakis, Eustrongylides, and Trichuris trichiura [7,10,11].

Foodborne toxins are noninfectious, noncontagious, nonreplicating agents of biological origins such as bacteria (endotoxins and exotoxins), fungi (mycotoxins), marine algae and  cyanobacteria (phycotoxins), and plants (phytotoxins) (Table 1.2) [12].

Bacterial endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) entrapped in the outer membrane Gram-negative bacterial cell wall, and are usually released after bacterial lysis. LPS are capable of interacting with various cell types, leading to the activation of nuclear factors, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and initiation of inflammatory processes [13].

Bacterial exotoxins are proteins produced by Gram-positive and sometimes Gram-negative bacteria. Typically of di-chain molecules, bacterial exotoxins (protein toxins) enter into the host cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Functionally, bacterial exotoxins may act as host receptor agonists or antagonists to corrupt signal transduction pathways, as pore-forming toxins to disrupt membrane lipid bilayer integrity, as molecular syringes to inject toxic enzymatic components into distant host cells after internalization by receptor-mediated endocytosis, and as cytotoxins (or effectors) to covalently modify a host protein and to deliver a large amount of molecules that overwhelm the physiology of the host cell [14–16].

Mycotoxins are produced by more than 100 mold species (belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium) that infect plants and occur in various plant products (e.g., cereals, oilseeds, peanuts, rice, corn, and cotton seeds) [17]. The most common and important mycotoxins include altertoxins, ergot alkaloids (ergopeptine alkaloids and ergotamine), fumonisins, 3-nitropropionic acid, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone as well as mushroom toxins [18]. Produced by, more than 100 mushroom species, mushroom toxins can be lethal or debilitating [19].

Phycotoxins are organic compounds produced by dinoflagellates, other f lagellated phytoplankton, and cyanobacteria that inhabit marine, brackish, or freshwater environments. Based on their chemical structures, phycotoxins are classified into amino acids (domoic acid [DA]), tetrahydropurines (saxitoxin [STX]), polyketides (azaspiracid [AZA], brevetoxin [BTX], ciguatoxin [CTX], okadaic acid [OA], palytoxin [PLTX], pectenotoxin [PTX], yessotoxin [YTX]), and others (cyclic imine [CI], scombrotoxin, and tetrodotoxin [TTX]) [20–23]. Phycotoxins may accumulate in fish, shellfish, and other marine organisms without obvious toxicological effects, although large die-offs of fish, mammals, and birds have been linked to phycotoxins. In humans, phycotoxins are responsible for causing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), and ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) [24].

Phytotoxins are produced by a number of plants to fend off their predators. These include alkaloids (phytohemagglutinin, pyrrolizidine alkaloids), terpenes (cyanogenic glycosides), phenolics, and proteins/glycoproteins (e.g., abrin from rosary pea or jequirity pea, and ricin from castor bean).

Foodborne toxic agents include agricultural chemicals (herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and rodenticides), food additives, phthalates, and heavy metals, etc. These agents are widely used in agricultural production, animal husbandry, and manufacturing of plastics, cooking utensils, and other products. Some of these toxic agents (e.g., selenium and methyl mercury) may accumulate in or contaminate foods and water, and chronic exposure to these agents via ingestion and drinking of contaminated foods or water may lead to poisoning.

4 Handbook of Foodborne Diseases

TABLE 1.2

Characteristics of Foodborne Toxins and Toxic Agents

Type Category Key Features

Bacterial toxin Endotoxin Endotoxin (i.e., lipopolysaccharide [LPS] or lipooligosaccharide [LOS], also called intracellular toxin) forms part of the outer membrane in Gram-negative cell wall, and is mostly released upon bacterial disintegration, although minute amounts may be released from growing bacteria (to stimulate natural immunity); composed of lipid A (toxicity related), polysaccharide (immunogenicity related) and O antigen (adhesion related), LPS (of 10 kDa in mass weight, encoded by chromosomal genes) generally acts in the vicinity of bacterial growth or presence, and activates complement by alternative (properdin) pathway; endotoxin is pyrogenic and antigenic, but does not form toxoid (see Exotoxin); it demonstrates no enzymatic activity, low specificity, and relatively low potency (>100 µg); it survives boiling for 30 minutes, but is sensitive to oxidizing agents (e.g., superoxide, peroxide, and hypochlorite); endotoxin is mainly responsible for causing fever, leukopenia, hypoglycemia, hypotension, shock, activation of complement, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and death in affected individuals

Exotoxin Exotoxin (also called extracellular toxin) is a soluble, diffusible protein produced by virulent Gram-positive, occasionally Gram-negative, bacterial strain and secreted into the surrounding area during exponential growth (as well as bacterial lysis); exotoxin (of 50–1000 kDa in mass weight, usually controlled by extrachromosomal genes) often has two components (subunit A with enzymatic activity, and subunit B for receptor binding), and acts enzymatically or through direct action with host cells and tissues (which may be removed from the original sites of bacterial invasion or growth), eliciting a variety of host responses; it is antigenic, occasionally pyrogenic, and capable of forming taxoid (a modified or detoxified exotoxin/protein toxin that loses toxic property but retains antigenicity and immunizing capacity); it displays enzymatic activity, high specificity, and relatively high potency (1 µg); it is the most powerful human poison known and retains high activity at very high dilutions; it is denatured by heat (>60°C), acid, and proteolytic enzymes; depending on the target site, exotoxin may be separated into enterotoxin, neurotoxin, leukocidin, or hemolysin

Mycotoxins Aflatoxins Aflatoxins are difuranocoumarin derivatives produced via a polyketide pathway by Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. fumigatus, A. bombycis, A. ochraceoroseus, A. nomius, A. pseudotamari, or Penicillum islandicum in tree nuts, peanuts, maize, sorghum, corn, and cottonseeds; among 18 aflatoxin types identified, aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 are more important than M1, and M2; after conversion to the reactive 8,9-epoxide form by cytochrome P450 enzymes, aflatoxin B1 binds to the N7 position of guanines in DNA to prevent transcription and protein synthesis; acute aflatoxicosis (ingestion of ∼20 mg in adult) results in death; chronic aflatoxicosis leads to liver cancer (through inactivation of p53 tumor suppressor), immune suppression, and other pathological conditions (e.g., jaundice, cirrhosis, necrosis, portal hypertension, and ascites); regulatory limit <20 µg/kg in food, <0.5 µg aflatoxin M1/kg in milk

Fumonisins Fumonisins are produced by Fusarium verticillioides (formerly F. moniliforme = Gibberella fujikuroi), F. proliferatum, F. nygamai, and Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici; unlike other mycotoxins, fumonisins are hydrophilic and interfere with sphingolipid metabolism; fumonisins cause leukoencephalomalacia (hole in the head syndrome) in equines and rabbits; pulmonary edema and hydrothorax in swine; hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects and apoptosis in the liver of rats; and transient abdominal pain, borborygmus, diarrhea, and esophageal cancer in humans

Ochratoxins Ochratoxins (derivatives of isocoumarin) are produced by Aspergillus alliaceus, A. auricomus, A. carbonarius, A. glaucus, A. melleus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, and Penicillium verrucosum found in maize, barley, oats, rye, wheat, coffee beans, peanuts, and beans; ochratoxins target the kidney by inhibiting the enzyme involved in the synthesis of the phenylalanine-tRNA complex, interfering mitochondrial ATP production, and stimulating lipid peroxidation; of nine ochratoxin types identified, ochratoxin A is a most potent nephrotoxin as well as a liver toxin, an immune suppressant, a potent teratogen, and a carcinogen; in addition to food poisoning, ochratoxins are implicated in endemic Balkan nephropathy; ranked similarly to aflatoxins in importance, ochratoxins have regulatory limits of 5 µg/kg in cereals, 3 µg/kg in processed products, and 10 µg/kg in dried vine fruits

Patulin Patulin (also known as clavacin, claviformin, expansin, mycoin c, and penicidin) is produced by Penicillium griseofulvum (formerly P. patulum or P. urticae), and regularly found in unfermented apple juice; in addition to its antibacterial, antiviral, and antiprotozoan activity, patulin (4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2c]pyran-2[6H]-one) is toxic to both plants and animals; patulin has a provisional maximum tolerable intake of 0.4 mg/kg of body weight per day

Trichothecenes Trichothecenes are produced by Fusarium, Myrothecium, Phomopsis, Stachybotrys, Trichoderma, and Trichothecium occurring in molded maize, wheat, corn, peanuts and rice, or animal feed of hay and straw; trichothecenes are extremely potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis; of 60 trichothecenes identified, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and deoxynivalenol (DON) are most common, and cause alimentary hemorrhage and vomiting, local irritations (dermatitis), and general necrosis 

(Continued)

5Introductory Remarks

TABLE 1.2 (Continued)

Characteristics of Foodborne Toxins and Toxic Agents

Type Category Key Features

Zearalenone Zearalenone (a phenolic resorcyclic acid lactone) is biosynthesized through a polyketide pathway by Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae), F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. crookwellense, and F. moniliformae, with the name zearalenone being a combination of G. zeae, resorcylic acid lactone, -ene (for the presence of the C-1′ to C-2 double bond), and –one (for the C-6′ ketone); rather than a toxin, zearalenone is better classified as a nonsteroidal estrogen or mycoestrogen due to its resemblance to 17β-estradiol, the principal hormone produced by the human ovary, that binds to estrogen receptors in mammalian target cells; being present in maize and other cereals, zearalenone as low as 1 ppm may cause esterogenic symptoms in swine; zearalenone has a recommended safe human intake of 0.05 µg/kg of body weight per day, although its levels in foodstuffs are not yet regulated

Ergot alkaloids Ergot alkaloids (e.g., ergotamine, ergocrystinine, ergometrimine, ergonovine, and ergocrystine) are indole alkaloids derived from a tetracyclic ergoline ring system, and are stored in the elongated sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea, a fungus causing ergot disease in rye; consumption of cereals containing ergot sclerotia (usually in the form of bread) leads to gangrenous and convulsive ergotism (or St. Anthony’s fire), with symptoms of diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, psychiatric disturbances, and reduced diameter of terminal blood vessels (thus reduced blood supply to the extremities)

3-Nitropropionic acid 3-Nitropropionic acid (NPA) from Aspergillus sp. found in moldy sugarcane and other leguminous plants belongs to the family of beta amino acids and derivatives (with a [-NH2] group attached to the beta carbon atom), and is an irreversible inhibitor of mitochondrial complex II–III of the respiratory chain and the tricarboxylic acid through inactivation of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme; NPA poisoning in humans leads to persistent neurological impairment characterized by delayed-onset dystonia, torsion spasm, facial grimacing, and jerk-like movements

Mushroom toxins About 100 mushroom species are known to produce fatal or nonfatal toxins; α-amanitin from death cap (Amanita phalloides) causes lesions in stomach and intestine cells, and is fatal, while phalloidin affects the cell membrane of liver cells; gyromitrin from Helvella mushrooms is also a fatal toxin; muscarine from Inocybe and Clitocybe mushrooms causes several abnormalities

Phycotoxins (Marine toxins) Domoic acid (DA) DA is a cyclic tricarboxylic amino acid produced mostly by marine diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia and the red alga Chondria armata; as a hydrophilic glutamate receptor agonist, it binds to and overstimulates glutamate receptors in central nervous system, leading to increasing production of reactive oxygen species and sometimes cell death; it is responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), displaying gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal cramps), neurological (confusion, lethargy, disorientation, paresthesia, and short-term memory loss), and cardiovascular signs, as well as coma or death; regulatory limit is 20 mg/kg shellfish meat

Okadaic acid (OA) OA is a linear polyether from dinoflagellates Prorocentrum lima, and Dinophysis; as a protein phosphatase inhibitor, it causes ASP, with gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain) in 30 minutes to a few hours after consumption of contaminated shellfish, and complete recovery within 3 days; regulatory limit is 160 µg/kg shellfish meat

Pectenotoxin (PTX) PTX is a macrocyclic polyether from Dinophysis spp., it is hepatoxic, disrupts actin in the cytoskeleton, and induces cell-cycle arrest and cell death; it causes ASP, with diarrhea and other symptoms similar to those induced by okadaic acid

Azaspiracid (AZA) AZA is a nitrogen-containing, linear polyether from dinoflagellates Azadinium spinosum, Azadinium dexteroporum, Amphidoma languida, and Protoperidinium crassipes; with over five analogs identified, azaspiracid appears to be cytotoxic, and causes azaspiracid shellfish poisoning, which resembles diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) clinically, with gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps); regulatory limit is 160 µg/kg in shellfish meat

Yessotoxin (YTX) YTX is a ladder-frame polyether from dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum, Lingulodinium polyedrum, and Gonyaulax spinifera; it affects cyclic AMP, and causes DSP in experimental animals, with human cases yet to be reported; regulatory limit is 3.75 mg/kg in shellfish meat

Brevetoxin (BTX) BTX is a ladder-frame polyether from dinoflagellate Karenia brevis as well as Chatonella marina, C. antiqua, C. cf. verruculosa; as a Na+-channel activator, it activates the voltage-gated sodium channels in cell membrane causing depolarization of neuronal and muscle cell membranes, and causes neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), with gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea), neurological (paresthesia, cramps, bronchoconstriction, paralysis, seizures, and coma), respiratory (sneezing, throat irritation, burning, and itchy) symptoms, and possible death

Ciguatoxin (CTX) CTX is a lipid-soluble, ladder-frame polyether from benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus; as a Na+-channel activator, it induces cell membrane excitability and cell disruption; with more than 20 analogs identified, CTX is responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), with early gastrointestinal symptoms (24 hours) (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea), and later cardiovascular (bradycardia and hypertension) and neurological complications (paresthesias, dysesthesias, and hyperesthesias) (within a few hours to 2 weeks)

(Continued)

6 Handbook of Foodborne Diseases

TABLE 1.2 (Continued)

Characteristics of Foodborne Toxins and Toxic Agents

Type Category Key Features

Palytoxin (PLTX) PLTX (or ostreocin) is a linear polythene from coral Palythoa and dinoflagellate Ostreopsis; as a Na+/ K+ ATPase disruptor, PLTX causes gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., metallic taste, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting), respiratory, muscle and cutaneous problems (e.g., dyspnea, ataxias, dizziness, myalgia, convulsion, and bradycardia), and even death

Saxitoxin (STX) STX from dinoflagellates (Alexandrium, Gymnodinium catenatum, and Pyrodinium bahamense) and cyanobacteria (Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Lyngbya, Planktothrix, and Oscillatoria) is a hydrophilic Na+-channel blocker; it causes paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), with gastrointestinal symptoms and paralytic phenomena; recovery or death; regulatory limit is 800 µg/kg in shellfish meat

Cyclic imine (CI) CI from dinoflagellates Karenia selliformis, Alexandrium ostenfeldii, A. peruvianum, and Vulcanodinium rugosum is a macrocyclic compound with imine (carbon-nitrogen double bond) and spiro-linked ether; targeting the voltage-gated ion channels, CI causes severe and rapid neurological symptoms in experimental mice, although CI poisoning in humans is yet to be reported

Scombrotoxin Scombrotoxin is a histamine (C5H9N3) produced through decarboxylation of amino acid histidine by spoilage bacteria (e.g., Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Photobacterium, Morganella, Raoultella, and Hafnia) in fish species containing high levels of free histidine in their tissues such as scombroid fish of the Scombridae and Scomberesocidae families (e.g., tuna, skipjack, bonito, and mackerel) and some nonscombroid fish (e.g., sardines, herring, pilchards, marlin, and mahi-mahi); consumption of fish containing scombrotoxin leads to scombroid or scombrotoxic food poisoning (or histamine poisoning), with symptoms of oral burning or tingling sensation, skin rash, localised inflammation, hypotension, headache, flushing, vomiting, and diarrhea, which usually resolve within 24 hours

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) TTX is a heterocyclic, heat-stable, neuroparalytic toxin from marine bacteria (e.g., Vibrio, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Shewanella, Alteromonas, Caulobacter, Roseobacter, and Alcaligenes) that is accumulated in puffer fish, globefish, and toadfish (order Tetraodontiformes); it blocks diffusion of sodium through the sodium channel, and thus interferes with the transmission of signals from nerves to muscles; concentrated in the liver, gonads, and skin; puffer fish is highly toxic (lethal dose of 1–2 mg purified toxin, toxicity after ingestion of as little as 40 g puffer fish); human poisoning may show lip and tongue paresthesias (prickling and tingling), followed by facial and extremity paresthesias and numbness; headache, sensations of lightness or floating, profuse sweating (diaphoresis), dizziness, salivation (ptyalism), nausea, vomiting (emesis), diarrhea, abdominal (epigastric) pain, difficulty moving (motor dysfunction), weakness (malaise), speech difficulties, difficulty breathing or shortness of breath (dyspnea), abnormal heart rhythms (cardiac dysrhythmias or arrhythmia), abnormally low blood pressure (hypotension), fixed and dilated pupils (mydriasis), coma, seizures, respiratory arrest, and death

Phytotoxins (Plant toxins) Cyanogenic glycosides

Cyanogenic glycoside is a compound (with d-glucose or gentiobiose, and cyanohydrin linked by O-β-glycosidic bond) made by a number of plants (e.g., wheat, sorghum, millet, bean, taro, spinach, apple, apricot, or peach) and stored in vacuole. When the plant is attacked (or macerated), cyanogenic glycoside is liberated from vacuole and its sugar part is removed by enzymes found in the cytoplasm. Subsequent collapse of the cyanohydrin structure releases toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in a process known as cyanogenesis, which deters herbivores and insects, and causes cyanide poisoning in animals and humans

Grayanotoxin Grayanotoxin (also known as oleander toxin, andromedotoxin, acetylandromedol, or rhodotoxin) from rhododendrons and azaleas (Rhododendron spp.), oleander (Nerium oleander or Nerium indicum), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) and sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia) is able to bind to sodium channels in muscle, including the heart; it has been linked to honey intoxication and milk sickness

Solanine Solanine is a glycoalkaloid found in Solanum species of the nightshade family (e.g., potato [Solanum tuberosum], tomato [Solanum lycopersicum], eggplant [Solanum melongena]); solanine inhibits cholinesterase, increases transportation of K+ from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, and thus triggers cell damage and apoptosis; with a toxic dose of 2–5 mg/kg of body weight and lethal dose of 3–6 mg/kg of body weight, solanine poisoning can result in gastrointestinal (nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, or burning of the throat), neurological (headache, dizziness, hallucinations, nightmares, joint pain, loss of sensation, or paralysis), cardiovascular (cardiac dysrhythmia), and other symptoms (itching, eczema, thyroid problems, inflammation, fever, jaundice, dilated pupils, hypothermia, birth defects, and death)

(Continued)

7Introductory Remarks

1.3 Foodborne Infection and Intoxication

Foodborne diseases may be caused by infection with pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi (yeasts and microsporidia), and parasites, or by intoxication with toxins from bacteria, fungi, and algae and other toxic agents contained in food or water [25].

In foodborne infection, it usually takes several hours to 1 week for invading pathogens to establish and replicate in the human

intestinal tract (“incubation period”) before initial symptoms (e.g., vomiting, nausea, fever, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, joint aches or backaches, fatigue) appear, which may last for a week. With subsequent production of endotoxins and exotoxins by some bacteria, additional clinical symptoms related to intoxication may emerge.

In foodborne intoxication, symptoms often appear within hours of ingesting food or water containing toxins and other toxic agents, as an extended incubation period is not required. Depending on

TABLE 1.2 (Continued)

Characteristics of Foodborne Toxins and Toxic Agents

Type Category Key Features

Taxine Taxine is an alkaloid cardiotoxin found in Yew trees (T. baccata and other related species); comprising more than seven alkaloids, its main constituents are taxine A and taxine B; taxine interferes with the sodium and calcium channels of myocardial cells, increases cytoplasmic calcium concentrations, and reduces the rate of the depolarization of the action potential in a dose-dependent manner; taxine has high melting and boiling point, and is soluble in chloroform and alcohol, and insoluble in water or oil; with a toxic dose of just 50–100 g of yew leaves, taxine poisoning can lead to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, tremor, blue lips, heartbeat problems: irregular heartbeat, bradycardia, depressed myocardial contractility, conduction delay, arrhythmia, hypotension, collapse, coma, convulsions, and respiratory failure

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are produced by plants of the Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, and Fabaceae families; with a toxic dose of 10–20 mg, ingestion of PA-containing vegetables, herbal medicines and foods (e.g., cow and goat milk and honey) can enlarge liver cells and nuclei, disturb liver cell metabolism, and destroy liver cell, leading to liver cirrhosis, veno-occlusive liver disease, and possibly liver tumor

Lectins Lectins (also known as hemagglutinins) are a group of glycoproteins found in legumes (e.g., black bean, soybean, lima bean, kidney bean, and lentil) and grain products; lectins can reversibly bind to carbohydrates without altering their covalent structure, agglutinate red blood cells (thus called hemagglutinins), bind avidly to mucosal cells, and interfere with nutrient absorption from the intestine; present in significant quantities (2.4%–5% of total protein) in legumes, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) is a lectin with the ability to interfere with sodium and chloride absorption and electrolyte transport in the gut, induce mitosis, affect membrane transport and permeability to proteins, and agglutinate red blood cells; PHA poisoning may manifest as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, malabsorption of lipid, nitrogen, and vitamin B12; recovery generally occurs within 4 or 5 hours of onset

Myristicin Myristicin is a phenylpropene found in nutmeg, parsley, and dill; it is insoluble in water, but soluble in ethanol and acetone; myristicin acts as an anticholinergic, and is the traditional precursor for synthesis of psychedelic and empathogenic drug MMDA; with a toxic dose of 1–2 mg (or 5 g ground nutmeg), myristicin can cause giddiness, hallucinations, and feelings of depersonalization within 3–6 hours of ingestion, which often resolve between 24 hours and several days

Toxic agents Agrochemicals Various chemicals are used for pest control (e.g., herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and rodenticides), plant and animal disease management; residues from these agrochemicals are often found in food products, water, and environments, and are responsible for acute or chronic poisoning in humans 

Food additives A wide range of ingredients are added to foods to help preserve and improve the flavor of foods; these include preservatives, antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners, flavor enhancers, sweeteners, glutamates, and processing aids (e.g., enzymes); while most food additives are harmless, some are known to cause poisoning when excessive amounts are consumed

Phthalates Phthalates are a group of colorless, odorless, synthetic chemicals consisting of a benzene ring and a di-ester structure; due to their low volatility, especially with increasing chain length, phthalates are often used to increase flexibility to brittle plastics, adhesives, vinyl flooring, medical devices, toys, paints, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (e.g., perfume, eye shadow, moisturizer, nail polish, liquid soap, and hair spray), and food products; phthalates demonstrate a dose-dependent effect on the developing reproductive system, have neurotoxic potential, and also cause behavioral problems

Heavy metals Found among columns 3–16 (transition and posttransition metals) in the periodic table, heavy metals have specific densities of 5.308–22.000 g/cm3; despite their apparent lack of beneficial roles in biological processes, some heavy metals can mimic, compete with, or deplete metals that constitute parts of cellular components or metabolites within living organisms; even at very low concentrations, heavy metals may disturb the biochemical and physiological functions of relevant tissues or organs, and cause diseases of varying severity (i.e., heavy metal poisoning); for example, mercury competes with and replaces iron and copper in living organisms; lead mimics magnesium and iron and disrupts calcium metabolism; cadmium mimics zinc and iron; and arsenic depletes lipoic acid, which is an important component of the chemical energy pathway

8 Handbook of Foodborne Diseases

types of toxins, symptoms may be emetic, diarrheal, neurotoxic, paralytic, or have other presentations.

While ingestion of foods and related products that contain microbial pathogens, toxins or other toxic agents, represents the main transmission route of foodborne diseases, consumption of contaminated water, inhalation of aerosols, or direct exposure via wound, may be also responsible for some cases of foodborne illnesses.

1.4 Management of Foodborne Diseases

Management of foodborne diseases involves identification and detection of culprit agents, treatment of patients with foodborne illnesses, and implementation of measures to prevent future occurrence of foodborne infection and intoxication.

Diagnosis. Due to their non-specific clinical presentations, diagnosis of foodborne infection and intoxication often requires imaging scan (e.g., X-ray, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) to detect unusual pathogenic changes, in vitro isolation of microbial pathogens (on broth, agar or stab cultures), biopsy for histopathological examination, laboratory assessment of abnormal levels of metabolites (from blood, urine, stool, spinal fluid, etc), chromatographic and biosensor detection of microbial pathogens, toxins and other toxic agents, immunological assay for specific antibodies to pathogens and toxins, and molecular detection of nucleic acids from pathogenic organisms [26–29].

Treatment. Foodborne infections of viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic origins may be treated with antiviral compounds, antibiotics, antifungal and anti-parasitic reagents, while foodborne intoxications are usually managed with supportive and symptomatic measures. However, given the capacity of microorganisms to acquire antibiotic resistance genes, or evolve resistance mechanisms, multidrug resistance pathogens have emerged never like before. As a consequence, many existing antibiotics have lost the powesses that they have once enjoyed. It is therefore imperative that addional therapeutic approaches (including novel drugs, vaccines, and phages) are being developed to counter against the multidrug resistance pathogens, and to ensure that foodborne diseases never get completely out of our control.

Prevention. Strategies for preventing foodborne diseases range from good pre-harvest agricultural and fishery practices (including appropriate plant and animal disease management), standardized post-harvest food processing procedures [including adoption of the hazard analysis and critical control point system (HACCP)], adequate storage conditions, proper handling and preparation of foods, application of vaccines if available, and other hygiene precautions (eg, hand washing, rinsing) [30,31].

While traditional preharvest food safety activities focus on the control and prevention of common foodborne pathogens in food products (e.g., Brucella, Mycobacterium, Staphylococcus, and Escherichia coli in cattle; Salmonella and Campylobacter in poultry; Listeria monocytogenes in produces; Yersinia enterocolitica in seafood; Trichinella in pig), nontraditional preharvest food safety activities are directed to organic production, the FDA’s Produce Rule (water and manure), genomic sequencing, antimicrobial resistance, and performance metrics, etc.

One of the most important procedures that help reduce or prevent post-harvest contamination of food products is the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system. Representing a systematic approach to the identification, evaluation, and control of food safety hazards (from raw material production, procurement and handling, to manufacturing, distribution and consumption of the finished product), HACCP incorporates seven principles: (1) conduct a hazard analysis, (2) identify the critical control points (CCP), (3) establish critical limits, (4) establish monitoring procedures, (5) establish corrective actions, (6) establish verification procedures, and (7) establish record-keeping and documentation procedures. Since its introduction in the 1990s, HACCP has contributed greatly to the reduction of foodborne illnesses throughout the world [30].

1.5 Future Perspectives

Notwithstanding the tremendous efforts over the past few decades, foodborne diseases remain a significant global health problem, which exerts an enormous burden on society, through increased hospital stays, costly treatment and prevention measures, unquantifiable reduction in human well-being, and frequent food product recalls and condemnation [32]. Although discovery and application of a number of antimicrobial agents have helped put some foodborne infections under control, the emergence and resurgence of multidrug resistant microorganisms in recent years threaten to negate our past efforts [33,34]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop innovative drugs that outsmart the molecular machineries of current drug resistant microbes. In addition, given the benefits of immunization in the prevention of microbial infections, it will be vital to design highly potent vaccines against foodborne viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens [35–37]. With regard to foodborne intoxication, there is a conspicuous lack of countermeasures that effectively neutralize the damages caused by various toxins and other toxic agents. Further research in this area is clearly warranted [38–40].

REFERENCES 1. Lund BM. Microbiological food safety for vulnerable people.

Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015;12(8):10117–32. 2. Giddings SL, Stevens AM, Leung DT. Traveler’s diarrhea.

Med Clin North Am 2016;100(2):317–30. 3. Martínez-Vaz BM, Fink RC, Diez-Gonzalez F, Sadowsky MJ.

Enteric pathogen-plant interactions: Molecular connections leading to colonization and growth and implications for food safety. Microbes Environ 2014;29(2):123–35.

4. Verhoef L, Hewitt J, Barclay L et  al. Norovirus genotype profiles associated with foodborne transmission, 1999–2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21(4):592–9.

5. Brown L, Wolf JM, Prados-Rosales R, Cassdevall A. Through the wall: Extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi. Nature Rev Microbiol 2015;13:620–30.

6. Bancerz-Kisiel A, Szweda W. Yersiniosis—A zoonotic foodborne disease of relevance to public health. Ann Agric Environ Med 2015;22(3):397–402.

9Introductory Remarks

7. Kirk MD, Pires SM, Black RE et al. World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, protozoal, and viral Diseases, 2010: A data synthesis. PLoS Med 2015;12(12):e1001921.

8. David DJV, Cossart P. Recent advances in understanding Listeria monocytogenes infection: The importance of subcellular and physiological context. F1000Res. 2017;6. pii: F1000 Faculty Rev-1126.

9. Facciolà A, Riso R, Avventuroso E, Visalli G, Delia SA, Laganà P. Campylobacter: From microbiology to prevention. J Prev Med Hyg 2017;58(2):E79–92.

10. Torgerson PR, Devleesschauwer B, Praet N et al. World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 11 foodborne parasitic diseases, 2010: A data synthesis. PLoS Med 2015;12(12):e1001920.

11. Ng-Nguyen D, Stevenson MA, Traub RJ. A systematic review of taeniasis, cysticercosis and trichinellosis in Vietnam. Parasit Vectors 2017;10(1):150.

12. Dolan LC, Matulka RA, Burdock GA. Naturally occurring food toxins. Toxins (Basel). 2010;2(9):2289–332.

13. Lahiri SS. Bacterial toxins—An overview. J Nat Toxins 2000;9(4):381–408.

14. Henkel JS, Baldwin MR, Barbieri JT. Toxins from bacteria. EXS 2010;100:1–29.

15. Lemichez E, Barbieri JT. General aspects and recent advances on bacterial protein toxins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013;3(2):a013573.

16. Jamet A, Nassif X. New players in the toxin field: Polymorphic toxin systems in bacteria. MBio 2015;6(3):e00285–15.

17. Fraeyman S, Croubels S, Devreese M, Antonissen G. Emerging Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicity and toxicokinetics. Toxins (Basel) 2017;9(7). pii: E228.

18. Bennett JW, Klich M. Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003;16(3):497–516.

19. Graeme KA. Mycetism: A review of the recent literature. J Med Toxicol 2014;10(2):173–89.

20. Twiner MJ, Rehmann N, Hess P, Doucette GJ. Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning: A review on the chemistry, ecology, and toxicology with an emphasis on human health impacts. Mar Drugs 2008;6(2):39–72.

21. Bane V, Lehane M, Dikshit M, O’Riordan A, Furey A. Tetrodotoxin: Chemistry, toxicity, source, distribution and detection. Toxins (Basel) 2014;6(2):693–755.

22. Davidson K, Baker C, Higgins C et al. Potential threats posed by new or emerging marine biotoxins in UK waters and examination of detection methodologies used for their control: Cyclic imines. Mar Drugs 2015;13(12):7087–112.

23. Turner AD, Higgins C, Higman W, Hungerford J. Potential threats posed by tetrodotoxins in UK waters: Examination of detection methodology used in their control. Mar Drugs 2015;13(12):7357–76.

24. Visciano P, Schirone M, Berti M, Milandri A, Tofalo R, Suzzi G. Marine biotoxins: Occurrence, toxicity, regulatory limits and reference methods. Front Microbiol 2016;7:1051.

25. Pons W, Young I, Truong J et  al. A systematic review of waterborne disease outbreaks associated with small non-community drinking water systems in Canada and the United States. PLoS One 2015;10(10):e0141646.

26. Law JW, Ab Mutalib NS, Chan KG, Lee LH. Rapid methods for the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens: Principles, applications, advantages and limitations. Front Microbiol 2015;5:770.

27. Priyanka B, Patil RK, Dwarakanath S. A review on detection methods used for foodborne pathogens. Indian J Med Res 2016;144(3):327–338.

28. Alahi MEE, Mukhopadhyay SC. Detection methodologies for pathogen and toxins: A review. Sensors (Basel) 2017;17(8). pii: E1885.

29. Nieuwenhuijse DF, Koopmans MPG. Metagenomic sequencing for surveillance of food- and waterborne viral diseases. Front Microbiol 2017;8:230.

30. Saccares S, Amadei P, Masotti G, Condoleo R, Guidi A. Hazard analysis and critical control points among Chinese food business operators. Ital J Food Saf. 2014;3(3): 1707.

31. Hintz T, Matthews KK, Di R. The use of plant antimicrobial compounds for food preservation. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015: 246264.

32. McLinden T, Sargeant JM, Thomas MK, Papadopoulos A, Fazil A. Component costs of foodborne illness: A scoping review. BMC Public Health 2014;14:509.

33. Mellata M. Human and avian extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli: Infections, zoonotic risks, and antibiotic resistance trends. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013;10(11):916–32.

34. Crump JA, Sjölund-Karlsson M, Gordon MA, Parry CM. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial management of invasive Salmonella infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015;28(4):901–37.

35. Kappagoda S, Ioannidis JP. Prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases: Overview of randomized trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Bull World Health Organ 2014;92(5):C356–66.

36. Lopman BA, Steele D, Kirkwood CD, Parashar UD. The vast and varied global burden of norovirus: Prospects for prevention and control. PLoS Med 2016;13(4):e1001999.

37. Meunier M, Guyard-Nicodème M, Hirchaud E, Parra A, Chemaly M, Dory D. Identification of novel vaccine candidates against Campylobacter through reverse vaccinology. J Immunol Res 2016;2016:5715790.

38. Bezrukov SM, Nestorovich EM. Inhibiting bacterial toxins by channel blockage. Pathog Dis 2016;74(2). pii: ftv113.

39. Dellafiora L, Dall’Asta C. Forthcoming challenges in mycotoxins toxicology research for safer food-A need for multi-omics approach. Toxins (Basel) 2017;9(1). pii: E18.

40. Zhu Y, Hassan YI, Lepp D, Shao S, Zhou T. Strategies and methodologies for developing microbial detoxification systems to mitigate mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017;9(4). pii: E130.

Introductory Remarks Lund BM . Microbiological food safety for vulnerable people. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015;12(8):10117–10132. Giddings SL , Stevens AM , Leung DT . Traveler's diarrhea. Med Clin North Am 2016;100(2):317–330. Martínez-Vaz BM , Fink RC , Diez-Gonzalez F , Sadowsky MJ . Enteric pathogen-plant interactions: Molecular connections leading tocolonization and growth and implications for food safety. Microbes Environ 2014;29(2):123–135. Verhoef L , Hewitt J , Barclay L Norovirus genotype profiles associated with foodborne transmission, 1999–2012. Emerg Infect Dis2015;21(4):592–599. Brown L , Wolf JM , Prados-Rosales R , Cassdevall A . Through the wall: Extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteriaand fungi. Nature Rev Microbiol 2015;13:620–630. Bancerz-Kisiel A , Szweda W . Yersiniosis—A zoonotic foodborne disease of relevance to public health. Ann Agric Environ Med2015;22(3):397–402. Kirk MD , Pires SM , Black RE World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial,protozoal, and viral Diseases, 2010: A data synthesis. PLoS Med 2015;12(12):e1001921. David DJV , Cossart P . Recent advances in understanding Listeria monocytogenes infection: The importance of subcellular andphysiological context. F1000Res. 2017;6. pii: F1000 Faculty Rev-1126. Facciolà A , Riso R , Avventuroso E , Visalli G , Delia SA , Laganà P . Campylobacter: From microbiology to prevention. J Prev Med Hyg2017;58(2):E79–E92. Torgerson PR , Devleesschauwer B , Praet N World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 11foodborne parasitic diseases, 2010: A data synthesis. PLoS Med 2015;12(12):e1001920. Ng-Nguyen D , Stevenson MA , Traub RJ . A systematic review of taeniasis, cysticercosis and trichinellosis in Vietnam. Parasit Vectors2017;10(1):150. Dolan LC , Matulka RA , Burdock GA . Naturally occurring food toxins. Toxins (Basel). 2010;2(9):2289–2332. Lahiri SS . Bacterial toxins—An overview. J Nat Toxins 2000;9(4):381–408. Henkel JS , Baldwin MR , Barbieri JT . Toxins from bacteria. EXS 2010;100:1–29. Lemichez E , Barbieri JT . General aspects and recent advances on bacterial protein toxins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med2013;3(2):a013573. Jamet A , Nassif X . New players in the toxin field: Polymorphic toxin systems in bacteria. MBio 2015;6(3):e00285–e00315. Fraeyman S , Croubels S , Devreese M , Antonissen G . Emerging Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicity andtoxicokinetics. Toxins (Basel) 2017;9(7). pii: E228. Bennett JW , Klich M . Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003;16(3):497–516. Graeme KA . Mycetism: A review of the recent literature. J Med Toxicol 2014;10(2):173–189. Twiner MJ , Rehmann N , Hess P , Doucette GJ . Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning: A review on the chemistry, ecology, and toxicology withan emphasis on human health impacts. Mar Drugs 2008;6(2):39–72. Bane V , Lehane M , Dikshit M , O'Riordan A , Furey A . Tetrodotoxin: Chemistry, toxicity, source, distribution and detection. Toxins (Basel)2014;6(2):693–755. Davidson K , Baker C , Higgins C Potential threats posed by new or emerging marine biotoxins in UK waters and examination of detectionmethodologies used for their control: Cyclic imines. Mar Drugs 2015;13(12):7087–7112. Turner AD , Higgins C , Higman W , Hungerford J . Potential threats posed by tetrodotoxins in UK waters: Examination of detectionmethodology used in their control. Mar Drugs 2015;13(12):7357–7376. Visciano P , Schirone M , Berti M , Milandri A , Tofalo R , Suzzi G . Marine biotoxins: Occurrence, toxicity, regulatory limits and referencemethods. Front Microbiol 2016;7:1051. Pons W , Young I , Truong J A systematic review of waterborne disease outbreaks associated with small non-community drinking watersystems in Canada and the United States. PLoS One 2015;10(10):e0141646. Law JW , Ab Mutalib NS , Chan KG , Lee LH . Rapid methods for the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens: Principles, applications,advantages and limitations. Front Microbiol 2015;5:770. Priyanka B , Patil RK , Dwarakanath S . A review on detection methods used for foodborne pathogens. Indian J Med Res2016;144(3):327–338. Alahi MEE , Mukhopadhyay SC . Detection methodologies for pathogen and toxins: A review. Sensors (Basel) 2017;17(8). pii: E1885. Nieuwenhuijse DF , Koopmans MPG . Metagenomic sequencing for surveillance of food- and waterborne viral diseases. Front Microbiol2017;8:230. Saccares S , Amadei P , Masotti G , Condoleo R , Guidi A . Hazard analysis and critical control points among Chinese food businessoperators. Ital J Food Saf. 2014;3(3): 1707. Hintz T , Matthews KK , Di R . The use of plant antimicrobial compounds for food preservation. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015: 246264. McLinden T , Sargeant JM , Thomas MK , Papadopoulos A , Fazil A . Component costs of foodborne illness: A scoping review. BMCPublic Health 2014;14:509. Mellata M . Human and avian extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli: Infections, zoonotic risks, and antibiotic resistance trends.Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013;10(11):916–932. Crump JA , Sjölund-Karlsson M , Gordon MA , Parry CM . Epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobialresistance, and antimicrobial management of invasive Salmonella infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015;28(4):901–937. Kappagoda S , Ioannidis JP . Prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases: Overview of randomized trials, systematic reviews andmeta-analyses. Bull World Health Organ 2014;92(5):C356–C366. Lopman BA , Steele D , Kirkwood CD , Parashar UD . The vast and varied global burden of norovirus: Prospects for prevention andcontrol. PLoS Med 2016;13(4):e1001999. Meunier M , Guyard-Nicodème M , Hirchaud E , Parra A , Chemaly M , Dory D . Identification of novel vaccine candidates againstCampylobacter through reverse vaccinology. J Immunol Res 2016;2016:5715790. Bezrukov SM , Nestorovich EM . Inhibiting bacterial toxins by channel blockage. Pathog Dis 2016;74(2). pii: ftv113. Dellafiora L , Dall'Asta C . Forthcoming challenges in mycotoxins toxicology research for safer food-A need for multi-omics approach.Toxins (Basel) 2017;9(1). pii: E18.

Zhu Y , Hassan YI , Lepp D , Shao S , Zhou T . Strategies and methodologies for developing microbial detoxification systems to mitigatemycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017;9(4). pii: E130.

Adenovirus Ikner LA , Gerba CP Adenoviruses . In: Quah SR , Cockerham WC (eds). The International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2nd Edition.Academic Press Oxford; vol. 1, pp. 5–9, 2017. Hilleman MR , Werner JH . Recovery of new agent from patients with acute respiratory illness. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med1954;85(1):183–188. Jones MS , Harrach B , Ganac RD New adenovirus species found in a patient resenting with gastroenteritis. J Virol2007;81(11):5978–5984. Robinson CM , Singh G , Lee JY Molecular evolution of human adenoviruses. Sci Rep 2013;3:1812. Lion T . Adenovirus infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014;27(3):441–462. Prasad BV , Schmid MF . Principles of virus structural organization. Adv Exp Med Biol 2012;726:17–47. Smith JG , Silvestry M , Lindert S , Lu W , Nemerow GR , Stewart PL . Insight into the mechanisms of adenovirus capsid disassembly fromstudies of defensin neutralization. PLoS Pathog 2010;6(6):e1000959. Nemerow GR , Stewart PL , Reddy VS . Structure of human adenovirus. Curr Opin Virol 2012;2(2):115–121. Nemerow GR , Pache L , Reddy V , Stewart PL . Insights into adenovirus host cell interactions from structural studies. Virology2009;384(2):380–388. Pieniazek NJ , Slemenda SB , Pieniazek D , Velarde J, Jr. , Luftig RB . Human enteric adenovirus type 41 (Tak) contains a second fiberprotein gene. Nucleic Acids Res 1990;18(7):1901. Kidd AH , Chroboczek J , Cusack S , Ruigrok RW . Adenovirus type 40 virions contain two distinct fibers. Virology 1993;192(1):73–84. San Martin C . Latest insights on adenovirus structure and assembly. Viruses 2012;4(5):847–877. Russell WC . Adenoviruses: Update on structure and function. J Gen Virol 2009;90(Pt 1):1–20. Vellinga J , Van der Heijdt S , Hoeben RC . The adenovirus capsid: Major progress in minor proteins. J Gen Virol 2005;86(Pt6):1581–1588. Wiethoff CM , Wodrich H , Gerace L , Nemerow GR . Adenovirus protein VI mediates membrane disruption following capsid disassembly.J Virol 2005;79(4):1992–2000. Wodrich H , Henaff D , Jammart B A capsid-encoded PPxY-motif facilitates adenovirus entry. PLoS Pathog 2010;6(3):e1000808. Rux JJ , Burnett RM . Type-specific epitope locations revealed by X-ray crystallographic study of adenovirus type 5 hexon. Mol Ther2000;1(1):18–30. Zubieta C , Schoehn G , Chroboczek J , Cusack S . The structure of the human adenovirus 2 penton. Mol Cell 2005;17(1):121–135. Stewart PL , Burnett RM , Cyrklaff M , Fuller SD . Image reconstruction reveals the complex molecular organization of adenovirus. Cell1991;67(1):145–154. Stewart PL , Fuller SD , Burnett RM . Difference imaging of adenovirus: Bridging the resolution gap between X-ray crystallography andelectron microscopy. EMBO J 1993;12(7):2589–2599. Davison AJ , Benko M , Harrach B . Genetic content and evolution of adenoviruses. J Gen Virol 2003;84(Pt 11):2895–2908. Benevento M , Di Palma S , Snijder J Adenovirus composition, proteolysis, and disassembly studied by in-depth qualitative andquantitative proteomics. J Biol Chem 2014;289(16):11421–11430. Hoeben RC , Uil TG . Adenovirus DNA replication. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013;5(3):a013003. Saha B , Wong CM , Parks RJ . The adenovirus genome contributes to the structural stability of the virion. Viruses 2014;6(9):3563–3583. Sharma A , Li X , Bangari DS , Mittal SK . Adenovirus receptors and their implications in gene delivery. Virus Res 2009;143(2):184–194. Chen RF , Lee CY . Adenoviruses types, cell receptors and local innate cytokines in adenovirus infection. Int Rev Immunol2014;33(1):45–53. Wickham TJ , Mathias P , Cheresh DA , Nemerow GR . Integrins alpha v beta 3 and alpha v beta 5 promote adenovirus internalization butnot virus attachment. Cell 1993;73(2):309–319. Bilkova E , Forstova J , Abrahamyan L . Coat as a dagger: The use of capsid proteins to perforate membranes during non-enveloped DNAviruses trafficking. Viruses 2014;6(7):2899–2937. Nakano MY , Boucke K , Suomalainen M , Stidwill RP , Greber UF . The first step of adenovirus type 2 disassembly occurs at the cellsurface, independently of endocytosis and escape to the cytosol. J Virol 2000;74(15):7085–7095. Leopold PL , Crystal RG . Intracellular trafficking of adenovirus: Many means to many ends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007;59(8):810–821. Fay N , Pante N . Nuclear entry of DNA viruses. Front Microbiol 2015;6:467. Mangel WF , San MC . Structure, function and dynamics in adenovirus maturation. Viruses 2014;6(11):4536–4570. Ahi YS , Mittal SK . Components of adenovirus genome packaging. Front Microbiol 2016;7:1503. Allard A , Vantarakis A . Adenoviruses. In: Rose JB , Jiménez-Cisneros B . (eds) Global Water Pathogens Project. ( JS Meschke , and RGirones [eds] Part 3 Viruses), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, UNESCO; 2017, 1–2030. Wold W , Horwitz M . Adenovirus. In: Knipe D , Howley P . (eds) Fields Virology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA,2007:2395. Cherry J , Demmler-Harrison G , Kaplan S , Steinbach W , Hotez P . Adenovirus. Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric InfectiousDiseases, 7th Edition. Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2013:1888–1911. Lessler J , Reich NG , Brookmeyer R , Perl TM , Nelson KE , Cummings DA . Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections: Asystematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2009;9(5):291–300. Turkington C , Ashby B . The Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases, Third Edition, Facts On File, New York, 2007. Swartling L , Allard A , Torlen J , Ljungman P , Mattsson J , Sparrelid E . Prolonged outbreak of adenovirus A31 in allogeneic stem celltransplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2015;17(6):785–794. Civardi E , Tzialla C , Baldanti F , Strocchio L , Manzoni P , Stronati M . Viral outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units: What we do notknow. Am J Infect Control 2013;41(10):854–856.

Lessa FC , Gould PL , Pascoe N Health care transmission of a newly emergent adenovirus serotype in health care personnel at a militaryhospital in Texas, 2007. J Infect Dis 2009;200(11):1759–1765. Ishiko H , Shimada Y , Konno T Novel human adenovirus causing nosocomial epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. J Clin Microbiol2008;46(6):2002–2008. Park JY , Kim BJ , Lee EJ Clinical features and courses of adenovirus pneumonia in healthy young adults during an outbreak amongKorean military personnel. PLoS One 2017;12(1):e0170592. Clemmons NS , McCormic ZD , Gaydos JC , Hawksworth AW , Jordan NN . Acute respiratory disease in US army trainees 3 years afterreintroduction of adenovirus vaccine 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2017;23(1):95–98. Kandel R , Srinivasan A , D'Agata EM , Lu X , Erdman D , Jhung M . Outbreak of adenovirus type 4 infection in a long-term care facility forthe elderly. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31(7):755–757. James L , Vernon MO , Jones RC Outbreak of human adenovirus type 3 infection in a pediatric long-term care facility—Illinois, 2005. ClinInfect Dis 2007;45(4):416–420. Gerber SI , Erdman DD , Pur SL Outbreak of adenovirus genome type 7d2 infection in a pediatric chronic-care facility and tertiary-carehospital. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32(5):694–700. Porter JD , Teter M , Traister V , Pizzutti W , Parkin WE , Farrell J . Outbreak of adenoviral infections in a long-term paediatric facility, NewJersey, 1986/87. J Hosp Infect 1991;18(3):201–210. Ghebremedhin B . Human adenovirus: Viral pathogen with increasing importance. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2014;4(1):26–33. Enriquez CE , Hurst CJ , Gerba CP . Survival of the enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 in tap, sea, and waste water. Water Res1995;29:2548–2553. La Rosa G , Fratini M , Della Libera S , Iaconelli M , Muscillo M . Emerging and potentially emerging viruses in water environments. Ann IstSuper Sanita 2012;48(4):397–406. Mena KD , Gerba CP . Waterborne adenovirus. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2009;198:133–167. Sinclair RG , Jones EL , Gerba CP . Viruses in recreational water-borne disease outbreaks: A review. J Appl Microbiol2009;107(6):1769–1780. Lynch JP, III , Kajon AE . Adenovirus: Epidemiology, global spread of novel serotypes, and advances in treatment and prevention. SeminRespir Crit Care Med 2016;37(4):586–602. Voss JD , Atkinson RL , Dhurandhar NV . Role of adenoviruses in obesity. Rev Med Virol 2015;25(6):379–387. Lynch JP, III , Fishbein M , Echavarria M . Adenovirus. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2011;32(4):494–511. Radin JM , Hawksworth AW , Blair PJ Dramatic decline of respiratory illness among US military recruits after the renewed use ofadenovirus vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59(7):962–968. Potter RN , Cantrell JA , Mallak CT , Gaydos JC . Adenovirus-associated deaths in US military during postvaccination period, 1999–2010.Emerg Infect Dis 2012;18(3):507–509. Abzug MJ , Levin MJ . Neonatal adenovirus infection: Four patients and review of the literature. Pediatrics 1991;87(6):890–896. Castro-Rodriguez JA , Daszenies C , Garcia M , Meyer R , Gonzales R . Adenovirus pneumonia in infants and factors for developingbronchiolitis obliterans: A 5-year follow-up. Pediatr Pulmonol 2006;41(10):947–953. Soileau SL , Schneider E , Erdman DD , Lu X , Ryan WD , McAdams RM . Case report: Severe disseminated adenovirus infection in aneonate following water birth delivery. J Med Virol 2013;85(4):667–669. Moallem M , Song E , Jaggi P , Conces MR , Kajon AE , Sanchez PJ . Adenovirus and “culture-negative sepsis” in a preterm neonate. AJPRep 2016;6(4):e417–e420. Hutspardol S , Essa M , Richardson S Significant transplantation-related mortality from respiratory virus infections within the first onehundred days in children after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015;21(10):1802–1807. Symeonidis N , Jakubowski A , Pierre-Louis S Invasive adenoviral infections in T-cell-depleted allogeneic hematopoietic stem celltransplantation: High mortality in the era of cidofovir. Transpl Infect Dis 2007;9(2):108–113. La Rosa AM , Champlin RE , Mirza N Adenovirus infections in adult recipients of blood and marrow transplants. Clin Infect Dis2001;32(6):871–876. Adeyemi OA , Yeldandi AV , Ison MG . Fatal adenovirus pneumonia in a person with AIDS and Burkitt lymphoma: A case report andreview of the literature. AIDS Read 2008;18(4):196–198. Barker JH , Luby JP , Sean DA , Bartek WM , Burns DK , Erdman DD . Fatal type 3 adenoviral pneumonia in immunocompetent adultidentical twins. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37(10):e142–e146. Ryu JS , Cho JH , Han HS Acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by adenovirus in an otherwise healthy woman. Yonsei Med J2003;44(4):732–735. Hakim FA , Tleyjeh IM . Severe adenovirus pneumonia in immunocompetent adults: A case report and review of the literature. Eur J ClinMicrobiol Infect Dis 2008;27(2):153–158. Clark TW , Fleet DH , Wiselka MJ . Severe community-acquired adenovirus pneumonia in an immunocompetent 44-year-old woman: Acase report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2011;5:259. Kim SJ , Kim K , Park SB , Hong DJ , Jhun BW . Outcomes of early administration of cidofovir in non-immunocompromised patients withsevere adenovirus pneumonia. PLoS One 2015;10(4):e0122642. Gu L , Liu Z , Li X Severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by adenovirus type 11 in immunocompetent adults in Beijing. J ClinVirol 2012;54(4):295–301. Gu L , Qu J , Sun B , Yu X , Li H , Cao B . Sustained viremia and high viral load in respiratory tract secretions are predictors for death inimmunocompetent adults with adenovirus pneumonia. PLoS One 2016;11(8):e0160777. Tan D , Zhu H , Fu Y Severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by human adenovirus in immunocompetent adults: A multicentercase series. PLoS One 2016;11(3):e0151199. Low SY , Tan TT , Lee CH , Loo CM , Chew HC . Severe adenovirus pneumonia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenationsupport—Serotype 7 revisited. Respir Med 2013;107(11):1810–1813. Stockmann C , Pavia AT , Graham B Detection of 23 gastrointestinal pathogens among children who present with diarrhea. J PediatricInfect Dis Soc 2016;176:50. Fajfr M , Stepanova V , Pliskova L , Fajfrova J . Viral gastroenteritis in Eastern Bohemia Region of the Czech Republic. EpidemiolMikrobiol Imunol 2014;63(2):88–91.

Pena MJ , Elcuaz R , Suarez J , Lafarga B . [Gastroenteritis caused by adenoviruses 40/41: Epidemiological and clinical aspects]. EnfermInfecc Microbiol Clin 1992;10(8):481–485. Fleet GH , Heiskanen P , Reid I , Buckle KA . Foodborne viral illness—Status in Australia. Int J Food Microbiol 2000;59(1–2):127–136. Thongprachum A , Khamrin P , Maneekarn N , Hayakawa S , Ushijima H . Epidemiology of gastroenteritis viruses in Japan: Prevalence,seasonality, and outbreak. J Med Virol 2016;88(4):551–570. Sanaei DA , Ghahremani P , Hashempoor T , Karimi A . Molecular epidemiology of enteric adenovirus gastroenteritis in under-five-year-oldchildren in Iran. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016;2016:2045697. Jin HI , Lee YM , Choi YJ , Jeong SJ . Recent viral pathogen in acute gastroenteritis: A retrospective study at a tertiary hospital for 1 year.Korean J Pediatr 2016;59(3):120–125. La Rosa G , Della Libera S , Iaconelli M Human bocavirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in Albania. J Med Virol2016;88(5):906–910. Bozkurt D , Selimoglu MA , Otlu B , Sandikkaya A . Eight different viral agents in childhood acute gastroenteritis. Turk J Pediatr2015;57(1):68–673. Bates PR , Bailey AS , Wood DJ , Morris DJ , Couriel JM . Comparative epidemiology of rotavirus, subgenus F (types 40 and 41)adenovirus and astrovirus gastroenteritis in children. J Med Virol 1993;39(3):224–228. Liu L , Qian Y , Zhang Y , Zhao L , Jia L , Dong H . Epidemiological aspects of rotavirus and adenovirus in hospitalized children withdiarrhea: A 5-year survey in Beijing. BMC Infect Dis 2016;16(1):508. Zhang L , Zhao N , Sha J Virology and epidemiology analyses of global adenovirus-associated conjunctivitis outbreaks, 1953–2013.Epidemiol Infect 2016;144(8):1661–1672. Cheung D , Bremner J , Chan JT . Epidemic kerato-conjunctivitis—Do outbreaks have to be epidemic? Eye (Lond) 2003;17(3):356–363. Novakova V , Cantero-Caballero M , Zoni AC , Pla-Mestre R , Olmedo-Luceron MC , Rodriguez-Perez P . Epidemic keratoconjunctivitisoutbreak in a closed psychiatric ward. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013;34(7):764–765. Calkavur S , Olukman O , Ozturk AT Epidemic adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis possibly related to ophthalmological procedures in aneonatal intensive care unit: Lessons from an outbreak. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2012;19(6):371–379. Doyle TJ , King D , Cobb J , Miller D , Johnson B . An outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis at an outpatient ophthalmology clinic. InfectDis Rep 2010;2(2):e17. Schrauder A , Altmann D , Laude G Epidemic conjunctivitis in Germany, 2004. Euro Surveill 2006;11(7):185–187. Ariga T , Shimada Y , Shiratori K Five new genome types of adenovirus type 37 caused epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan,for more than 10 years. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43(2):726–732. Hage E , Espelage W , Eckmanns T Molecular phylogeny of a novel human adenovirus type 8 strain causing a prolonged, multi-statekeratoconjunctivitis epidemic in Germany. Sci Rep 2017;7:40680. Gopalkrishna V , Ganorkar NN , Patil PR . Identification and molecular characterization of adenovirus types (HAdV-8, HAdV-37, HAdV-4,HAdV-3) in an epidemic of keratoconjunctivitis occurred in Pune, Maharashtra, Western India. J Med Virol 2016;88(12):2100–2105. Hiroi S , Morikawa S , Takahashi K , Komano J , Kase T . Molecular epidemiology of human adenoviruses d associated with epidemickeratoconjunctivitis in Osaka, Japan, 2001-2010. Jpn J Infect Dis 2013;66(5):436–438. Zhou X , Robinson CM , Rajaiya J Analysis of human adenovirus type 19 associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and itsreclassification as adenovirus type 64. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012;53(6):2804–2811. Ronan BA , Agrwal N , Carey EJ Fulminant hepatitis due to human adenovirus. Infection 2014;42(1):105–111. Ison MG . Adenovirus infections in transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43(3):331–339. Leen AM , Rooney CM . Adenovirus as an emerging pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Br J Haematol 2005;128(2):135–144. Sahu KK , Prakash G , Khadwal A , Varma SC , Malhotra P . A rare case of hemorrhagic cystitis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem celltransplant patient. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2016;32(Suppl 1):196–200. Klein J , Kuperman M , Haley C Late presentation of adenovirus-induced hemorrhagic cystitis and ureteral obstruction in a kidney-pancreas transplant recipient. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2015;28(4):488–491. Hubmann M , Fritsch S , Zoellner AK Occurrence, risk factors and outcome of adenovirus infection in adult recipients of allogeneichematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Clin Virol 2016;82:33–40. Hierholzer JC . Adenoviruses in the immunocompromised host. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992;5(3):262–274. Ackrill AM , Foster GR , Laxton CD , Flavell DM , Stark GR , Kerr IM . Inhibition of the cellular response to interferons by products of theadenovirus type 5 E1A oncogene. Nucleic Acids Res 1991;19(16):4387–4393. Janaswami PM , Kalvakolanu DV , Zhang Y , Sen GC . Transcriptional repression of interleukin-6 gene by adenoviral E1A proteins. J BiolChem 1992;267(34):24886–24891. Shao R , Hu MC , Zhou BP E1A sensitizes cells to tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis through inhibition of IkappaB kinases andnuclear factor kappaB activities. J Biol Chem 1999;274(31):21495–21498. Krajcsi P , Dimitrov T , Hermiston TW The adenovirus E3-14.7K protein and the E3-10.4K/14.5K complex of proteins, which independentlyinhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced apoptosis, also independently inhibit TNF-induced release of arachidonic acid. J Virol1996;70(8):4904–4913. Robinson CM , Seto D , Jones MS , Dyer DW , Chodosh J . Molecular evolution of human species D adenoviruses. Infect Genet Evol2011;11(6):1208–1217. Cook J , Radke J . Mechanisms of pathogenesis of emerging adenoviruses. F1000Res 2017;6:90. Burgert HG , Kvist S . An adenovirus type 2 glycoprotein blocks cell surface expression of human histocompatibility class I antigens. Cell1985;41(3):987–997. Schrier PI , Bernards R , Vaessen RT , Houweling A , van der Eb AJ . Expression of class I major histocompatibility antigens switched offby highly oncogenic adenovirus 12 in transformed rat cells. Nature 1983;305(5937):771–775. Murray P , Rosenthal K , Pfaller M . Adenoviruses. In: Medical Microbiology, 8th Edition. Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA,; 2016, pp. 418–424. Hiwarkar P , Gaspar HB , Gilmour K Impact of viral reactivations in the era of pre-emptive antiviral drug therapy following allogeneichaematopoietic SCT in paediatric recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2013;48(6):803–808. Lion T , Kosulin K , Landlinger C Monitoring of adenovirus load in stool by real-time PCR permits early detection of impending invasiveinfection in patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Leukemia 2010;24(4):706–714. Walls T , Shankar AG , Shingadia D . Adenovirus: An increasingly important pathogen in paediatric bone marrow transplant patients.Lancet Infect Dis 2003;3(2):79–86.

Mahr JA , Gooding LR . Immune evasion by adenoviruses. Immunol Rev 1999;168:121–130. Singh-Naz N , Rodriguez W . Adenoviral infections in children. Adv Pediatr Infect Dis 1996;11:365–388. Smith CD , Craft DW , Shiromoto RS , Yan PO . Alternative cell line for virus isolation. J Clin Microbiol 1986;24(2):265–268. Cubitt WD , McSwiggan DA , Thaker U , Darougar S . A comparison of the efficiency of human embryo intestine, Hep 2 cells, and humanembryo kidney cells for the primary isolation of ophthalmic viruses. Br J Ophthalmol 1981;65(8):546–548. McSwiggan DA , Darougar S , Rahman AF , Gibson JA . Comparison of the sensitivity of human embryo kidney cells, HeLa cells, andWI38 cells for the primary isolation of viruses from the eye. J Clin Pathol 1975;28(5):410–413. Ahluwalia GS , Scott-Taylor TH , Klisko B , Hammond GW . Comparison of detection methods for adenovirus from enteric clinicalspecimens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1994;18(3):161–166. Mast TC , Kierstead L , Gupta SB International epidemiology of human pre-existing adenovirus (Ad) type-5, type-6, type-26 and type-36neutralizing antibodies: Correlates of high Ad5 titers and implications for potential HIV vaccine trials. Vaccine 2010;28(4):950–957. Pring-Akerblom P , Heim A , Trijssenaar FE . Molecular characterization of hemagglutination domains on the fibers of subgenus Dadenoviruses. J Virol 1998;72(3):2297–2304. Lu X , Trujillo-Lopez E , Lott L , Erdman DD . Quantitative real-time PCR assay panel for detection and type-specific identification ofepidemic respiratory human adenoviruses. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51(4):1089–1093. Jothikumar N , Cromeans TL , Hill VR , Lu X , Sobsey MD , Erdman DD . Quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection of humanadenoviruses and identification of serotypes 40 and 41. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71(6):3131–3136. Lin B , Vora GJ , Thach D Use of oligonucleotide microarrays for rapid detection and serotyping of acute respiratory disease-associatedadenoviruses. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42(7):3232–3239. Lopez-Campos G , Coiras M , Sanchez-Merino JP Oligonucleotide microarray design for detection and serotyping of human respiratoryadenoviruses by using a virtual amplicon retrieval software. J Virol Methods 2007;145(2):127–136. Martinez MA , Soto-Del Rio ML , Gutierrez RM DNA microarray for detection of gastrointestinal viruses. J Clin Microbiol2015;53(1):136–145. Madisch I , Wolfel R , Harste G , Pommer H , Heim A . Molecular identification of adenovirus sequences: A rapid scheme for early typing ofhuman adenoviruses in diagnostic samples of immunocompetent and immunodeficient patients. J Med Virol 2006;78(9):1210–1217. Lu X , Erdman DD . Molecular typing of human adenoviruses by PCR and sequencing of a partial region of the hexon gene. Arch Virol2006;151(8):1587–1602. Adhikary AK , Numaga J , Kaburaki T Rapid detection and typing of oculopathogenic strain of subgenus D adenoviruses by fiber-basedPCR and restriction enzyme analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42(9):2010–2015. Tiemessen CT , Nel MJ . Detection and typing of subgroup F adenoviruses using the polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods1996;59(1-2):73–82. Skevaki CL , Galani IE , Pararas MV , Giannopoulou KP , Tsakris A . Treatment of viral conjunctivitis with antiviral drugs. Drugs2011;71(3):331–347. Lenaerts L , De Clercq E , Naesens L . Clinical features and treatment of adenovirus infections. Rev Med Virol 2008;18(6):357–374. Morfin F , Dupuis-Girod S , Mundweiler S In vitro susceptibility of adenovirus to antiviral drugs is species-dependent. Antivir Ther2005;10(2):225–229. Ison MG . Antiviral treatments. Clin Chest Med 2017;38(1):139–153. Park UJ , Hyun SK , Kim HT , Cho WH , Han SY . Successful treatment of disseminated adenovirus infection with ribavirin and intravenousimmunoglobulin in an adult renal transplant recipient: A case report. Transplant Proc 2015;47(3):791–793. Rutala WA , Peacock JE , Gergen MF , Sobsey MD , Weber DJ . Efficacy of hospital germicides against adenovirus 8, a common cause ofepidemic keratoconjunctivitis in health care facilities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50(4):1419–1424. Sauerbrei A , Sehr K , Brandstadt A , Heim A , Reimer K , Wutzler P . Sensitivity of human adenoviruses to different groups of chemicalbiocides. J Hosp Infect 2004;57(1):59–66. Siegel J , Rhinehart E , Jackson M , Chiarello L . 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents inHealthcare Settings. 2007. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/isolation/isolation2007.pdf Bialasiewicz A , Brehler R , Schmitz, H . Mathematical modelling of epidemics under specific regard of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. EurJ Med Res 2008;13:355–365. Kirk M , Glass K , Ford L , Brown K , Hall G . 2010. Foodborne illness in Australia: Annual incidence circa. Available athttp://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-foodborne-illness-aust Thomas MK , Murray R , Flockhart L Estimates of the burden of foodborne illness in Canada for 30 specified pathogens and unspecifiedagents, circa 2006. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013;10(7):639–648. Kokkinos P , Kozyra I , Lazic S Harmonised investigation of the occurrence of human enteric viruses in the leafy green vegetable supplychain in three European countries. Food Environ Virol 2012;4(4):179–191. Myrmel M , Berg EMM , Rimstad E , Grinde B . Detection of enteric viruses in shellfish from the Norwegian coast. Appl Environ Microbiol2004;70(5):2678–2684. Formiga-Cruz M , Tofino-Quesada G , Bofill-Mas S Distribution of human virus contamination in shellfish from different growing areas inGreece, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002;68(12):5990–5998. Umesha KR , Bhavani NC , Venugopal MN , Karunasagar I , Krohne G , Karunasagar I . Prevalence of human pathogenic enteric virusesin bivalve molluscan shellfish and cultured shrimp in south west coast of India. Int J Food Microbiol 2008;122(3):279–286. Hansman GS , Oka T , Li TC , Nishio O , Noda M , Takeda N . Detection of human enteric viruses in Japanese clams. J Food Prot2008;71(8):1689–1695. Serracca L , Verani M , Battistini R , Rossini I , Carducci A , Ercolini C . Evaluation of Adenovirus and E. coli as indicators for humanenteric viruses presence in mussels produced in La Spezia Gulf (Italy). Lett Appl Microbiol 2010;50(5):462–467. Rigotto C , Victoria M , Moresco V Assessment of adenovirus, hepatitis A virus and rotavirus presence in environmental samples inFlorianopolis, South Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2010;109(6):1979–1987. La Rosa G ., Fratini M , Spuri Vennarucci V , Guercio A , Purpari G , Muscillo M . GIV noroviruses and other enteric viruses in bivalves: Apreliminary study. New Microbiol 2012;35(1):27–34. Muniain-Mujika I , Calvo M , Lucena F , Girones R . Comparative analysis of viral pathogens and potential indicators in shellfish. Int J FoodMicrobiol 2003;83(1):75–85.

Serracca L , Rossini I , Battistini R Potential risk of norovirus infection due to the consumption of “ready to eat” food. Food Environ Virol2012;4(3):89–92. Maunula L , Kaupke A , Vasickova P Tracing enteric viruses in the European berry fruit supply chain. Int J Food Microbiol2013;167(2):177–185. Cheong S , Lee C , Song SW , Choi WC , Lee CH , Kim SJ . Enteric viruses in raw vegetables and groundwater used for irrigation in SouthKorea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009;75(24):7745–7751. Maunula L , Ronnqvist M , Aberg R , Lunden J , Nevas M . The presence of norovirus and adenovirus on environmental surfaces inrelation to the hygienic level in food service operations associated with a suspected gastroenteritis outbreak. Food Environ Virol2017;9(3):334–341. Iaconelli M , Valdazo-Gonzales B , Equestre M Molecular characterization of human adenoviruses in urban wastewaters using nextgeneration and Sanger sequencing. Water Res 2017;121:240–247. La Rosa G ., Pourshaban M , Iaconelli M , Muscillo M . Quantitative real-time PCR of enteric viruses in influent and effluent samples fromwastewater treatment plants in Italy. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2010;46(3):266–273. Irving NLG , Smith FA . One-year survey of enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and reoviruses isolated from effluent at an activated-sludgepurification plant. Appl Environ Microbiol 1981;41:51–59. Pina S , Puig M , Lucena F , Jofre J , Girones R . Viral pollution in the environment and in shellfish: Human adenovirus detection by PCRas an index of human viruses. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998;64(9):3376–3382. Staggemeier R , Heck TM , Demoliner M Enteric viruses and adenovirus diversity in waters from 2016 Olympic venues. Sci Total Environ2017;586:304–312. Iaconelli M , Muscillo M , Della Libera S One-year surveillance of human enteric viruses in raw and treated wastewaters, downstream riverwaters, and drinking waters. Food Environ Virol 2017;9(1):79–88. Maurer CP , Simonetti AB , Staggemeier R , Rigotto C , Heinzelmann LS , Spilki FR . Adenovirus, enterovirus and thermotolerant coliformsin recreational waters from Lake Guaiba beaches, Porto Alegre, Brazil. J Water Health 2015;13(4):1123–1129. Vergara GG , Rose JB , Gin KY . Risk assessment of noroviruses and human adenoviruses in recreational surface waters. Water Res2016;103:276–282. Lazic G , Grubac S , Lupulovic D Presence of human and animal viruses in surface waters in Vojvodina Province of Serbia. Food EnvironVirol 2015;7(2):149–158. Wyn-Jones AP , Carducci A , Cook N Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in European recreational waters. Water Res2011;45(3):1025–1038. Heerden J , Ehlers MM , Vivier JC , Grabow WO . Risk assessment of adenoviruses detected in treated drinking water and recreationalwater. J Appl Microbiol 2005;99(4):926–933. van Heerden J , Ehlers MM , Heim A , Grabow WO . Prevalence, quantification and typing of adenoviruses detected in river and treateddrinking water in South Africa. J Appl Microbiol 2005;99(2):234–242. Kukkula M , Arstila P , Klossner ML , Maunula L , Bonsdorff CH , Jaatinen P . Waterborne outbreak of viral gastroenteritis. Scand J InfectDis 1997;29(4):415–418. Divizia M , Gabrieli R , Donia D Waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak in Albania. Water Sci Technol 2004;50(1):57–61. Sinclair RG , Choi CY , Riley MR , Gerba CP . Pathogen surveillance through monitoring of sewer systems. Adv Appl Microbiol2008;65:249–269. Artieda J , Pineiro L , Gonzalez M A swimming pool-related outbreak of pharyngoconjunctival fever in children due to adenovirus type 4,Gipuzkoa, Spain, 2008. Euro Surveill 2009;14(8):19125.

Astrovirus Atreya CD . Major foodborne illness causing viruses and current status of vaccines against the diseases. Foodborne Pathog Dis2004;1:89–96. De Grazia S , Medici MC , Pinto P Genetic heterogeneity and recombination in human type 2 astroviruses. J Clin Microbiol2012;50:3760–3764. Martella V , Pinto P , Tummolo F Analysis of the ORF2 of human astroviruses reveals lineage diversification, recombination andrearrangement and provides the basis for a novel sub-classification system. Arch Virol 2014;159:3185–3196. Mihalov-Kovacs E , Martella V , Lanave G Genome analysis of canine astroviruses reveals genetic heterogeneity and suggests possibleinter-species transmission. Virus Res 2016;232:162–170. Madeley CR , Cosgrove BP , Bell EJ . Stool viruses in babies in Glasgow 2. Investigation of normal newborns in hospital. J Hyg1978;81:285–294. Appleton H , Higgins PG . Letter: Viruses and gastroenteritis in infants. Lancet 1975;1:1297. Dryden KA , Tihova M , Nowotny N , Matsui SM , Mendez E , Yeager M . Immature and mature human astrovirus: Structure,conformational changes, and similarities to hepatitis E virus. J Mol Biol 2012;422:650–658. Bogdanoff WA , Morgenstern D , Bern M , Ueberheide BM , Sanchez-Fauquier A , DuBois RM . De novo sequencing and resurrection of ahuman Astrovirus-neutralizing antibody. ACS Infect Dis 2016;2:313–321. Dong J , Dong L , Mendez E , Tao Y . Crystal structure of the human astrovirus capsid spike. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2011;108:12681–12686. Mendez E , Munoz-Yanez C , Sanchez-San Martin C Characterization of human astrovirus cell entry. J Virol 2014;88:2452–2460. Monroe SS , Jiang B , Stine SE , Koopmans M , Glass RI . Subgenomic RNA sequence of human astrovirus supports classification ofAstroviridae as a new family of RNA viruses. J Virol 1993;67:3611–3614. King AMQ , Lefkowitz E , Adams MJ , Carstens EB , (eds). Virus Taxonomy: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy ofViruses. San Diego, CA: Elsevier; 2012. Finkbeiner SR , Holtz LR , Jiang Y Human stool contains a previously unrecognized diversity of novel astroviruses. Virol J 2009;6:161.

Finkbeiner SR , Kirkwood CD , Wang D . Complete genome sequence of a highly divergent astrovirus isolated from a child with acutediarrhea. Virol J 2008;5:117. Finkbeiner SR , Le BM , Holtz LR , Storch GA , Wang D . Detection of newly described astrovirus MLB1 in stool samples from children.Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:441–444. Finkbeiner SR , Li Y , Ruone S Identification of a novel astrovirus (astrovirus VA1) associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. JVirol 2009;83:10836–10839. Jiang H , Holtz LR , Bauer I Comparison of novel MLB-clade, VA-clade and classic human astroviruses highlights constrained evolution ofthe classic human astrovirus nonstructural genes. Virology 2013;436:8–14. Kapoor A , Li L , Victoria J Multiple novel astrovirus species in human stool. J Gen Virol 2009;90:2965–2972. Meyer CT , Bauer IK , Antonio M Prevalence of classic, MLB-clade and VA-clade Astroviruses in Kenya and The Gambia. Virol J2015;12:78. Karlsson EA , Small CT , Freiden P Non-human primates harbor diverse mammalian and avian astroviruses including those associatedwith human infections. PLoS Pathog 2015;11:e1005225. Xiao CT , Gimenez-Lirola LG , Gerber PF , Jiang YH , Halbur PG , Opriessnig T . Identification and characterization of novel porcineastroviruses (PAstVs) with high prevalence and frequent co-infection of individual pigs with multiple PAstV types. J Gen Virol2013;94:570–582. Sun N , Yang Y , Wang GS Detection and characterization of avastrovirus associated with diarrhea isolated from minks in China. FoodEnviron Virol 2014;6:169–174. Pankovics P , Boros A , Kiss T , Delwart E , Reuter G . Detection of a mammalian-like astrovirus in bird, European roller (Coracias garrulus). Infect Genet Evol 2015;34:114–121. Meliopoulos VA , Kayali G , Burnham A Detection of antibodies against Turkey astrovirus in humans. PloS One 2014;9:e96934. Nagai M , Omatsu T , Aoki H Full genome analysis of bovine astrovirus from fecal samples of cattle in Japan: Identification of possibleinterspecies transmission of bovine astrovirus. Arch Virol 2015;160:2491–2501. Rivera R , Nollens HH , Venn-Watson S , Gulland FM , Wellehan JF, Jr . Characterization of phylogenetically diverse astroviruses ofmarine mammals. J Gen Virol 2010;91:166–173. De Benedictis P , Schultz-Cherry S , Burnham A , Cattoli G . Astrovirus infections in humans and animals—Molecular biology, geneticdiversity, and interspecies transmissions. Infect Genet Evol 2011;11:1529–1544. Cruz JR , Bartlett AV , Herrmann JE , Caceres P , Blacklow NR , Cano F . Astrovirus-associated diarrhea among Guatemalan ambulatoryrural children. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:1140–1144. Glass RI , Noel J , Mitchell D The changing epidemiology of astrovirus-associated gastroenteritis: A review. Arch Virol Suppl1996;12:287–300. Palombo EA , Bishop RF . Annual incidence, serotype distribution, and genetic diversity of human astrovirus isolates from hospitalizedchildren in Melbourne, Australia. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:1750–1753. Walter JE , Mitchell DK . Astrovirus infection in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003;16:247–253. Koopmans MP , Bijen MH , Monroe SS , Vinje J . Age-stratified seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies to astrovirus types 1–7 inhumans in The Netherlands. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998;5:33–37. Kriston S , Willcocks MM , Carter MJ , Cubitt WD . Seroprevalence of astrovirus types 1 and 6 in London, determined using recombinantvirus antigen. Epidemiol Infect 1996;117:159–164. Mitchell DK , Matson DO , Jiang X Molecular epidemiology of childhood astrovirus infection in child care centers. J Infect Dis1999;180:514–517. LeBaron CW , Furutan NP , Lew JF Viral agents of gastroenteritis. Public health importance and outbreak management. MMWRRecommendations and Reports 1990;39:1–24. Maldonado Y , Cantwell M , Old M Population-based prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic astrovirus infection in rural Mayaninfants. J Infect Dis 1998;178:334–339. Mendez-Toss M , Griffin DD , Calva J Prevalence and genetic diversity of human astroviruses in Mexican children with symptomatic andasymptomatic infections. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:151–157. Vu DL , Cordey S , Brito F , Kaiser L . Novel human astroviruses: Novel human diseases? J Clin Virol 2016;82:56–63. Trevino M , Prieto E , Penalver D [Diarrhea caused by adenovirus and astrovirus in hospitalized immunodeficient patients]. Enferm InfecMicrobiol Clin 2001;19:7–10. Cortez V , Freiden P , Gu Z , Adderson E , Hayden R , Schultz-Cherry S . Persistent infections with diverse co-circulating astroviruses inpediatric oncology patients, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2017;23:288–290. Caballero S , Guix S , El-Senousy WM , Calico I , Pinto RM , Bosch A . Persistent gastroenteritis in children infected with astrovirus:Association with serotype-3 strains. J Med Virol 2003;71:245–250. Fremond ML , Perot P , Muth E Next-generation sequencing for diagnosis and tailored therapy: A case report of Astrovirus-associatedprogressive encephalitis. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 2015;4:e53–e77. Quan PL , Wagner TA , Briese T Astrovirus encephalitis in boy with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:918–925. Brown JR , Morfopoulou S , Hubb J Astrovirus VA1/HMO-C: An increasingly recognized neurotropic pathogen in immunocompromisedpatients. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60:881–888. Naccache SN , Peggs KS , Mattes FM Diagnosis of neuroinvasive astrovirus infection in an immunocompromised adult with encephalitisby unbiased next-generation sequencing. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60:919–923. Sato M , Kuroda M , Kasai M Acute encephalopathy in an immunocompromised boy with astrovirus-MLB1 infection detected by nextgeneration sequencing. J Clin Virol 2016;78:66–70. Wunderli W , Meerbach A , Gungor T Astrovirus infection in hospitalized infants with severe combined immunodeficiency after allogeneichematopoietic stem cell transplantation. PloS One 2011;6:e27483. Cordey S , Vu DL , Schibler M Astrovirus MLB2, a new gastroenteric virus associated with meningitis and disseminated infection. EmergInfect Dis 2016;22:846–853. Lum SH , Turner A , Guiver M An emerging opportunistic infection: Fatal astrovirus (VA1/HMO-C) encephalitis in a pediatric stem celltransplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 2016;18:960–964. Holtz LR , Wylie KM , Sodergren E Astrovirus MLB2 viremia in febrile child. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:2050–2052.

Wylie KM , Mihindukulasuriya KA , Sodergren E , Weinstock GM , Storch GA . Sequence analysis of the human virome in febrile andafebrile children. PloS One 2012;7:e27735. van der Doef HP , Bathoorn E , van der Linden MP Astrovirus outbreak at a pediatric hematology and hematopoietic stem cell transplantunit despite strict hygiene rules. Bone Marrow Transpl 2016;51:747–750. Cubitt WD , Mitchell DK , Carter MJ , Willcocks MM , Holzel H . Application of electron microscopy, enzyme immunoassay, and RT-PCR tomonitor an outbreak of astrovirus type 1 in a paediatric bone marrow transplant unit. J Med Virol 1999;57:313–321. Noel JS , Lee TW , Kurtz JB , Glass RI , Monroe SS . Typing of human astroviruses from clinical isolates by enzyme immunoassay andnucleotide sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:797–801. Perot P , Lecuit M , Eloit M . Astrovirus diagnostics. Viruses 2017;9(1):10. Gu Z , Zhu H , Rodriguez A Comparative evaluation of broad-panel PCR assays for the detection of gastrointestinal pathogens in pediatriconcology patients. J Mol Diagn 2015;17:715–721. Kramer A , Schwebke I , Kampf G . How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC InfectDis 2006;6:130. Espinosa AC , Mazari-Hiriart M , Espinosa R , Maruri-Avidal L , Mendez E , Arias CF . Infectivity and genome persistence of rotavirus andastrovirus in groundwater and surface water. Water Res 2008;42:2618–2628. Schultz-Cherry S , King DJ , Koci MD . Inactivation of an astrovirus associated with poult enteritis mortality syndrome. Avian Dis2001;45:76–82. Abad FX , Villena C , Guix S , Caballero S , Pinto RM , Bosch A . Potential role of fomites in the vehicular transmission of humanastroviruses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001;67:3904–3907. Le Cann P , Ranarijaona S , Monpoeho S , Le Guyader F , Ferre V . Quantification of human astroviruses in sewage using real-time RT-PCR. Res Microbiol 2004;155:11–15. Morsy El-Senousy W , Guix S , Abid I , Pinto RM , Bosch A . Removal of astrovirus from water and sewage treatment plants, evaluated bya competitive reverse transcription PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73:164–167. Nadan S , Walter JE , Grabow WO , Mitchell DK , Taylor MB . Molecular characterization of astroviruses by reverse transcriptase PCR andsequence analysis: Comparison of clinical and environmental isolates from South Africa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003;69:747–753. Pinto RM , Villena C , Le Guyader FS Astrovirus detection in wastewater samples. Water Sci Technol 2001;43:73–76. Abad FX , Pinto RM , Villena C , Gajardo R , Bosch A . Astrovirus survival in drinking water. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997;63:3119–3122. Taylor MB , Walter J , Berke T , Cubitt WD , Mitchell DK , Matson DO . Characterisation of a South African human astrovirus as type 8 byantigenic and genetic analyses. J Med Virol 2001;64:256–261. Le Guyader F , Haugarreau L , Miossec L , Dubois E , Pommepuy M . Three-year study to assess human enteric viruses in shellfish. ApplEnviron Microbiol 2000;66:3241–3248. Le Guyader FS , Le Saux JC , Ambert-Balay K Aichi virus, norovirus, astrovirus, enterovirus, and rotavirus involved in clinical cases from aFrench oyster-related gastroenteritis outbreak. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:4011–4017. Pinto RM , Bosch A . Rethinking virus detection in food. In: Koopmans M , Cliver DO , Bosch A , eds. Foodborne Viruses: Progress andChallenges. Washington DC: ASM Press; 2008:171–188. Espinosa AC , Arias CF , Sanchez-Colon S , Mazari-Hiriart M . Comparative study of enteric viruses, coliphages and indicator bacteria forevaluating water quality in a tropical high-altitude system. Environ Health 2009;8:49. He X , Wei Y , Cheng L , Zhang D , Wang Z . Molecular detection of three gastroenteritis viruses in urban surface waters in Beijing andcorrelation with levels of fecal indicator bacteria. Environm Monit Assess 2012;184:5563–5570. Kurtz JB , Lee TW , Parsons AJ . The action of alcohols on rotavirus, astrovirus and enterovirus. J Hosp Infect 1980;1:321–325. Williams FP, Jr. Electron microscopy of stool-shed viruses: Retention of characteristic morphologies after long-term storage at ultralowtemperatures. J Med Virol 1989;29:192–195. Elamri DE , Aouni M , Parnaudeau S , Le Guyader FS . Detection of human enteric viruses in shellfish collected in Tunisia. Lett ApplMicrobiol 2006;43:399–404. Gabrieli R , Macaluso A , Lanni L Enteric viruses in molluscan shellfish. New Microbiol 2007;30:471–475. Hansman GS , Oka T , Li TC , Nishio O , Noda M , Takeda N . Detection of human enteric viruses in Japanese clams. J Food Prot2008;71:1689–1695. Appleton H . Control of food-borne viruses. Brit Med Bull 2000;56:172–183. Karlsson EA , Schultz-Cherry S . Astroviruses as Foodborne Infections. In: Morris GJ Jr , Potter M . (eds) Foodborne Infections andIntoxications, 4 ed. Academic Press, Elsevier: Amsterdam; 2013. Nakagawa-Okamoto R , Arita-Nishida T , Toda S Detection of multiple sapovirus genotypes and genogroups in oyster-associatedoutbreaks. Jpn J Infect Dis 2009;62:63–66. Kurtz JB , Lee TW . Astroviruses: Human and animal. Ciba Found Symp 1987;128:92–107. Koci MD , Moser LA , Kelley LA , Larsen D , Brown CC , Schultz-Cherry S . Astrovirus induces diarrhea in the absence of inflammation andcell death. J Virol 2003;77:11798–11808. Bosch A , Pinto RM , Guix S . Human astroviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014;27:1048–1074. Cantalupo PG , Calgua B , Zhao G Raw sewage harbors diverse viral populations. mBio 2011;2(5):e00180–e00211. Hata A , Katayama H , Kitajima M , Furumai H . Wastewater analysis indicates that genetically diverse astroviruses, including strainsbelonging to novel clades MLB and VA, are circulating within Japanese populations. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015;81:4932–4939. Lizasoain A , Tort LF , Garcia M Environmental assessment reveals the presence of MLB-1 human astrovirus in Uruguay. J Appl Microbiol2015;119:859–867. Baxendale W , Mebatsion T . The isolation and characterisation of astroviruses from chickens. Avian Pathol 2004;33:364–370. Bulbule NR , Mandakhalikar KD , Kapgate SS , Deshmukh VV , Schat KA , Chawak MM . Role of chicken astrovirus as a causative agentof gout in commercial broilers in India. Avian Pathol 2013;42:464–473. Sajewicz-Krukowska J , Pac K , Lisowska A Astrovirus-induced “white chicks” condition—field observation, virus detection and preliminarycharacterization. A Avian Pathol 2016;45:2–12. Fu Y , Pan M , Wang X Complete sequence of a duck astrovirus associated with fatal hepatitis in ducklings. J Gen Virol2009;90:1104–1108.

Li L , Diab S , McGraw S Divergent astrovirus associated with neurologic disease in cattle. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:1385–1392. Mohamed FF , Mansour SM , El-Araby IE , Mor SK , Goyal SM . Molecular detection of enteric viruses from diarrheic calves in Egypt. ArchVirol 2017;162:129–137. Selimovic-Hamza S , Boujon CL , Hilbe M , Oevermann A , Seuberlich T . Frequency and pathological phenotype of bovine astrovirusCH13/NeuroS1 infection in neurologically-diseased cattle: Towards assessment of causality. Viruses 2017;9(1). pii: E12. doi10.3390/v9010012. Selimovic-Hamza S , Bouzalas IG , Vandevelde M , Oevermann A , Seuberlich T . Detection of Astrovirus in historical cases of Europeansporadic bovine encephalitis, Switzerland 1958–1976. Front Vet Sci 2016;3:91. Gray EW , Angus KW , Snodgrass DR . Ultrastructure of the small intestine in astrovirus-infected lambs. J Gen Virol 1980;49:71–82. Snodgrass DR , Angus KW , Gray EW , Menzies JD , Paul G . Pathogenesis of diarrhoea caused by astrovirus infections in lambs. ArchVirol 1979;60:217–226. Domanska-Blicharz K , Seroka A , Minta Z . One-year molecular survey of astrovirus infection in turkeys in Poland. Arch Virol2011;156:1065–1072. Reynolds DL , Saif YM , Theil KW . Enteric viral infections of turkey poults: Incidence of infection. Avian Dis 1987;31: 272–276. Schultz-Cherry S , Kapczynski DR , Simmons VM , Koci MD , Brown C , Barnes HJ . Identifying agent(s) associated with poult enteritismortality syndrome: Importance of the thymus. Avian Dis 2000;44:256–265. Blomstrom AL , Widen F , Hammer AS , Belak S , Berg M . Detection of a novel astrovirus in brain tissue of mink suffering from shakingmink syndrome by use of viral metagenomics. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48:4392–4396. Pfaff F , Schlottau K , Scholes S A novel astrovirus associated with encephalitis and ganglionitis in domestic sheep. Transbound EmergDis 2017;64:677–682. Blomstrom AL , Ley C , Jacobson M . Astrovirus as a possible cause of congenital tremor type AII in piglets? Acta Vet Scand 2014;56:82. Smyth VJ . A review of the strain diversity and pathogenesis of chicken Astrovirus. Viruses 2017;9:12, 29. Behling-Kelly E , Schultz-Cherry S , Koci M , Kelley L , Larsen D , Brown C . Localization of astrovirus in experimentally infected turkeys asdetermined by in situ hybridization. Vet Pathol 2002;39:595–598. Cattoli G , De Battisti C , Toffan A Co-circulation of distinct genetic lineages of astroviruses in turkeys and guinea fowl. Arch Virol2007;152:595–602. Jindal N , Patnayak DP , Chander Y , Ziegler AF , Goyal SM . Detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in breederturkeys. Avian Pathol 2010;39:53–61. Reynolds DL , Saif YM , Theil KW . A survey of enteric viruses of turkey poults. Avian Dis 1987;31:89–98. France MM , Turner JR . The mucosal barrier at a glance. J Cell Sci 2017;130:307–314. Meliopoulos VA , Marvin SA , Freiden P Oral administration of Astrovirus capsid protein is sufficient to induce acute diarrhea in vivo . mBio2016;7(6):e01494–e01516. Moser LA , Carter M , Schultz-Cherry S . Astrovirus increases epithelial barrier permeability independently of viral replication. J Virol2007;81:11937–11945. Mendez E , Salas-Ocampo E , Arias CF . Caspases mediate processing of the capsid precursor and cell release of human astroviruses. JVirol 2004;78:8601–8608. Nighot PK , Moeser A , Ali RA , Blikslager AT , Koci MD . Astrovirus infection induces sodium malabsorption and redistributes sodiumhydrogen exchanger expression. Virology 2010;401:146–154. Marvin SA , Huerta CT , Sharp B , Freiden P , Cline TD , Schultz-Cherry S . Type I interferon response limits Astrovirus replication andprotects against increased barrier permeability in vitro and in vivo . J Virol 2015;90:1988–1996. Moser LA , Schultz-Cherry S . Suppression of astrovirus replication by an ERK1/2 inhibitor. J Virol 2008;82:7475–7482. Koci MD , Kelley LA , Larsen D , Schultz-Cherry S . Astrovirus-induced synthesis of nitric oxide contributes to virus control during infection.J Virol 2004;78:1564–1574. Guix S , Perez-Bosque A , Miro L , Moreto M , Bosch A , Pinto RM . Type I interferon response is delayed in human astrovirus infections.PloS One 2015;10:e0123087. Kurtz JB , Lee TW , Craig JW , Reed SE . Astrovirus infection in volunteers. J Med Virol 1979;3:221–230. Farkas T , Fey B , Keller G , Martella V , Egyed L . Molecular detection of novel astroviruses in wild and laboratory mice. Virus Genes2012;45:518–525. Ng TF , Kondov NO , Hayashimoto N Identification of an astrovirus commonly infecting laboratory mice in the US and Japan. PloS One2013;8:e66937. Yokoyama CC , Loh J , Zhao G Adaptive immunity restricts replication of novel murine astroviruses. J Virol 2012;86:12262–12270.

Avian Influenza Virus Gammelin M , Altmuller A , Reinhardt U Phylogenetic analysis of nucleoproteins suggests that human influenza A viruses emerged from a19th-century avian ancestor. Mol Biol Evol 1990;7:194–200. Perdue ML , Swayne DE . Public health risk from avian influenza viruses. Avian Dis 2005;49:317–327. H7N9 Situation Update . Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, 2017. (Accessed January 6, 2017.) Avian influenza in humans. World Health Organization, 2017. (Available athttp://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/avian_influenza/en/.) Accessed January 10, 2017. Freidl GS , Meijer A , de Bruin E Influenza at the animal-human interface: A review of the literature for virological evidence of humaninfection with swine or avian influenza viruses other than A(H5N1). Euro Surveill 2014;19(18). pii: 20793. Peiris JS . Avian influenza viruses in humans. Rev Sci Tech 2009;28:161–174. OIE . Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals: Avian Influenza. World Organization for Animal Health, Paris,France, 2016. (Available at http://www.oie.int/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-manual/access-online/.) Accessed July 30, 2017. Spackman E , Pantin-Jackwood M , Swayne DE , Suarez DL , Kapczynski DR . Impact of route of exposure and challenge dose on thepathogenesis of H7N9 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus in chickens. Virology 2015;477:72–81.

Stallknecht DE , Brown JD . Ecology of avian influenza in wild birds. In: Swayne DE , ed. Avian Influenza. Ames, IA: Blackwell;2008:43–58. Conan A , Goutard FL , Sorn S , Vong S . Biosecurity measures for backyard poultry in developing countries: A systematic review. BMCVet Res 2012;8:240. Henning KA , Henning J , Morton J , Long NT , Ha NT , Meers J . Farm- and flock-level risk factors associated with highly pathogenic avianinfluenza outbreaks on small holder duck and chicken farms in the Mekong Delta of Viet Nam. Prev Vet Med 2009;91:179–188. Halvorson DA . Prevention and management of avian influenza outbreaks: Experiences from the United States of America. Rev Sci Tech2009;28:359–369. Sims L , Swayne DE . Avian influenza control strategies. In: Swayne D , ed. Animal Influenza. 2nd edition. Ames, IA: Wiley Blackwell;2017:363–377. Swayne DE , Suarez DL , Sims LD . Influenza. In: Swayne D , ed. Diseases of Poultry. 13th edition. Ames, IA: Blackwell; 2013:181–218. Cappucci DT, Jr. , Johnson DC , Brugh M Isolation of avian influenza virus (subtype H5N2) from chicken eggs during a natural outbreak.Avian Dis 1985;29:1195–1200. Tumpey TM , Suarez DL , Perkins LE Characterization of a highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus isolated from duck meat. JVirol 2002;76:6344–6355. Harder TC , Buda S , Hengel H , Beer M , Mettenleiter TC . Poultry food products—A source of avian influenza virus transmission tohumans? Clin Microbiol Infect 2016;22:141–146. Das A , Spackman E , Thomas C , Swayne DE , Suarez DL . Detection of H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus in meat andtracheal samples from experimentally infected chickens. Avian Dis 2008;52:40–48. Hinshaw V , Webster R , Turner B . The perpetuation of orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses in Canadian waterfowl. Can J Microbiol1980;26:622–629. Areechokchai D , Jiraphongsa C , Laosiritaworn Y Investigation of avian influenza (H5N1) outbreak in humans—Thailand, 2004. MMWRSuppl 2006;55:3–6. Dinh PN , Long HT , Tien NT Risk factors for human infection with avian influenza A H5N1, Vietnam, 2004. Emerg Infect Dis2006;12:1841–1847. Watanabe T , Watanabe S , Maher EA , Neumann G , Kawaoka Y . Pandemic potential of avian influenza A (H7N9) viruses. TrendsMicrobiol 2014;22:623–631. Abdel-Ghafar AN , Chotpitayasunondh T , Gao Z Update on avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in humans. N Engl J Med2008;358:261–273. Ding H , Xie L , Sun Z Epidemiologic characterization of 30 confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus inHangzhou, China. BMC Infect Dis 2014;14:175. Fuller T , Havers F , Xu C Identifying areas with a high risk of human infection with the avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in East Asia. J Infect2014;69:174–181. Swayne D , Clark A . Reduction in airborne virus using modifications of simulated home slaughter of asymptomatic H5N1 HPAI virusinfected chickens. Options for the Control of Influenza VIII; 2013 September 5–10, 2013; Cape Town, South Africa. Harder TC , Teuffert J , Starick E Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) in frozen duck carcasses, Germany, 2007. Emerg InfectDis 2009;15:272–279. Swayne DE , Suarez DL . Current developments in avian influenza vaccines, including safety of vaccinated birds as food. Dev Biol (Basel)2007;130:123–133. Thomas C , Swayne DE . Thermal inactivation of H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in naturally infected chicken meat. J FoodProt 2007;70:674–680. Kandun IN , Samaan G , Harun S Chicken faeces garden fertilizer: Possible source of human avian influenza H5N1 infection. ZoonosesPublic Health 2010;57:285–290. Chmielewski RA , Beck JR , Swayne DE . Thermal inactivation of avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus in a fat-free eggproduct. J Food Prot 2011;74:1161–1168. Swayne DE , Beck JR . Heat inactivation of avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses in egg products. Avian Pathol2004;33:512–518. Thomas C , King DJ , Swayne DE . Thermal inactivation of avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses in chicken meat. J Food Prot2008;71:1214–1222. Beato MS , Capua I , Alexander DJ . Avian influenza viruses in poultry products: A review. Avian Pathol 2009;38:193–200. Barbour EK , Sagherian VK , Sagherian NK Avian influenza outbreak in poultry in the Lebanon and transmission to neighbouring farmersand swine. Vet Ital 2006;42:77–85. Karasin AI , Brown IH , Carman S , Olsen CW . Isolation and characterization of H4N6 avian influenza viruses from pigs with pneumonia inCanada. J Virol 2000;74:9322–9327. Yu H , Cowling BJ , Feng L Human infection with avian influenza A H7N9 virus: An assessment of clinical severity. Lancet2013;382:138–145. Peiris M , Yuen KY , Leung CW Human infection with influenza H9N2. Lancet 1999;354:916–917. Tan KX , Jacob SA , Chan KG , Lee LH . An overview of the characteristics of the novel avian influenza A H7N9 virus in humans. FrontMicrobiol 2015;6:140. Shi JZ , Deng GH , Liu PH Isolation and characterization of H7N9 viruses from live poultry markets—Implication of the source of currentH7N9 infection in humans. Chinese Sci Bull 2013;58:1857–1863. Gao R , Cao B , Hu Y Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1888–1897. Husain M . Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection in humans: Epidemiology, evolution, and pathogenesis. Infect Genet Evol2014;28:304–312. Kandun IN , Tresnaningsih E , Purba WH Factors associated with case fatality of human H5N1 virus infections in Indonesia: A case series.Lancet 2008;372:744–749. Mertz D , Kim TH , Johnstone J Populations at risk for severe or complicated Avian Influenza H5N1: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014;9:e89697. Zhou L , Liao Q , Dong L Risk factors for human illness with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in China. J Infect Dis2009;199:1726–1734.

Liu Q , Liu DY , Yang ZQ . Characteristics of human infection with avian influenza viruses and development of new antiviral agents. ActaPharmacol Sin 2013;34:1257–1269. Gao R , Dong L , Dong J A systematic molecular pathology study of a laboratory confirmed H5N1 human case. PLoS One 2010;5:e13315. Hien ND , Ha NH , Van NT Human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) in northern Vietnam, 2004–2005. EmergInfect Dis 2009;15:19–23. Ku AS , Chan LT . The first case of H5N1 avian influenza infection in a human with complications of adult respiratory distress syndromeand Reye's syndrome. J Paediatr Child Health 1999;35:207–209. Peiris JS , Cheung CY , Leung CY , Nicholls JM . Innate immune responses to influenza A H5N1: Friend or foe? Trends Immunol2009;30:574–584. Wiley CA , Bhardwaj N , Ross TM , Bissel SJ . Emerging Infections of CNS: Avian influenza A virus, rift valley fever virus and humanparechovirus. Brain Pathol 2015;25:634–650. Butt KM , Smith GJ , Chen H Human infection with an avian H9N2 influenza A virus in Hong Kong in 2003. J Clin Microbiol2005;43:5760–5767. Koopmans M , Wilbrink B , Conyn M Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercialpoultry farms in the Netherlands. Lancet 2004;363:587–593. Pan M , Gao R , Lv Q Human infection with a novel, highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N6) virus: Virological and clinical findings. JInfect 2016;72:52–59. Xu W , Li H , Jiang L . Human infection with a highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N6) virus in Yunnan province, China. Infect Dis(Lond) 2016;48:477–482. Zhang W , Wan J , Qian K Clinical characteristics of human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A(H10N8) virus. Chin Med J (Engl)2014;127:3238–3242. Yang ZF , Mok CK , Peiris JS , Zhong NS . Human Infection with a novel avian influenza A(H5N6) virus. N Engl J Med 2015;373:487–489. Cowling BJ , Freeman G , Wong JY Preliminary inferences on the age-specific seriousness of human disease caused by avian influenzaA(H7N9) infections in China, March to April 2013. Euro Surveill 2013;18:20475. Liu S , Sha J , Yu Z Avian influenza virus in pregnancy. Rev Med Virol 2016;26:268–284. Li Q , Zhou L , Zhou M Epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China. N Engl J Med 2014;370:520–532. de Graaf M , Fouchier RA . Role of receptor binding specificity in influenza A virus transmission and pathogenesis. EMBO J2014;33:823–841. Dortmans JC , Dekkers J , Wickramasinghe IN Adaptation of novel H7N9 influenza A virus to human receptors. Sci Rep2013;3:3058–3059. Xiong X , Martin SR , Haire LF Receptor binding by an H7N9 influenza virus from humans. Nature 2013;499:496–499. Ramos I , Krammer F , Hai R H7N9 influenza viruses interact preferentially with alpha2,3-linked sialic acids and bind weakly to alpha2,6-linked sialic acids. J Gen Virol 2013;94:2417–2423. Tharakaraman K , Jayaraman A , Raman R Glycan receptor binding of the influenza A virus H7N9 hemagglutinin. Cell2013;153:1486–1493. Gao Y , Zhang Y , Shinya K Identification of amino acids in HA and PB2 critical for the transmission of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in amammalian host. PLoS Pathog 2009;5:e1000709. Shinya K , Hamm S , Hatta M , Ito H , Ito T , Kawaoka Y . PB2 amino acid at position 627 affects replicative efficiency, but not cell tropism,of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses in mice. Virology 2004;320:258–266. Yamayoshi S , Fukuyama S , Yamada S Amino acids substitutions in the PB2 protein of H7N9 influenza A viruses are important forvirulence in mammalian hosts. Sci Rep 2015;5:8039–8110. Nguyen JT , Smee DF , Barnard DL Efficacy of combined therapy with amantadine, oseltamivir, and ribavirin in vivo against susceptibleand amantadine-resistant influenza A viruses. PLoS One 2012;7:e31006. Rowe T , Banner D , Farooqui A In vivo ribavirin activity against severe pandemic H1N1 influenza A/Mexico/4108/2009. J Gen Virol2010;91:2898–2906. Bi Y , Wong G , Liu Y , Liu L , Gao GF , Shi Y . Ribavirin is effective against drug-resistant H7N9 influenza virus infections. Protein Cell2016;7:611–614. Chan-Tack KM , Murray JS , Birnkrant DB . Use of ribavirin to treat influenza. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1713–1714. Seo S , Englund JA , Nguyen JT Combination therapy with amantadine, oseltamivir and ribavirin for influenza A infection: Safety andpharmacokinetics. Antivir Ther 2013;18:377–386. Beato MS , Toffan A , De Nardi R A conventional, inactivated oil emulsion vaccine suppresses shedding and prevents viral meatcolonisation in commercial (Pekin) ducks challenged with HPAI H5N1. Vaccine 2007;25:4064–4072. Swayne DE , Beck JR . Experimental study to determine if low-pathogenicity and high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses can be presentin chicken breast and thigh meat following intranasal virus inoculation. Avian Dis 2005;49:81–85.

Enterovirus De Jesus NH . Epidemics to eradication: The modern history of poliomyelitis. Virol J 2007;4:70. Lei B , Cui S , Zhao Z . Etiology, pathogenesis, antivirals and vaccines of hand, foot, and mouth disease. Natl Sci Rev 2015;2(3):268–284. Suresh S , Forgie S , Robinson J . Non polio Enterovirus detection with acute flaccid paralysis: A systematic review. J Med Virol2018;90(1):3–7. Genoni A , Canducci F , Rossi A Revealing enterovirus infection in chronic human disorders: An integrated diagnostic approach. Sci Rep2017;7(1):5013. Palmenberg AC , Gern JE . Classification and evolution of human rhinoviruses. Methods Mol Biol 2015;1221:1–10. Picornaviridae home . www.picornaviridae.com International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) . http://www.ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp

Knipe DM , Howley PM . Fields’ Virology. 5th ed. 2007. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, USA. Ao D , Sun SQ , Guo HC . Topology and biological function of enterovirus non-structural protein 2B as a member of the viroporin family.Vet Res 2014;45:87. Bessaud M , Razafindratsimandresy R , Nougairède A Molecular comparison and evolutionary analyses of VP1 nucleotide sequences ofnew African human enterovirus 71 isolates reveal a wide genetic diversity. PLoS One 2014;9(3):e90624. Han L , Li K , Jin C , Wang J . Human enterovirus 71 protein interaction network prompts antiviral drug repositioning. Sci Rep2017;7:43143. Lin JY , Shih SR . Cell and tissue tropism of enterovirus 71 and other enteroviruses infections. J Biomed Sci 2014;21:18. Cabrerizo M , Tarragó D , Muñoz-Almagro C Molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71, coxsackievirus A16 and A6 associated with hand,foot and mouth disease in Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20(3):0150–0156. Zhuang ZC , Kou ZQ , Bai YJ Epidemiological research on hand, foot, and mouth disease in mainland China. Viruses2015;7(12):6400–6411. Chang PC , Chen SC , Chen KT . The current status of the disease caused by enterovirus 71 infections: Epidemiology, pathogenesis,molecular epidemiology, and vaccine development. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016;13(9). Xiang Z , Li L , Ren L Seroepidemiology of enterovirus D68 infection in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017;6(5):e32. Rao CD , Yergolkar P , Shankarappa KS . Antigenic diversity of enteroviruses associated with nonpolio acute flaccid paralysis, India, 2007-2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2012;18(11):1833–1840. Esposito S , Bosis S , Niesters H , Principi N . Enterovirus D68 infection. Viruses 2015;7(11):6043–6050. Antona D , Kossorotoff M , Schuffenecker I Severe paediatric conditions linked with EV-A71 and EV-D68, France, May to October 2016.Euro Surveill 2016;21(46). pii: 30402. de Crom SC , Rossen JW , van Furth AM , Obihara CC . Enterovirus and parechovirus infection in children: A brief overview. Eur J Pediatr2016;175(8):1023–1029. Lee KY . Enterovirus 71 infection and neurological complications. Korean J Pediatr 2016;59(10):395–401. Moyer K , Wang H , Salamon D , Leber A , Mejias A . Enterovirus D68 in hospitalized children: Sequence variation, viral Loads and clinicaloutcomes. PLoS One 2016;11(11):e0167111. Chen P , Li Y , Tao Z Evolutionary phylogeography and transmission pattern of echovirus 14: An exploration of spatiotemporal dynamicsbased on the 26-year acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in Shandong, China. BMC Genomics 2017;18(1):48. Ghafoor S , Sheikh N . Eradication and current status of poliomyelitis in Pakistan: Ground realities. J Immunol Res 2016;2016:6837824. Jaïdane H , Sané F , Hiar R Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: Enterovirus, thymus and type 1diabetes pathogenesis. Clin Exp Immunol 2012;168(1):39–46. Alidjinou EK , Sané F , Engelmann I , Geenen V , Hober D . Enterovirus persistence as a mechanism in the pathogenesis of type 1diabetes. Discov Med 2014;18(100):273–282. Bergamin CS , Dib SA . Enterovirus and type 1 diabetes: What is the matter? World J Diabetes 2015;6(6):828–839. Ohara N , Kaneko M , Nishibori T Fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus associated with Coxsackie virus type A2 infection: A case report andliterature review. Intern Med 2016;55(6):643–646. Cunha BA , Wu G , Dumont M , Abruzzo E , Raza M . Enterovirus D-68 presenting with acute pancreatitis. Cleve Clin J Med2015;82(6):332. Zhang YF , Deng HL , Fu J , Zhang Y , Wei JQ . Pancreatitis in hand-foot-and-mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71. World JGastroenterol 2016;22(6):2149–2152. Rawla P , Bandaru SS , Vellipuram AR . Review of infectious etiology of acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Res 2017;10(3):153–158. Zhu L , Li W , Qi G , Liu N , Sheng L , Shang L , Qi B . The immune mechanism of intestinal tract Toll-like receptor in mediating EV71 virustype severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease and the MAPK pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017;13(5):2263–2266. Zheng W , Shi H , Chen Y , Xu Z , Chen J , Jin L . Alteration of serum high-mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) levels in children withenterovirus 71-induced hand, foot, and mouth disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96(17):e6764. Wang ZY , Zhong T , Wang Y Human enterovirus 68 interferes with the host cell cycle to facilitate viral production. Front Cell InfectMicrobiol 2017;7:29. Lin CH , Wang YB , Chen SH , Hsiung CA , Lin CY . Precise genotyping and recombination detection of Enterovirus. BMC Genomics2015;16(Suppl 12):S8. Abzug MJ , Michaels MG , Wald E A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pleconaril for the treatment of neonates withEnterovirus sepsis. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2016;5(1):53–62. Bandyopadhyay AS , Garon J , Seib K , Orenstein WA . Polio vaccination: Past, present and future. Future Microbiol 2015;10(5):791–808. Lugo D , Krogstad P . Enteroviruses in the early 21st century: New manifestations and challenges. Curr Opin Pediatr 2016;28(1):107–113. Yi EJ , Shin YJ , Kim JH , Kim TG , Chang SY . Enterovirus 71 infection and vaccines. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2017;6(1):4–14. Yin XG , Yi HX , Shu J , Wang XJ , Wu XJ , Yu LH . Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of adult hand, foot, and mouth disease innorthern Zhejiang, China, May 2008–November 2013. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:251.

Hepatitis A Virus Krugman S , Giles JP , Hammond J . Infectious hepatitis. Evidence for two distinctive clinical, epidemiological, and immunological types ofinfection. JAMA 1967;200:365–373. Feinstone SM , Kapikian AZ , Purcell RH . Hepatitis A: Detection by immune electron microscopy of a viruslike antigen associated withacute illness. Science 1973;182:1026–1028. Feng Z , Hirai-Yuki A , McKnight KL , Lemon SM . Naked viruses that aren't always naked: Quasi-enveloped agents of acute hepatitis.Annu Rev Virol 2014;1:539–560. Feng Z , Hensley L , McKnight KL A pathogenic picornavirus acquires an envelope by hijacking cellular membranes. Nature2013;496:367–371.

Totsuka A , Moritsugu Y . Hepatitis A virus proteins. Intervirology 1999;42:63–68. Costa-Mattioli M , Di Napoli A , Ferre V , Billaudel S , Perez-Bercoff R , Cristina J . Genetic variability of hepatitis A virus. J Gen Virol2003;84:3191–3201. Robertson BH , Jansen RW , Khanna B Genetic relatedness of hepatitis A virus strains recovered from different geographical regions. JGen Virol 1992;73(Pt 6):1365–1377. Costa-Mattioli M , Cristina J , Romero H Molecular evolution of hepatitis A virus: A new classification based on the complete VP1 protein. JVirol 2002;76:9516–9525. Collier MG , Khudyakov YE , Selvage D Outbreak of hepatitis A in the USA associated with frozen pomegranate arils imported fromTurkey: An epidemiological case study. Lancet Infect Dis 2014;14:976–981. Bruni R , Taffon S , Equestre M Key role of sequencing to trace hepatitis A viruses circulating in Italy during a large multi-country Europeanfoodborne outbreak in 2013. PLoS One 2016;11:e0149642. Kanda T , Jeong SH , Imazeki F , Fujiwara K , Yokosuka O . Analysis of 5 nontranslated region of hepatitis A viral RNA genotype I fromSouth Korea: Comparison with disease severities. PLoS One 2010;5:e15139. Fujiwara K , Kojima H , Yonemitsu Y Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis A virus in sera from patients with hepatitis A of various severities.Liver Int 2009;29:838–845. Stapleton JT , Lemon SM . Neutralization escape mutants define a dominant immunogenic neutralization site on hepatitis A virus. J Virol1987;61:491–498. Wang H , Zheng H , Cao J Genetic diversity of hepatitis A virus in China: VP3-VP1-2A genes and evidence of quasispecies distribution inthe isolates. PLoS One 2013;8:e74752. GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators . Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet2016;388:1459–1544. GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators . Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and yearslived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet2016;388:1545–1602. Aggarwal R , Goel A . Hepatitis A: Epidemiology in resource-poor countries. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015;28:488–496. Jacobson KH . The Global Prevalence of Hepatitis A Virus Infection and Susceptibility: A Systematic Review. Geneva, Switzerland:Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization; 2010(http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2010/WHO_IVB_10.01_eng.pdf). Conaty S , Bird P , Bell G , Kraa E , Grohmann G , McAnulty JM . Hepatitis A in New South Wales, Australia from consumption of oysters:The first reported outbreak. Epidemiol Infect 2000;124:121–130. Bellou M , Kokkinos P , Vantarakis A . Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: A systematic review. Food Environ Virol 2013;5:13–23. Hutin YJ , Pool V , Cramer EH A multistate, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A. National Hepatitis A Investigation Team. N Engl J Med1999;340:595–602. Wheeler C , Vogt TM , Armstrong GL An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with green onions. N Engl J Med 2005;353:890–897. Tavoschi L , Severi E , Niskanen T Food-borne diseases associated with frozen berries consumption: A historical perspective, EuropeanUnion, 1983–2013. Euro Surveill 2015;20:21193. Fiore AE . Hepatitis A transmitted by food. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:705–715. Halliday ML , Kang LY , Zhou TK An epidemic of hepatitis A attributable to the ingestion of raw clams in Shanghai, China. J Infect Dis1991;164:852–859. Vaughan G , Goncalves Rossi LM , Forbi JC Hepatitis A virus: Host interactions, molecular epidemiology and evolution. Infect Genet Evol2014;21:227–243. Freidl GS , Sonder GJ , Bovee LP Hepatitis A outbreak among men who have sex with men MSM predominantly linked with the EuroPride,the Netherlands, July 2016 to February 2017. Euro Surveill 2017;22. Desbois D , Couturier E , Mackiewicz V Epidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis A virus genotype IIA. J Clin Microbiol2010;48:3306–3315. Asher LV , Binn LN , Mensing TL , Marchwicki RH , Vassell RA , Young GD . Pathogenesis of hepatitis A in orally inoculated owl monkeysAotus trivirgatus . J Med Virol 1995;47:260–268. Tjon GM , Coutinho RA , van den Hoek A High and persistent excretion of hepatitis A virus in immunocompetent patients. J Med Virol2006;78:1398–1405. de Paula VS , Villar LM , Morais LM , Lewis-Ximenez LL , Niel C , Gaspar AM . Detection of hepatitis A virus RNA in serum during thewindow period of infection. J Clin Virol 2004;29:254–259. Yotsuyanagi H , Koike K , Yasuda K Prolonged fecal excretion of hepatitis A virus in adult patients with hepatitis A as determined bypolymerase chain reaction. Hepatology 1996;24:10–13. Kim HY , Eyheramonho MB , Pichavant M A polymorphism in TIM1 is associated with susceptibility to severe hepatitis A virus infection inhumans. J Clin Invest 2011;121:1111–1118. Martin A , Lemon SM . Hepatitis A virus: From discovery to vaccines. Hepatology 2006;43:S164–S172. Debing Y , Neyts J , Thibaut HJ . Molecular biology and inhibitors of hepatitis A virus. Med Res Rev 2014;34:895–917. WHO position paper on hepatitis A vaccines—June 2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2012;87:261–276. Normann A , Jung C , Vallbracht A , Flehmig B . Time course of hepatitis A viremia and viral load in the blood of human hepatitis Apatients. J Med Virol 2004;72:10–16. Sagnelli E , Coppola N , Marrocco C HAV replication in acute hepatitis with typical and atypical clinical course. J Med Virol 2003;71:1–6. Li K , Chen Z , Kato N , Gale M, Jr. , Lemon SM . Distinct polyI-C and virus-activated signaling pathways leading to interferon-betaproduction in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2005;280:16739–16747. Fensterl V , Grotheer D , Berk I , Schlemminger S , Vallbracht A , Dotzauer A . Hepatitis A virus suppresses RIG-I-mediated IRF-3activation to block induction of beta interferon. J Virol 2005;79:10968–10977. Vallbracht A , Maier K , Stierhof YD , Wiedmann KH , Flehmig B , Fleischer B . Liver-derived cytotoxic T cells in hepatitis A virus infection.J Infect Dis 1989;160:209–217. Fleischer B , Fleischer S , Maier K Clonal analysis of infiltrating T lymphocytes in liver tissue in viral hepatitis A. Immunology1990;69:14–19.

Vallbracht A , Gabriel P , Maier K Cell-mediated cytotoxicity in hepatitis A virus infection. Hepatology 1986;6:1308–1314. Ida S , Tachikawa N , Nakajima A Influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on acute hepatitis A virus infection. ClinInfect Dis 2002;34:379–385. Wang CH , Tschen SY , Heinricy U , Weber M , Flehmig B . Immune response to hepatitis A virus capsid proteins after infection. J ClinMicrobiol 1996;34:707–713. Cao J , Bi S , Meng Q , Shen L , Zheng H , Zhang Y . Genotyping of acute hepatitis a virus isolates from China, 2003–2008. J Med Virol2011;83:1134–1141. Yoon YK , Yeon JE , Kim JH Comparative analysis of disease severity between genotypes IA and IIIA of hepatitis A virus. J Med Virol2011;83:1308–1314. Fujiwara K , Yokosuka O , Fukai K , Imazeki F , Saisho H , Omata M . Analysis of full-length hepatitis A virus genome in sera from patientswith fulminant and self-limited acute type A hepatitis. J Hepatol 2001;35:112–119. Fujiwara K , Yokosuka O , Ehata T Association between severity of type A hepatitis and nucleotide variations in the 5' non-translatedregion of hepatitis A virus RNA: Strains from fulminant hepatitis have fewer nucleotide substitutions. Gut 2002;51:82–88. Rezende G , Roque-Afonso AM , Samuel D Viral and clinical factors associated with the fulminant course of hepatitis A infection.Hepatology 2003;38:613–618. Fujiwara K , Kojima H , Yasui S Hepatitis A viral load in relation to severity of the infection. J Med Virol 2011;83:201–207. Lee HW , Chang DY , Moon HJ Clinical factors and viral load influencing severity of acute hepatitis A. PLoS One 2015;10:e0130728. Armstrong GL , Bell BP . Hepatitis A virus infections in the United States: Model-based estimates and implications for childhoodimmunization. Pediatrics 2002;109:839–845. Schiff ER . Atypical clinical manifestations of hepatitis A. Vaccine 1992;10 Suppl 1:S18–S20. Jung YM , Park SJ , Kim JS Atypical manifestations of hepatitis A infection: A prospective, multicenter study in Korea. J Med Virol2010;82:1318–1326. Jacobson IM , Nath BJ , Dienstag JL . Relapsing viral hepatitis type A. J Med Virol 1985;16:163–169. Glikson M , Galun E , Oren R , Tur-Kaspa R , Shouval D . Relapsing hepatitis A. Review of 14 cases and literature survey. Medicine(Baltimore) 1992;71:14–23. McCaustland KA , Bond WW , Bradley DW , Ebert JW , Maynard JE . Survival of hepatitis A virus in feces after drying and storage for 1month. J Clin Microbiol 1982;16:957–958. Mbithi JN , Springthorpe VS , Boulet JR , Sattar SA . Survival of hepatitis A virus on human hands and its transfer on contact with animateand inanimate surfaces. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:757–763. Polo D , Alvarez C , Longa A , Romalde JL . Effectiveness of depuration for hepatitis A virus removal from mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Int J Food Microbiol 2014;180:24–29. Bidawid S , Farber JM , Sattar SA . Contamination of foods by food handlers: Experiments on hepatitis A virus transfer to food and itsinterruption. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000;66:2759–2763. Nuanualsuwan S , Mariam T , Himathongkham S , Cliver DO . Ultraviolet inactivation of feline calicivirus, human enteric viruses andcoliphages. Photochem Photobiol 2002;76:406–410. De Medici D , Ciccozzi M , Fiore A Closed-circuit system for the depuration of mussels experimentally contaminated with hepatitis A virus.J Food Prot 2001;64:877–880. Calci KR , Meade GK , Tezloff RC , Kingsley DH . High-pressure inactivation of hepatitis A virus within oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol2005;71:339–343. Manso CF , Romalde JL . Detection and characterization of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in mussels from Galicia NW Spain. FoodEnviron Virol 2013;5:110–118. Intamaso U , Ketkhunthod S . Evaluation of a sensitive reverse transcription PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection ofhepatitis A virus in oysters Saccostrea glomerata on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand. J Food Prot 2014;77:859–863. Terio V , Bottaro M , Pavoni E Occurrence of hepatitis A and E and norovirus GI and GII in ready-to-eat vegetables in Italy. Int J FoodMicrobiol 2017;249:61–65. Steffen R , Kane MA , Shapiro CN , Billo N , Schoellhorn KJ , van Damme P . Epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis A in travelers.JAMA 1994;272:885–889. Bialek SR , Thoroughman DA , Hu D Hepatitis A incidence and hepatitis A vaccination among American Indians and Alaska Natives,1990–2001. Am J Public Health 2004;94:996–1001. Innis BL , Snitbhan R , Kunasol P Protection against hepatitis A by an inactivated vaccine. JAMA 1994;271:1328–1334. Van Herck K , Jacquet JM , Van Damme P . Antibody persistence and immune memory in healthy adults following vaccination with a two-dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: Long-term follow-up at 15 years. J Med Virol 2011;83:1885–1891. Bovier PA , Bock J , Ebengo TF Predicted 30-year protection after vaccination with an aluminum-free virosomal hepatitis A vaccine. J MedVirol 2010;82:1629–1634. Dagan R , Leventhal A , Anis E , Slater P , Ashur Y , Shouval D . Incidence of hepatitis A in Israel following universal immunization oftoddlers. JAMA 2005;294:202–210. Hanna JN , Hills SL , Humphreys JL . Impact of hepatitis A vaccination of Indigenous children on notifications of hepatitis A in northQueensland. Med J Aust 2004;181:482–485. Lopalco PL , Salleras L , Barbuti S Hepatitis A and B in children and adolescents—What can we learn from Puglia Italy and Catalonia(Spain)? Vaccine 2000;19:470–474. Victor JC , Monto AS , Surdina TY Hepatitis A vaccine versus immune globulin for postexposure prophylaxis. N Engl J Med2007;357:1685–1694. Werzberger A , Mensch B , Kuter B A controlled trial of a formalin-inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in healthy children. N Engl J Med1992;327:453–457. Zamir C , Rishpon S , Zamir D , Leventhal A , Rimon N , Ben-Porath E . Control of a community-wide outbreak of hepatitis A by massvaccination with inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001;20:185–187. Vacchino MN . Incidence of Hepatitis A in Argentina after vaccination. J Viral Hepat 2008;15(Suppl 2):47–50. Zhao YL , Meng ZD , Xu ZY H2 strain attenuated live hepatitis A vaccines: Protective efficacy in a hepatitis A outbreak. World JGastroenterol 2000;6:829–832.

Mao JS , Chai SA , Xie RY Further evaluation of the safety and protective efficacy of live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine H2-strain inhumans. Vaccine 1997;15:944–947.

Hepatitis E Virus Matsuda H , Okada K , Takahashi K , Mishiro S . Severe hepatitis E virus infection after ingestion of uncooked liver from a wild boar. JInfect Dis, 188, 944, 2003. Wong DC , Purcell RH , Sreenivasan MA , Prasad SR , Pavri KM . Epidemic and endemic hepatitis in India: Evidence for a non-A, non-Bhepatitis virus aetiology. Lancet, 2, 876–879, 1980. Arankalle VA Seroepidemiology of water-borne hepatitis in India and evidence for a third enterically-transmitted hepatitis agent. Proc NatlAcad Sci USA, 91, 3428–3432, 1994. Chadha MS , Arankalle VA , Banerjee K . Follow up of cases of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. J Assoc Physic India, 39,651–652, 1991. World Health Organization (WHO) . Hepatitis E. WHO fact sheet, 2017. Viswanathan R . Infectious hepatitis in Delhi (1955–56): A critical study. Indian J Med Res, 45, 1957. Sreenivasan MA Epidemiological investigations of an outbreak of infectious hepatitis in Ahmedabad city during 1975–76. Indian J MedRes, 67, 197–206, 1978. Khuroo MS . Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Possibility of another human hepatitis virus distinct from post-transfusion non-A, non-B type. Am J Med, 68, 818–824, 1980. Chandra V , Taneja S , Kalia M , Jameel S . Molecular biology and pathogenesis of hepatitis E virus. J Biosci, 33, 451–464, 2008. Khuroo MS , Teli MR , Skidmore S , Sofi MA , Khuroo MI . Incidence and severity of viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Am J Med, 70, 252–255,1981. Tei S , Kitajima N , Takahashi K , Mishiro S . Zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus from deer to human beings. Lancet, 362, 371–373,2003. Tei S Consumption of uncooked deer meat as a risk factor for hepatitis E virus infection: An age- and sex-matched case-control study. JMed Virol, 74, 67–70, 2004. Yazaki Y Sporadic acute or fulminant hepatitis E in Hokkaido, Japan, may be food-borne, as suggested by the presence of hepatitis Evirus in pig liver as food. J Gen Virol, 84, 2351–2357, 2003. Haagsma EB . Chronic hepatitis E virus infection in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transplant, 14, 547–553, 2008. Kamar N Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med, 358, 811–817, 2008. Berke T , Matson DO . Reclassification of the Caliciviridae into distinct genera and exclusion of hepatitis E virus from the family on thebasis of comparative phylogenetic analysis. Arch Virol, 145, 1421–1436, 2000. Emerson SU , Purcell RH . Hepatitis E virus. Rev Med Virol, 13, 145–154, 2003. Smith DB Consensus proposals for classification of the family Hepeviridae. J Gen Virol, 95, 2223–2232, 2014. Lu L , Hagedorn CH . Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: Genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis. Rev MedVirol, 16, 5–36, 2006. Meng XJ . Hepatitis E virus: Animal reservoirs and zoonotic risk. Vet Microbiol, 140, 256–271, 2010. Pavio N , Meng XJ , Renou C . Zoonotic hepatitis E: Animal reservoirs and emerging risks. Vet Res, 41, 46, 2010. Izopet J , Kamar N . Hepatitis E: From zoonotic transmission to chronic infection in immunosuppressed patients. Med Sci (Paris), 24,1023–1025, 2008. Meng XJ . From barnyard to food table: The omnipresence of hepatitis E virus and risk for zoonotic infection and food safety. Virus Res,161, 23–30, 2011. Yugo D , Meng XJ . Hepatitis E virus: Foodborne, waterborne and zoonotic transmission. Int J Env Res Public Health, 10, 4507–4533,2013. Huang FF Determination and analysis of the complete genomic sequence of avian hepatitis E virus (avian HEV) and attempts to infectrhesus monkeys with avian HEV. J Gen Virol, 85, 1609–1618, 2004. Haqshenas G , Shivaprasad HL , Woolcock PR , Read DH , Meng XJ . Genetic identification and characterization of a novel virus relatedto human hepatitis E virus from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in the United States. J Gen Virol, 82, 2449–2462, 2001. Purcell RH , Emerson SU . Hepatitis E: An emerging awareness of an old disease. J Hepatol, 48, 494–503, 2008. Lapa D , Capobianchi MR , Garbuglia AR . Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in European countries. Int J Mol Sci, 16, 25711–27543, 2015. Midgley S , Vestergaard HT , Dalgaard C , Enggaard L , Fischer TK . Hepatitis E virus genotype 4, Denmark 2012. Emerg Infect Dis, 20,156–157, 2014. Okamoto H . Genetic variability and evolution of hepatitis E virus. Virus Res, 127, 216–228, 2007. Balayan MS Evidence for a virus in non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the faecal-oral route. Inter Virol, 20, 23–31, 1983. Khuroo MS . Hepatitis E virus: Another addition to the existing alphabet of human hepatitis viruses. Ann Saudi Med, 16, 308–319, 1996. Ahmad I , Holla RP , Jameel S . Molecular virology of hepatitis E virus. Virus Res, 161, 47–58, 2011. Li TC Expression and self-assembly of empty virus-like particles of hepatitis E virus. J Virol, 71, 7207–7213, 1997. Harrison TJ . Hepatitis E virus—An update. Liver, 19, 171–176, 1999. Emerson SU , Arankalle VA , Purcell RH . Thermal stability of hepatitis E virus. J Infect Dis, 192, 930–933, 2005. Tam AW Hepatitis E virus (HEV): Molecular cloning and sequencing of the full-length viral genome. Virology, 185, 120–131, 1991. Khudyakov YE Artificial mosaic protein containing antigenic epitopes of hepatitis E virus. J Virol, 68, 7067–7074, 1994. Nair VP Endoplasmic reticulum stress induced synthesis of a novel viral factor mediates efficient replication of genotype-1 hepatitis E virus.PLoS Pathog, 12, 1–31, 2016. Emerson SU Recombinant hepatitis E virus genomes infectious for primates: Importance of capping and discovery of a cis-reactiveelement. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, 15270–15275, 2001. Koonin EV , Gorbalenya AE , Purdy MA , Rozanov MN , Reyes GR , Bradley DW . Computer-assisted assignment of functional domain inthe nonstructural polyprotein of hepatitis E virus: Delineation of an additional group of positive-strand RNA plant and animal viruses. Proc

Natl Acad Sci USA, 89, 8259–8263, 1992. Zhang M , Purcell RH , Emerson SU . Identification of the 5′ terminal sequence of the SAR-55 and MEX-14 strains of hepatitis E virus andconfirmation that the genome is capped. J Med Virol, 65, 293–295, 2001. Magden J Virus-specific mRNA capping enzyme encoded by hepatitis E virus. J Virol, 75, 6249–6255, 2001. Kabrane-Lazizi Y , Meng XJ , Purcell RH , Emerson SU . Evidence that the genomic RNA of hepatitis Evirus is capped. J Virol, 73,8848–8850, 1999. Ansari IH Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) non-structural open reading frame 1 (ORF1). J Med Virol, 60,275–283, 2000. Panda SK , Ansari IH , Durgapal H , Agrawal S , Jameel S . The in vitro-synthesized RNA from a cDNA clone of hepatitis E virus isinfectious. J Virol, 74, 2430–2437, 2000. Perttila J , Spuul P , Ahola T . Early secretory pathway localization and lack of processing for hepatitis E virus replication protein pORF1. JGen Virol, 94, 807–816, 2013. Ropp SL , Tam AW , Beames B , Purdy M , Frey TK . Expression of the hepatitis E virus ORF1. Arch Virol, 145, 1321–1337, 2000. Sehgal D , Thomas S , Chakraborty M , Jameel S . Expression and processing of the Hepatitis E virusORF1 nonstructural polyprotein.Virol J, 3, 38, 2006. Suppiah S , Zhou Y , Frey TK . Lack of processing of the expressed ORF1 gene product of hepatitis E virus. Virol J, 8, 245, 2011. Paliwal D , Panda SK , Kapur N , Varma SP , Durgapal H . Hepatitis E virus (HEV) protease: A chymotrypsin- like enzyme that processesboth non-structural (pORF1) and capsid (pORF2) protein. J Gen Virol, 95, 1689–1700, 2014. Karpe YA , Lole KS . Deubiquitination activity associated with hepatitis E virus putative papain-like cysteine protease. J Gen Virol, 92,2088–2092, 2011. Nan Y , Yu Y , Ma Z , Khattar SK , Fredericksen B , Zhang YJ . Hepatitis E virus inhibits type I interferon induction by ORF1 product. JVirol, 88, 11924–11932, 2014. Pudupakam RS , Huang YW , Opriessnig T , Halbur PG , Pierson FW , Meng XJ . Deletions of the hypervariable region HVR in openreading frame 1 of hepatitis E virus do not abolish virus infectivity: Evidence for attenuation of HVR deletion mutants in vivo . J Virol, 83,384–395, 2009. Pudupakam RS Mutational analysis of the hyper variable region of hepatitis E virus reveals its involvement in the efficiency of viral RNAreplication. J Virol, 85, 10031–10040, 2011. Purdy MA . Evolution of the hepatitis E virus polyproline region: Order from disorder. J Virol, 86, 10186–10193, 2012. Egloff MP Structural and functional basis for ADP-ribose and poly (ADP-ribose) binding by viral macro domains. J Virol, 80, 8493–8502,2006. Neuvonen M , Ahola T . Differential activities of cellular and viral macro domain proteins in binding of ADP-ribose metabolites. J Mol Biol,385, 212–225, 2009. Nan Y Enhancement of interferon induction by ORF3 product of hepatitis E virus. J Virol, 88, 8696–8705, 2014. Ojha NK , Lole KS . Hepatitis E virus ORF1 encoded macro domain protein interacts with light chain subunit of human ferritin and inhibitsits secretion. Mol Cell Biochem, 417, 75–85, 2016. Karpe YA , Lole KS . NTPase and 5′ to 3′ RNA duplex-unwinding activities of the hepatitis E virus helicase domain. J Virol, 84, 3595–3602,2010. Karpe YA , Lole KS . RNA 5'-triphosphatase activity of the hepatitis E virus helicase domain. J Virol, 84, 9637–9641, 2010. Mhaindarkar V , Sharma K , Lole KS . Mutagenesis of hepatitis E virus helicase motifs: Effects on enzyme activity. Virus Res, 179, 26–33,2014. Agrawal S , Gupta D , Panda SK . The 3′ end of hepatitis E virus (HEV) genome binds specifically to the viral RNA dependent RNApolymerase (RdRp). Virology, 282, 87–101, 2001. Rehman S , Kapur N , Durgapal H , Panda SK . Subcellular localization of hepatitis E virus (HEV) replicase. Virology, 370, 77–92, 2008. Debing Y Mutation in the hepatitis E virus RNA polymerase promotes its replication and associates with ribavirin treatment failure in organtransplant recipients. Gastroenterology, 147, 1008.e7–1011.e7, 2014. Lhomme S Mutation in the hepatitis E virus polymerase and outcome of ribavirin therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 60, 1608–1614,2015. Todt D In vivo evidence for ribavirin-induced mutagenesis of the hepatitis E virus genome. Gut, 65, 1733–1743, 2016. Robinson RA Structural characterization of recombinant hepatitis E virus ORF2 proteins in baculovirus-infected insect cells. ProteinExprPurif, 12, 75–84, 1998. He S Putative receptor-binding sites of hepatitis E virus. J Gen Virol, 89, 245–249, 2008. Kalia M , Chandra V , Rahman SA , Sehgal D , Jameel S . Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are required for cellular binding of the hepatitis Evirus ORF2 capsid protein and for viral infection. J Virol, 83, 12714–12724, 2009. Yamashita T Biological and immunological characteristics of hepatitis E virus-like particles based on the crystal structure. Proc Natl AcadSci USA, 106, 12986–12991, 2009. Wang Y Detection of sporadic cases of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in China using immunoassays based on recombinant openreading frame 2 and 3 polypeptides from HEV genotype 4. J Clin Microbiol, 39, 4370–4379, 2001. Yarbough PO Hepatitis E virus: Identification of type-common epitopes. J. Virol, 65, 5790–5797, 1991. Shrestha MP Safety and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med, 356, 895–903, 2007. Zhu FC Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: A large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 376, 895–902, 2010. Li SW A bacterially expressed particulate hepatitis E vaccine: Antigenicity, immunogenicity and protectivity on primates. Vaccine, 23,2893–2901, 2005. Behloul N , Wen J , Dai X , Dong C , Meng J . Antigenic composition and immunoreactivity differences between HEV recombinant capsidproteins generated from different genotypes. Infect Genet Evol, 34, 211–220, 2015. Parvez MK , Al-Dosari MS . Evidence of MAPK-JNK1/2 activation by hepatitis E virus ORF3 protein in cultured hepatoma cells.Cytotechnology, 67, 545–550, 2015. Graff J , Torian U , Nguyen H , Emerson SU . A bicistronic subgenomic mRNA encodes both the ORF2 and ORF3 proteins of hepatitis Evirus. J Virol, 80, 5919–5926, 2006.

Emerson SU , Nguyen H , Torian U , Purcell RH . ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus is not required for replication, virion assembly, orinfection of hepatoma cells in vitro . J Virol, 80, 10457–10464, 2006. Graff J The open reading frame 3 gene of hepatitis E virus contains a cis-reactive element and encodes a protein required for infection ofmacaques. J Virol, 79, 6680–6689, 2005. Huang YW , Opriessnig T , Halbur PG , Meng XJ . Initiation at the third in-frame AUG codon of open reading frame 3 of the hepatitis Evirus is essential for viral infectivity in vivo . J Virol, 81, 3018–3026, 2007. Korkaya H The ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus binds to Src homology 3 domains and activates MAPK. J Biol Chem, 276, 42389–42400,2001. Moin SM , Panteva M , Jameel S . The hepatitis E virus ORF3 protein protects cells from mitochondrial depolarization and death. J BiolChem, 282, 21124–21133, 2007. Tyagi S , Korkaya H , Zafrullah M , Jameel S , Lal SK . The phosphorylated form of the ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus interacts with itsnon-glycosylated form of the major capsid protein, ORF2. J Biol Chem, 277, 22759–22767, 2002. Tyagi S , Surjit M , Roy AK , Jameel S , Lal SK . The ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus interacts with liver-specific alpha1-microglobulin andits precursor alpha1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor AMBP and expedites their export from the hepatocyte. J Biol Chem, 279,29308–29319, 2004. Tyagi S , Surjit M , Lal SK . The 41-amino-acid C-terminal region of the hepatitis E virus ORF3 protein interacts with bikunin, a Kunitz-typeserine protease inhibitor1. J Virol, 79, 12081–12087, 2005. Zafrullah M , Ozdener MH , Panda SK , Jameel S . The ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus is a phosphoprotein that associates with thecytoskeleton. J Virol, 71, 9045–9053, 1997. Ding Q Hepatitis E virus ORF3 is a functional ion channel required for release of infectious particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 114,1147–1152, 2017. Chandra V The hepatitis E virus ORF3 protein regulates the expression of liver-specific genes by modulating localization of hepatocytenuclear factor 4. PLoS One, 6, e22412, 2011. Emerson SU , Nguyen HT , Torian U , Burke D , Engle R , Purcell RH . Release of genotype 1 hepatitis E virus from cultured hepatomaand polarized intestinal cells depends on open reading frame 3 protein and requires an intact PXXP motif. J Virol, 84, 9059–9069, 2010. Nagashima S Tumour susceptibility gene 101 and the vacuolar protein sorting pathway are required for the release of hepatitis E virions. JGen Virol, 92, 2838–2848, 2011. Nagashima S A PSAP motif in the ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus is necessary for virion release from infected cells. J Gen Virol, 92,269–278, 2011. Hurley JH . The ESCRT complexes. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol, 45, 463–487, 2010. Feng Z , Hirai-Yuki A , Mcknight KL , Lemon SM . Naked viruses that aren't always naked: Quasi-enveloped agents of acute hepatitis.Annu Rev Virol, 1, 539–560, 2014. Nagashima S The membrane on the surface of hepatitis E virus particles is derived from the intracellular membrane and contains trans-Golgi network protein 2. Arch Virol, 159, 979–991, 2014. Yin X , Ambardekar C , Lu Y , Feng Z . Distinct entry mechanisms for nonenveloped and quasi-enveloped hepatitis E viruses. J Virol, 90,4232–4242, 2016. Cao D , Huang YW , Meng XJ . The nucleotides on the stem–loop RNA structure in the junction region of the hepatitis E virus genome arecritical for virus replication. J Virol, 84, 13040–13044, 2010. Zhou Y , Emerson SU . Heat shock cognate protein 70 may mediate the entry of hepatitis E virus into host cells. J Clin Virol, 36,S155(Suppl 2), 2006. Cao D , Meng XJ . Molecular biology and replication of hepatitis E virus. Emerg Microbes Infect, 1, e17 10.1038, 2012. Holla P , Ahmad I , Ahmed Z , Jameel S . Hepatitis E virus enters liver cells through a dynamin-2, clathrin and membrane cholesterol-dependent pathway. Traffic, 16, 398–416, 2015. Kapur N , Thakral D , Durgapal H , Panda SK . Hepatitis E virus enters liver cells through receptor-dependent clathrin-mediatedendocytosis. J Viral Hepat, 19, 436–448, 2012. Zheng ZZ Role of heat-shock protein 90 in hepatitis E virus capsid trafficking. J Gen Virol, 91, 1728–1736, 2010. Purcell RH . Hepatitis E virus. In Fields Virology, 3rd edn, pp. 2831–2843. Edited by Fields BN , Knipe DM , Howley PM . Philadelphia, PA:Lippincott-Raven, 1996. Khuroo MS Spectrum of hepatitis E virus infection in India. J Med Virol, 43, 281–286, 1994. Wedemeyer H , Pischke S , Manns MP . Pathogenesis and treatment of hepatitis E virus infection. Gastroenterology, 142, 1388–1397,2012. Khuroo MS . Discovery of hepatitis E: The epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis 30 years down the memory lane. Virus Res, 161, 3–14, 2011. Khuroo MS , Kamili S , Jameel S . Vertical transmission of hepatitis E virus. Lancet, 345, 1025–1026, 1995. Patra S , Kumar A , Trivedi SS , Puri M , Sarin SK . Maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with acute hepatitis E virus infection.Ann Intern Med, 147, 28–33, 2007. Rayis DA , Jumaa AM , Gasim GI , Karsany MS , Adam I . An outbreak of hepatitis E and high maternal mortality at Port Sudan, EasternSudan. Pathog Glob Health, 107, 66–68, 2013. Teshale EH Evidence of person-to-person transmission of hepatitis E virus during a large outbreak in Northern Uganda. Clin Infect Dis, 50,1006–1010, 2010. Arankalle VA Aetiology of acute sporadic non-A, non-B viral hepatitis in India. J Med Virol, 40, 121–125, 1993. Chadha MS , Walimbe AM , Chobe LP , Arankalle VA . Comparison of etiology of sporadic acute and fulminant viral hepatitis inhospitalized patients in Pune, India during 1978–81 and 1994–97. Indian Gastroenterol, 22, 11–15, 2003. Khuroo MS , Duermeyer W , Zargar SA , Ahanger MA , Shah MA . Acute sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis in India. Am J Epidemiol, 118,360–364, 1983. Arankalle VA Age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and E viruses in Pune, India, 1982 and 1992. J Infect Dis, 171, 447–450,1995. Arankalle VA Changing epidemiology of hepatitis A and hepatitis E in urban and rural India (1982–98). J Viral Hepat, 8, 293–303, 2001. Aggarwal R , Naik SR . Hepatitis E: Intrafamilial transmission versus waterborne spread. J Hepatol, 21, 718–723, 1994. Khuroo MS , Kamili S , Khuroo MS . Clinical course and duration of viremia in vertically transmitted hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection inbabies born to HEV-infected mothers. J Viral Hepat, 16, 519–523, 2009.

Arankalle VA , Chobe LP . Retrospective analysis of blood transfusion recipients: Evidence for post-transfusion hepatitis E. Vox Sang, 79,72–74, 2000. Matsubayashi K A case of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E caused by blood from a donor infected with hepatitis E virus via zoonoticfood-borne route. Transfusion, 48, 1368–1375, 2008. Baylis SA , Gärtner T , Nick S , Ovemyr J , Blümel J . Occurrence of hepatitis E virus RNA in plasma donations from Sweden, Germanyand the United States. Vox Sang, 103, 89–90, 2012. Baylis SA , Koc O , Nick S , Blümel J . Widespread distribution of hepatitis E virus in plasma fractionation pools. Vox Sang, 102, 182–183,2012. Ijaz S , Szypulska R , Tettmar KI , Kitchen A , Tedder RS . Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA in plasma mini-pools from blood donors inEngland. Vox Sang, 102, 272, 2012. Naik SR , Aggarwal R , Salunke PN , Mehrotra NN . A large waterborne viral hepatitis E epidemic in Kanpur, India. Bull WHO, 70,597–604, 1992. Meng XJ . Zoonotic and foodborne transmission of hepatitis E virus. Semin Liver Dis, 33, 41–49, 2013. Thiry D Hepatitis E virus and related viruses in animals. Transbound Emerg Dis, 64, 37–52, 2017. Yugo DM , Cossaboom CM , Meng XJ . Naturally occurring animal models of human hepatitis E virus infection. ILAR J, 55, 187–199, 2014. Ruggeri FM , Di Bartolo I , Ponterio E , Angeloni G , Trevisani M , Ostanello F . Zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus in industrializedcountries. New Microbiol, 36, 331–344, 2013. Clemente-Casares P , Ramos-Romero C , Ramirez-Gonzalez E , Mas A . Hepatitis E virus in industrialized countries: The silent threat.Biomed Res Int, 2016, 9838041, 2016. Brassard J , Gagné MJ , Généreux M , Côté C . Detection of human food-borne and zoonotic viruses on irrigated, field-grown strawberries.Appl Environ Microbiol, 78, 3763–3766, 2012. Dalton HR , Hunter JG , Bendall RP . Hepatitis E. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 26, 1, 2013. Kasorndorkbua C Infectious swine hepatitis E virus is present in pig manure storage facilities on United States farms, but evidence ofwater contamination is lacking. Appl Environ Microbiol, 71, 7831–7837, 2005. La Rosa G , Pourshaban M , Iaconelli M , Spuri Vennarucci V , Muscillo M . Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus in sewage samples.Appl Environ Microbiol, 76, 5870–5873, 2010. Madden RG Locally acquired hepatitis E. Geographical clustering and environmental factors: A nested case control study. J Hepatol, 56,S64–S65, 2012. McCreary C , Martelli F , Grierson S , Ostanello F , Nevel A , Banks M . Excretion of hepatitis E virus by pigs of different ages and itspresence in slurry stores in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec, 163, 261–265, 2008. Mushahwar IK , Dawson GJ , Bile KM , Magnius LO . Serological studies of an enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in Somalia. JMed Virol, 40, 218–221, 1993. Said B Hepatitis E Incident Investigation Team, Hepatitis E outbreak on cruise ship. Emerg Infect Dis, 15, 1738–1744, 2009. Balayan MS , Usmanov RK , Zamyatina NA , Djumalieva DI , Karas FR . Brief report: Experimental hepatitis E infection in domestic pigs. JMed Virol, 32, 58–59, 1990. Meng XJ Genetic and experimental evidence for cross-species infection by swine hepatitis E virus. J Virol, 72, 9714–9721, 1998. Meng XJ . Novel strains of hepatitis E virus identified from humans and other animal species: Is hepatitis E a zoonosis? J Hepatol, 33,842–845, 2000. Schlauder GG The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a novel hepatitis E virus isolated from a patient with acute hepatitis reported inthe United States. J Gen Virol, 79, 447–456, 1998. Tamada Y , Yano K , Yatsuhashi H , Inoue O , Mawatari F , Ishibashi H . Consumption of wild boar linked to cases of hepatitis E. JHepatol, 40, 869–870, 2004. Khuroo MS , Kamili S , Yattoo GN . Hepatitis E virus infection may be transmitted through blood transfusions in an endemic area. JGastroenterol Hepatol, 19, 778–784, 2004. Colson P , Coze C , Gallian P , Henry M , De Micco P , Tamalet C . Transfusion-associated hepatitis E, France. Emerg Infect Dis, 13,648–649, 2007. Boxall E Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in a “nonhyperendemic” country. Transfus Med, 16, 79–83, 2006. de Niet A , Zaaijer HL , ten Berge I , Weegink CJ , Reesink HW , Beuers U . Chronic hepatitis E after solid organ transplantation. Neth JMed, 70, 261–266, 2012. Gérolami R , Moal V , Colson P . Chronic hepatitis E with cirrhosis in a kidney-transplant recipient. N Engl J Med, 358, 859–860, 2008. Ayoola EA , Want MA , Gadour M.O.E.H. , Al-Hazmi MH , Hamza MKM . Hepatitis E virus infection in haemodialysis patients: A case-control study in Saudi Arabia. J Med Virol, 66, 329–334, 2002. Robson SC , Adams S , Brink N , Woodruff B , Bradley D . Hospital outbreak of hepatitis E. Lancet, 339, 1424–1425, 1992. Siddiqui AR , Jooma RA , Smego RA . Nosocomial outbreak of hepatitis E infection in Pakistan with possible parenteral transmission. ClinInfect Dis, 40, 908–909, 2005. Sylvan SP , Jacobson SH , Christenson B . Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus among hemodialysis patients in Sweden. J MedVirol, 54, 38–43, 1998. Bose PD , Das BC , Hazam RK , Kumar A , Medhi S , Kar P . Evidence of extra hepatic replication of hepatitis E virus in human placenta. JGen Virol, 95, 1266–1271, 2014. Labrique AB Hepatitis E, a vaccine-preventable cause of maternal deaths. Emerg Infect Dis, 18, 1401–1404, 2012. Kumar A , Beniwal M , Kar P , Sharma JB , Murthy NS . Hepatitis E in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 85, 240–244, 2004. Singh S , Mohanty A , Joshi YK , Deka D , Mohanty S , Panda SK . Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis E virus infection. Indian JPediatr, 70, 37–39, 2003. Arankalle VA , Chadha MS , Mehendale SM , Tungatkar SP . Epidemic hepatitis E: Serological evidence for lack of intrafamilial spread. IndJ Gastroenterol, 19, 24–28, 2000. Risbud AR , Chadha MS , Kushwah SS , Arankalle VA , Rodrigues FM , Banerjee K . Non-A non-B hepatitis epidemic in Rewa district ofMadhya Pradesh. J Assoc Physicians India, 40, 262–264, 1992. Jothikumar N , Aparna K , Kamatchiammal S , Paulmurugan R , Saravanadevi S , Khanna P . Detection of hepatitis E virus in raw andtreated wastewater with the polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol, 59, 2558–2562, 1993.

Singh V , Singh V , Raje M , Nain CK , Singh K . Routes of transmission in the hepatitis E epidemic of Saharanpur. Trop Gastroenterol, 19,107–109, 1998. Vaidya SR , Chitambar SD , Arankalle VA . Polymerase chain reaction-based prevalence of hepatitis A, hepatitis E and TT viruses insewage from an endemic area. J Hepatol, 37, 131–136, 2002. Vaidya SR , Tilekar BN , Walimbe AM , Arankalle VA . Increased risk of hepatitis E in sewage workers from India. J Occup Environ Med,45, 1167–1170, 2003. Khuroo MS , Khuroo MS . Sanitation and sewage disposal in India. JK-Practitioner, 20, 43–46, 2015. Khuroo MS , Khuroo MS . Seroepidemiology of a second epidemic of hepatitis E in a population that had recorded first epidemic 30 yearsbefore and has been under surveillance since then. Hepatol Int, 4, 494–499, 2010. Sailaja B Outbreak of waterborne hepatitis E in Hyderabad, India, 2005. Epidemiol Infect, 137, 234–240, 2009. Chauhan NT , Prajapati P , Trivedi AV , Bhagyalaxmi A . Epidemic investigation of the jaundice outbreak in Girdharnagar, Ahmedabad,Gujarat, India, 2008. Indian J Commun Med, 35, 294–297, 2010. Bali S , Kar SS , Kumar S , Ratho RK , Dhiman RK , Kumar R . Hepatitis E epidemic with bimodal peak in a town of North India. Indian JPublic Health, 52, 189–193, 2008. Rutjes SA Sources of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in The Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis, 15, 381–387, 2009. Borgen K Non-travel related Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 infections in the Netherlands; a case series 2004–2006. BMC Infect Dis, 8, 61,2008. Bouwknegt M Estimation of hepatitis E virus transmission among pigs due to contact-exposure. Vet Res, 39, 40, 2008. Galiana C , Fernandez-Barredo S , Garcia A , Gomez MT , Perez-Gracia MT . Occupational exposure to hepatitis E virus (HEV) in swineworkers. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 78, 1012–1015, 2008. Ward P Molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus detected in swine farms in the province of Quebec. Can J Vet Res, 72, 27–31, 2008. Namsai A Surveillance of hepatitis A and E viruses contamination in shellfish in Thailand. Lett Appl Microbiol, 53, 608–613, 2011. Diez-Valcarce M Occurrence of human enteric viruses in commercial mussels at retail level in three European countries. Food Env Virol, 4,73–80, 2012. Crossan C , Baker PJ , Craft J , Takeuchi Y , Dalton HR , Scobie L . Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in shellfish, United Kingdom. EmergInfect Dis, 18, 2085–2087, 2012. Song YJ Analysis of complete genome sequences of swine hepatitis E virus and possible risk factors for transmission of HEV to humans inKorea. J Med Virol, 82, 583–591, 2010. Li TC , Miyamura T , Takeda N . Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA from the bivalve Yamato-Shijimi (Corbicula japonica) in Japan. Am JTrop Med Hyg, 76, 170–172, 2007. Takahashi K , Kitajima N , Abe N , Mishiro S . Complete or near-complete nucleotide sequences of hepatitis E virus genome recoveredfrom a wild boar, a deer, and four patients who ate the deer. Virology, 330, 501–505, 2004. Yazaki Y Sporadic acute or fulminant hepatitis E in Hokkaido, Japan, may be foodborne, as suggested by the presence of hepatitis E virusin pig liver as food. J Gen Virol, 84, 2351–2357, 2003. Wichmann O Phylogenetic and case-control study on hepatitis E virus infection in Germany. J Infect Dis, 198, 1732–1741, 2008. Miyashita K Three cases of acute or fulminant hepatitis E caused by ingestion of pork meat and entrails in Hokkaido, Japan: Zoonotic food-borne transmission of hepatitis E virus and public health concerns. Hepatol Res, 42, 870–878, 2012. Li TC Hepatitis E virus transmission from wild boar meat. Emerg Infect Dis, 11, 1958–1960, 2005. Hijioka S , Sato Y , Iwashita Y , Indou Y . A case of acute hepatitis E who had a history of frequent ingestion of raw meat and viscera fromwild deer and boars. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi, 102, 723–728, 2005. Colson P Pig liver sausage as a source of hepatitis E virus transmission to humans. J Infect Dis, 202, 825–834, 2010. Feagins AR , Opriessnig T , Guenette DK , Halbur PG , Meng XJ . Detection and characterization of infectious Hepatitis E virus fromcommercial pig livers sold in local grocery stores in the USA. J Gen Virol, 88, 912–917, 2007. Christou L , Kosmidou M . Hepatitis E virus in the Western world—A pork-related zoonosis. Clin Microbiol Infect, 19, 600–604, 2013. Wenzel JJ , Preiss J , Schemmerer M , Huber B , Plentz A , Jilg W . Detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) from porcine livers in southeasternGermany and high sequence homology to human HEV isolate. J Clin Virol, 52, 50–54, 2011. Wacheck S Detection of IgM and IgG against hepatitis E virus in serum and meat juice samples from pigs at slaughter in Bavaria,Germany. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 9, 655–660, 2012. Di Bartolo I , Ponterio E , Castellini L , Ostanello F , Ruggeri FM . Viral and antibody HEV prevalence in swine at slaughterhouse in Italy.Vet Microbiol, 149, 330–338, 2011. Doceul V Zoonotic hepatitis E virus: Classification, animal reservoirs and transmission routes. Ed. Jacques Izopet. Viruses, 8, 270, 2016. Lee GH Chronic infection with camelid hepatitis E virus in a liver transplant recipient who regularly consumes camel meat and milk.Gastroenterology, 150, 355–357, 2016. Kulkarni MA , Arankalle VA . The detection and characterization of hepatitis E virus in pig livers from retail markets of India. J Med Virol,80, 1387–1390, 2008. Tanaka T , Takahashi M , Kusano E , Okamoto H . Development and evaluation of an efficient cell-culture system for hepatitis E virus. JGen Virol, 88, 903, 2007. Feagins AR , Opriessnig T , Huang YW , Halbur PG , Meng XJ . Cross-species infection of specific-pathogen- free pigs by a genotype 4strain of human hepatitis E virus. J Med Virol, 80, 1379–1386, 2008. HaimBoukobza S Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in a misleading context of autoimmunity and drug-induced toxicity. J Hepatol, 57,1374–1378, 2012. Matsubayashi K Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E caused by apparently indigenous hepatitis E virus strain in Hokkaido, Japan.Transfusion, 44, 934–940, 2004. Lee CC Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis E virus among haemodialysis patients in Taiwan: Possible infection by blood transfusion.Nephron Clin Pract, 99, 122–127, 2005. El Sayed Zaki M , El Aal AA , Badawy A , El-Deeb DR , El-Kheir NY . Clinicolaboratory study of mother-to-neonate transmission ofhepatitis E virus in Egypt. Am J Clin Pathol, 140, 721–726, 2013. Kumar RM , Uduman S , Rana S , Kochiyil JK , Usmani A , Thomas L . Sero-prevalence and mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis Evirus among pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 100, 9–15, 2001.

Chaudhry SA , Verma N , Koren G . Hepatitis E infection during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician, 61, 607–608, 2015. Rivero-Juarez A , Frias M , Rodriguez-Cano D , Cuenca-Lopez F , Rivero AI . Isolation of hepatitis E virus from breast milk during acuteinfection. Clin Infect Dis, 62, 1464, 2016. Rasche A Hepatitis E virus infection in dromedaries, North and East Africa, United Arab Emirates, and Pakistan, 1983–2015. Emerg InfectDis, 22, 1249–1252, 2016. Huang F Excretion of infectious hepatitis E virus into milk in cows imposes high risks of zoonosis. Hepatology, 64, 350–359, 2016. Payne BAI Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence among men who have sex with men, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis, 19, 333–336, 2017. Balayan MS Antibody to hepatitis E virus in HIV-infected individuals and AIDs patients. J Viral Hepat, 4, 279–283, 1997. Keane F Hepatitis E virus coinfection in patients with HIV infection. HIV Med, 13, 83–88, 2012. Montella F , Rezza G , Di Sora F , Pezzotti P , Recchia O . Association between hepatitis E virus and HIV infection in homosexual men.Lancet, 344, 1433, 1994. Hosseini-Moghaddam SM , Zarei A , Alavian SM , Mansouri M . Hepatitis E virus infection: A general review with a focus on haemodialysisand kidney transplant patients. Am J Nephrol, 31, 398–407, 2010. Siddiqui AR , Jooma RA , Smego RA Jr. Nosocomial outbreak of hepatitis E infection in Pakistan with possible parenteral transmission.Clin Infect Dis, 40, 908–909, 2005. Halbur PG Comparative pathogenesis of infection of pigs with hepatitis E viruses recovered from a pig and a human. J Clin Microbiol, 39,918–923, 2001. Arankalle VA , Chobe LP , Chadha MS . Type-4 Indian swine HEV infects rhesus monkeys. J Viral Hepat, 13, 742–745, 2006. Chatterjee SN , Devhare PB , Pingle SY , Paingankar MS , Arankalle VA , Lole KS . HEV-1 harbouring HEV-4 nonstructural protein(ORF1) replicates in transfected porcine kidney cells. J Gen Virol, 97, 1829–1840, 2016. Zafrullah M , Khursheed Z , Yadav S , Sahgal D , Jameel S , Ahmad F . Acidic pH enhances structure and structural stability of the capsidprotein of hepatitis E virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 313, 67–73, 2004. Yunoki M Extent of hepatitis E virus elimination is affected by stabilizers present in plasma products and pore size of nanofilters. VoxSang, 95, 94–100, 2008. Barnaud E , Rogee S , Garry P , Rose N , Pavio N . Thermal inactivation of infectious hepatitis E virus in experimentally contaminatedfood. Appl Environ Microbiol, 78, 5153–5159, 2012. Rogee S , Talbot N , Caperna T , Bouquet J , Barnaud E , Pavio N . New models of hepatitis E virus replication in human and porcinehepatocyte cell lines. J Gen Virol, 94, 549–558, 2013. Schielke A , Filter M , Appel B , Johne R . Thermal stability of hepatitis E virus assessed by a molecular biological approach. Virol J, 8,487, 2011. Chauhan A , Jameel S , Dilawari JB , Chawla YK , Kaur U , Ganguly NK . Hepatitis E virus transmission to a volunteer. Lancet, 341,149–150, 1993. Aggarwal R , Jameel S . Hepatitis E. Hepatology, 54, 2218–2222, 2011. Nicand E , Grandadam M , Teyssou R , Rey JL , Buisson Y . Viraemia and faecal shedding of HEV in symptom-free carriers. Lancet, 357,68–69, 2001. Wahi PN , Arora MM . Epidemic hepatitis. New Engl J Med, 248, 451–454, 1952. Dalton HR , Bendall R , Keane F , Tedder R , Ijaz S . Persistent carriage of hepatitis E virus in patients with HIV infection. N Engl J Med,361, 1025–1027, 2009. le Coutre P , Meisel H , Hofmann J . Reactivation of hepatitis E infection in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after allogeneicstem cell transplantation. Gut, 58, 699–702, 2009. Geng Y Detection and assessment of infectivity of hepatitis E virus in urine. J Hepatol, 64, 37–43, 2016. Zhang GS , Feng FM , Li YL , Yuan JX , Shang H . A study of chronic hepatitis B infection superinfected with hepatitis E infection. ChineseJ Hepatol, 14, 906–908, 2006. Cheng SH Influence of chronic HBV infection on superimposed acute hepatitis E. World J Gastroenterol, 19, 5904–5909, 2013. Monga R , Garg S , Tyagi P , Kumar N . Superimposed acute hepatitis E infection in patients with chronic liver disease. Indian JGastroenterol, 23, 50–52, 2004. Khudyakov YE , Lopareva EN , Jue DL , Crews TK , Thyagarajan SP , Fields HA . Antigenic domains of the open reading frame 2-encodedprotein of hepatitis E virus. J Clin Microbiol, 37, 2863–2871, 1999. Meng J Identification and characterization of the neutralization epitope(s) of the hepatitis E virus. Virology, 288, 203–211, 2001. Guu TS Structure of the hepatitis E virus-like particle suggests mechanisms for virus assembly and receptor binding. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA, 106, 12992–12997, 2009. Jameel S . Molecular biology and pathogenesis of hepatitis E virus. Expert Rev Mol Med, 1, 1–16, 1999. Mast EE , Alter MJ , Holland PV , Purcell RH . Evaluation of assays for antibody to hepatitis E virus by a serum panel. Hepatitis E virusantibody serum panel evaluation group. Hepatology, 27, 857–861, 1998. Kamar N Ribavirin therapy inhibits viral replication on patients with chronic hepatitis E virus infection. Gastroenterology, 139, 1612–1618,2010. Mallet V Brief communication: Case reports of ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis E. Ann Intern Med, 153, 85–89, 2010. Kamar N Pegylated interferon-alpha for treating chronic hepatitis E virus infection after liver transplantation. Clin Infect Dis, 50, e30–e33,2010. Kamar N Three-month pegylated interferon-alpha-2a therapy for chronic hepatitis E virus infection in a haemodialysis patient. Nephrol DialTransplant, 25, 2792–2795, 2010. Wang Y Calcineurin inhibitors stimulate and mycophenolic acid inhibits replication of hepatitis E virus. Gastroenterology, 146, 1775–1783,2014. Dao Thi VL Sofosbuvir inhibits hepatitis E virus replication in vitro and results in an additive effect when combined with ribavirin.Gastroenterology, 150, 82–85, 2016. Arankalle VA , Chadha MS , Chobe LP . Long-term serological follow up and cross-challenge studies in rhesus monkeys experimentallyinfected with hepatitis E virus. J Hepatol, 30, 199–204, 1999. Arankalle VA , Chadha MS , Dama BM , Tsarev SA , Purcell RH , Banerjee K . Role of immune serum globulins in pregnant women duringan epidemic of hepatitis E. J Viral Hepat, 5, 199–204, 1998.

Arankalle VA , Chadha MS , Chobe LP , Nair R , Banerjee K . Cross challenge studies in rhesus monkeys employing different Indianisolates of hepatitis E virus. J Med Virol, 46, 358–363, 1995. Tsarev SA Successful passive and active immunization of cynomolgus monkeys against hepatitis E. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91,10198–10202, 1994. Zhu FC Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: A large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet, 376, 895–902, 2010. Zhang J , Shih JW , Xia NS . Long-term efficacy of a hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med, 372, 914–922, 2015.

Human Bocavirus Guido M , Tumolo MR , Verri T Human bocavirus: Current knowledge and future challenges. World J Gastroenterol.2016;22(39):8684–8697. Qiu J , Söderlund-Venermo M , Young NS . Human parvoviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016; 30:43–113. Allander T , Tammi MT , Eriksson M Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples. Proc Natl AcadSci USA. 2005;102(36):12891–12896. Lee JI , Chung J-Y , Han TH , Song M-O , Hwang E-S . Detection of human bocavirus in children hospitalized because of acutegastroenteritis. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:994–997. Campe H , Hartberger C , Sing A . Role of human bocavirus infections in outbreaks of gastroenteritis. J Clin Virol. 2008;43:340–342. Arthur JL , Higgins GD , Davidson GP , Givney RC , Ratcliff RM . A novel bocavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in Australianchildren. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000391. Kapoor A , Slikas E , Simmonds P A newly identified bocavirus species in human stool. J Infect Dis. 2009;199:196–200. Kapoor A , Simmonds P , Slikas E Human bocaviruses are highly diverse, dispersed, recombination prone, and prevalent in entericinfections. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(11):1633–1643. Cotmore SF , Agbandje-McKenna M , Chiorini JA The family Parvoviridae. Arch Virol. 2014;159:1239–1247. Phan TG , Vo NP , Bonkoungou IJ Acute diarrhea in West African children: Diverse enteric viruses and a novel parvovirus genus. J Virol.2012; 86(20):11024–11030. Phan TG , Sdiri-Loulizi K , Aouni M New parvovirus in child with unexplained diarrhea, Tunisia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014; 20(11):1911–1913. Väisänen E , Paloniemi M , Kuisma I Epidemiology of two human protoparvoviruses, bufavirus and tusavirus. Sci Rep. 2016;4(6):39267. Kapoor A , Hornig M , Asokan A , Williams B , Henriquez JA , Lipkin WI . Bocavirus episome in infected human tissue contains non-identical termini. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21362. Schildgen O , Qiu J , Söderlund-Venermo M . Genomic features of the human bocaviruses. Future Virol. 2012;7:31–39. Wang X , Zhang X , Tian H Complete genomes of three human bocavirus strains from children with gastroenteritis and respiratory tractillnesses in Jiangsu, China. J Virol. 2012;86(24):13826–13827. Hao S , Zhang J , Chen Z , Xu H , Wang H , Guan W . Alternative polyadenylation of human bocavirus at its 3' end is regulated by multipleelements and affects capsid expression. J Virol. 2017;91(3):e02026-16. doi:10.1128/JVI.02026-16. Mietzsch M , Kailasan S , Garrison J Structural insights into emerging pediatric pathogens human bocaparvoviruses. J Virol.2017;91(11):e00261-17. Gurda BL , Parent KN , Bladek H Human bocavirus capsid structure: Insights into the structural repertoire of the parvoviridae. J Virol.2010;84(12):5880–5889. Shen W , Deng X , Zou W Identification and functional analysis of novel nonstructural proteins of human bocavirus 1. J Virol.2015;89(19):10097–10109. Zhang J , Bai Y , Zhu B Mutations in the C-terminus of HBoV NS1 affect the function of NP1. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):7407. Zou W , Cheng F , Shen W , Engelhardt JF , Yan Z , Qiu J . Nonstructural protein NP1 of human bocavirus 1 plays a critical role in theexpression of viral capsid proteins. J Virol. 2016;90(9):4658–4669. Räsänen S , Lappalainen S , Kaikkonen S , Hämäläinen M , Salminen M , Vesikari T . Mixed viral infections causing acute gastroenteritisin children in a waterborne outbreak. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138:1227–1234. Sousa TT , Souza M , Fiaccadori FS , Borges AM , Costa PS , Cardoso Dd . Human bocavirus 1 and 3 infection in children with acutegastroenteritis in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2012;107(6):800–804. Proenca-Modena JL , Martinez M , Amarilla AA Viral load of human bocavirus-1 in stools from children with viral diarrhoea in Paraguay.Epidemiol Infect. 2013;141:2576–2580. Lee EJ , Kim HS , Kim HS Human bocavirus in Korean children with gastroenteritis and respiratory tract infections. Biomed Res Int.2016;2016:7507895. Windisch W , Pieper M , Ziemele I Latent infection of human bocavirus accompanied by flare of chronic cough, fatigue and episodes ofviral replication in an immunocompetent adult patient, Cologne, Germany. JMM Case Rep. 2016;3(4):e005052. Sousa TT , Almeida TNV , Fiaccadori FS , Souza M , Badr KR , Cardoso D.D.D.P. . Identification of human bocavirus type 4 in a childasymptomatic for respiratory tract infection and acute gastroenteritis—Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis. 2017;21(4):472–476. Kenmoe S , Vernet MA , Njankouo-Ripa M , Penlap VB , Vabret A , Njouom R . Phylogenic analysis of human bocavirus detected inchildren with acute respiratory infection in Yaounde, Cameroon. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):293. Mummidi PS , Tripathy R , Dwibedi B , Mahapatra A , Baraha S . Viral aetiology of wheezing in children under five. Indian J Med Res.2017;145(2):189–193. Haytoğlu Z , Canan O . Bocavirus viremia and hepatitis in an immunocompetent child. Balkan Med J. 2017;34(3):281–283. Principi N , Piralla A , Zampiero A Bocavirus infection in otherwise healthy children with respiratory disease. PLoS One.2015;10(8):e0135640. Jiang W , Yin F , Zhou W , Yan Y , Ji W . Clinical significance of different virus load of human bocavirus in patients with lower respiratorytract infection. Sci Rep. 2016;6:20246. Iaconelli M , Divizia M , Della Libera S , Di Bonito P , La Rosa G . Frequent detection and genetic diversity of human bocavirus in urbansewage samples. Food Environ Virol. 2016;8:289–295.

Proenca-Modena JL , Paula FE , Buzatto GP Hypertrophic adenoid is a major infection site of human bocavirus 1. J Clin Microbiol.2014;52:3030–3037. Khalfaoui S , Eichhorn V , Karagiannidis C Lung infection by human bocavirus induces the release of profibrotic mediator cytokines in vivoand in vitro . PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147010. Liu Q , Zhang Z , Zheng Z Human bocavirus NS1 and NS1–70 proteins inhibit TNF-α-mediated activation of NF-κB by targeting p65. SciRep. 2016;6:28481. Deng X , Xu P , Zou W DNA damage signaling is required for replication of human bocavirus 1 DNA in dividing HEK293 cells. J Virol.2016;91(1):e01831-16. Deng X , Yan Z , Cheng F , Engelhardt JF , Qiu J . Replication of an autonomous human parvovirus in non-dividing human airwayepithelium is facilitated through the DNA damage and repair pathways. PLoS Pathog. 2016;12(1):e1005399. Deng YP , Liu YJ , Yang ZQ , Wang YJ , He BY , Liu P . Human bocavirus induces apoptosis and autophagy in human bronchial epithelialcells. Exp Ther Med. 2017;14(1):753–758. Schildgen O , Müller A , Allander T Human bocavirus: Passenger or pathogen in acute respiratory tract infections? Clin Microbiol Rev.2008;21(2):291–304. Neske F , Blessing K , Tollmann F Real-time PCR for diagnosis of human Bocavirus infections and phylogenetic analysis. J Clin Microbiol.2007;45:2116–2122. Lin F , Zeng A , Yang N Quantification of human bocavirus in lower respiratory tract infections in China. Infect Agent Cancer. 2007;2:3. Tozer SJ , Lambert SB , Whiley DM Detection of human bocavirus in respiratory, fecal, and blood samples by real-time PCR. J Med Virol.2009;81:488–493. Wagner JC , Pyles RB , Miller AL Determining persistence of bocavirus DNA in the respiratory tract of children by pyrosequencing. PediatrInfect Dis J. 2016;35(5): 471–476. Shirkoohi R , Endo R , Ishiguro N , Teramoto S , Kikuta H , Ariga T . Antibodies against structural and nonstructural proteins of humanbocavirus in human sera. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2010;17(1):190–193. Kantola K , Hedman L , Tanner L B-cell responses to human bocaviruses 1–4: New insights from a childhood follow-up study. PLoS One.2015;10(9):e0139096. Schildgen O . Human bocavirus: Lessons learned to date. Pathogens. 2013;2(1):1–12. Kailasan S , Garrison J , Ilyas M Mapping antigenic epitopes on the human bocavirus capsid. J Virol. 2016;90(9): 4670–4680.

Human Noroviruses Kapikian AZ , Wyatt RG , Dolin R , Thornhill TS , Kalica AR , Chanock RM . Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27-nmparticle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J Virol 1972;10:1075–1081. Teunis PFM , Moe CL , Liu P Norwalk virus: How infectious is it? J Med Virol 2008;80:1468–1476. Atmar RL , Opekun AR , Gilger MA Determination of the 50% human infectious dose for Norwalk virus. J Infect Dis 2014;209:1016–1022. Greening GE , Cannon JL . Human and Animal Viruses in Food (Including Taxonomy of Enteric Viruses). Viruses in Foods. Springer, NewYork; 2016:5–57. Vinjé J . Advances in laboratory methods for detection and typing of norovirus. J Clin Microbiol 2015;53:373–381. Clarke I , Estes M , Green K Caliciviridae2012. Report No.: 0123846846. Prasad BV , Hardy ME , Dokland T , Bella J , Rossmann MG , Estes MK . X-ray crystallographic structure of the Norwalk virus capsid.Science 1999;286:287–290. Tse H , Lau SKP , Chan WM , Choi GKY , Woo PCY , Yuen KY . Complete genome sequences of novel canine noroviruses in Hong Kong.J Virol 2012;86:9531–9532. Kroneman A , Vega E , Vennema H Proposal for a unified norovirus nomenclature and genotyping. Arch Virol 2013;158:2059–2068. Einöder-Moreno M , Lange H , Grepp M , Osborg E , Vainio K , Vold L . Non-heat-treated frozen raspberries the most likely vehicle of anorovirus outbreak in Oslo, Norway, November 2013. Epidemiol Infect 2016;144(13):2765–2772. Lodo K , Veitch M , Green M . An outbreak of norovirus linked to oysters in Tasmania. Communicable Diseases Intelligence QuarterlyReport 2014;38:E16–E19. Bernard H , Faber M , Wilking H Large multistate outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis associated with frozen strawberries, Germany,2012. 2014. Ethelberg S , Lisby M , Bottiger B Outbreaks of gastroenteritis linked to lettuce, Denmark, January 2010. Euro Surveillance: Bulletineuropéen sur les maladies transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin 2010;15:1–2. Patel MM . Systematic literature review of role of noroviruses in sporadic gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14(8). Lopman B , Atmar R , Baric R Global Burden of Norovirus and Prospects for Vaccine Development. Centers for Disease Control andPrevention, Atlanta, GA, 2015. Hall AJ , Wikswo ME , Pringle K , Gould LH , Parashar UD . Vital Signs: Foodborne norovirus outbreaks–United States, 2009-2012. MorbMortal Wkly Rep Surveill Summ 2014;63:491–495. EFSA . The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2015.EFSA J 2016;14(12):e04634. WHO . WHO Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases. Foodborne Diseases Burden Epidemiology Reference Group2007–2015. WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland, 2015. Wikswo M , Hall AJ . Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis transmitted by person-to-person contact—United States, 2009–2010. Morb MortalWkly Rep Surveill Summ 2012;61:1–12. Bartsch SM , Lopman BA , Ozawa S , Hall AJ , Lee BY . Global economic burden of norovirus gastroenteritis. PLoS One2016;11(4):e0151219. Batz MB , Hoffmann SA , Morris JG . Ranking the Risks: The 10 Pathogen-Food Combinations with the Greatest Burden on Public Health:Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL; 2011.

Lopman BA , Hall AJ , Curns AT , Parashar UD . Increasing rates of gastroenteritis hospital discharges in US adults and the contribution ofnorovirus, 1996–2007. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:466–474. Bartsch SM , Lopman BA , Hall AJ , Parashar UD , Lee BY . The potential economic value of a human norovirus vaccine for the UnitedStates. Vaccine 2012;30:7097–7104. Bae J , Schwab KJ . Evaluation of murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, poliovirus, and MS2 as surrogates for human norovirus in a model ofviral persistence in surface water and groundwater. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008;74:477–484. NACMCF NACoMCfF . Response to the questions posed by the Food and Drug Administration, The Food Safety Inspection Service, theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Department of Defense Veterinary ServiceActivity Regarding Control Strategies for Reducing Foodborne Norovirus Infections. 2014. Knight A , Haines J , Stals A A systematic review of human norovirus survival reveals a greater persistence of human norovirus RT-qPCRsignals compared to those of cultivable surrogate viruses. Int J Food Microbiol 2016;216:40–49. Rzeżutka A , Cook N . Survival of human enteric viruses in the environment and food. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2004;28:441–453. Randazzo W , López-Gálvez F , Allende A , Aznar R , Sánchez G . Evaluation of viability PCR performance for assessing norovirusinfectivity in fresh-cut vegetables and irrigation water. Int J Food Microbiol 2016;229:1–6. Matsuyama R , Miura F , Nishiura H . The transmissibility of noroviruses: Statistical modeling of outbreak events with known route oftransmission in Japan. PLoS One 2017;12(3):e0173996. Zheng DP , Widdowson MA , Glass RI , Vinje J . Molecular epidemiology of genogroup II-genotype 4 noroviruses in the United Statesbetween 1994 and 2006. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48:168–177. Scipioni A , Mauroy A , Vinje J , Thiry E . Animal noroviruses. Vet J 2008;178:32–45. D'Souza DH , Joshi SS . 5. Noroviruses: Laboratory Surrogates for Determining Survival and Inactivation. Laboratory Models forFoodborne Infections. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; 2017:75–94. Pang XL , Preiksaitis JK , Wong S , Li V , Lee BE . Influence of novel norovirus GII.4 variants on gastroenteritis outbreak dynamics inAlberta and the Northern Territories, Canada between 2000 and 2008. PLoS One 2010;5(7):e11599. Fankhauser RL , Monroe SS , Noel JS Epidemiologic and molecular trends of “Norwalk-like viruses” associated with outbreaks ofgastroenteritis in the United States. J Infect Dis 2002;186:1–7. Donaldson EF , Lindesmith LC , Lobue AD , Baric RS . Norovirus pathogenesis: Mechanisms of persistence and immune evasion inhuman populations. Immunol Rev 2008;225:190–211. Phan TG , Kuroiwa T , Kaneshi K Changing distribution of norovirus genotypes and genetic analysis of recombinant GIIb among infantsand children with diarrhea in Japan. J Med Virol 2006;78:971–978. Bull RA , Tu ETV , McIver CJ , Rawlinson WD , White PA . Emergence of a new norovirus genotype II.4 variant associated with globaloutbreaks of gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:327–333. Kroneman A , Vennema H , Harris J Increase in norovirus activity reported in Europe. Euro Surveill 2006;11(12):E061214.1. Siebenga JJ , Vennema H , Renckens B Epochal evolution of GGII.4 norovirus capsid proteins from 1995 to 2006. J Virol2007;81:9932–9941. Okada M , Tanaka T , Oseto M , Takeda N , Shinozaki K . Genetic analysis of noroviruses associated with fatalities in healthcare facilities.Arch Virol 2006;151:1635–1641. CDC CfDCaP . Norovirus outbreaks on three college campuses—California, Michigan, and Wisconsin, 2008. Morb Mortal Wkly RepSurveill Summ 2009;58:1095–1100. Eden JS , Tanaka MM , Boni MF , Rawlinson WD , White PA . Recombination within the pandemic norovirus GII.4 lineage. J Virol2013;87:6270–6282. Siebenga JJ , Vennema H , Zheng DP Norovirus illness is a global problem: Emergence and spread of norovirus gii.4 variants,2001–2007. J Infect Dis 2009;200:802–812. Matsushima Y , Ishikawa M , Shimizu T Genetic analyses of GII.17 norovirus strains in diarrheal disease outbreaks from December 2014to March 2015 in Japan reveal a novel polymerase sequence and amino acid substitutions in the capsid region. Euro Surveill 2015;20(26).pii: 21173. Gao Z , Liu B , Huo D Increased norovirus activity was associated with a novel norovirus GII.17 variant in Beijing, China during winter2014–2015. BMC Infect Dis 2015;15(1):574. Chan MCW , Lee N , Hung TN Rapid emergence and predominance of a broadly recognizing and fast-evolving norovirus GII.17 variant inlate 2014. Nat Commun 2015;6:10061. Knight A , Li D , Uyttendaele M , Jaykus LA . A critical review of methods for detecting human noroviruses and predicting their infectivity.Crit Rev Microbiol 2013;39:295–309. Richards GP . Critical review of norovirus surrogates in food safety research: Rationale for considering volunteer studies. Food EnvironVirol 2012;4:6–13. Dolin R , Blacklow NR , Dupont H Biological properties of Norwalk agent of acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Proc Soc Exp BiolMed 1972;140:578–583. Atmar RL , Estes MK . Diagnosis of noncultivatable gastroenteritis viruses, the human caliciviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14:15–37. Hutson AM , Atmar RL , Graham DY , Estes MK . Norwalk virus infection and disease is associated with ABO histo-blood group type. JInfect Dis 2002;185:1335–1337. Lindesmith L , Moe C , Marionneau S Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection. Nat Med 2003;9:548–553. Frenck R , Bernstein DI , Xia M Predicting susceptibility to norovirus GII. 4 by use of a challenge model involving humans. J Infect Dis2012;206(9):1386–1393. Lindesmith L , Moe C , LePendu J , Frelinger JA , Treanor J , Baric RS . Cellular and humoral immunity following snow mountain viruschallenge. J Virol 2005;79:2900–2909. Bok K , Parra GI , Mitra T Chimpanzees as an animal model for human norovirus infection and vaccine development. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A 2011;108:325–330. Cheetham S , Souza M , Meulia T , Grimes S , Han MG , Saif LJ . Pathogenesis of a genogroup II human norovirus in gnotobiotic pigs. JVirol 2006;80:10372–10381. Taube S , Kolawole AO , Höhne M A mouse model for human norovirus. mBio 2013;4:e00450–13. Souza M , Azevedo MSP , Jung K , Cheetham S , Saif LJ . Pathogenesis and immune responses in gnotobiotic calves after infection withthe genogroup II.4-HS66 strain of human norovirus. J Virol 2008;82:1777–1786.

Duizer E , Schwab KJ , Neill FH , Atmar RL , Koopmans MPG , Estes MK . Laboratory efforts to cultivate noroviruses. J Gen Virol2004;85:79–87. Lay MK , Atmar RL , Guix S Norwalk virus does not replicate in human macrophages or dendritic cells derived from the peripheral blood ofsusceptible humans. Virology 2010;406:1–11. Papafragkou E , Hewitt J , Park GW , Greening G , Vinjé J . Challenges of culturing human norovirus in three-dimensional organoidintestinal cell culture models. PLoS One 2013;8(6):e63485. Guix S , Asanaka M , Katayama K Norwalk virus RNA is infectious in mammalian cells. J Virol 2007;81:12238–12248. Jones MK , Grau KR , Costantini V Human norovirus culture in B cells. Nat Protoc 2015;10:1939–1947. Jones MK , Watanabe M , Zhu S Enteric bacteria promote human and mouse norovirus infection of B cells. Science 2014;346:755–759. Ettayebi K , Crawford SE , Murakami K Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell-derived human enteroids. Science2016;353:1387–1393. Houde A , Leblanc D , Poitras E Comparative evaluation of RT-PCR, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) and real-timeRT-PCR for detection of noroviruses in faecal material. J Virol Methods 2006;135:163–172. Moore C , Clark EM , Gallimore CI , Corden SA , Gray JJ , Westmoreland D . Evaluation of a broadly reactive nucleic acid sequence basedamplification assay for the detection of noroviruses in faecal material. J Clin Virol 2004;29:290–296. Kou X , Wu Q , Zhang J , Fan H . Rapid detection of noroviruses in fecal samples and shellfish by nucleic acid sequence-basedamplification. J Microbiol 2006;44:403–408. Fukuda S , Takao S , Kuwayama M , Shimazu Y , Miyazaki K . Rapid detection of norovirus from fecal specimens by real-time reversetranscription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:1376–1381. ISO. 15216-1:2017 . Microbiology of Food and Animal Feed—Horizontal Method for Determination of Hepatitis A Virus and Norovirus inFood Using Real-time RT-PCR—Part 1: Method for Quantification. International Organization for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland. D'Agostino M , Cook N , Rodriguez-Lazaro D , Rutjes S . Nucleic acid amplification-based methods for detection of enteric viruses:Definition of controls and interpretation of results. Food Environ Virol 2011;3:55–60. Boom R , Sol CJA , Salimans MMM , Jansen CL , Wertheim-Van Dillen PME , Van Der Noordaa J . Rapid and simple method forpurification of nucleic acids. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:495–503. Höhne M , Schreier E . Detection and characterization of norovirus outbreaks in Germany: Application of a one-tube RT-PCR using afluorogenic real-time detection system. J Med Virol 2004;72:312–319. Kageyama T , Kojima S , Shinohara M Broadly reactive and highly sensitive assay for Norwalk-like viruses based on real-time quantitativereverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:1548–1557. Katayama K , Shirato-Horikoshi H , Kojima S Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome of 18 Norwalk-like viruses. Virology2002;299:225–239. Loisy F , Atmar RL , Guillon P , Le Cann P , Pommepuy M , Le Guyader FS . Real-time RT-PCR for norovirus screening in shellfish. J VirolMethods 2005;123:1–7. Nishida T , Kimura H , Saitoh M Detection, quantitation, and phylogenetic analysis of noroviruses in Japanese oysters. Appl EnvironMicrobiol 2003;69:5782–5786. Butot S , Putallaz T , Amoroso R , Sánchez G . Inactivation of enteric viruses in minimally processed berries and herbs. Appl EnvironMicrobiol 2009;75:4155–4161. Butot S , Putallaz T , Sánchez G . Effects of sanitation, freezing and frozen storage on enteric viruses in berries and herbs. Int J FoodMicrobiol 2008;126:30–35. Hewitt J , Greening GE . Survival and persistence of norovirus, hepatitis A virus, and feline calicivirus in marinated mussels. J Food Prot2004;67:1743–1750. Baert L , Uyttendaele M , Van Coillie E , Debevere J . The reduction of murine norovirus 1, B. fragilis HSP40 infecting phage B40-8 and E.coli after a mild thermal pasteurization process of raspberry puree. Food Microbiol 2008;25:871–874. Lamhoujeb S , Fliss I , Ngazoa SE , Jean J . Evaluation of the persistence of infectious human noroviruses on food surfaces by using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008;74:3349–3355. Nowak P , Topping JR , Fotheringham V Measurement of the virolysis of human GII.4 norovirus in response to disinfectants and sanitisers.J Virol Methods 2011;174:7–11. Elizaquível P , Aznar R , Sánchez G . Recent developments in the use of viability dyes and quantitative PCR in the food microbiology field.J Appl Microbiol 2014;116:1–13. Parshionikar S , Laseke I , Fout GS . Use of propidium monoazide in reverse transcriptase PCR to distinguish between infectious andnoninfectious enteric viruses in water samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010;76:4318–4326. Escudero-Abarca BI , Rawsthorne H , Goulter RM , Suh SH , Jaykus LA . Molecular methods used to estimate thermal inactivation of aprototype human norovirus: More heat resistant than previously believed? Food Microbiol 2014;41:91–95. Tan M , Jiang X . Norovirus and its histo-blood group antigen receptors: An answer to a historical puzzle. Trends Microbiol2005;13:285–293. Tang Q , Li D , Xu J Mechanism of inactivation of murine norovirus-1 by high pressure processing. Int J Food Microbiol 2010;137:186–189. Li D , Baert L , de Jonghe M Inactivation of murine norovirus 1, coliphage φX174, and Bacillus fragilis phage b40-8 on surfaces and fresh-cut iceberg lettuce by hydrogen peroxide and UV light. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011;77:1399–1404. Dancho BA , Chen H , Kingsley DH . Discrimination between infectious and non-infectious human norovirus using porcine gastric mucin.Int J Food Microbiol 2012;155:222–226. Bozkurt H , D'Souza DH , Davidson PM . Thermal inactivation of foodborne enteric viruses and their viral surrogates in foods. J Food Prot2015;78:1597–1617. Doultree J , Druce J , Birch C , Bowden D , Marshall J . Inactivation of feline calicivirus, a Norwalk virus surrogate. J Hosp Infect1999;41:51–57. Duizer E , Bijkerk P , Rockx B , De Groot A , Twisk F , Koopmans M . Inactivation of caliciviruses. Appl Environ Microbiol2004;70:4538–4543. Wang Q , Zhang Z , Saif LJ . Stability of and attachment to lettuce by a culturable porcine sapovirus surrogate for human caliciviruses.Appl Environ Microbiol 2012;78:3932–3940. Cannon JL , Papafragkou E , Park GW , Osborne J , Jaykus LA , Vinjé J . Surrogates for the study, of norovirus stability and inactivation inthe environment: A comparison of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus. J Food Prot 2006;69:2761–2765.

Buckow R , Isbarn S , Knorr D , Heinz V , Lehmacher A . Predictive model for inactivation of feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate, byheat and high hydrostatic pressure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008;74:1030–1038. Gibson KE , Schwab KJ . Thermal inactivation of human norovirus surrogates. Food Environ Virol 2011;3:74–77. Croci L , Suffredini E , Di Pasquale S , Cozzi L . Detection of norovirus and feline calicivirus in spiked molluscs subjected to heattreatments. Food Control 2012;25:17–22. Bozkurt H , D'Souza DH , Davidson PM . Determination of the thermal inactivation kinetics of the human norovirus surrogates, murinenorovirus and feline calicivirus. J Food Prot 2013;76:79–84. Bozkurt H , D'Souza DH , Davidson PM . A comparison of the thermal inactivation kinetics of human norovirus surrogates and hepatitis Avirus in buffered cell culture medium. Food Microbiol 2014;42:212–217. Baert L , Wobus CE , Van Coillie E , Thackray LB , Debevere J , Uyttendaele M . Detection of murine norovirus 1 by using plaque assay,transfection assay, and real-time reverse transcription-PCR before and after heat exposure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008;74:543–546. Hewitt J , Rivera-Aban M , Greening GE . Evaluation of murine norovirus as a surrogate for human norovirus and hepatitis A virus in heatinactivation studies. J Appl Microbiol 2009;107:65–71. Hirneisen KA , Kniel KE . Comparing human norovirus surrogates: Murine norovirus and Tulane virus. J Food Prot 2013;76:139–143. Araud E , DiCaprio E , Ma Y Thermal inactivation of enteric viruses and bioaccumulation of enteric foodborne viruses in live oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Appl Environ Microbiol 2016;82:2086–2099. Arthur S , Gibson K . Physicochemical stability profile of Tulane virus: A human norovirus surrogate. J Appl Microbiol 2015;119:868–875. Tian P , Yang D , Quigley C , Chou M , Jiang X . Inactivation of the Tulane virus, a novel surrogate for the human norovirus. J Food Prot2013;76:712–718. Cromeans T , Park GW , Costantini V Comprehensive comparison of cultivable norovirus surrogates in response to different inactivationand disinfection treatments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014;80:5743–5751. Bozkurt H , D'Souza DH , Davidson PM . Thermal inactivation of human norovirus surrogates in spinach and measurement of itsuncertainty. J Food Prot 2014;77:276–283. Baert L , Uyttendaele M , Vermeersch M , Van Coillie E , Debevere J . Survival and transfer of murine norovirus 1, a surrogate for humannoroviruses, during the production process of deep-frozen onions and spinach. J Food Prot 2008;71:1590–1597. Bozkurt H , D'Souza DH , Davidson PM . Determination of thermal inactivation kinetics of human norovirus surrogates and hepatitis A virusin Turkey deli meat. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013;76(1):79–84. Strazynski M , Krämer J , Becker B . Thermal inactivation of poliovirus type 1 in water, milk and yoghurt. Int J Food Microbiol2002;74:73–78. Slomka M , Appleton H . Feline calicivirus as a model system for heat inactivation studies of small round structured viruses in shellfish.Epidemiol Infect 1998;121:401–407. Bozkurt H , D'Souza DH , Davidson PM . Determination of thermal inactivation kinetics of hepatitis a virus in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)homogenate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014;80:3191–3197. Sow H , Desbiens M , Morales-Rayas R , Ngazoa SE , Jean J . Heat inactivation of hepatitis A virus and a norovirus surrogate in soft-shellclams (Mya arenaria). Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011;8:387–393. Hewitt J , Greening GE . Effect of heat treatment on hepatitis A virus and norovirus in New Zealand Greenshell mussels (Perna canaliculus) by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR and cell culture. J Food Prot 2006;69:2217–2223. Rodrigo D , van Loey A , Hendrickx M . Combined thermal and high pressure colour degradation of tomato puree and strawberry juice. JFood Eng 2007;79:553–560. Kingsley DH . High pressure processing and its application to the challenge of virus-contaminated foods. Food Environ Virol 2013;5:1–12. Lou F , Neetoo H , Chen H , Li J . High hydrostatic pressure processing: A promising nonthermal technology to inactivate viruses in high-risk foods. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2015;6:389–409. Sharma M , Shearer AEH , Hoover DG , Liu MN , Solomon MB , Kniel KE . Comparison of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure toinactivate foodborne viruses. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2008;9:418–422. Kovač K , Diez-Valcarce M , Raspor P , Hernández M , Rodríguez-Lázaro D . Effect of high hydrostatic pressure processing on norovirusinfectivity and genome stability in strawberry puree and mineral water. Int J Food Microbiol 2012;152:35–39. Hirneisen KA , Kniel KE . Inactivation of internalized and surface contaminated enteric viruses in green onions. Int J Food Microbiol2013;166:201–206. Arcangeli G , Terregino C , De Benedictis P Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on murine norovirus in Manila clams. Lett Appl Microbiol2012;54:325–329. Lou F , Neetoo H , Chen H , Li J . Inactivation of a human norovirus surrogate by high-pressure processing: Effectiveness, mechanism,and potential application in the fresh produce industry. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011;77:1862–1871. Li D , Tang Q , Wang J , Wang Y , Zhao Q , Xue C . Effects of high-pressure processing on murine norovirus-1 in oysters (Crassostreagigas) in situ . Food Control 2009;20:992–996. Kingsley DH , Holliman DR , Calci KR , Chen H , Flick GJ . Inactivation of a norovirus by high-pressure processing. Appl Environ Microbiol2007;73:581–585. Gogal RM , Kerr R , Kingsley DH High hydrostatic pressure processing of murine norovirus 1-Contaminated oysters inhibits oral infectionin stat-1-/-Deficient female mice. J Food Prot 2011;74:209–214. Li X , Ye M , Neetoo H , Golovan S , Chen H . Pressure inactivation of Tulane virus, a candidate surrogate for human norovirus and itspotential application in food industry. Int J Food Microbiol 2013;162:37–42. Leon JS , Kingsley DH , Montes JS Randomized, double-blinded clinical trial for human norovirus inactivation in oysters by high hydrostaticpressure processing. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011;77:5476–5482. Ye M , Li X , Kingsley DH , Jiang X , Chen H . Inactivation of human norovirus in contaminated oysters and clams by high hydrostaticpressure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014;80:2248–2253. Sánchez G , Aznar R , Martínez A , Rodrigo D . Inactivation of human and murine norovirus by high-pressure processing. FoodbornePathog Dis 2011;8:249–253. Lou F , DiCaprio E , Li X Variable high-pressure-processing sensitivities for genogroup II human noroviruses. Appl Environ Microbiol2016;82:6037–6045. Chen H , Hoover DG , Kingsley DH . Temperature and treatment time influence high hydrostatic pressure inactivation of feline calicivirus, anorovirus surrogate. J Food Prot 2005;68:2389–2394.

Li X , Chen H , Kingsley DH . The influence of temperature, pH, and water immersion on the high hydrostatic pressure inactivation of GI.1and GII.4 human noroviruses. Int J Food Microbiol 2013;167:138–143. Kingsley DH , Chen H . Aqueous matrix compositions and pH influence feline calicivirus inactivation by high pressure processing. J FoodProt 2008;71:1598–1603. Georget E , Miller B , Callanan M , Heinz V , Mathys A . (Ultra) high pressure homogenization for continuous high pressure sterilization ofpumpable foods—A review. Front Nutr 2014;1 :15. D'Souza DH , Xiaowei SU , Adrienne R , Harte F . High-pressure homogenization for the inactivation of human enteric virus surrogates. JFood Prot 2009;72:2418–2422. Horm KM , D'Souza DH . Survival of human norovirus surrogates in milk, orange, and pomegranate juice, and juice blends at refrigeration(4 C). Food Microbiol 2011;28:1054–1061. Horm KM , Davidson PM , Harte FM , D'Souza DH . Survival and inactivation of human norovirus surrogates in blueberry juice by high-pressure homogenization. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012;9:974–979. Horm KM , Harte FM , D'Souza DH . Human norovirus surrogate reduction in milk and juice blends by high pressure homogenization. JFood Prot 2012;75:1984–1990. US Food and Drug Administration F . Code of Federal Regulations, 3, 439–440. Irradiation in the production, processing and handling offood: 21CFR. Part 179.39. 2007. Park SY , Kim A-N , Lee K-H , Ha S-D . Ultraviolet-C efficacy against a norovirus surrogate and hepatitis A virus on a stainless steelsurface. Int J Food Microbiol 2015;211:73–78. Liu C , Li X , Chen H . Application of water-assisted ultraviolet light processing on the inactivation of murine norovirus on blueberries. Int JFood Microbiol 2015;214:18–23. US Food and Drug Administration F . Code of Federal Regulations. 2013. Title 21. Food and drugs. Chapter I. Food and DrugAdministration. Subchapter B. Food for human consumption. Part 179.41. Pulsed light for the treatment of food. 21 CFR 179.41. 2013. Jean J , Morales-Rayas R , Anoman MN , Lamhoujeb S . Inactivation of hepatitis A virus and norovirus surrogate in suspension and onfood-contact surfaces using pulsed UV light (pulsed light inactivation of food-borne viruses). Food Microbiol 2011;28:568–572. Vimont A , Fliss I , Jean J . Efficacy and mechanisms of murine norovirus inhibition by pulsed-light technology. Appl Environ Microbiol2015;81:2950–2957. U.S. Food and Drug Administration H . Irradiation in the production, processing, and handling of food. Final rule. Fed Regist2012;77:34212. Goodburn C , Wallace CA . The microbiological efficacy of decontamination methodologies for fresh produce: A review. Food Control2013;32:418–427. Wu Y , Chang S , Nannapaneni R , Zhang Y , Coker R , Mahmoud BSM . The effects of X-ray treatments on bioaccumulated murinenorovirus-1 (MNV-1) and survivability, inherent microbiota, color, and firmness of Atlantic oysters (Crassostrea virginica) during storage at5°C for 20 days. Food Control 2017;73(Part B):1189–1194. Wu Y , Chang S , Nannapaneni R , Coker R , Haque Z , Mahmoud BSM . The efficacy of X-ray doses on murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) inpure culture, half-shell oyster, salmon sushi, and tuna salad. Food Control 2016;64:77–80. Feng K , Divers E , Ma Y , Li J . Inactivation of a human norovirus surrogate, human norovirus virus-like particles, and vesicular stomatitisvirus by gamma irradiation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011;77:3507–3517. Predmore A , Sanglay GC , DiCaprio E , Li J , Uribe RM , Lee K . Electron beam inactivation of Tulane virus on fresh produce, andmechanism of inactivation of human norovirus surrogates by electron beam irradiation. Int J Food Microbiol 2015;198:28–36. Sanglay GC , Li J , Uribe RM , Lee K . Electron-beam inactivation of a norovirus surrogate in fresh produce and model systems. J FoodProt 2011;74:1155–1160. DiCaprio E , Phantkankum N , Culbertson D Inactivation of human norovirus and Tulane virus in simple media and fresh wholestrawberries by ionizing radiation. Int J Food Microbiol 2016;232:43–51. Puértolas E , Luengo E , Álvarez I , Raso J . Improving mass transfer to soften tissues by pulsed electric fields: Fundamentals andapplications. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2012;3:263–282. Haughton PN , Lyng JG , Cronin DA , Morgan DJ , Fanning S , Whyte P . Efficacy of pulsed electric fields for the inactivation of indicatormicroorganisms and foodborne pathogens in liquids and raw chicken. Food Control 2012;25:131–135. Mukhopadhyay S , Ramaswamy R . Application of emerging technologies to control Salmonella in foods: A review. Food Res Int2012;45:666–677. Bilek SE , Turantaş F . Decontamination efficiency of high power ultrasound in the fruit and vegetable industry, a review. Int J FoodMicrobiol 2013;166:155–162. Sánchez G , Elizaquível P , Aznar R , Selma MV . Virucidal effect of high power ultrasound combined with a chemical sanitizer containingperoxyacetic acid for water reconditioning in the fresh-cut industry. Food Control 2015;52:126–131. Su X , Zivanovic S , D'Souza DH . Inactivation of human enteric virus surrogates by high-intensity ultrasound. Foodborne Pathog Dis2010;7:1055–1061. Schultz AC , Uhrbrand K , Nørrung B , Dalsgaard A . Inactivation of norovirus surrogates on surfaces and raspberries by steam-ultrasoundtreatment. J Food Prot 2012;75:376–381. Wan J , Coventry J , Swiergon P , Sanguansri P , Versteeg C . Advances in innovative processing technologies for microbial inactivationand enhancement of food safety—Pulsed electric field and low-temperature plasma. Trends Food Sci Technol 2009;20:414–424. Pradeep P , Chulkyoon M . Non-thermal plasmas (NTPs) for inactivation of viruses in abiotic environment. Res J Biotechnol 2016;11:6. Ahlfeld B , Li Y , Boulaaba A Inactivation of a foodborne norovirus outbreak strain with nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma. mBio2015;6(1):e02300–e02314. Aboubakr HA , Williams P , Gangal U Virucidal effect of cold atmospheric gaseous plasma on feline calicivirus, a surrogate for humannorovirus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015;81:3612–3622. Aboubakr HA , Gangal U , Youssef MM , Goyal SM , Bruggeman PJ . Inactivation of virus in solution by cold atmospheric pressure plasma:Identification of chemical inactivation pathways. J Phys D Appl Phys 2016;49:204001. Alshraiedeh NH , Alkawareek MY , Gorman SP , Graham WG , Gilmore BF . Atmospheric pressure, nonthermal plasma inactivation ofMS2 bacteriophage: Effect of oxygen concentration on virucidal activity. J Appl Microbiol 2013;115:1420–1426. D'Souza D . Inactivation of human enteric virus surrogates on stainless steel surfaces by non-thermal plasma. 2013 Annual Meeting (July28–31, 2013); 2013: IAFP, Charlotte, North Carolina.

Bae S-C , Park SY , Choe W , Ha S-D . Inactivation of murine norovirus-1 and hepatitis A virus on fresh meats by atmospheric pressureplasma jets. Food Res Int 2015;76:342–347. Min SC , Roh SH , Niemira BA , Sites JE , Boyd G , Lacombe A . Dielectric barrier discharge atmospheric cold plasma inhibits Escherichiacoli O157:H7, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Tulane virus in Romaine lettuce. Int J Food Microbiol 2016;237:114–120. Park GW , Cho M , Cates EL Fluorinated TiO2 as an ambient light-activated virucidal surface coating material for the control of humannorovirus. J Photochem Photobiol B 2014;140:315–320. Warnes SL Keevil CW . Inactivation of norovirus on dry copper alloy surfaces . PLoS One 2013;8:e75017. Warnes SL , Summersgill EN , Keevil CW . Inactivation of murine norovirus on a range of copper alloy surfaces is accompanied by loss ofcapsid integrity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015;81:1085–1091. Castro-Mayorga JL , Randazzo W , Fabra MJ , Lagaron JM , Aznar R , Sánchez G . Antiviral properties of silver nanoparticles againstnorovirus surrogates and their efficacy in coated polyhydroxyalkanoates systems. LWT—Food Sci Technol 2017;79:503–510. Park SJ , Park HH , Kim SY , Kim SJ , Woo K , Ko G . Antiviral properties of silver nanoparticles on a magnetic hybrid colloid. Appl EnvironMicrobiol 2014;80:2343–2350. Martínez-Abad A , Ocio MJ , Lagarón JM , Sánchez G . Evaluation of silver-infused polylactide films for inactivation of Salmonella andfeline calicivirus in vitro and on fresh-cut vegetables. Int J Food Microbiol 2013;162:89–94. Lim MY , Kim JM , Ko G . Disinfection kinetics of murine norovirus using chlorine and chlorine dioxide. Water Res 2010;44:3243–3251. Fraisse A , Temmam S , Deboosere N Comparison of chlorine and peroxyacetic-based disinfectant to inactivate feline calicivirus, murinenorovirus and hepatitis A virus on lettuce. Int J Food Microbiol 2011;151:98–104. D'Souza DH , Su X . Efficacy of chemical treatments against murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, and MS2 bacteriophage. FoodbornePathog Dis 2010;7:319–326. Whitehead K , McCue KA . Virucidal efficacy of disinfectant actives against feline calicivirus, a surrogate for norovirus, in a short contacttime. Am J Infect Control 2010;38:26–30. Jimenez L , Chiang M . Virucidal activity of a quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant against feline calicivirus: A surrogate fornorovirus. Am J Infect Control 2006;34:269–273. Gulati BR , Allwood PB , Hedberg CW , Goyal SM . Efficacy of commonly used disinfectants for the inactivation of calicivirus on strawberry,lettuce, and a food-contact surface. J Food Prot 2001;64:1430–1434. Allwood PB , Malik YS , Hedberg CW , Goyal SM . Effect of temperature and sanitizers on the survival of feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli, and F-specific coliphage MS2 on leafy salad vegetables. J Food Prot 2004;67:1451–1456. Su X , D'Souza DH . Trisodium phosphate for foodborne virus reduction on produce. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011;8:713–717. Kingsley DH , Vincent EM , Meade GK , Watson CL , Fan X . Inactivation of human norovirus using chemical sanitizers. Int J FoodMicrobiol 2014;171:94–99. Predmore A , Li J . Enhanced removal of a human norovirus surrogate from fresh vegetables and fruits by a combination of surfactantsand sanitizers. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011;77:4829–4838. Zoni R , Zanelli R , Riboldi E , Bigliardi L , Sansebastiano G . Investigation on virucidal activity of chlorine dioxide. Experimental data onFeline calicivirus, HAV and Coxsackie B5. J Prev Med Hyg 2007;48:91–95. Morino H , Fukuda T , Miura T , Shibata T . Effect of low-concentration chlorine dioxide gas against bacteria and viruses on a glass surfacein wet environments. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011;53:628–634. Yeap JW , Kaur S , Lou F Inactivation kinetics and mechanism of a human norovirus surrogate on stainless steel coupons via chlorinedioxide gas. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016;82:116–123. Kim J-G , Yousef AE , Dave S . Application of ozone for enhancing the microbiological safety and quality of foods: A review. J Food Prot1999;62:1071–1087. Thurston-Enriquez JA , Haas CN , Jacangelo J , Gerba CP . Inactivation of enteric adenovirus and feline calicivirus by ozone. Water Res2005;39:3650–3656. Hirneisen KA , Markland SM , Kniel KE . Ozone inactivation of norovirus surrogates on fresh produce. J Food Prot 2011;74:836–839. Tian P , Yang D , Mandrell R . Differences in the binding of human norovirus to and from Romaine lettuce and raspberries by water andelectrolyzed waters. J Food Prot 2011;74:1364–1369. Chander Y , Johnson T , Goyal SM , Russell RJ . Antiviral activity of Ecasol against feline calicivirus, a surrogate of human norovirus. JInfect Public Health 2012;5:420–424. Cliver DO . Capsid and infectivity in virus detection. Food Environ Virol 2009;1:123. Straube J , Albert T , Manteufel J , Heinze J , Fehlhaber K , Truyen U . In vitro influence of d/l-lactic acid, sodium chloride and sodiumnitrite on the infectivity of feline calicivirus and of ECHO virus as potential surrogates for foodborne viruses. Int J Food Microbiol2011;151:93–97. Poschetto LF , Ike A , Papp T , Mohn U , Böhm R , Marschang RE . Comparison of the sensitivities of noroviruses and feline calicivirus tochemical disinfection under field-like conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73:5494–5500. Cannon JL , Aydin A , Mann AN , Bolton SL , Zhao T , Doyle MP . Efficacy of a levulinic acid plus sodium dodecyl sulfate-based sanitizeron inactivation of human norovirus surrogates. J Food Prot 2012;75:1532–1535. Su X , D'Souza DH . Inactivation of human norovirus surrogates by benzalkonium chloride, potassium peroxymonosulfate, tannic acid, andgallic acid. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012;9:829–834. Baert L , Vandekinderen I , Devlieghere F , Van EC , Debevere J , Uyttendaele M . Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acidto reduce murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 on shredded iceberg lettuce and in residualwash water. J Food Prot 2009;72:1047–1054. Li D , Baert L , Uyttendaele M . Inactivation of food-borne viruses using natural biochemical substances. Food Microbiol 2013;35:1–9. D'Souza DH . Phytocompounds for the control of human enteric viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2014;4:44–49. Ryu S , You HJ , Kim YW Inactivation of norovirus and surrogates by natural phytochemicals and bioactive substances. Mol Nutr Food Res2015;59:65–74. Seo DJ , Choi C . Inhibition of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus by edible herbal extracts. Food Environ Virol 2017;9:35–44. Falcó I , Randazzo W , Gómez-Mascaraque L , Aznar R , López-Rubio A , Sánchez G . Effect of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate at different pHconditions on enteric viruses. LWT—Food Sci Technol 2017;81:250–257. Li D , Baert L , Zhang D Effect of grape seed extract on human norovirus GII.4 and murine norovirus 1 in viral suspensions, on stainlesssteel discs, and in lettuce wash water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012;78:7572–7578.

Gilling DH , Kitajima M , Torrey JR , Bright KR . Antiviral efficacy and mechanisms of action of oregano essential oil and its primarycomponent carvacrol against murine norovirus. J Appl Microbiol 2014;116:1149–1163. Oh M , Bae SY , Lee JH , Cho KJ , Kim KH , Chung MS . Antiviral effects of black raspberry (Rubus coreanus) juice on foodborne viralsurrogates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012;9:915–921. Randazzo W , Aznar R , Sánchez G . Curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation of norovirus surrogates. Food Environ Virol2016;8:244–250. Wu J , Hou W , Cao B Virucidal efficacy of treatment with photodynamically activated curcumin on murine norovirus bio-accumulated inoysters. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015;12:385–392. Joshi SS , Su X , D'Souza DH . Antiviral effects of grape seed extract against feline calicivirus, murine norovirus, and hepatitis A virus inmodel food systems and under gastric conditions. Food Microbiol 2015;52:1–10. Su X , D'Souza DH . Grape seed extract for foodborne virus reduction on produce. Food Microbiol 2013;34:1–6. Sánchez C , Aznar R , Sánchez G . The effect of carvacrol on enteric viruses. Int J Food Microbiol 2015;192:72–76. Ng YC , Kim YW , Ryu S , Lee A , Lee JS , Song MJ . Suppression of norovirus by natural phytochemicals from Aloe vera and EriobotryaeFolium. Food Control 2017;73:1362–1370. Amankwaah C . Incorporation of Selected Plant Extracts into Edible Chitosan Dilms and the Effect on the Antiviral, Antibacterial andMechanical Properties of the Material. The Ohio State University; 2013. Randazzo W , Falcó I , Aznar R , Sánchez G . Effect of green tea extract on enteric viruses and its application as natural sanitizer. FoodMicrobiol 2017;66:150–156. Fabra M , Castro-Mayorga J , Randazzo W Efficacy of Cinnamaldehyde against enteric viruses and its activity after incorporation intobiodegradable multilayer systems of interest in food packaging. Food Environ Virol 2016;8:125–132. Gómez-Mascaraque LG , Soler C , Lopez-Rubio A . Stability and bioaccessibility of EGCG within edible micro-hydrogels. Chitosan vs.gelatin, a comparative study . Food Hydrocoll 2016;61:128–138. Choi Y , Kim E , Moon S , Choi J-D , Lee M-S , Kim Y-M . Phaeophyta extracts exhibit antiviral activity against feline calicivirus. FishAquatic Sci 2014;17:155–158. Eom SH , Moon SY , Lee DS In vitro antiviral activity of dieckol and phlorofucofuroeckol-A isolated from edible brown alga Eisenia bicyclisagainst murine norovirus. Algae 2015;30:241–246. Melhem NM . Norovirus vaccines: Correlates of protection, challenges and limitations. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016;12:1653–69. Prasad BV , Shanker S , Muhaxhiri Z Antiviral targets of human noroviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2016;18:117–125. Kocher J , Yuan L . Norovirus vaccines and potential antinorovirus drugs: Recent advances and future perspectives. Future Virol2015;10:899–913. Tan M , Jiang X . Histo-blood group antigens: A common niche for norovirus and rotavirus. Expert Rev Mol Med 2014;16:e5. Tamminen K , Huhti L , Koho T A comparison of immunogenicity of norovirus GII-4 virus-like particles and P-particles. Immunology2012;135:89–99. Souza M , Costantini V , Azevedo MSP , Saif LJ . A human norovirus-like particle vaccine adjuvanted with ISCOM or mLT induces cytokineand antibody responses and protection to the homologous GII.4 human norovirus in a gnotobiotic pig disease model. Vaccine2007;25:8448–8459. Parra GI , Bok K , Taylor R Immunogenicity and specificity of norovirus Consensus GII.4 virus-like particles in monovalent and bivalentvaccine formulations. Vaccine 2012;30:3580–3586. Ramani S , Atmar RL , Estes MK . Epidemiology of human noroviruses and updates on vaccine development. Curr Opin Gastroenterol2014;30:25. Estes MK , Ball JM , Guerrero RA Norwalk virus vaccines: Challenges and progress. J Infect Dis 2000;181:S367–S73. Lindesmith LC , Ferris MT , Mullan CW Broad blockade antibody responses in human volunteers after immunization with a multivalentnorovirus VLP candidate vaccine: Immunological analyses from a phase I clinical trial. PLoS Med 2015;12:e1001807. Bernstein DI , Atmar RL , Lyon GM Norovirus vaccine against experimental human GII. 4 virus illness: A challenge study in healthy adults.J Infect Dis 2015;211:870–878. Treanor JJ , Atmar RL , Frey SE A novel intramuscular bivalent norovirus virus-like particle vaccine candidate—Reactogenicity, safety, andimmunogenicity in a phase 1 trial in healthy adults. J Infect Dis 2014;210:1763–1771. Atmar RL , Bernstein DI , Harro CD Norovirus vaccine against experimental human Norwalk virus illness. N Engl J Med2011;365:2178–2187. Tamminen K , Malm M , Vesikari T , Blazevic V . Mucosal antibodies induced by intranasal but not intramuscular immunization blockNorovirus GII.4 virus-like particle receptor binding . Viral Immunol 2016;29:315–319. Tan M , Jiang X . Norovirus P particle: A subviral nanoparticle for vaccine development against norovirus, rotavirus and influenza virus.Nanomedicine 2012;7:889–897. Fu L , Li Y , Hu Y Norovirus P particle-based active Aβ immunotherapy elicits sufficient immunogenicity and improves cognitive capacity ina mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017;7:41041. Fang H , Tan M , Xia M , Wang L , Jiang X . Norovirus P particle efficiently elicits innate, humoral and cellular immunity. PLoS One2013;8(4):e63269. Kocher J , Bui T , Giri-Rachman E Intranasal P particle vaccine provided partial cross-variant protection against human GII.4 norovirusdiarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs . J Virol 2014;88:9728–9743. Choi J-M , Hutson AM , Estes MK , Prasad BV . Atomic resolution structural characterization of recognition of histo-blood group antigensby Norwalk virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:9175–9180. Shanker S , Czako R , Sankaran B , Atmar RL , Estes MK , Prasad BV . Structural analysis of determinants of histo-blood group antigenbinding specificity in genogroup I noroviruses. J Virol 2014;88:6168–6180. Garaicoechea L , Aguilar A , Parra GI Llama nanoantibodies with therapeutic potential against human norovirus diarrhea. PLoS One2015;10:e0133665. Croci R , Pezzullo M , Tarantino D Structural bases of norovirus RNA dependent RNA polymerase inhibition by novel suramin-relatedcompounds. PLoS One 2014;9:e91765. Costantini VP , Whitaker T , Barclay L Antiviral activity of nucleoside analogues against norovirus. Antivir Ther 2012;17:981. Jin Z , Tucker K , Lin X Biochemical evaluation of the inhibition properties of favipiravir and 2′-C-methyl-cytidine triphosphates againsthuman and mouse norovirus RNA polymerases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015;59:7504–7516.

Changotra H , Jia Y , Moore TN Type I and type II interferons inhibit the translation of murine norovirus proteins. J Virol2009;83:5683–5692. Nice TJ , Baldridge MT , McCune BT Interferon-λ cures persistent murine norovirus infection in the absence of adaptive immunity. Science2015;347:269–273.

Kobuviruses Dennehy PH . Viral gastroenteritis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011;30:63–64. Liu L , Johnson HL , Cousens S Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: An updated systematic analysis for 2010 with timetrends since 2000. Lancet 2012;379:2151–2161. Tate JE , Burton AH , Boschi-Pinto C , Parashar UD . Global, regional, and national estimates of rotavirus mortality in children <5 years ofage, 2000–2013. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62 Suppl 2:S96–105. Desselberger U . Global issues related to enteric viral infections. Virus Dis 2014;25:147–149. Desselberger U GJ . Viral gastroenteritis. Medicine 2013;41 12:700–704. Yamashita T , Sakae K , Tsuzuki H Complete nucleotide sequence and genetic organization of Aichi virus, a distinct member of thePicornaviridae associated with acute gastroenteritis in humans. J Virol 1998;72:8408–8412. Jones MS , Lukashov VV , Ganac RD , Schnurr DP . Discovery of a novel human picornavirus in a stool sample from a pediatric patientpresenting with fever of unknown origin. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:2144–2150. Holtz LR , Finkbeiner SR , Kirkwood CD , Wang D . Identification of a novel picornavirus related to cosaviruses in a child with acutediarrhea. Virol J 2008;5:159. Kapoor A , Victoria J , Simmonds P A highly prevalent and genetically diversified Picornaviridae genus in South Asian children. Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A 2008;105:20482–20487. Yamashita T , Kobayashi S , Sakae K Isolation of cytopathic small round viruses with BS-C-1 cells from patients with gastroenteritis. JInfect Dis 1991;164:954–957. Yamashita T , Ito M , Kabashima Y , Tsuzuki H , Fujiura A , Sakae K . Isolation and characterization of a new species of kobuvirusassociated with cattle. J Gen Virol 2003;84:3069–3077. Khamrin P , Maneekarn N , Peerakome S , Okitsu S , Mizuguchi M , Ushijima H . Bovine kobuviruses from cattle with diarrhea. EmergInfect Dis 2008;14:985–986. Reuter G , Egyed L . Bovine kobuvirus in europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:822–823. Reuter G , Boldizsar A , Pankovics P . Complete nucleotide and amino acid sequences and genetic organization of porcine kobuvirus, amember of a new species in the genus Kobuvirus, family Picornaviridae. Arch Virol 2009;154:101–108. Khamrin P , Maneekarn N , Kongkaew A , Kongkaew S , Okitsu S , Ushijima H . Porcine kobuvirus in piglets, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis2009;15:2075–2076. Khamrin P , Maneekarn N , Hidaka S Molecular detection of kobuvirus sequences in stool samples collected from healthy pigs in Japan.Infect Genet Evol 2010;10:950–954. Reuter G , Nemes C , Boros A , Kapusinszky B , Delwart E , Pankovics P . Porcine kobuvirus in wild boars Sus scrofa. Arch Virol2013;158:281–282. Li L , Victoria JG , Wang C Bat guano virome: Predominance of dietary viruses from insects and plants plus novel mammalian viruses. JVirol 2010;84:6955–6965. Reuter G , Boros A , Pankovics P , Egyed L . Kobuvirus in domestic sheep, Hungary. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:869–870. Lee MH , Jeoung HY , Lim JA , Song JY , Song DS , An DJ . Kobuvirus in South Korean black goats. Virus Genes 2012;45:186–189. Melegari I , Di Profio F , Sarchese V , Martella V , Marsilio F , Di Martino B . First molecular evidence of kobuviruses in goats in Italy. ArchVirol 2016;161:3245–3248. Kapoor A , Simmonds P , Dubovi EJ Characterization of a canine homolog of human Aichivirus. J Virol 2011;85:11520–11525. Li L , Pesavento PA , Shan T , Leutenegger CM , Wang C , Delwart E . Viruses in diarrhoeic dogs include novel kobuviruses andsapoviruses. J Gen Virol 2011;92:2534–2541. Di Martino B , Di Felice E , Ceci C , Di Profio F , Marsilio F . Canine kobuviruses in diarrhoeic dogs in Italy. Vet Microbiol2013;166:246–249. Chung JY , Kim SH , Kim YH , Lee MH , Lee KK , Oem JK . Detection and genetic characterization of feline kobuviruses. Virus Genes2013;47:559–562. Carmona-Vicente N , Buesa J , Brown PA Phylogeny and prevalence of kobuviruses in dogs and cats in the UK. Vet Microbiol2013;164:246–252. Di Martino B , Di Profio F , Melegari I Molecular evidence of kobuviruses in free-ranging red foxes Vulpes vulpes. Arch Virol2014;159:1803–1806. Smits SL , Raj VS , Oduber MD Metagenomic analysis of the ferret fecal viral flora. PloS One 2013;8:e71595. Phan TG , Kapusinszky B , Wang C , Rose RK , Lipton HL , Delwart EL . The fecal viral flora of wild rodents. PLoS Pathog2011;7:e1002218. Pankovics P , Boros A , Biro H Novel picornavirus in domestic rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus var. domestica . Infect Genet Evol2016;37:117–122. Pankovics P , Boros A , Kiss T , Reuter G . Identification and complete genome analysis of kobuvirus in faecal samples of European rollerCoracias garrulus: For the first time in a bird. Arch Virol 2015;160:345–351. King AMQ BF , Christian P , Hovi T Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses: Seventh Report of the InternationalCommittee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Picornaviridae. New York, NY: Academic Press; 2000. Roland Z , Delwart E , Gorbalenya AE Create 3 new species Aichivirus D, E, F in the genus Kobuvirus. International Committee onTaxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) 2016. https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/. Ng TF , Marine R , Wang C High variety of known and new RNA and DNA viruses of diverse origins in untreated sewage. J Virol2012;86:12161–12175.

Oem JK , Lee MH , Lee KK , An DJ . Novel kobuvirus species identified from black goat with diarrhea. Vet Microbiol 2014;172:563–567. Otomaru K , Naoi Y , Haga K Detection of novel kobu-like viruses in Japanese black cattle in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2016;78:321–324. Yamashita T , Ito M , Tsuzuki H , Sakae K . Identification of Aichi virus infection by measurement of immunoglobulin responses in anenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:4178–4180. Yamashita T , Sakae K , Ishihara Y , Isomura S , Utagawa E . Prevalence of newly isolated, cytopathic small round virus Aichi strain inJapan. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:2938–2943. Oh DY , Silva PA , Hauroeder B , Diedrich S , Cardoso DD , Schreier E . Molecular characterization of the first Aichi viruses isolated inEurope and in South America. Arch Virol 2006;151:1199–1206. Goyer M , Aho LS , Bour JB , Ambert-Balay K , Pothier P . Seroprevalence distribution of Aichi virus among a French population in2006–2007. Arch Virol 2008;153:1171–1174. Ribes JM , Montava R , Tellez-Castillo CJ , Fernandez-Jimenez M , Buesa J . Seroprevalence of Aichi virus in a Spanish population from2007 to 2008. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010;17:545–549. Sdiri-Loulizi K , Hassine M , Aouni Z First molecular detection of Aichi virus in sewage and shellfish samples in the Monastir region ofTunisia. Arch Virol 2010;155:1509–1513. Yamashita T , Sakae K , Kobayashi S Isolation of cytopathic small round virus Aichi virus from Pakistani children and Japanese travelersfrom Southeast Asia. Microbiol Immunol 1995;39:433–435. Pham NT , Khamrin P , Nguyen TA Isolation and molecular characterization of Aichi viruses from fecal specimens collected in Japan,Bangladesh, Thailand, and Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:2287–2288. Ambert-Balay K , Lorrot M , Bon F Prevalence and genetic diversity of Aichi virus strains in stool samples from community and hospitalizedpatients. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:1252–1258. Sdiri-Loulizi K , Gharbi-Khelifi H , de Rougemont A Acute infantile gastroenteritis associated with human enteric viruses in Tunisia. J ClinMicrobiol 2008;46:1349–1355. Yang S , Zhang W , Shen Q Aichi virus strains in children with gastroenteritis, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:1703–1705. Sdiri-Loulizi K , Hassine M , Gharbi-Khelifi H Detection and genomic characterization of Aichi viruses in stool samples from children inMonastir, Tunisia. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:2275–2278. Kaikkonen S , Rasanen S , Ramet M , Vesikari T . Aichi virus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in Finland. Epidemiol Infect2010;138:1166–1171. Drexler JF , Baumgarte S , de Souza Luna LK , Eschbach-Bludau M , Lukashev AN , Drosten C . Aichi virus shedding in highconcentrations in patients with acute diarrhea. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1544–1548. Lorrot M , Bon F , El Hajje MJ Epidemiology and clinical features of gastroenteritis in hospitalised children: Prospective survey during a 2-year period in a Parisian hospital, France. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;30:361–368. Verma H , Chitambar SD , Gopalkrishna V . Circulation of Aichi virus genotype B strains in children with acute gastroenteritis in India.Epidemiol Infect 2011;139:1687–1691. Jonsson N , Wahlstrom K , Svensson L , Serrander L , Lindberg AM . Aichi virus infection in elderly people in Sweden. Arch Virol2012;157:1365–1369. Nielsen AC , Gyhrs ML , Nielsen LP , Pedersen C , Bottiger B . Gastroenteritis and the novel picornaviruses aichi virus, cosavirus, saffoldvirus, and salivirus in young children. J Clin Virol 2013;57:239–242. Chhabra P , Payne DC , Szilagyi PG Etiology of viral gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age in the United States, 2008–2009. J InfectDis 2013;208:790–800. Han TH , Park SH , Hwang ES , Reuter G , Chung JY . Detection of Aichi virus in South Korea. Arch Virol 2014;159:1835–1839. Saikruang W , Khamrin P , Suantai B , Ushijima H , Maneekarn N . Molecular detection and characterization of Aichivirus A in adultpatients with diarrhea in Thailand. J Med Virol 2014;86:983–987. Yip CC , Lo KL , Que TL Epidemiology of human parechovirus, Aichi virus and salivirus in fecal samples from hospitalized children withgastroenteritis in Hong Kong. Virol J 2014;11:182. Bozkurt D , Selimoglu MA , Otlu B , Sandikkaya A . Eight different viral agents in childhood acute gastroenteritis. Turk J Pediatr2015;57:68–73. Santos N , Mendes GS , Silva RC Salivirus and aichivirus A infections in children with gastroenteritis in Brazil. Clin Microbiol Infect2015;21:799.e1–3. Ouedraogo N , Kaplon J , Bonkoungou IJ Prevalence and genetic diversity of enteric viruses in children with diarrhea in Ouagadougou,Burkina Faso. PloS One 2016;11:e0153652. Chuchaona W , Khamrin P , Yodmeeklin A Detection and characterization of Aichi virus 1 in pediatric patients with diarrhea in Thailand. JMed Virol 2017;89:234–238. Li LL , Liu N , Yu JM Analysis of Aichi virus and Saffold virus association with pediatric acute gastroenteritis. J Clin Virol 2017;87:37–42. Alcala A , Vizzi E , Rodriguez-Diaz J , Zambrano JL , Betancourt W , Liprandi F . Molecular detection and characterization of Aichi virusesin sewage-polluted waters of Venezuela. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010;76:4113–4115. Kitajima M , Haramoto E , Phanuwan C , Katayama H . Prevalence and genetic diversity of Aichi viruses in wastewater and river water inJapan. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011;77:2184–2187. Kitajima M , Hata A , Yamashita T , Haramoto E , Minagawa H , Katayama H . Development of a reverse transcription-quantitative PCRsystem for detection and genotyping of aichi viruses in clinical and environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013;79:3952–3958. Lodder WJ , Rutjes SA , Takumi K , de Roda Husman AM . Aichi virus in sewage and surface water, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis2013;19:1222–1230. Yamashita T , Adachi H , Hirose E Molecular detection and nucleotide sequence analysis of a new Aichi virus closely related to caninekobuvirus in sewage samples. J Med Microbiol 2014;63:715–720. Burutaran L , Lizasoain A , Garcia M , Tort LF , Colina R , Victoria M . Detection and molecular characterization of Aichivirus 1 inwastewater samples from Uruguay. Food Environ Virol 2016;8:13–17. Haramoto E , Kitajima M . Quantification and genotyping of Aichi virus 1 in water samples in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Food EnvironVirol 2017;9:350–353. Hansman GS , Oka T , Li TC , Nishio O , Noda M , Takeda N . Detection of human enteric viruses in Japanese clams. J Food Prot2008;71:1689–1695.

Le Guyader FS , Le Saux JC , Ambert-Balay K Aichi virus, norovirus, astrovirus, enterovirus, and rotavirus involved in clinical cases from aFrench oyster-related gastroenteritis outbreak. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:4011–4017. Fusco G , Di Bartolo I , Cioffi B Prevalence of foodborne viruses in mussels in Southern Italy. Food Environ Virol 2017;9:187–194. Yamashita T , Sugiyama M , Tsuzuki H , Sakae K , Suzuki Y , Miyazaki Y . Application of a reverse transcription-PCR for identification anddifferentiation of Aichi virus, a new member of the Picornavirus family associated with gastroenteritis in humans. J Clin Microbiol2000;38:2955–2961. Rasanen S , Lappalainen S , Kaikkonen S , Hamalainen M , Salminen M , Vesikari T . Mixed viral infections causing acute gastroenteritisin children in a waterborne outbreak. Epidemiol Infect 2010;138:1227–1234. Chitambar S , Gopalkrishna V , Chhabra P Diversity in the enteric viruses detected in outbreaks of gastroenteritis from Mumbai, WesternIndia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012;9:895–915. Iritani N , Kaida A , Abe N Detection and genetic characterization of human enteric viruses in oyster-associated gastroenteritis outbreaksbetween 2001 and 2012 in Osaka City, Japan. J Med Virol 2014;86:2019–2025. Li BW , Liang S , Xie JX Detection of Aichi virus in stool samples from children in Lanzhou [in Chinese]. Chinese J Exp Clin Virol2010;24:11–13. Reuter G , Boldizsar A , Papp G , Pankovics P . Detection of Aichi virus shedding in a child with enteric and extraintestinal symptoms inHungary. Arch Virol 2009;154:1529–1532. Di Martino B , Di Profio F , Ceci C , Di Felice E , Marsilio F . Molecular detection of Aichi virus in raw sewage in Italy. Arch Virol2013;158:2001–2005. Kitajima M , Gerba CP . Aichi virus 1: Environmental occurrence and behavior. Pathogens Basel, Switzerland 2015;4:256–268. Rivadulla E , Varela MF , Romalde JL . Low prevalence of Aichi virus in molluscan shellfish samples from Galicia NW Spain. J ApplMicrobiol 2017;122:516–521. Sdiri-Loulizi K , Hassine M , Bour JB Aichi virus IgG seroprevalence in Tunisia parallels genomic detection and clinical presentation inchildren with gastroenteritis. Clin Vaccine Immun 2010;17:1111–1116. Pham NT , Trinh QD , Khamrin P Sequence analysis of the capsid gene of Aichi viruses detected from Japan, Bangladesh, Thailand, andVietnam. J Med Virol 2008;80:1222–7. Cantalupo PG , Calgua B , Zhao G Raw sewage harbors diverse viral populations. MBio 2011;2:pii:e00180–e00181. Kitajima M , Iker BC , Pepper IL , Gerba CP . Relative abundance and treatment reduction of viruses during wastewater treatmentprocesses—identification of potential viral indicators. Sci Total Environ 2014;488–489:290–296. Rosario K , Nilsson C , Lim YW , Ruan Y , Breitbart M . Metagenomic analysis of viruses in reclaimed water. Environ Microbiol2009;11:2806–2820. Vilariño ML , Le Guyader FS , Polo D , Schaeffer J , Kröl J , Romalde JL . Assessment of human enteric viruses in cultured and wildbivalve molluscs. Int Microbiol 2009;12: 145–151. Benabbes L , Ollivier J , Schaeffer J , Parnaudeau S , Rhaissi H , Nourlil J , Le Guyader FS . Norovirus and other human enteric viruses inmoroccan shellfish. Food Environ Virol 2013;5:35–40.

Rotavirus Keusch GT , Walker CF , Das JK , Horton S , Habte D . Diarrheal diseases. In: Black RE , Laxminarayan R , Temmerman M , Walker N ,eds. Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health: Disease Control Priorities. Third Edition (Vol 2). Washington, DC: World Bank;2016:163–185. Lamberti LM , Ashraf S , Walker CL , Black RE . A systematic review of the effect of rotavirus vaccination on diarrhea outcomes amongchildren younger than 5 years. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016;35:992–998. Glass RI , Parashar U , Patel M , Gentsch J , Jiang B . Rotavirus vaccines: Successes and challenges. J Infect 2014;68(Suppl 1):18. Bishop RF , Davidson GP , Holmes IH , Ruck BJ . Detection of a new virus by electron microscopy of faecal extracts from children withacute gastroenteritis. Lancet 1974;1:149–151. Flewett TH , Bryden AS , Davies H , Woode GN , Bridger JC , Derrick JM . Relation between viruses from acute gastroenteritis of childrenand newborn calves. Lancet 1974;2:61–63. Bishop R . Discovery of rotavirus: Implications for child health. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;24(Suppl 3):S81–S85. Prasad BV , Wang GJ , Clerx JP , Chiu W . Three-dimensional structure of rotavirus. J Mol Biol 1988;199:269–275. Yeager M , Dryden KA , Olson NH , Greenberg HB , Baker TS . Three-dimensional structure of rhesus rotavirus by cryoelectronmicroscopy and image reconstruction. J Cell Biol 1990;110:2133–2144. Mattion NM , Mitchell DB , Both GW , Estes MK . Expression of rotavirus proteins encoded by alternative open reading frames of genomesegment 11. Virology 1991;181:295–304. McClain B , Settembre E , Temple BR , Bellamy AR , Harrison SC . X-ray crystal structure of the rotavirus inner capsid particle at 3.8 Aresolution. J Mol Biol 2010;397:587–599. Estes MK , Greenberg HB . Rotaviruses. In: Knipe DM , Howley PM , eds. Fields Virology. 6th Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters KluwerHealth/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2013:1347–1401. Valenzuela S , Pizarro J , Sandino AM Photoaffinity labeling of rotavirus VP1 with 8-azido-ATP: Identification of the viral RNA polymerase.J Virol 1991;65:3964–3967. Zeng CQ , Wentz MJ , Cohen J , Estes MK , Ramig RF . Characterization and replicase activity of double-layered and single-layeredrotavirus-like particles expressed from baculovirus recombinants. J Virol 1996;70:2736–2742. Chen D , Luongo CL , Nibert ML , Patton JT . Rotavirus open cores catalyze 5'-capping and methylation of exogenous RNA: Evidence thatVP3 is a methyltransferase. Virology 1999;265:120–130. Matthijnssens J , Otto PH , Ciarlet M , Desselberger U , Van Ranst M , Johne R . VP6-sequence-based cutoff values as a criterion forrotavirus species demarcation. Arch Virol 2012;157:1177–1182. Mihalov-Kovacs E , Gellert A , Marton S Candidate new rotavirus species in sheltered dogs, Hungary. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21:660–663.

Banyai K , Kemenesi G , Budinski I Candidate new rotavirus species in Schreiber's bats, Serbia. Infect Genet Evol 2017;48:19–26. Estes MK , Cohen J . Rotavirus gene structure and function. Microbiol Rev 1989;53:410–449. Gentsch JR , Laird AR , Bielfelt B Serotype diversity and reassortment between human and animal rotavirus strains: Implications forrotavirus vaccine programs. J Infect Dis 2005;192(Suppl 1):S146–S159. RCWG . Minutes of the 7th Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG) Meeting. International Double Stranded RNA VirusSymposium; October 9, 2015; Goa, India. Matthijnssens J , Ciarlet M , Heiman E Full genome-based classification of rotaviruses reveals a common origin between human Wa-Likeand porcine rotavirus strains and human DS-1-like and bovine rotavirus strains. J Virol 2008;82:3204–3219. Matthijnssens J , Ciarlet M , Rahman M Recommendations for the classification of group A rotaviruses using all 11 genomic RNAsegments. Arch Virol 2008;153:1621–1629. Matthijnssens J , Ciarlet M , McDonald SM Uniformity of rotavirus strain nomenclature proposed by the Rotavirus Classification WorkingGroup (RCWG). Arch Virol 2011;156:1397–1413. Hu L , Crawford SE , Hyser JM , Estes MK , Prasad BV . Rotavirus non-structural proteins: Structure and function. Curr Opin Virol2012;2:380–388. Abdelhakim AH , Salgado EN , Fu X Structural correlates of rotavirus cell entry. PLOS Pathogens 2014;10:e1004355. Wolf M , Vo PT , Greenberg HB . Rhesus rotavirus entry into a polarized epithelium is endocytosis dependent and involves sequential VP4conformational changes. J Virol 2011;85:2492–2503. Ruiz MC , Abad MJ , Charpilienne A , Cohen J , Michelangeli F . Cell lines susceptible to infection are permeabilized by cleaved andsolubilized outer layer proteins of rotavirus. J Gen Virol 1997;78:2883–2893. Elaid S , Libersou S , Ouldali M A peptide derived from the rotavirus outer capsid protein VP7 permeabilizes artificial membranes. BiochimBiophys Acta 2014;1838:2026–2035. Lawton JA , Estes MK , Prasad BV . Mechanism of genome transcription in segmented dsRNA viruses. Adv Virus Res 2000;55:185–229. Lu X , McDonald SM , Tortorici MA Mechanism for coordinated RNA packaging and genome replication by rotavirus polymerase VP1.Structure 2008;16:1678–1688. Silvestri LS , Taraporewala ZF , Patton JT . Rotavirus replication: Plus-sense templates for double-stranded RNA synthesis are made inviroplasms. J Virol 2004;78:7763–7774. Cohen J , Laporte J , Charpilienne A , Scherrer R . Activation of rotavirus RNA polymerase by calcium chelation. Arch Virol1979;60:177–186. Lawton JA , Estes MK , Prasad BV . Three-dimensional visualization of mRNA release from actively transcribing rotavirus particles. NatStruct Biol 1997;4:118–121. Spencer E , Arias ML . In vitro transcription catalyzed by heat-treated human rotavirus. J Virol 1981;40:1–10. Graff JW , Ettayebi K , Hardy ME . Rotavirus NSP1 inhibits NFkappaB activation by inducing proteasome-dependent degradation of beta-TrCP: A novel mechanism of IFN antagonism. PLoS Pathog 2009;5:e1000280. Graff JW , Mitzel DN , Weisend CM , Flenniken ML , Hardy ME . Interferon regulatory factor 3 is a cellular partner of rotavirus NSP1. JVirol 2002;76:9545–9550. Barro M , Patton JT . Rotavirus nonstructural protein 1 subverts innate immune response by inducing degradation of IFN regulatory factor3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:4114–4119. Deo RC , Groft CM , Rajashankar KR , Burley SK . Recognition of the rotavirus mRNA 3' consensus by an asymmetric NSP3 homodimer.Cell 2002;108:71–81. Groft CM , Burley SK . Recognition of eIF4G by rotavirus NSP3 reveals a basis for mRNA circularization. Mol Cell 2002;9:1273–1283. Eichwald C , Rodriguez JF , Burrone OR . Characterization of rotavirus NSP2/NSP5 interactions and the dynamics of viroplasm formation.J Gen Virol 2004;85:625–634. Fabbretti E , Afrikanova I , Vascotto F , Burrone OR . Two non-structural rotavirus proteins, NSP2 and NSP5, form viroplasm-likestructures in vivo . J Gen Virol 1999;80(Pt 2):333–339. Ayala-Breton C , Arias M , Espinosa R , Romero P , Arias CF , López S . Analysis of the kinetics of transcription and replication of therotavirus genome by RNA interference. J Virol 2009;83:8819–8831. Patton JT . Evidence for equimolar synthesis of double-strand RNA and minus-strand RNA in rotavirus-infected cells. Virus Res1990;17:199–208. Taylor JA , O'Brien JA , Yeager M . The cytoplasmic tail of NSP4, the endoplasmic reticulum-localized non-structural glycoprotein ofrotavirus, contains distinct virus binding and coiled coil domains. EMBO J 1996;15:4469–4476. Trask SD , Dormitzer PR . Assembly of highly infectious rotavirus particles recoated with recombinant outer capsid proteins. J Virol2006;80:11293–11304. McNulty MS , Curran WL , McFerran JB . The morphogenesis of a cytopathic bovine rotavirus in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. J GenVirol 1976;33:503–508. Gardet A , Breton M , Fontanges P , Trugnan G , Chwetzoff S . Rotavirus spike protein VP4 binds to and remodels actin bundles of theepithelial brush border into actin bodies. J Virol 2006;80:3947–3956. Tate JE , Burton AH , Boschi-Pinto C , Parashar UD . Global, regional, and national estimates of rotavirus mortality in children <5 years ofage, 2000–2013. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62(Suppl 2):S96–105. World Health Organization . Weekly Epidemiological Record; 2013 IIS 4640-P3;ISSN 0049-8114. 2013. Fischer TK , Viboud C , Parashar U Hospitalizations and deaths from diarrhea and rotavirus among children <5 years of age in the UnitedStates, 1993–2003. J Infect Dis 2007;195:1117–1125. Esposito DH , Holman RC , Haberling DL Baseline estimates of diarrhea-associated mortality among United States children beforerotavirus vaccine introduction. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011;30:942–947. Soriano-Gabarro M , Mrukowicz J , Vesikari T , Verstraeten T . Burden of rotavirus disease in European Union countries. Pediatr Infect DisJ 2006;25:S7–S11. Van Damme P , Giaquinto C , Huet F , Gothefors L , Maxwell M , Van der Wielen M . Multicenter prospective study of the burden ofrotavirus acute gastroenteritis in Europe, 2004–2005: The REVEAL study. J Infect Dis 2007;195(Suppl 1):S4–16. Parashar UD , Burton A , Lanata C Global mortality associated with rotavirus disease among children in 2004. J Infect Dis2009;200:S9–15.

Tate JE , Burton AH , Boschi-Pinto C , Steele AD , Duque J , Parashar UD . 2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality inchildren younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2012;12:136–141. Patel MM , Pitzer V , Alonso WJ Global seasonality of rotavirus disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013;32:e134–e147. Santos N , Hoshino Y . Global distribution of rotavirus serotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementation ofan effective rotavirus vaccine. Rev Med Virol 2005;15:29–56. Iturriza-Gomara M , Dallman T , Banyai K Rotavirus genotypes co-circulating in Europe between 2006 and 2009 as determined byEuroRotaNet, a pan-European collaborative strain surveillance network. Epidemiol Infect 2011;139:895–909. Kotloff KL , Nataro JP , Blackwelder WC Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries(the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): A prospective, case-control study. Lancet 2013;382:209–222. World Health Organization . Rotavirus vaccines: An update. Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire 2009;84:533–540. Rotavirus Vaccine Country Introductions: Maps and List. 2016. Available at http://www.path.org/vaccineresources/details.php?i=2235(accessed December 12, 2017). Desselberger U . Rotaviruses. Virus Res 2014;190:75–96. Anderson EJ , Weber SG . Rotavirus infection in adults. Lancet Infect Dis 2004;4:91–99. Rodriguez WJ , Kim H , Arrobio JO Clinical features of acute gastroenteritis associated with human reovirus-like agent in infants and youngchildren. J Pediatr 1977;91:188–193. Staat M , Azimi PH , Berke TA Clinical presentations of rotavirus infection among hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21:221. Dennehy PH . Transmission of rotavirus and other enteric pathogens in the home. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:5. Hagbom M , Sharma S , Lundgren O , Svensson L . Towards a human rotavirus disease model. Curr Opin Virol 2012;2:408–418. Grimprel E , Rodrigo C , Desselberger U . Rotavirus disease: Impact of coinfections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008;27:S3–10. Richardson S , Grimwood K , Gorrell R , Palombo E , Barnes G , Bishop R . Extended excretion of rotavirus after severe diarrhoea inyoung children. Lancet (London, England) 1998;351:1844–1848. Oishi I , Kimura T , Murakami T Serial observations of chronic rotavirus infection in an immunodeficient child. Microbiol Immunol1991;35:953–961. Perez-Schael I , Daoud G , White L Rotavirus shedding by newborn children. J Med Virol 1984;14:127–136. Dennehy PH , Cortese MM , Bégué RE A case-control study to determine risk factors for hospitalization for rotavirus gastroenteritis in U.S.children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006;25:1123–1131. Velazquez FR , Matson DO , Calva JJ Rotavirus infections in infants as protection against subsequent infections. N Engl J Med1996;335:1022–1028. Friedman MG , Galil A , Sarov B Two sequential outbreaks of rotavirus gastroenteritis: Evidence for symptomatic and asymptomaticreinfections. J Infect Dis 1988;158:814–822. Bishop RF , Barnes GL , Cipriani E , Lund JS . Clinical immunity after neonatal rotavirus infection. A prospective longitudinal study inyoung children. N Engl J Med 1983;309:72–76. Mukhopadhya I , Sarkar R , Menon VK Rotavirus shedding in symptomatic and asymptomatic children using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. J Med Virol 2013;85:1661–1668. Kapikian AZ , Wyatt RG , Levine MM Oral administration of human rotavirus to volunteers: Induction of illness and correlates of resistance.J Infect Dis 1983;147:95–106. Pacilli M , Cortese MM , Smith S Outbreak of gastroenteritis in adults due to rotavirus genotype G12P[8]. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:5. Luchs A , Madalosso G , Cilli A Outbreak of G2P[4] rotavirus gastroenteritis in a retirement community, Brazil, 2015: An important publichealth risk? Geriatr Nurs 2016;S0197-4572:30238–30245. Lausch KR , Westh L , Kristensen LH , Lindberg J , Tarp B , Larsen CS . Rotavirus is frequent among adults hospitalised for acutegastroenteritis. Danish Med J 2017;64:A5312. Bresee JS , Marcus R , Venezia RA The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in theUnited States. J Infect Dis 2012;205:1374–1381. Wang Y , Zhang J , Liu P . Clinical and molecular epidemiologic trends reveal the important role of rotavirus in adult infectiousgastroenteritis, in Shanghai, China. Infect Genet Evol 2017;47:143–154. Anderson EJ , Katz BZ , Polin JA , Reddy S , Weinrobe MH , Noskin GA . Rotavirus in adults requiring hospitalization. J Infect2012;64:89–95. Anderson EJ , Shippee DB , Tate JE Clinical characteristics and genotypes of rotavirus in adults. J Infect 2015;70:683–687. Rivero-Calle I , Gomez-Rial J , Martinon-Torres F . Systemic features of rotavirus infection. J Infect 2016;72(Suppl):S98–S105. Kang B , Kim DH , Hong YJ , Son BK , Kim DW , Kwon YS . Comparison between febrile and afebrile seizures associated with mildrotavirus gastroenteritis. Seizure 2013;22:560–564. Liu B , Fujita Y , Arakawa C Detection of rotavirus RNA and antigens in serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from diarrheic children withseizures. Jpn J Infect Dis 2009;62:279–283. Dickey M , Jamison L , Michaud L , Care M , Bernstein DI , Staat MA . Rotavirus meningoencephalitis in a previously healthy child and areview of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009;28:318–321. Wong CJ , Price Z , Bruckner DA . Aseptic meningitis in an infant with rotavirus gastroenteritis. Pediatr Infect Dis 1984;3:244–246. Santosham M , Yolken RH , Quiroz E Detection of rotavirus in respiratory secretions of children with pneumonia. J Pediatr1983;103:583–585. Limbos MP , Lieberman JM . Disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis: Report of two cases. ClinInfect Dis 1996;22:834–836. Ruzicka T , Rosendahl C , Braun-Falco O . A probable case of rotavirus exanthem. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:253–254. Takahashi S , Oki J , Miyamoto A Encephalopathy associated with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis following rotavirus infection. EurJ Pediatr 1999;158:133–137. Ballotti S , de Martino M . Rotavirus infections and development of type 1 diabetes: An evasive conundrum. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2007;45:147–156. Blutt SE , Conner ME . Rotavirus: To the gut and beyond! Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2007;23:39–43.

Blutt SE , Kirkwood CD , Parreno V Rotavirus antigenaemia and viraemia: A common event? Lancet 2003;362:1445–1449. Blutt SE , Matson DO , Crawford SE Rotavirus antigenemia in children is associated with viremia. PLoS Med 2007;4:e121. Hemming M , Huhti L , Räsänen S , Salminen M , Vesikari T . Rotavirus antigenemia in children is associated with more severe clinicalmanifestations of acute gastroenteritis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014;33:366–371. Ramig RF . Pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic rotavirus infection. J Virol 2004;78:10213–10220. Lundgren O , Svensson L . Pathogenesis of rotavirus diarrhea. Microbes Infect 2001;3:1145–1156. Greenberg HB , Estes MK . Rotaviruses: From pathogenesis to vaccination. Gastroenterology 2009;136:1939–1951. Liu Y , Huang P , Tan M Rotavirus VP8*: Phylogeny, host range, and interaction with histo-blood group antigens. J Virol2012;86:9899–9910. Ciarlet M , Ludert JE , Iturriza-Gomara M Initial interaction of rotavirus strains with N-acetylneuraminic (sialic) acid residues on the cellsurface correlates with VP4 genotype, not species of origin. J Virol 2002;76:4087–4095. Ciarlet M , Estes MK . Human and most animal rotavirus strains do not require the presence of sialic acid on the cell surface for efficientinfectivity. J Gen Virol 1999;80:943–948. Böhm R , Fleming FE , Maggioni A Revisiting the role of histo-blood group antigens in rotavirus host-cell invasion. Nature Commun2015;6:5907. Hu L , Crawford SE , Czako R Cell attachment protein VP8* of a human rotavirus specifically interacts with A-type histo-blood groupantigen. Nature 2012;485:256–259. Huang P , Xia M , Tan M Spike protein VP8* of human rotavirus recognizes histo-blood group antigens in a type-specific manner. J Virol2012;86:4833–4843. Ma X , Li D-dD , Sun X-MM Binding patterns of rotavirus genotypes P[4], P[6], and P[8] in China with histo-blood group antigens. PloS One2015;10:e0134584. Ramani S , Hu L , Venkataram Prasad BV , Estes MK . Diversity in rotavirus-host glycan interactions: A “sweet” spectrum. Cell MolGastroenterol Hepatol 2016;2:263–273. Marionneau S , Ruvoën N , Moullac–Vaidye B Norwalk virus binds to histo-blood group antigens present on gastroduodenal epithelial cellsof secretor individuals. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1967–1977. Huang P , Farkas T , Marionneau S Noroviruses bind to human ABO, Lewis, and secretor histo-blood group antigens: Identification of 4distinct strain-specific patterns. J Infect Dis 2003;188:19–31. Zhang X-FF , Long Y , Tan M P[8] and P[4] rotavirus infection associated with secretor phenotypes among children in South China. SciRep 2016;6:34591. Nordgren J , Sharma S , Bucardo F Both Lewis and secretor status mediate susceptibility to rotavirus infections in a rotavirus genotype-dependent manner. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:1567–1573. Imbert-Marcille B-MM , Barbé L , Dupé M A FUT2 gene common polymorphism determines resistance to rotavirus A of the P[8] genotype.J Infect Dis 2014;209:1227–1230. Van Trang N , Vu HT , Le NT , Huang P , Jiang X , Anh DD . Association between norovirus and rotavirus infection and histo-blood groupantigen types in Vietnamese children. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52:1366–1374. Ayouni S , Sdiri-Loulizi K , de Rougemont A Rotavirus P[8] infections in persons with secretor and nonsecretor phenotypes, Tunisia.Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21:2055–2058. Coulson BS . Expanding diversity of glycan receptor usage by rotaviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2015;15:90–96. Haselhorst T , Fiebig T , Dyason JC Recognition of the GM3 ganglioside glycan by Rhesus rotavirus particles. Angewandte Chemie2011;50:1055–1058. Yu X , Coulson BS , Fleming FE , Dyason JC , von Itzstein M , Blanchard H . Novel structural insights into rotavirus recognition ofganglioside glycan receptors. J Mol Biol 2011;413:929–939. Haselhorst T , Fleming FE , Dyason JC Sialic acid dependence in rotavirus host cell invasion. Nature Chem Biol 2009;5:91–93. Coulson BS , Londrigan SL , Lee DJ . Rotavirus contains integrin ligand sequences and a disintegrin-like domain that are implicated invirus entry into cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:5389–5394. Graham KL , Halasz P , Tan Y Integrin-using rotaviruses bind alpha2beta1 integrin alpha2 I domain via VP4 DGE sequence and recognizealphaXbeta2 and alphaVbeta3 by using VP7 during cell entry. J Virol 2003;77:9969–9978. Graham KL , Fleming FE , Halasz P Rotaviruses interact with alpha4beta7 and alpha4beta1 integrins by binding the same integrindomains as natural ligands. J Gen Virol 2005;86:3397–3408. Guerrero CA , Bouyssounade D , Zárate S Heat shock cognate protein 70 is involved in rotavirus cell entry. J Virol 2002;76:4096–4102. Torres-Flores JM , Silva-Ayala D , Espinoza MA , Lopez S , Arias CF . The tight junction protein JAM-A functions as coreceptor forrotavirus entry into MA104 cells. Virology 2015;475:172–178. Arias CF , Silva-Ayala D , López S . Rotavirus entry: A deep journey into the cell with several exits. J Virol 2015;89:14. Díaz-Salinas MA , Romero P , Espinosa R , Hoshino Y , López S , Arias CF . The spike protein VP4 defines the endocytic pathway usedby rotavirus to enter MA104 cells. J Virol 2013;87:1658–1663. Gutiérrez M , Isa P , Sánchez-San Martin C Different rotavirus strains enter MA104 cells through different endocytic pathways: The role ofclathrin-mediated endocytosis. J Virol 2010;84:9161–9169. Azevedo MS , Yuan L , Jeong KI Viremia and nasal and rectal shedding of rotavirus in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with Wa humanrotavirus. J Virol 2005;79:5428–5436. Blutt SE , Fenaux M , Warfield KL , Greenberg HB , Conner ME . Active viremia in rotavirus-infected mice. J Virol 2006;80:6702–6705. Crawford SE , Patel DG , Cheng E Rotavirus viremia and extraintestinal viral infection in the neonatal rat model. J Virol2006;80:4820–4832. Fenaux M , Cuadras MA , Feng N , Jaimes M , Greenberg HB . Extraintestinal spread and replication of a homologous EC rotavirus strainand a heterologous rhesus rotavirus in BALB/c mice. J Virol 2006;80:5219–5232. Graham KL , O'Donnell JA , Tan Y Rotavirus infection of infant and young adult nonobese diabetic mice involves extraintestinal spreadand delays diabetes onset. J Virol 2007;81:6446–6458. Jaimes MC , Feng N , Greenberg HB . Characterization of homologous and heterologous rotavirus-specific T-cell responses in infant andadult mice. J Virol 2005;79:4568–4579.

Kraft LM . Observations on the control and natural history of epidemic diarrhea of infant mice (EDIM). Yale J Biol Med 1958;31:121–137. Mossel EC , Ramig RF . A lymphatic mechanism of rotavirus extraintestinal spread in the neonatal mouse. J Virol 2003;77:12352–12356. Minami K , Tamura A , Komori Y Acute encephalopathy and rhabdomyolysis following rotavirus gastroenteritis. J Paediatr Child Health2007;43:90–91. Uhnoo I , Riepenhoff-Talty M , Dharakul T Extramucosal spread and development of hepatitis in immunodeficient and normal mice infectedwith rhesus rotavirus. J Virol 1990;64:361–368. Zhao W , Xia M , Bridges-Malveo T Evaluation of rotavirus dsRNA load in specimens and body fluids from experimentally infected juvenilemacaques by real-time PCR. Virology 2005;341:248–256. Davidson GP , Barnes GL . Structural and functional abnormalities of the small intestine in infants and young children with rotavirusenteritis. Acta Paediatr Scand 1979;68:181–186. Barnes GL , Townley RRW . Duodenal mucosal damage in 31 infants with gastroenteritis. Arch Dis Childhood 1973;48:343–349. Bialowas S , Hagbom M , Nordgren J Rotavirus and serotonin cross-talk in diarrhoea. PLoS One 2016;11:e0159660. Hodges K , Gill R . Infectious diarrhea: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Gut Microbes 2010;1:4–21. Osborne MP , Haddon SJ , Worton KJ Rotavirus-induced changes in the microcirculation of intestinal villi of neonatal mice in relation to theinduction and persistence of diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutri 1991;12:111–120. Collins J , Candy DC , Starkey WG , Spencer AJ , Osborne MP , Stephen J . Disaccharidase activities in small intestine of rotavirus-infected suckling mice: A histochemical study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1990;11:395–403. Jourdan N , Brunet JP , Sapin C Rotavirus infection reduces sucrase-isomaltase expression in human intestinal epithelial cells byperturbing protein targeting and organization of microvillar cytoskeleton. J Virol 1998;72:7228–7236. Lorrot M , Vasseur M . How do the rotavirus NSP4 and bacterial enterotoxins lead differently to diarrhea? Virol J 2007;4:31. Horie Y , Nakagomi O , Koshimura Y Diarrhea induction by rotavirus NSP4 in the homologous mouse model system. Virology1999;262:398–407. Zhang M , Zeng CQ , Morris AP , Estes MK . A functional NSP4 enterotoxin peptide secreted from rotavirus-infected cells. J V irol2000;74:11663–11670. Tian P , Estes MK , Hu Y , Ball JM , Zeng CQ , Schilling WP . The rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein NSP4 mobilizes Ca2+ from theendoplasmic reticulum. J Virol 1995;69:5763–5772. Brunet JP , Cotte-Laffitte J , Linxe C , Quero AM , Géniteau-Legendre M , Servin A . Rotavirus infection induces an increase in intracellularcalcium concentration in human intestinal epithelial cells: Role in microvillar actin alteration. J Virol 2000;74:2323–2332. Morris AP , Scott JK , Ball JM , Zeng CQ , O'Neal WK , Estes MK . NSP4 elicits age-dependent diarrhea and Ca(2+)mediated I(-) influxinto intestinal crypts of CF mice. Am J Physiol 1999;277:44. Halaihel N , Liévin V , Ball JM , Estes MK , Alvarado F , Vasseur M . Direct inhibitory effect of rotavirus NSP4(114–135) peptide on theNa(+)-D-glucose symporter of rabbit intestinal brush border membrane. J Virol 2000;74:9464–9470. Dickman KG , Hempson SJ , Anderson J Rotavirus alters paracellular permeability and energy metabolism in Caco-2 cells. Am J PhysiolGastrointest Liver Physiol 2000;279:G757–G766. Tafazoli F , Zeng CQ , Estes MK , Magnusson KE , Svensson L . NSP4 enterotoxin of rotavirus induces paracellular leakage in polarizedepithelial cells. J Virol 2001;75:1540–1546. Lundgren O , Peregrin A , Persson K , Kordasti S , Uhnoo I , Svensson L . The role of the enteric nervous system in the fluid andelectrolyte secretion of rotavirus diarrhea in newborn mice. Science 2000;287(5452):491–495. Hagbom M , Istrate C , Engblom D Rotavirus stimulates release of serotonin (5-HT) from human enterochromaffin cells and activates brainstructures involved in nausea and vomiting. PLoS Pathog 2011;7:e1002115. Kordasti S , Sjovall H , Lundgren O , Svensson L . Serotonin and vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonists attenuate rotavirus diarrhoea.Gut 2004;53:952–957. Istrate C , Hagbom M , Vikström E , Magnusson K-EE , Svensson L . Rotavirus infection increases intestinal motility but not permeability atthe onset of diarrhea. J Virol 2014;88:3161–3169. Davidson GP , Bishop RF , Townley RR , Holmes IH . Importance of a new virus in acute sporadic enteritis in children. Lancet1975;1:242–246. Gerna G , Passarani N , Battaglia M , Percivalle E . Rapid serotyping of human rotavirus strains by solid-phase immune electronmicroscopy. J Clin Microbiol 1984;19:273–278. Holmes IH . Development of rotavirus molecular epidemiology: Electropherotyping. Arch Virol Suppl 1996;12:87–91. Thomas EE , Puterman ML , Kawano E , Curran M . Evaluation of seven immunoassays for detection of rotavirus in pediatric stoolsamples. J Clin Microbiol 1988;26:1189–1193. Zhang H , Morrison S , Tang YW . Multiplex polymerase chain reaction tests for detection of pathogens associated with gastroenteritis.Clin Lab Med 2015;35:461–486. Liu J , Kibiki G , Maro V Multiplex reverse transcription PCR Luminex assay for detection and quantitation of viral agents of gastroenteritis.J Clin Virol 2011;50:308–313. Iturriza-Gomara M , Kang G , Gray J . Rotavirus genotyping: Keeping up with an evolving population of human rotaviruses. J Clin Virol2004;31:259–265. McKell AO , Nichols JC , McDonald SM . PCR-based approach to distinguish group A human rotavirus genotype 1 vs. genotype 2 genes. JVirol Methods 2013;194:197–205. Gutierrez-Aguirre I , Steyer A , Boben J , Gruden K , Poljsak-Prijatelj M , Ravnikar M . Sensitive detection of multiple rotavirus genotypeswith a single reverse transcription-real-time quantitative PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:2547–2554. Liu J , Lurain K , Sobuz SU Molecular genotyping and quantitation assay for rotavirus surveillance. J Virol Methods 2015;213:157–163. Pang X , Cao M , Zhang M , Lee B . Increased sensitivity for various rotavirus genotypes in stool specimens by amending threemismatched nucleotides in the forward primer of a real-time RT-PCR assay. J Virol Methods 2011;172:85–87. Pang XL , Lee B , Boroumand N , Leblanc B , Preiksaitis JK , Yu Ip CC . Increased detection of rotavirus using a real time reversetranscription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay in stool specimens from children with diarrhea. J Med Virol 2004;72:496–501. Chizhikov V , Wagner M , Ivshina A , Hoshino Y , Kapikian AZ , Chumakov K . Detection and genotyping of human group A rotaviruses byoligonucleotide microarray hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:2398–2407. Honma S , Chizhikov V , Santos N Development and validation of DNA microarray for genotyping group A rotavirus VP4 (P[4], P[6], P[8],P[9], and P[14]) and VP7 (G1 to G6, G8 to G10, and G12) genes. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:2641–2648.

Nyaga MM , Jere KC , Esona MD Whole genome detection of rotavirus mixed infections in human, porcine and bovine samples co-infectedwith various rotavirus strains collected from sub-Saharan Africa. Infect Genet Evol 2015;31:321–334. Shimada S , Nagai M , Moriyama H Use of S1 nuclease in deep sequencing for detection of double-stranded RNA viruses. J Vet Med Sci2015;77:1163–1166. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Notes from the field: Outbreaks of rotavirus gastroenteritis among elderly adults in tworetirement communities—Illinois, 2011. MMWR 2011;60:1456. Tan BF , Chen Y-CC , Lee C-NN Pseudo-outbreak of rotavirus infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Microbiol Immunol Infect2016;49(6):947–954. Rogers M , Weinstock DM , Eagan J , Kiehn T , Armstrong D , Sepkowitz KA . Rotavirus outbreak on a pediatric oncology floor: Possibleassociation with toys. Am J Infect Control 2000;28:378–380. Enserink R , van den Wijngaard C , Bruijning-Verhagen P Gastroenteritis attributable to 16 enteropathogens in children attending day care:Significant effects of rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015;34:5. Ansari SA , Sattar SA , Springthorpe VS . Rotavirus survival on human hands and transfer of infectious virus to animate and nonporousinanimate surfaces. J Clin Microbiol 1988;26(8):1513–1518. de Wit MAS , Koopmans MPG , van Duynhoven Y . Risk factors for norovirus, Sapporo-like virus, and group A rotavirus gastroenteritis.Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1563–1570. Brassard J , Gagné M-JJ , Généreux M , Côté C . Detection of human food-borne and zoonotic viruses on irrigated, field-grownstrawberries. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012;78:3763–3766. Butot S , Putallaz T , Sánchez G . Effects of sanitation, freezing and frozen storage on enteric viruses in berries and herbs. Int J FoodMicrobiol 2008;126:30–35. Parada-Fabián JCC , Juárez-García P , Natividad-Bonifacio I , Vázquez-Salinas C , Quiñones-Ramírez EI . Identification of enteric virusesin foods from Mexico City. Food Environ Virol 2016;8:215–220. (258) Le Guyader FSS , Le Saux J-CC , Ambert-Balay K Aichi virus, norovirus, astrovirus, enterovirus, and rotavirus involved in clinical casesfrom a French oyster-related gastroenteritis outbreak. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:4011–4017. Quiroz-Santiago C , Vázquez-Salinas C , Natividad-Bonifacio I , Barrón-Romero BL , Quiñones-Ramírez EI . Rotavirus G2P[4] detection infresh vegetables and oysters in Mexico city. J Food Prot 2014;77:1953–1959. Sattar SA , Abebe M , Bueti AJ , Jampani H , Newman J , Hua S . Activity of an alcohol-based hand gel against human adeno-, rhino-, androtaviruses using the fingerpad method. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21:516–519. Bellamy K , Alcock R , Babb JR , Davies JG , Ayliffe GA . A test for the assessment of 'hygienic' hand disinfection using rotavirus. J HospInfect 1993;24:201–210. Tuladhar E , Hazeleger WC , Koopmans M , Zwietering MH , Duizer E , Beumer RR . Reducing viral contamination from finger pads:Handwashing is more effective than alcohol-based hand disinfectants. J Hosp Infect 2015;90:226–234. Rodgers FG , Hufton P , Kurzawska E , Molloy C , Morgan S . Morphological response of human rotavirus to ultra-violet radiation, heat anddisinfectants. J Med Microbiol 1985;20:123–130. Sattar SA , Jacobsen H , Rahman H , Cusack TM , Rubino JR . Interruption of rotavirus spread through chemical disinfection. InfectControl Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:751–756. Vesikari T . Rotavirus vaccination: A concise review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18(Suppl 5):57–63. Pérez-Schael I , Guntiñas MJ , Pérez M Efficacy of the rhesus rotavirus-based quadrivalent vaccine in infants and young children inVenezuela. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1181–1187. Joensuu J , Koskenniemi E , Pang XL , Vesikari T . Randomised placebo-controlled trial of rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine forprevention of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. Lancet 1997;350:1205–1209. Rennels MB , Glass RI , Dennehy PH Safety and efficacy of high-dose rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccines—Report of theNational Multicenter Trial. United States Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Group. Pediatrics 1996;97:7–13. Murphy TV , Gargiullo PM , Massoudi MS Intussusception among infants given an oral rotavirus vaccine. N Engl J Med2001;344:564–572. Simonsen L , Viboud C , Elixhauser A , Taylor RJ , Kapikian AZ . More on RotaShield and intussusception: The role of age at the time ofvaccination. J Infect Dis 2005;192(Suppl 1):S36–43. Ruiz-Palacios GM , Pérez-Schael I , Velázquez FR Safety and efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. NEngl J Med 2006;354:11–22. Linhares AC , Velázquez FR , Pérez-Schael I . Efficacy and safety of an oral live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine against rotavirusgastroenteritis during the first 2 years of life in Latin American infants: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study.Lancet 2008;371(9619):1181–1189. Vesikari T , Matson DO , Dennehy P Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine. N Engl JMed 2006;354(Suppl 2):23–33. Parashar UD , Johnson H , Steele AD , Tate JE . Health impact of rotavirus vaccination in developing countries: Progress and wayforward. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62:5–6. Dang DA , Nguyen VT , Vu DT A dose-escalation safety and immunogenicity study of a new live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine(Rotavin-M1) in Vietnamese children. Vaccine 2012;30:21–22. Bhandari N , Rongsen-Chandola T , Bavdekar A Efficacy of a monovalent human-bovine (116E) rotavirus vaccine in Indian infants: Arandomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2014;383:2136–2143. Isanaka S , Guindo O , Langendorf C Efficacy of a low-cost, heat-stable oral rotavirus vaccine in Niger. N Engl J Med2017;376:1121–1130. Vesikari T , Karvonen A , Prymula R Efficacy of human rotavirus vaccine against rotavirus gastroenteritis during the first 2 years of life inEuropean infants: Randomised, double-blind controlled study. Lancet 2007;370:1757–1763. Vesikari T , Karvonen A , Ferrante SA , Ciarlet M . Efficacy of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq®, in Finnish infants up to 3 yearsof age: The Finnish Extension Study. Eur J Pediatr 2010;169:1379–1386. Tate JE , Parashar UD . Rotavirus vaccines in routine use. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:1291–1301. Vesikari T , Karvonen A , Ferrante SA , Kuter BJ , Ciarlet M . Sustained efficacy of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, RV5, up to 3.1 yearsfollowing the last dose of vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010;29:957–963.

Immergluck LC , Parker TC , Jain S Sustained effectiveness of monovalent and pentavalent rotavirus vaccines in children. J Pediatr2016;172:116–120. Tate JE , Haynes A , Payne DC Trends in national rotavirus activity before and after introduction of rotavirus vaccine into the nationalimmunization program in the United States, 2000 to 2012. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013;32:741–744. Leshem E , Moritz RE , Curns AT Rotavirus vaccines and health care utilization for diarrhea in the United States (2007–2011). Pediatrics2014;134:15–23. Karafillakis E , Hassounah S , Atchison C . Effectiveness and impact of rotavirus vaccines in Europe, 2006–2014. Vaccine2015;33:2097–2107. Anderson EJ , Shippee DB , Weinrobe MH Indirect protection of adults from rotavirus by pediatric rotavirus vaccination. Clin Infect Dis2013;56:755–760. Lopman BA , Curns AT , Yen C , Parashar UD . Infant rotavirus vaccination may provide indirect protection to older children and adults inthe United States. J Infect Dis 2011;204:980–986. Ngabo F , Tate JE , Gatera M Effect of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine introduction on hospital admissions for diarrhoea and rotavirus inchildren in Rwanda: A time-series analysis. Lancet Global Health 2016;4:36. Armah G , Pringle K , Enweronu-Laryea CC Impact and effectiveness of monovalent rotavirus vaccine against severe rotavirus diarrhea inGhana. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62(Suppl 2):7–8. Gruber JF , Hille DA , Liu GF Heterogeneity of rotavirus vaccine efficacy among infants in developing countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J2017;36:72–78. Twitchell EL , Tin C , Wen K Modeling human enteric dysbiosis and rotavirus immunity in gnotobiotic pigs. Gut Pathog 2016;8:51. Mwila K , Chilengi R , Simuyandi M , Permar SR , Becker-Dreps S . Contribution of maternal immunity to decreased rotavirus vaccineperformance in low- and middle- income countries. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2017;24. pii:e00405–e00416. Buttery JP , Danchin MH , Lee KJ , Carlin JB , McIntyre PB . Intussusception following rotavirus vaccine administration: Post-marketingsurveillance in the National Immunization Program in Australia. Vaccine 2011;29:3061–3066. Yih WK , Lieu TA , Kulldorff M Intussusception risk after rotavirus vaccination in U.S. infants. N Engl J Med 2014;370:503–512. Carlin JB , Macartney KK , Lee KJ Intussusception risk and disease prevention associated with rotavirus vaccines in Australia's nationalimmunization program. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:1427–1434. Patel MM , López-Collada VR . Intussusception risk and health benefits of rotavirus vaccination in Mexico and Brazil. N Engl J Med2011;364:2283–2292. Tate JE , Yen C , Steiner CA , Cortese MM , Parashar UD . Intussusception rates before and after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine.Pediatrics 2016;138. Binder HJ , Brown I , Ramakrishna BS , Young GP . Oral rehydration therapy in the second decade of the twenty-first century. CurrGastroenterol Rep 2014;16:376. Loo DD , Zeuthen T , Chandy G , Wright EM . Cotransport of water by the Na+/glucose cotransporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1996;93:13367–13370. Caramia G , Ciccarelli S , Stolfi I . Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis. Infect Drug Resist2013;6:133–161. Dalgic N , Sancar M , Bayraktar B , Pullu M . Probiotic, zinc and lactose-free formula in children with rotavirus diarrhea: Are they effective?Pediatr Int 2011;53:677–682. Walker CL , Black RE . Zinc for the treatment of diarrhoea: Effect on diarrhoea morbidity, mortality and incidence of future episodes. Int JEpidemiol 2010;39(Suppl 1):9. Hoque KM , Rajendran VM , Binder HJ . Zinc inhibits cAMP-stimulated Cl secretion via basolateral K-channel blockade in rat ileum. Am JPhysiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005;288:63. Kelly R , Davidson GP , Townley RR , Campbell PE . Reversible intestinal mucosal abnormality in acrodermatitis enteropathica. Arch DisChildhood 1976;51:219–222. Bhandari N , Bahl R , Hambidge KM , Bhan MK . Increased diarrhoeal and respiratory morbidity in association with zinc deficiency—Apreliminary report. Acta Paediatr (Oslo, Norway: 1992) 1996;85:148–150. Bhatnagar S , Bahl R , Sharma PK , Kumar GT , Saxena SK , Bhan MK . Zinc with oral rehydration therapy reduces stool output andduration of diarrhea in hospitalized children: A randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004;38:34–40. Gordon M , Akobeng A . Racecadotril for acute diarrhoea in children: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Arch Dis Childhood2016;101:234–240. Salazar-Lindo E , Santisteban-Ponce J , Chea-Woo E , Gutierrez M . Racecadotril in the treatment of acute watery diarrhea in children. NEngl J Med 2000;343:463–467. Lee DK , Park JE , Kim MJ , Seo JG , Lee JH , Ha NJ . Probiotic bacteria, B. longum and L. acidophilus inhibit infection by rotavirus in vitroand decrease the duration of diarrhea in pediatric patients. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015;39:237–244. Grandy G , Medina M , Soria R , Terán CG , Araya M . Probiotics in the treatment of acute rotavirus diarrhoea. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial using two different probiotic preparations in Bolivian children. BMC Infect Dis 2010;10:1. Liu F , Wen K , Li G Dual functions of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM as protection against rotavirus diarrhea. J Pediatr GastroenterolNutr 2014;58:169–176. Sindhu KN , Sowmyanarayanan TV , Paul A Immune response and intestinal permeability in children with acute gastroenteritis treated withLactobacillus rhamnosus GG: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clinical Infect Dis 2014;58:1107–1115. Szajewska H , Wanke M , Patro B . Meta-analysis: The effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation for the prevention ofhealthcare-associated diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Therapeut 2011;34:1079–1087. Huang JS , Bousvaros A , Lee JW , Diaz A , Davidson EJ . Efficacy of probiotic use in acute diarrhea in children: A meta-analysis. Dig DisSci 2002;47:2625–2634. Basu S , Paul DK , Ganguly S , Chatterjee M , Chandra PK . Efficacy of high-dose Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in controlling acute waterydiarrhea in Indian children: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009;43:208–213. Liu F , Li G , Wen K Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on rotavirus-induced injury of ileal epithelium in gnotobiotic pigs. J Pediatr GastroenterolNutr 2013;57:750–758. Raheja G , Singh V , Ma K Lactobacillus acidophilus stimulates the expression of SLC26A3 via a transcriptional mechanism. Am J PhysiolGastrointest Liver Physiol 2010;298:G395–401.

Borthakur A , Gill RK , Tyagi S The probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus stimulates chloride/hydroxyl exchange activity in human intestinalepithelial cells. J Nutr 2008;138:1355–1359. Singh V , Raheja G , Borthakur A Lactobacillus acidophilus upregulates intestinal NHE3 expression and function. Am J PhysiolGastrointest Liver Physiol 2012;303:G1393–G1401. Sarker SA , Casswall TH , Mahalanabis D Successful treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in children with immunoglobulin from immunizedbovine colostrum. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998;17:1149–1154. Maffey L , Vega CG , Miño S , Garaicoechea L , Parreño V . Anti-VP6 VHH: An experimental treatment for rotavirus A-associated disease.PloS One 2016;11:e0162351. Vega CG , Bok M , Vlasova AN Recombinant monovalent llama-derived antibody fragments (VHH) to rotavirus VP6 protect neonatalgnotobiotic piglets against human rotavirus-induced diarrhea. PLoS Pathog 2013;9:e1003334. Yang X , Wen K , Tin C Dietary rice bran protects against rotavirus diarrhea and promotes Th1-type immune responses to human rotavirusvaccine in gnotobiotic pigs. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014;21:1396–1403. Yang X , Twitchell E , Li G High protective efficacy of rice bran against human rotavirus diarrhea via enhancing probiotic growth, gut barrierfunction, and innate immunity. Sci Rep 2015;5:15004. Mukhopadhya I , Murdoch H , Berry S Changing molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infection after introduction of monovalent rotavirusvaccination in Scotland. Vaccine 2017;35:156–163. Vizzi E , Pineros OA , Oropeza MD Human rotavirus strains circulating in Venezuela after vaccine introduction: Predominance of G2P[4]and reemergence of G1P[8]. Virol J 2017;14:58. Becker-Dreps S , Bucardo F , Vilchez S Etiology of childhood diarrhea after rotavirus vaccine introduction: A prospective, population-basedstudy in Nicaragua. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014;33:1156–1163. Stockmann C , Pavia AT , Graham B Detection of 23 gastrointestinal pathogens among children who present with diarrhea. J Pediatr InfectDis Soc 2016;pii:piw020. Parada-Fabian JC , Juarez-Garcia P , Natividad-Bonifacio I , Vazquez-Salinas C , Quinones-Ramirez EI . Identification of enteric viruses infoods from Mexico City. Food Environ Virol 2016;8:215–220. Kanai Y , Komoto S , Kawagishi T Entirely plasmid-based reverse genetics system for rotaviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2017;114:2349–2354.

Sapovirus McSwiggan DA , Cubitt D , Moore, W . Calicivirus associated with winter vomiting disease. Lancet 1978;1:1215. Chiba S , Sakuma Y , Kogasaka R An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with calicivirus in an infant home. J Med Vrol1979;4:249–254. Chiba S , Nakata S , Numata-Kinoshita K , Honma S . Sapporo virus: History and recent findings. J Infect Dis 2000;181(Suppl2):S303–S308. Pang XL , Lee BE , Tyrrell GJ , Preiksaitis JK . Epidemiology and genotype analysis of sapovirus associated with gastroenteritis outbreaksin Alberta, Canada: 2004–2007. J Infect Dis 2009;199:547–551. Svraka S , Vennema H , van der Veer B Epidemiology and genotype analysis of emerging sapovirus-associated infections across Europe.J Clin Microbiol 2010;48:2191–2198. Lee LE , Cebelinski EA , Fuller C Sapovirus outbreaks in long-term care facilities, Oregon and Minnesota, USA, 2002–2009. Emerg InfectDis 2012;18:873–876. Oka T , Wang Q , Katayama K , Saif LJ . Comprehensive review of human sapoviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015;28:32–53. Schuffenecker I , Ando T , Thouvenot D , Lina B , Aymard M . Genetic classification of “Sapporo-like viruses.” Arch Virol2001;146:2115–2132. Farkas T , Zhong WM , Jing Y Genetic diversity among sapoviruses. Arch Virol 2004;149:1309–1323. Oka T , Mori K , Iritani N Human sapovirus classification based on complete capsid nucleotide sequences. Arch Virol 2012;157:349–352. Oka T , Lu Z , Phan T , Delwart EL , Saif LJ , Wang Q . Genetic characterization and classification of human and animal sapoviruses.PLoS One 2016;11:e0156373. Hansman GS , Takeda N , Oka T , Oseto M , Hedlund K-O , Katayama K . Intergenogroup recombination of sapoviruses. Emerg Infect Dis2005;11:1916–1920. Chanit W , Thongprachum A , Khamrin P , Okitsu S , Mizuguchi M , Ushijima H . Intergenogroup recombinant sapovirus in Japan,2007–2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:1084–1087. Hansman GS , Ishida S , Yoshizumi S Recombinant sapovirus gastroenteritis, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:786–788. Mikula C , Springer B , Reichart S , Bierbacher K , Lichtenschopf A , Hoehne M . Sapovirus in adults in rehabilitation center, Upper Austria.Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:1186–1187. Saif LJ , Bohl EH , Theil KW , Cross RF , House JA . Rotavirus-like, calicivirus-like, and 23-nm virus-like particles associated with diarrheain young pigs. J Clin Microbiol 1980;12:105–111. Flynn WT , Saif LJ . Serial propagation of porcine enteric calicivirus-like virus in primary porcine kidney cell cultures. J Clin Microbiol1988;26:206–212. Flynn WT , Saif LJ , Moorhead PD . Pathogenesis of porcine enteric calicivirus-like virus in four-day-old gnotobiotic pigs. Am J Vet Res1988;49:819–825. Parwani AV , Flynn WT , Gadfield KL , Saif LJ . Serial propagation of porcine enteric calicivirus in a continuous cell line. Effect of mediumsupplementation with intestinal contents or enzymes. Arch Virol 1991;120:115–122. Guo M , Hayes J , Cho KO , Parwani AV , Lucas LM , Saif LJ . Comparative pathogenesis of tissue culture-adapted and wild-type Cowdenporcine enteric calicivirus (PEC) in gnotobiotic pigs and induction of diarrhea by intravenous inoculation of wild-type PEC. J Virol2001;75:9239–9251. Chang KO , Sosnovtsev SV , Belliot G , Kim Y , Saif LJ , Green KY . Bile acids are essential for porcine enteric calicivirus replication inassociation with down-regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:8733–8738.

Thongprachum A , Khamrin P , Maneekarn N , Hayakawa S , Ushijima H . Epidemiology of gastroenteritis viruses in Japan: Prevalence,seasonality, and outbreak. J Med Virol 2016;88:551–570. Harada S , Okada M , Yahiro S Surveillance of pathogens in outpatients with gastroenteritis and characterization of sapovirus strainsbetween 2002 and 2007 in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. J Med Virol 2009;81:1117–1127. Iturriza-Gomara M , Elliot AJ , Dockery C , Fleming DM , Gray JJ . Structured surveillance of infectious intestinal disease in pre-schoolchildren in the community: 'The Nappy Study'. Epidemiol Infect 2009;137:922–931. Becker-Dreps S , Bucardo F , Vilchez S Etiology of childhood diarrhea after rotavirus vaccine introduction: A prospective, population-basedstudy in Nicaragua. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014;33:1156–1163. Dey SK , Phathammavong O , Nguyen TD Seasonal pattern and genotype distribution of sapovirus infection in Japan, 2003–2009.Epidemiol Infect 2012;140:74–77. Phan TG , Trinh QD , Yagyu F , Okitsu S , Ushijima H . Emergence of rare sapovirus genotype among infants and children with acutegastroenteritis in Japan. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;26:21–27. Johnsen CK , Midgley S , Bottiger B . Genetic diversity of sapovirus infections in Danish children 2005–2007. J Clin Virol2009;46:265–269. Chan-It WT A , Okitsu S , Mizuguchi M , Ushijima H . Epidemiology and molecular characterization of sapovirus and astrovirus in Japan,2008–2009. Jpn J Infect Dis 2010;63:302–303. Chhabra P , Payne DC , Szilagyi PG Etiology of viral gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age in the United States, 2008–2009. J InfectDis 2013;208:790–800. Grant LR , O'Brien KL , Weatherholtz RC Norovirus and sapovirus epidemiology and strain characteristics among Navajo and Apacheinfants. PLoS One 2017;12:e0169491. Lasure N , Gopalkrishna V . Epidemiological profile and genetic diversity of sapoviruses (SaVs) identified in children suffering from acutegastroenteritis in Pune, Maharashtra, Western India, 2007–2011. Epidemiol Infect 2017;145:106–114. Leblanc D , Inglis GD , Boras VF , Brassard J , Houde A . The prevalence of enteric RNA viruses in stools from diarrheic and non-diarrheicpeople in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Arch Virol 2017;162:117–128. Yan H , Abe T , Phan TG Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis associated with group A rotavirus and genogroup I sapovirus among adults in amental health care facility in Japan. J Med Virol 2005;75:475–481. Gallimore CI , Pipkin C , Shrimpton H Detection of multiple enteric virus strains within a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis: An indicationof the source of contamination. Epidemiol Infect 2005;133:41–47. Blanton LH , Adams SM , Beard RS Molecular and epidemiologic trends of caliciviruses associated with outbreaks of acute gastroenteritisin the United States, 2000–2004. J Infect Dis 2006;193:413–421. Yoshida T , Kasuo S , Azegami Y Characterization of sapoviruses detected in gastroenteritis outbreaks and identification of asymptomaticadults with high viral load. J Clin Virol 2009;45:67–71. Usuku S , Kumazaki M . A gastroenteritis outbreak attributed to sapovirus genogroup V in Yokohama, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis2014;67:411–412. Lopes-Joao A , Costa I , Mesquita JR , Oleastro M , Penha-Goncalves C , Nascimento MS . Multiple enteropathogenic viruses in agastroenteritis outbreak in a military exercise of the Portuguese Army. J Clin Virol 2015;68:73–75. Torner N , Martinez A , Broner S Epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by human calicivirus (norovirus and sapovirus) inCatalonia: A two year prospective study, 2010–2011. PLoS One 2016;11:e0152503. Mori K , Nagano M , Kimoto K Detection of enteric viruses in fecal specimens from nonbacterial foodborne gastroenteritis outbreaks inTokyo, Japan between 1966 and 1983. Jpn J Infect Dis 2017;70(2):143–151. Iritani N , Kaida A , Abe N Detection and genetic characterization of human enteric viruses in oyster-associated gastroenteritis outbreaksbetween 2001 and 2012 in Osaka City, Japan. J Med Virol 2014;86:2019–2025. Franck KT , Lisby M , Fonager J Sources of calicivirus contamination in foodborne outbreaks in Denmark, 2005–2011—The role of theasymptomatic food handler. J Infect Dis 2015;211:563–570. Iwakiri A , Ganmyo H , Yamamoto S Quantitative analysis of fecal sapovirus shedding: Identification of nucleotide substitutions in thecapsid protein during prolonged excretion. Arch Virol 2009;154:689–693. Iritani N , Yamamoto SP , Abe N , Kubo H , Oka T , Kaida A . Epidemics of GI.2 sapovirus in gastroenteritis outbreaks during 2012–2013 inOsaka City, Japan. J Med Virol 2016;88:1187–1193. Kobayashi S , Fujiwara N , Yasui Y , Yamashita T , Hiramatsu R , Minagawa H . A foodborne outbreak of sapovirus linked to catered boxlunches in Japan. Arch Virol 2012;157:1995–1997. Usuku S , Kumazaki M , Kitamura K , Oka T , Noguchi Y . An outbreak of food-borne gastroenteritis due to sapovirus among junior highschool students. Jpn J Infect Dis 2008;61:438–441. Oka T , Doan YH , Haga K , Mori K , Ogawa T , Yamazaki A . Genetic characterization of rare genotype GII.5 sapovirus strain detectedfrom food-borne suspected gastroenteritis outbreak among adults in Japan, 2010. Jpn J Infect Dis 2017;70(2):223–224. Shibata S , Sekizuka T , Kodaira A Complete genome sequence of a novel GV.2 sapovirus strain, NGY-1, detected from a suspectedfoodborne gastroenteritis outbreak. Genome Announc 2015;3. de Wit MA , Koopmans MP , van Duynhoven YT . Risk factors for norovirus, Sapporo-like virus, and group A rotavirus gastroenteritis.Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1563–1570. Butler AJ , Thomas MK , Pintar KD . Expert elicitation as a means to attribute 28 enteric pathogens to foodborne, waterborne, animalcontact, and person-to-person transmission routes in Canada. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015;12:335–344. Nakagawa-Okamoto R , Arita-Nishida T , Toda S Detection of multiple sapovirus genotypes and genogroups in oyster-associatedoutbreaks. Jpn J Infect Dis 2009;62:63–66. Hansman GS , Oka T , Okamoto R Human sapovirus in clams, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:620–622. Ueki Y , Shoji M , Okimura Y Detection of sapovirus in oysters. Microbiol Immunol 2010;54:483–486. Ozawa H , Kumazaki M , Ueki S , Morita M , Usuku S . Detection and genetic analysis of noroviruses and sapoviruses in sea snail. FoodEnviron Virol 2015;7:325–332. Wang Y , Zhang J , Shen Z . The impact of calicivirus mixed infection in an oyster-associated outbreak during a food festival. J Clin Virol2015;73:55–63. Varela MF , Hooper AS , Rivadulla E , Romalde JL . Human sapovirus in mussels from Ria do Burgo, A Coruna (Spain). Food EnvironVirol 2016;8:187–193.

Kitajima M , Haramoto E , Phanuwan C , Katayama H . Genotype distribution of human sapoviruses in wastewater in Japan. Appl EnvironMicrobiol 2011;77:4226–4229. Fioretti JM , Rocha MS , Fumian TM Occurrence of human sapoviruses in wastewater and stool samples in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. J ApplMicrobiol 2016;121:855–862. Sakai Y , Nakata S , Honma S , Tatsumi M , Numata-Kinoshita K , Chiba, S . Clinical severity of Norwalk virus and Sapporo virusgastroenteritis in children in Hokkaido, Japan. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:849–853. Medici MC , Tummolo F , Albonetti V , Abelli LA , Chezzi C , Calderaro A . Molecular detection and epidemiology of astrovirus, bocavirus,and sapovirus in Italian children admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis, 2008–2009. J Med Virol 2012;84:643–650. Roos-Weil D , Ambert-Balay K , Lanternier F Impact of norovirus/sapovirus-related diarrhea in renal transplant recipients hospitalized fordiarrhea. Transplantation 2011;92:61–69. Harada S , Oka T , Tokuoka E A confirmation of sapovirus re-infection gastroenteritis cases with different genogroups and genetic shifts inthe evolving sapovirus genotypes, 2002–2011. Arch Virol 2012;157:1999–2003. Wang Q , Zhang Z , Saif LJ . Stability of and attachment to lettuce by a culturable porcine sapovirus surrogate for human caliciviruses.Appl Environ Microbiol 2012;78:3932–3940. Hansman GS , Oka T , Sakon N , Takeda N . Antigenic diversity of human sapoviruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:1519–1525. Yamashita Y , Ootsuka Y , Kondo R Molecular characterization of sapovirus detected in a gastroenteritis outbreak at a wedding hall. J MedVirol 2010;82:720–726.

Torovirus Gubbay J , Al-Rezqi A , Hawkes M , Williams L , Richardson S , Matlow A . The role of torovirus in nosocomial viral gastroenteritis at alarge tertiary pediatric centre. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2012;23(2):78–81. Parkin PC , Macarthur C , Khambalia A , Goldman RD , Friedman JN . Clinical and laboratory assessment of dehydration severity inchildren with acute gastroenteritis. Clin Pediatr. 2010;49(3):235–239. Zollner-Schwetz I , Krause R . Therapy of acute gastroenteritis: Role of antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(8):744–749. de Wit MA , Koopmans MP , Kortbeek LM Sensor, a population-based cohort study on gastroenteritis in the Netherlands: Incidence andetiology. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;154(7):666–674. Oh DY , Gaedicke G , Schreier E . Viral agents of acute gastroenteritis in German children: Prevalence and molecular diversity. J MedVirol. 2003;71(1):82–93. Levidiotou S , Gartzonika C , Papaventsis D Viral agents of acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in Greece. Clin Microbiol Infect.2009;15(6):596–598. Weiss M , Steck F , Horzinek MC . Purification and partial characterization of a new enveloped RNA virus (Berne virus). J Gen Virol.1983;64(9):1849–1858. Weiss M , Horzinek MC . Resistance of Berne virus to physical and chemical treatment. Vet Microbiol. 1986;11(1–2):41–49. Beards GM , Hall C , Green J , Flewett TH , Lamouliatte F , Du Pasquier P . An enveloped virus in stools of children and adults withgastroenteritis resembles the Breda virus of calves. Lancet. 1984;1(8385):1050–1052. Koopmans M , Goosen ES , Lima AA Association of torovirus with acute and persistent diarrhea in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J.1997;16(5):504–507. Kroneman A , Cornelissen LA , Horzinek MC , de Groot RJ , Egberink HF . Identification and characterization of a porcine torovirus. J Virol.1998;72(5):3507–3511. de Groot RJ , Baker SC , Baric R Family coronaviridae. In: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. KingAMQ , Lefkowitz E , Adams MJ , Carstens EB (eds), Elsevier, Oxford, 2011, pp. 806–828. Zlateva KT , Crusio KM , Leontovich AM Design and validation of consensus- degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primers for broad andsensitive detection of corona- and toroviruses. J Virol Methods. 2011;177(2):174–183. Dhama K , Pawaiya RVS , Chakraborty S , Tiwari R , Vermia AK . Torovirus affecting animals and humans: A review. Asian J Animal VetAdv, 2014;9:190–201. ICTVdB Management . 03.019.0.02. Torovirus. In: ICTVdB—The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond C. (ed), ColumbiaUniversity, New York, USA, 2006. Shin DJ , Park SI , Jeong YJ Detection and molecular characterization of porcine torovirus in Korea. Arch Virol. 2010;155(3):417–422. Aita T , Kuwabara M , Murayama K Characterization of epidemic diarrhea outbreak associated with bovine torovirus in adults cows. ArchVirol. 2012;157:423–431. Horzinek M C , Ederveen J , Weiss M . The nucleocapsid of Berne virus. J Gen Virol. 1985;66(6):1287–1296. Snijder EJ , Ederveen J , Spaan WJ , Weiss M , Horzinek MC . Characterization of Berne virus genomic and messenger RNAs. J GenVirol. 1988;69(9):2135–2144. Senanayake SD , Hofmann MA , Maki JL , Brian DA . The nucleocapsid protein gene of bovine coronavirus is bicistronic. J Virol.1992;66(9):5277–5283. Draker R , Roper RL , Petric M , Tellier R . The complete sequence of the bovine torovirus genome. Virus Res. 2006;115(1):56–68. Cong Y , Zarlenga DS , Richt JA Evolution and homologous recombination of the hemagglutinin-esterase gene sequences from porcinetorovirus. Virus Genes. 2013; 47(1):66–74. Horzinek MC , Ederveen J , Kaeffer B , de Boer D , Weiss M . The peplomers of Berne virus. J Gen Virol. 1986;67(11):2475–2483. Den Boon JA , Snijder EJ , Locker JK , Horzinek MC , Rottier PJM . Another triple-spanning envelope protein among intracellularly buddingRNA viruses: The torovirus E protein. Virology. 1991;182(2):655–663. Holmes KV , Doller EW , Sturman LS . Tunicamycin resistant glycosylation of a coronavirus glycoprotein: Demonstration of a novel type ofviral glycoprotein. Virology. 1981;115:334–344. Rottier PJ , Horzinek MC , van der Zeijst BA . Viral protein synthesis in mouse hepatitis virus strain A59- infected cells: Effect oftunicamycin. J Virol. 1981;40(2):350–357.

Dubois-dalcq ME , Doller EW , Haspel MV , Holmes KV . Cell tropism and expression of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) in mouse spinal cordcultures. Virology. 1982;119:317–331. Kaeffer B , Van kooten P , Ederveen J , Van Eden W , Horzinek MC . Properties of monoclonal antibodies against Berne virus(Toroviridae). Am J Vet Res. 1989;50(7):1131–1137. Koopmans M , Ederveen J , Woode GN , Horzinek MC . Surface proteins of Breda virus. Am J Vet Res. 1986;47(9):1896–900. Snijder EJ , den Boon JA , Spaan WJ , Verjans GM , Horzinek MC . Identification and primary structure of the gene encoding the Bernevirus nucleocapsid protein. J Gen Virol. 1989;70(12):3363–3370. Collins AR , Knobler RL , PowelL H , Buchmeier MJ . Monoclonal antibodies to murine Hepatitis virus-4 (strain JHM) define the viralglycoprotein responsible for attachment and cell fusion. Virology. 1982;119:358–371. Vennema H , Heijnen L , Zijderveld A , Horzinek MC , Spaan WJ . Intracellular transport of recombinant coronavirus spike proteins-implications for virus assembly. J Virol. 1990;64(1):339–346. Snijder EJ , den Boon JA , Horzinek MC , Spaan WJ . Comparison of the genome organization of toro- and coronaviruses: Evidence fortwo nonhomologous RNA recombination events during Berne virus evolution. Virology. 1991;180(1):448–452. Cornelissen L.A.H.M. , Wierda CMH , van der Meer FJ Hemagglutinin esterase, a novel structural protein of torovirus. J Virol.1997;71(7):5277–5286. Wagaman PC , Spence HA , O'Callaghan RJ . Detection of influenza C virus by using an in situ esterase assay. J Clin Microbial.1989;27:832–836. Jamieson FB , Wang EE , Bain C , Good J , Duckmanton L , Petric M . Human torovirus: A new nosocomial gastrointestinal pathogen. JInfect Dis. 1998;178(5):1263–1269. Zuckerman AJ , Anatvala JEB , Schoub BD , Griffiths PD , Mortimer P . Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology, Sixth Edition. Wiley,Chichester, 2009. Viral Zone . ExPASy. https://viralzone.expasy.org/search?query=torovirus. Accessed June 15, 2017. Grove J , Marsh M . The cell biology of receptor-mediated virus entry. J Cell Biol. 2011;195(7):1071–1082. de Vries AAF , Horzinek MC , Rottier PJM , de Groot RJ . The genome organization of the Nidovirales: Similarities and differencesbetween arteri-, toro-, and coronaviruses. Sem Virol. 1997;8:33–47. Woode GE , Reed DE , Runnels PL , Herrig MA , Hill HT . Studies with an unclassified virus isolated from diarrheic calves. Vet Microbiol.1982;7(3):221–240. Beards GM , Green BJ , Flewett TH . Preliminary characterization of torovirus-like particles of humans: Comparsion with Berne virus ofhorses and Breda virus of calves. J Med Virol. 1986;20:67–78. Koopmans M , Petric M , Glass RI , Monroe SS . Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reactivity of torovirus-like particles in fecalspecimens from humans with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31(10):2738–2744. Duckmanton L , Luan B , Devenish J , Tellier R , Petric M . Characterization of torovirus from human fecal specimens. Virology.1997;239:158–168. Duckmanton LM . Studies on toroviruses of humans and cattle. PhD Thesis, University of Toronto, Canada, 1999. Wilhelmi I , Roman E , Sánchez-Fauquier A . Viruses causing gastroenteritis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003;9(4):247–262. Cavanagh D . Coronaviridae: A review of coronaviruses and toroviruses. In: Coronaviruses with Special Emphasis on First InsightsConcerning SARS. Schmidt A , Weber O. and Wolff M.H. (eds), Birkhauser, Basel, Switzerland, 2005, pp. 1–54. Ito T , Katayama S , Okada N , Masubuchi K , Fukuyama S , Shimizu M . Genetic and antigenic characterization of newly isolated bovinetoroviruses from Japanese cattle. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(5):1795–1800. Alonso-Padilla J , Pignatelli J , Simon-Grife M , Plazuelo S , Casal J , Rodriguez D . Seroprevalence of porcine torovirus (PToV) in Spanishfarms. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:675. Hoet AE , Saif LJ . Bovine torovirus (Breda virus) revisited. Anim Health Res Rev. 2004;5:157–171. Maestre AM , Garzo NA , Rodriguez D . Equine torovirus (BEV) induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in infected cells. PLoS One.2011;6(6):e20972. Frances BJ , Elaine ELW , Cindy B , Jennifer G , Lynn D , Martin P . Human torovirus: A new nosocomial gastrointestinal pathogen. JInfect Dis. 1998;178:1263–1269. Hosmillo MD , Jeong YJ , Kim HJ Development of universal SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR for the rapid detection and quantitation ofbovine and porcine toroviruses. J Virol Methods. 2010;168(1–2):212–217. Lee KK . Architecture of a nascent viral fusion pore. EMBO J. 2010;29(7):1299–1311.

Prions Prusiner SB . Prions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:13363–13383. Kong Q , Huang S , Zou W Chronic wasting disease of elk: Transmissibility to humans examined by transgenic mouse models. J Neurosci2005;25:7944–7949. Tamguney G , Giles K , Bouzamondo-Bernstein E Transmission of elk and deer prions to transgenic mice. J Virol 2006;80:9104–9114. Sandberg MK , Al-Doujaily H , Sigurdson CJ Chronic wasting disease prions are not transmissible to transgenic mice overexpressinghuman prion protein. J Gen Virol 2010;91:2651–2657. Comoy EE , Mikol J , Luccantoni-Freire S Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period. Sci Rep2015;5:11573. Cassard H , Torres JM , Lacroux C Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions. Nat Commun 2014;5:5821. Ladogana A , Puopolo M , Croes EA Mortality from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and related disorders in Europe, Australia, and Canada.Neurology 2005;64:1586–1591. Collinge J . Prion diseases of humans and animals: Their causes and molecular basis. Annu Rev Neurosci 2001;24:519–550. Aguzzi A , Heppner FL . Pathogenesis of prion diseases: A progress report. Cell Death Differ 2000;7:889–902. Thomas JG , Chenoweth CE , Sullivan SE . Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease via surgical instruments. J Clin Neurosci2013;20:1207–1212.

Sakudo A , Ikuta K . Prion protein functions and dysfunction in prion diseases. Curr Med Chem 2009;16:380–389. Pan KM , Baldwin M , Nguyen J Conversion of alpha-helices into beta-sheets features in the formation of the scrapie prion proteins. ProcNatl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:10962–10966. Riek R , Hornemann S , Wider G , Billeter M , Glockshuber R , Wuthrich K . NMR structure of the mouse prion protein domainPrP(121–231). Nature 1996;382:180–182. Safar J , Roller PP , Gajdusek DC , Gibbs CJ, Jr . Thermal stability and conformational transitions of scrapie amyloid (prion) proteincorrelate with infectivity. Protein Sci 1993;2:2206–2216. Soto C , Saborio GP , Anderes L . Cyclic amplification of protein misfolding: Application to prion-related disorders and beyond. TrendsNeurosci 2002;25:390–394. Castilla J , Saa P , Hetz C , Soto C . In vitro generation of infectious scrapie prions. Cell 2005;121:195–206. Silveira JR , Raymond GJ , Hughson AG The most infectious prion protein particles. Nature 2005;437:257–261. Kim NH , Choi JK , Jeong BH Effect of transition metals (Mn, Cu, Fe) and deoxycholic acid (DA) on the conversion of PrPC to PrPres .FASEB J 2005;19:783–785. Deleault NR , Kascsak R , Geoghegan JC , Supattapone S . Species-dependent differences in cofactor utilization for formation of theprotease-resistant prion protein in vitro . Biochemistry (Mosc) 2010;49:3928–3934. Wang F , Wang X , Yuan CG , Ma J . Generating a prion with bacterially expressed recombinant prion protein. Science2010;327:1132–1135. Deleault NR , Geoghegan JC , Nishina K , Kascsak R , Williamson RA , Supattapone S . Protease-resistant prion protein amplificationreconstituted with partially purified substrates and synthetic polyanions. J Biol Chem 2005;280:26873–26879. Deleault NR , Piro JR , Walsh DJ Isolation of phosphatidylethanolamine as a solitary cofactor for prion formation in the absence of nucleicacids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012;109:8546–8551. Deleault NR , Walsh DJ , Piro JR Cofactor molecules maintain infectious conformation and restrict strain properties in purified prions. ProcNatl Acad Sci U S A 2012;109:E1938–E1946. Barret A , Tagliavini F , Forloni G Evaluation of quinacrine treatment for prion diseases. J Virol 2003;77:8462–8469. Yuan J , Zhan YA , Abskharon R Recombinant human prion protein inhibits prion propagation in vitro . Sci Rep 2013;3:2911. Legname G , Baskakov IV , Nguyen HO Synthetic mammalian prions. Science 2004;305:673–676. Colby DW , Giles K , Legname G Design and construction of diverse mammalian prion strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2009;106:20417–20422. Makarava N , Kovacs GG , Bocharova O Recombinant prion protein induces a new transmissible prion disease in wild-type animals. ActaNeuropathol 2010;119:177–187. Sweeting B , Khan MQ , Chakrabartty A , Pai EF . Structural factors underlying the species barrier and susceptibility to infection in priondisease. Biochem Cell Biol 2010;88:195–202. Cuille J , Chelle PL . Pathologie animale. La maladie dite tremblant du mouton est-elle inoculable? Compt Rend Acad Sci (Paris)1936;203:1552–1554. Benestad SL , Sarradin P , Thu B , Schonheit J , Tranulis MA , Bratberg B . Cases of scrapie with unusual features in Norway anddesignation of a new type, Nor98. Vet Rec 2003;153:202–208. Kittelberger R , Chaplin MJ , Simmons MM Atypical scrapie/Nor98 in a sheep from New Zealand. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010;22:863–875. Biacabe AG , Laplanche JL , Ryder S , Baron T . Distinct molecular phenotypes in bovine prion diseases. EMBO Rep 2004;5:110–115. Casalone C , Zanusso G , Acutis P Identification of a second bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy: Molecular similarities withsporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:3065–3070. Angers RC , Kang HE , Napier D Prion strain mutation determined by prion protein conformational compatibility and primary structure.Science 2010;328:1154–1158. Perrott MR , Sigurdson CJ , Mason GL , Hoover EA . Evidence for distinct chronic wasting disease (CWD) strains in experimental CWD inferrets. J Gen Virol 2012;93:212–221. Telling G . Chronic wasting diseases and the development of research models, in Prions and Diseases, pp. 45–57, Springer, New York,2013. Lee YH , Sohn HJ , Kim MJ Experimental chronic wasting disease in wild type VM mice. J Vet Med Sci 2013;75:1107–1110. Benestad SL , Mitchell G , Simmons M , Ytrehus B , Vikoren T . First case of chronic wasting disease in Europe in a Norwegian free-ranging reindeer. Vet Res 2016;47:88. Food Safety Commission of Japan . Consideration of risk variations in Japan derived from the proposed revisions of the currentcountermeasures against BSE (full report). Food Safety 2014;2:55. Nathanson N , Wilesmith J , Griot C . Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): Causes and consequences of a common sourceepidemic. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:959–969. Brown P , Will RG , Bradley R , Asher DM , Detwiler L . Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease:Background, evolution, and current concerns. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:6–16. OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) , http://www.oie.int/ Will RG , Ironside JW , Zeidler M A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK. Lancet 1996;347:921–925. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease International Surveillance Network , http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/ Imran M , Mahmood S . An overview of animal prion diseases. Virol J 2011;8:493. Novakofski J , Brewer MS , Mateus-Pinilla N , Killefer J , McCusker RH . Prion biology relevant to bovine spongiform encephalopathy. JAnim Sci 2005;83:1455–1476. Weber T , Aguzzi A . The spectrum of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Intervirology 1997;40:198–212. Will RG , Ward HJ . Clinical features of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2004;284:121–132. Chadeau-Hyam M , Clarke PS , Guihenneuc-Jouyaux C , Cousens SN , Will RG , Ghani AC . An application of hidden Markov models tothe French variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease epidemic. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2010;59:839–853. Ghani AC , Ferguson NM , Donnelly CA , Anderson RM . Predicted vCJD mortality in Great Britain. Nature 2000;406:583–584. Ghani AC , Ferguson NM , Donnelly CA , Anderson RM . Short-term projections for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease onsets. StatMethods Med Res 2003;12:191–201.

The National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Research and Surveillance Unit , http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/ Diack AB , Head MW , McCutcheon S Variant CJD. 18 years of research and surveillance. Prion 2014;8:286–295. Aguzzi A , Polymenidou M . Mammalian prion biology: One century of evolving concepts. Cell 2004;116:313–327. Kretzschmar HA , Prusiner SB , Stowring LE , DeArmond SJ . Scrapie prion proteins are synthesized in neurons. Am J Pathol1986;122:1–5. Moser M , Colello RJ , Pott U , Oesch B . Developmental expression of the prion protein gene in glial cells. Neuron 1995;14:509–517. Ford MJ , Burton LJ , Morris RJ , Hall SM . Selective expression of prion protein in peripheral tissues of the adult mouse. Neuroscience2002;113:177–192. Bendheim PE , Brown HR , Rudelli RD Nearly ubiquitous tissue distribution of the scrapie agent precursor protein. Neurology1992;42:149–156. Aguzzi A , Heikenwalder M . Pathogenesis of prion diseases: Current status and future outlook. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006;4:765–775. Horiuchi M , Caughey B . Specific binding of normal prion protein to the scrapie form via a localized domain initiates its conversion to theprotease-resistant state. EMBO J 1999;18:3193–3203. Büeler H , Aguzzi A , Sailer A Mice devoid of PrP are resistant to scrapie. Cell 1993;73:1339–1347. Scott M , Groth D , Foster D Propagation of prions with artificial properties in transgenic mice expressing chimeric PrP genes. Cell1993;73:979–988. Shmerling D , Hegyi I , Fischer M Expression of amino-terminally truncated PrP in the mouse leading to ataxia and specific cerebellarlesions. Cell 1998;93:203–214. Barron RM , Thomson V , Jamieson E Changing a single amino acid in the N-terminus of murine PrP alters TSE incubation time acrossthree species barriers. EMBO J 2001;20:5070–5078. Perrier V , Kaneko K , Safar J Dominant-negative inhibition of prion replication in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2002;99:13079–13084. Chiesa R , Piccardo P , Quaglio E Molecular distinction between pathogenic and infectious properties of the prion protein. J Virol2003;77:7611–7622. Chesebro B , Trifilo M , Race R Anchorless prion protein results in infectious amyloid disease without clinical scrapie. Science2005;308:1435–1439. Sharma A , Bruce KL , Chen B Contributions of the prion protein sequence, strain, and environment to the species barrier. J Biol Chem2016;291:1277–1288. Yokoyama T , Kimura KM , Ushiki Y In vivo conversion of cellular prion protein to pathogenic isoforms, as monitored by conformation-specific antibodies. J Biol Chem 2001;276:11265–11271. Aguzzi A , Heikenwalder M . Prion diseases: Cannibals and garbage piles. Nature 2003;423:127–129. Clarke MC , Haig DA . Multiplication of scrapie agent in mouse spleen. Res Vet Sci 1971;12:195–197. Dickinson AG , Fraser H , Meikle VM , Outram GW . Competition between different scrapie agents in mice. Nat New Biol1972;237:244–245. Sakudo A , Onodera T . Chapter 99. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), in Molecular Detection of Animal Viral Pathogens, pp.901–912, Taylor and Francis CRC Press, Florida, 2016. Hirata A , Sakudo A , Takano K , Kanaya S , Koga Y . Effects of surfactant and a hyperthermostable protease on infectivity of scrapie-infected mouse brain homogenate . J Biotechnol Biomater 2015;5:194. Okada H , Iwamaru Y , Imamura M Detection of disease-associated prion protein in the posterior portion of the small intestine involving thecontinuous Peyer's patch in cattle orally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011;58:333–343. Safar J , Wille H , Itri V Eight prion strains have PrP(Sc) molecules with different conformations. Nat Med 1998;4:1157–1165. Tzaban S , Friedlander G , Schonberger O Protease-sensitive scrapie prion protein in aggregates of heterogeneous sizes. Biochemistry(Mosc) 2002;41:12868–12875. Tixador P , Herzog L , Reine F The physical relationship between infectivity and prion protein aggregates is strain-dependent. PLoSPathog 2010;6:e1000859. Sajnani G , Requena JR . Prions, proteinase K and infectivity. Prion 2012;6:430–432. Sakudo A , Onodera T . Tissue- and cell type-specific modification of prion protein (PrP)-like protein Doppel, which affects PrPendoproteolysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011;404:523–527. Huang H , Rendulich J , Stevenson D , O'Rourke K , Balachandran A . Evaluation of Western blotting methods using samples with orwithout sodium phosphotungstic acid precipitation for diagnosis of scrapie and chronic wasting disease. Can J Vet Res 2005;69:193–199. Wadsworth JD , Joiner S , Hill AF Tissue distribution of protease resistant prion protein in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease using a highlysensitive immunoblotting assay. Lancet 2001;358:171–180. Segarra C , Bougard D , Moudjou M , Laude H , Beringue V , Coste J . Plasminogen-based capture combined with amplificationtechnology for the detection of PrPTSE in the pre-clinical phase of infection. PLoS One 2013;8:e69632. Rhie A , Kirby L , Sayer N Characterization of 2'-fluoro-RNA aptamers that bind preferentially to disease-associated conformations of prionprotein and inhibit conversion. J Biol Chem 2003;278:39697–39705. Leclere E , Moussa A , Chouaf-Lakhdar L Prion early kinetics revisited using a streptomycin-based PrPres extraction method. BiochemBiophys Res Commun 2008;372:429–433. Wolf H , Grassmann A , Bester R Modulation of glycosaminoglycans affects PrPSc metabolism but does not block PrPSc uptake. J Virol2015;89:9853–9864. Microsens Biotechnologies , UK, http://www.microsensbp.com/ Soto C . Diagnosing prion diseases: Needs, challenges and hopes. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004;2:809–819. Barnard G , Helmick B , Madden S , Gilbourne C , Patel R . The measurement of prion protein in bovine brain tissue using differentialextraction and DELFIA as a diagnostic test for BSE. Luminescence 2000;15:357–362. Chang B , Gray P , Piltch M Surround optical fiber immunoassay (SOFIA): An ultra-sensitive assay for prion protein detection. J VirolMethods 2009;159:15–22. Bellon A , Seyfert-Brandt W , Lang W , Baron H , Groner A , Vey M . Improved conformation-dependent immunoassay: Suitability forhuman prion detection with enhanced sensitivity. J Gen Virol 2003;84:1921–1925.

Korth C , Stierli B , Streit P Prion (PrPSc)-specific epitope defined by a monoclonal antibody. Nature 1997;390:74–77. Paramithiotis E , Pinard M , Lawton T A prion protein epitope selective for the pathologically misfolded conformation. Nat Med2003;9:893–899. Kosmac M , Koren S , Giachin G Epitope mapping of a PrPSc-specific monoclonal antibody: Identification of a novel C-terminally truncatedprion fragment. Mol Immunol 2011;48:746–750. Curin Serbec V , Bresjanac M , Popovic M Monoclonal antibody against a peptide of human prion protein discriminates betweenCreutzfeldt-Jacob's disease-affected and normal brain tissue. J Biol Chem 2004;279:3694–3698. Horiuchi M , Karino A , Furuoka H , Ishiguro N , Kimura K , Shinagawa M . Generation of monoclonal antibody that distinguishes PrPScfrom PrPC and neutralizes prion infectivity. Virology 2009;394:200–207. Ushiki-Kaku Y , Shimizu Y , Tabeta N Heterogeneity of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) in murine scrapie prions determined by PrPSc-specific monoclonal antibodies. J Vet Med Sci 2014;76:285–288. Kenney K , Brechtel C , Takahashi H , Kurohara K , Anderson P , Gibbs CJ, Jr . An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify 14-3-3 proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid of suspected Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients. Ann Neurol 2000;48:395–398. Zerr I , Bodemer M , Otto M Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid. Lancet1996;348:846–849. Miele G , Manson J , Clinton M . A novel erythroid-specific marker of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Nat Med2001;7:361–364. Fischer MB , Roeckl C , Parizek P , Schwarz HP , Aguzzi A . Binding of disease-associated prion protein to plasminogen. Nature2000;408:479–483. Collins S , Boyd A , Fletcher A , Gonzales MF , McLean CA , Masters CL . Recent advances in the pre-mortem diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Clin Neurosci 2000;7:195–202. Manix M , Kalakoti P , Henry M Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: Updated diagnostic criteria, treatment algorithm, and the utility of brain biopsy.Neurosurg Focus 2015;39:E2. Krasnianski A , Meissner B , Heinemann U , Zerr I . Clinical findings and diagnostic tests in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and variantCreutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Folia Neuropathol 2004;42(Suppl B):24–38. Ironside JW , Hilton DA , Ghani A Retrospective study of prion-protein accumulation in tonsil and appendix tissues. Lancet2000;355:1693–1694. Schmerr MJ , Jenny AL , Bulgin MS Use of capillary electrophoresis and fluorescent labeled peptides to detect the abnormal prion proteinin the blood of animals that are infected with a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. J Chromatogr A 1999;853:207–214. Vallejo-Cordoba B , Gonzalez-Cordova AF . Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of contaminants in emerging food safety issues andfood traceability. Electrophoresis 2010;31:2154–2164. Saa P , Castilla J , Soto C . Presymptomatic detection of prions in blood. Science 2006;313:92–94. Atarashi R , Satoh K , Sano K Ultrasensitive human prion detection in cerebrospinal fluid by real-time quaking-induced conversion. NatMed 2011;17:175–178. Wilham JM , Orru CD , Bessen RA Rapid end-point quantitation of prion seeding activity with sensitivity comparable to bioassays. PLoSPathog 2010;6:e1001217. Cramm M , Schmitz M , Karch A Stability and reproducibility underscore utility of RT-QuIC for diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. MolNeurobiol 2016;53:1896–1904. Park JH , Choi YG , Lee YJ Real-time quaking-induced conversion analysis for the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease inKorea. J Clin Neurol 2016;12:101–106. McGuire LI , Peden AH , Orru CD Real time quaking-induced conversion analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakobdisease. Ann Neurol 2012;72:278–285. Orru CD , Groveman BR , Hughson AG , Zanusso G , Coulthart MB , Caughey B . Rapid and sensitive RT-QuIC detection of humanCreutzfeldt-Jakob disease using cerebrospinal fluid. MBio 2015;6(1):e02451-14. Orru CD , Bongianni M , Tonoli G A test for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease using nasal brushings. N Engl J Med 2014;371:519–529. Orru CD , Groveman BR , Raymond LD Bank vole prion protein as an apparently universal substrate for RT-QuIC-based detection anddiscrimination of prion strains. PLoS Pathog 2015;11:e1004983. Ladogana A , Casaccia P , Ingrosso L Sulphate polyanions prolong the incubation period of scrapie-infected hamsters. J Gen Virol1992;73(Pt 3):661–665. Larramendy-Gozalo C , Barret A , Daudigeos E Comparison of CR36, a new heparan mimetic, and pentosan polysulfate in the treatmentof prion diseases. J Gen Virol 2007;88:1062–1067. Doh-Ura K , Iwaki T , Caughey B . Lysosomotropic agents and cysteine protease inhibitors inhibit scrapie-associated prion proteinaccumulation. J Virol 2000;74:4894–4897. Nakajima M , Yamada T , Kusuhara T Results of quinacrine administration to patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Dement GeriatrCogn Disord 2004;17:158–163. Sakaguchi S . Prospects for preventative vaccines against prion diseases. Protein Pept Lett 2009;16:260–270. Moreno JA , Halliday M , Molloy C Oral treatment targeting the unfolded protein response prevents neurodegeneration and clinical diseasein prion-infected mice. Sci Transl Med 2013;5:206ra138. Adkin A , Webster V , Arnold ME , Wells GA , Matthews D . Estimating the impact on the food chain of changing bovine spongiformencephalopathy (BSE) control measures: The BSE control model. Prev Vet Med 2010;93:170–182. Food Safety and Inspection Service , United States Department of Agriculture, https://www.fsis.usda.gov/ GOV.UK , https://www.gov.uk/ Tyshenko MG . Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and the safety of milk from Canadian dairy cattle. Vet Rec 2007;160:215–218. Ferguson NM , Donnelly CA . Assessment of the risk posed by bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle in Great Britain and the impactof potential changes to current control measures. Proc Biol Sci 2003;270:1579–1584. Wroe SJ , Pal S , Siddique D Clinical presentation and pre-mortem diagnosis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with bloodtransfusion: A case report. Lancet 2006;368:2061–2067. de Marco MF , Linehan J , Gill ON , Clewley JP , Brandner S . Large-scale immunohistochemical examination for lymphoreticular prionprotein in tonsil specimens collected in Britain. J Pathol 2010;222:380–387.

Shlomchik MJ , Radebold K , Duclos N , Manuelidis L . Neuroinvasion by a Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease agent in the absence of B cells andfollicular dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:9289–9294. Fichet G , Comoy E , Duval C Novel methods for disinfection of prion-contaminated medical devices. Lancet 2004;364:521–526. Sakudo A , Ano Y , Onodera T Fundamentals of prions and their inactivation (review). Int J Mol Med 2011;27:483–489. Zobeley E , Flechsig E , Cozzio A , Enari M , Weissmann C . Infectivity of scrapie prions bound to a stainless steel surface. Mol Med1999;5:240–243. Rutala WA , Weber DJ . Guideline for disinfection and sterilization of prion-contaminated medical instruments. Infect Control HospEpidemiol 2010;31:107–117. Brown P , Rau EH , Johnson BK , Bacote AE , Gibbs CJ, Jr. , Gajdusek DC . New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adaptedscrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600 degrees C suggests an inorganic template of replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2000;97:3418–3421. Beringue V , Herzog L , Reine F Transmission of atypical bovine prions to mice transgenic for human prion protein. Emerg Infect Dis2008;14:1898–1901. Comoy EE , Casalone C , Lescoutra-Etchegaray N Atypical BSE (BASE) transmitted from asymptomatic aging cattle to a primate. PLoSOne 2008;3:e3017. Masujin K , Okada H , Miyazawa K Emergence of a novel bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion from an atypical H-type BSE.Sci Rep 2016;6:22753. Gill ON , Spencer Y , Richard-Loendt A Prevalent abnormal prion protein in human appendixes after bovine spongiform encephalopathyepizootic: Large scale survey. BMJ 2013;347:f5675. McCutcheon S , Alejo Blanco AR , Tan BC A prion reduction filter does not completely remove endogenous prion infectivity from sheepblood. Transfusion (Paris) 2015;55:2123–2133. Moda F , Gambetti P , Notari S Prions in the urine of patients with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. N Engl J Med 2014;371:530–539.

Bacillus Żakowska D , Bartoszcze M , Niemcewicz M Bacillus anthracis infections—New possibilities of treatment. Ann Agric Environ Med.2015;22(2):202–207. Bottone EJ . Bacillus cereus, a volatile human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23(2):382–398. Elshaghabee FMF , Rokana N , Gulhane RD , Sharma C , Panwar H . Bacillus as potential probiotics: Status, concerns, and futureperspectives. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1490. Ceuppens S , Boon N , Uyttendaele M . Diversity of Bacillus cereus group strains is reflected in their broad range of pathogenicity anddiverse ecological lifestyles. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2013;84(3):433–450. Bazinet AL . Pan-genome and phylogeny of Bacillus cereus sensu lato. BMC Evol Biol. 2017;17(1):176. Antonation KS , Grützmacher K , Dupke S Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis causing anthrax in Sub-Saharan Africa—Chromosomalmonophyly and broad geographic distribution. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(9):e0004923. Keim P , Gruendike JM , Klevytska AM , Schupp JM , Challacombe J , Okinaka R . The genome and variation of Bacillus anthracis . MolAspects Med. 2009;30(6):397–405. Alcaraz LD , Moreno-Hagelsieb G , Eguiarte LE , Souza V , Herrera-Estrella L , Olmedo G . Understanding the evolutionary relationshipsand major traits of Bacillus through comparative genomics. BMC Genomics. 2010;11:332. P, Frey J . Bacillus anthracis: Molecular taxonomy, population genetics, phylogeny and patho-evolution. Infect Genet Evol.2011;11(6):1218–1224. Koo HJ , Ahn S , Chung HY Comparative genomic analysis reveals genetic features related to the virulence of Bacillus cereus FORC_013.Gut Pathog. 2017;9:29. Desriac N , Broussolle V , Postollec F Bacillus cereus cell response upon exposure to acid environment: toward the identification ofpotential biomarkers. Front Microbiol. 2013;4:284. Duport C , Jobin M , Schmitt P . Adaptation in Bacillus cereus: From stress to disease. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1550. Cote CK , Welkos SL . Anthrax toxins in context of Bacillus anthracis spores and spore germination. Toxins (Basel). 2015;7(8):3167–3178. Majed R , Faille C , Kallassy M , Gohar M . Bacillus cereus biofilms—Same, only different. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1054. Tewari A , Abdullah S . Bacillus cereus food poisoning: International and Indian perspective. J Food Sci Technol. 2015;52(5):2500–2511. Berger T , Kassirer M , Aran AA . Injectional anthrax—New presentation of an old disease. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(32). Goel AK . Anthrax: A disease of biowarfare and public health importance. World J Clin Cases. 2015;3(1):20–33. Owen JL , Yang T , Mohamadzadeh M . New insights into gastrointestinal anthrax infection. Trends Mol Med. 2015;21(3):154–163. Miyata J , Tasaka S , Miyazaki M Bacillus cereus necrotizing pneumonia in a patient with nephrotic syndrome. Intern Med.2013;52(1):101–104. Chou YL , Cheng SN , Hsieh KH , Wang CC , Chen SJ , Lo WT . Bacillus cereus septicemia in a patient with acute lymphoblasticleukemia: A case report and review of the literature. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2016;49(3):448–451. Saigal K , Gautam V , Singh G , Ray P . Bacillus cereus causing intratumoral brain abscess. Indian J Pathol Microbiol.2016;59(4):554–556. Wright WF . Central venous access device-related Bacillus cereus endocarditis: A case report and review of the literature. Clin Med Res.2016;14(2):109–115. Logan NA . Bacillus and relatives in foodborne illness. J Appl Microbiol. 2012;112(3):417–429. Koehler TM . Bacillus anthracis physiology and genetics. Mol Aspects Med. 2009;30(6):386–396. Zakowska D , Bartoszcze M , Niemcewicz M , Bielawska-Drózd A , Kocik J . New aspects of the infection mechanisms of Bacillusanthracis . Ann Agric Environ Med. 2012;19(4):613–618. Ramarao N , Sanchis V . The pore-forming haemolysins of Bacillus cereus: A review. Toxins (Basel). 2013;5(6):1119–1139. Liu S , Moayeri M , Leppla SH . Anthrax lethal and edema toxins in anthrax pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol. 2014;22(6):317–325.

Friebe S , van der Goot FG , Bürgi J . The ins and outs of anthrax toxin. Toxins (Basel). 2016;8(3). pii: E69. Ascough S , Ingram RJ , Altmann DM . Anthrax lethal toxin and the induction of CD4 T cell immunity. Toxins (Basel). 2012;4(10):878–899. Suffredini DA , Sampath-Kumar H , Li Y Does Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin directly depress myocardial function? A review of clinicalcases and preclinical studies. Toxins (Basel). 2015;7(12):5417–5434. Göttle M , Dove S , Seifert R . Bacillus anthracis edema factor substrate specificity: Evidence for new modes of action. Toxins (Basel).2012;4(7):505–535. Tonello F , Zornetta I . Bacillus anthracis factors for phagosomal escape. Toxins (Basel). 2012;4(7):536–553. Goossens PL , Tournier JN . Crossing of the epithelial barriers by Bacillus anthracis: The known and the unknown. Front Microbiol.2015;6:1122. Sitaraman R . The role of DNA restriction-modification systems in the biology of Bacillus anthracis . Front Microbiol. 2016;7:11. Ehling-Schulz M , Frenzel E , Gohar M . Food-bacteria interplay: Pathometabolism of emetic Bacillus cereus . Front Microbiol. 2015;6:704. Senesi S , Ghelardi E . Production, secretion and biological activity of Bacillus cereus enterotoxins. Toxins (Basel). 2010;2(7):1690–1703. Stiles BG , Pradhan K , Fleming JM , Samy RP , Barth H , Popoff MR . Clostridium and bacillus binary enterotoxins: Bad for the bowels,and eukaryotic being. Toxins (Basel). 2014;6(9):2626–2656. Glasset B , Herbin S , Guillier L Bacillus cereus-induced food-borne outbreaks in France, 2007 to 2014: Epidemiology and geneticcharacterisation. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(48). pii: 30413. Hakovirta JR , Prezioso S , Hodge D , Pillai SP , Weigel LM . Identification and analysis of informative single nucleotide polymorphisms in16S rRNA gene sequences of the Bacillus cereus group. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(11):2749–2756. Owusu-Kwarteng J , Wuni A , Akabanda F , Tano-Debrah K , Jespersen L . Prevalence, virulence factor genes and antibiotic resistance ofBacillus cereus sensu lato isolated from dairy farms and traditional dairy products. BMC Microbiol. 2017;17(1):65. Kummerfeldt CE . Raxibacumab: Potential role in the treatment of inhalational anthrax. Infect Drug Resist. 2014;7:101–109. Nestorovich EM , Bezrukov SM . Designing inhibitors of anthrax toxin. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2014;9(3):299–318. Rose LJ , Rice EW . Inactivation of bacterial biothreat agents in water, a review. J Water Health. 2014;12(4):618–633. Ohanjanian L , Remy KE , Li Y , Cui X , Eichacker PQ . An overview of investigational toxin-directed therapies for the adjunctivemanagement of Bacillus anthracis infection and sepsis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2015;24(7):851–865. Gillis A , Mahillon J . Phages preying on Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis: Past, present and future. Viruses.2014;6(7):2623–2672. Jończyk-Matysiak E , Kłak M , Weber-Dąbrowska B , Borysowski J , Górski A . Possible use of bacteriophages active against Bacillusanthracis and other B. cereus group members in the face of a bioterrorism threat. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:735413. Russell L , Pedersen M , Jensen AV , Søes LM , Hansen AB . Two anthrax cases with soft tissue infection, severe oedema and sepsis inDanish heroin users. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:408. Gelaw Y , Asaminew T . Periocular cutaneous anthrax in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: A case series. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6:313. Marston CK , Ibrahim H , Lee P . Anthrax Toxin-Expressing Bacillus cereus Isolated from an Anthrax-Like Eschar. PLoS One.2016;11(6):e01569.

Clostridium Adams MR , Moss MO . Bacterial agents of foodborne illness. In: Food Microbiology. 3rd edition, The Royal Society of Chemistry:Cambridge, UK 2007;182–269. Aranda E , Córdoba MG , Benito MJ , Córdoba JJ . Clostridium . In: Liu D (ed). Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections. CRC Press:Boca Raton, FL, 2017;155–174. Lindström M , Heikinheimo A , Lahti P , Korkeala H . Novel insights into the epidemiology of Clostridium perfringens type A food poisoning.Food Microbiol 2011;28:192–198. Gillers S Microscale sample preparation for PCR of C. difficile infected stool. J Microbiol Methods 2009;78:203–207. Berezina OV Extracellular glicosyl hydrolase activity of the Clostridium strains producing acetone, butanol, and ethanol. Appl BiochemMicrobiol 2008;44:42–47. Lawson PA , Rainey FA . Proposal to restrict the genus Clostridium (Prazmowski) to Clostridium butyricum and related species. Int J SystEvol Microbiol 2015;00:1–8. Cato EP , Stackebrandt E . Taxonomy and phylogeny. In: Minton NP , Clarke DJ . (eds.) Clostridia. Springer, US: Boston, MA, 1989;1–26. Lawson PA , Llop-Perez P , Hutson RA , Hippe H , Collins MD . Towards a phylogeny of the clostridia based on 16S rRNA sequences.FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993;113:87–92. Stackebrandt E , Kramer I , Swiderski J , Hippe H . Phylogenetic basis for a taxonomic dissection of the genus Clostridium . FEMSImmunol Med Microbiol 1999;24:253–258. Rainey FA , Ward NL , Morgan HW , Toalster R , Stackebrandt E . Phylogenetic analysis of anaerobic thermophilic bacteria: Aid for theirreclassification. J Bacteriol 1993;175:4772–4779. Collins MD , Lawson PA , Willems A , Cordoba JJ , Fernandez-Garayzabal J , Garcia P . The phylogeny of the genus Clostridium:Proposal of five new genera and eleven new species combinations. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 1994;44:812–826. Finegold SM . Overview of clinically important anaerobes. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:205–207. Song Y , Liu C , McTeague M , Vu A , Liu JY , Finegold SM . Rapid identification of Gram-positive anaerobic coccal species originallyclassified in the genus Peptostreptococcus by multiplex PCR assays using genus- and species-specific primers. Microbiology2003;149:1719–1727. Barash JR , Arnon SS . A novel strain of Clostridium botulinum that produces type B and type H botulinum toxins. J Infect Dis2014;209:183–191. Johnson EA . Validity of botulinum neurotoxin serotype H. J Infect Dis 2014;210:992–993. Carter AT , Stringer SC , Webb MD , Peck MW . The type F6 neurotoxin gene cluster locus of Group II Clostridium botulinum has evolvedby successive disruption of two different ancestral precursors. Gen Biol 2013;5:1032–1037.

Dover N , Barash JR , Hill KK , Xie G , Arnon SS . Molecular characterization of a novel botulinum neurotoxin type H gene. J Infect Dis2014;209:192–202. Hill KK , Smith TJ . Genetic diversity within Clostridium botulinum serotypes, botulinum neurotoxin gene clusters and toxin subtypes. In:Rummel A , Binz T eds. Botulinum Neurotoxins, Springer: New York 2013;1–20. Hill KK , Xie G , Smith TJ . Genetic diversity within the botulinum neurotoxin-producing bacteria and their neurotoxins. Toxicon2015;107:2–8. Lindström M , Korkeala H . Laboratory diagnostics of botulism. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006;19:298–314. Heikinheimo A , Lindstrom M , Liu D , Korkeala H . Clostridium . In: Liu D (ed). Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogens. CRC Press:Taylor and Francis Group LLC, 2009;145–155. Meaney C , Cartman S , McClure P , Minton N . The role of small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) in protection of spores of Clostridiumbotulinum against nitrous acid. Int J Food Microbiol 2016;216:25–30. Hospital X , Hierro E , Stringer S , Fernández M . A study on the toxigenesis by Clostridium botulinum in nitrate and nitrite-reduced dryfermented sausages. Int J Food Microbiol 2016;218:66–70. Adams V . Virulence plasmids of spore-forming bacteria. Microbiol Spectr 2014;2:1–24. Revitt-Mills SA , Rood RI , Adams V . Clostridium perfringens extracellular toxins and enzymes: 20 and counting. Microbiol Aust2015;36:114–117. Watts T , Johanesen P , Lyras D , Rood J , Adams V . Evidence that compatibility of closely related replicons in Clostridium perfringensdepends on linkage to parMRC-like partitioning systems of different subfamilies. Plasmid 2017;91:68–75. Khalili S , Jahangiri A , Hashemi Z , Khalesi B , Mard-Soltani M , Amani J . Structural pierce into molecular mechanism underlyingClostridium perfringens Epsilon toxin function. Toxicon 2017;127:90–99. Amy J , Johanesen P , Lyras D . Extrachromosomal and integrated genetic elements in Clostridium difficile . Plasmid 2015;80:97–110. He M , Sebaihia M , Lawley TD , Sr RA , Dawson LF , Martin MJ . Evolutionary dynamics of Clostridium difficile over short and long timescales. PNAS 2010;107:7527–7532. He M , Miyajima F , Roberts P , Ellison L , Pickard DJ , Martin MJ . Emergence and global spread of epidemic healthcare-associatedClostridium difficile . Nat Genet 2013;45:109–113. Sebaihia M , Wren BW , Mullany P , Fairweather NF , Minton N , Sr R . The multidrug-resistant human pathogen Clostridium difficile has ahighly mobile, mosaic genome. Nat Genet 2006;38:779–786. Hinderink K , Lindström M , Korkeala H . Group I Clostridium botulinum strains show significant variation in growth at low and hightemperature. J Food Prot 2009;72:375–383. Wang G Effects of wet heat treatment on the germination of individual spores of Clostridium perfringens . J Appl Microbiol2012;113:824–836. Al-Hinai MA , Jones SW , Papoutsakis ET . The Clostridium sporulation programs: Diversity and preservation of endospore differentiation.Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015;79:19–37. Paredes CJ , Alsaker KV , Papoutsakis ET . A comparative genomic view of clostridial sporulation and physiology. Nat Rev Microbiol2005;3:969–978. Jones SW The transcriptional program underlying the physiology of clostridial sporulation. Genome Biol 2008;9:114. Bradshaw M , Dineen SS , Maks ND , Johnson EA . Regulation of neurotoxin complex expression in Clostridium botulinum strains 62A,Hall A-hyper, and NCTC 2916. Anaerobe 2004;10:321–333. Li J , McClane BA . A novel small acid soluble protein variant is important for spore resistance of most Clostridium perfringens foodpoisoning isolates. PLoS Pathog 2008;4:1–11. McClane BA . Clostridium perfringens . In: Doyle MP , Beuchat LR eds. Food Microbiology. 3rd ed. ASM Press: Washington, DC2007;423–444. Rodriguez-Palacios A , Borgmann S , Kline TR , LeJeune JT . Clostridium difficile in foods and animals: History and measures to reduceexposure. Animal Health Res Rev 2013;14:1–19. Rodriguez-Palacios A , LeJeune JT . Moist-heat resistance, spore aging, and superdormancy in Clostridium difficile . App EnvironMicrobiol 2011;77:3085–3091. Rodriguez-Palacios A , Reid-Smith RJ , Staempfli HR , Weese JS . Clostridium difficile survives minimal temperature recommended forcooking ground meats. Anaerobe 2010;16:540. Peck MW . Clostridium botulinum and the safety of minimally heated, chilled foods: An emerging issue. J Appl Microbiol2006;101:556–570. Tréhard H Cluster of three cases of botulism due to Clostridium baratii type F, France, August 2015. Euro surveillance: Bulletin Européensur les maladies transmissibles. European Communicable Disease Bulletin 2016;21:1–5. Feng L , Chen X , Liu S , Zhou Z , Yang R . Two-family outbreak of botulism associated with the consumption of smoked ribs in SichuanProvince. China Int J Infect Dis 2015;30:74–77. Viray MA Outbreak of type A foodborne botulism at a boarding school, Uganda, 2008. Epidemiol Infect 2014;142:2297–2301. Walton RN , Clemens A , Chung J . Outbreak of type e foodborne botulism linked to traditionally prepared salted fish in Ontario. CanadaFoodborne Path Dis 2014;11:830–834. McCarty CL , Angelo K , Beer KD . Large outbreak of botulism associated with a church Potluck meal—Ohio, 2015. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep2015;64:802–803. McCrickard L , Marlow M , Self JL . Botulism outbreak from drinking prison-made illicit alcohol in a federal correctional facility—Mississippi,June 2016. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;65:1941–1942. Rodríguez M , Aranda E , Córdoba MG , Benito MJ , Rodríguez A , Córdoba JJ . Clostridium (C. botulinum and C. perfringens). In: Liu D(ed). Manual of Security Sensitive Microbes and Toxins. 2014;321–322. Newkirk RW , Hedberg CW . Rapid detection of foodborne botulism outbreaks facilitated by epidemiological linking of cases: Implicationsfor food defense and public health response. Foodborne Path Dis 2012;9:150–155. Peck MW , Stringer SC , Carter AT . Clostridium botulinum in the post-genomic era. Food Microbiol 2011;28:183–191. Jackson KA , Mahon BE , Copeland J , Fagan RP . Botulism mortality in the USA, 1975-2009. Botulinum J 2016;3:6–17. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . Annual Epidemiological Report Food- and Waterborne Diseases and Zoonoses.Stockholm, Sweden 2014;1–96.

Li J , McClane BA . Comparative effects of osmotic, sodium nitrite-induced, and pH-induced stress on growth and survival of Clostridiumperfringens type A isolates carrying chromosomal or plasmid-borne enterotoxin genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006;72:7620–7625. Dolan GP Epidemiological review of gastrointestinal outbreaks associated with Clostridium perfringens, North East of England,2012–2014. Epidemiol Infect 2016;144:1386–1393. Simone B Investigating an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis in a school; using smartphone technology, London, March2013. Eurosurveillance 2014;19(20799):1–7. Moffatt CRM , Howard PJ , Burns T . A mild outbreak of gastroenteritis in long-term, care facility residents due to Clostridium perfringens,Australia 2009. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011;8:791–795. Wahl E , Romma S , Granum PE . A Clostridium perfringens outbreak traced to temperature-abused beef stew, Norway, 2012.Eurosurveillance 2013;18(20408):1–6. Tallis G , Ng S , Ferreira C . A nursing home outbreak of Clostridium perfringens associated with pureed food. Aust N Z J Public Health1999;23:421–423. Regan CM , Syedt VQ , Tunstall PJ . A hospital outbreak of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning—Implications for food hygiene reviewin hospitals. J Hosp Infect 1995;29:69–73. Pollock AM , Whitty P . Outbreak of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning. J Hosp Infect 1991;17:179–186. Eriksen J Clostridium perfringens in London, July 2009: Two weddings and an outbreak. Eurosurveillance 2010;15:19598. Chai SJ , Cole D , Nisler A , Mahon BE . Poultry: The most common food in outbreaks with known pathogens, United States, 1998–2012.Epidemiol Infect 2017;145:316–325. May FJ , Polkinghorne BG , Fearnley EJ . Epidemiology of bacterial toxin-mediated foodborne gastroenteritis outbreaks in Australia,2001–2013. Communicable Diseases Intelligence Quarterly Report 2016;40:460–469. O'Brien JA , Lahue BJ , Caro JJ , Davidson DM . The emerging infectious challenge of Clostridium difficile associated disease inMassachusetts hospitals: Clinical and economic consequences. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;28:1219–1227. Ghantoji SS , Sail K , Lairson DR , DuPont HL , Garey KW . Economic healthcare costs of Clostridium difficile infection: A systematicreview. J Hosp Infect 2010;74:309–318. Popoff MR , Bouvet P . Clostridial toxins. Future Microbiol 2009;4:1021–1064. Zhang JC , Sun L , Nie QH . Botulism, where are we now? Clin Toxicol 2010;48:867–879. Lonati D Fatal course of foodborne botulism in an eight-month old infant. Pediatr Rep 2011;3:30–31. Zanin A A descending cranial nerve palsy during the Christmas holidays. Neurohospitalist 2012;2:66–70. McClane BA , Rood JI . Clostridial toxins involved in human enteric and histotoxic infections. In: Bahl H , Dürre P eds. Clostridia:Biotechnology and Medical Applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH: Weinheim, Germany, 2001;169–209. Momose Y Food-borne botulism in Japan in March 2012. Int J Infect Dis 2014;24:20–22. Proverbio MR , Lamba M , Rossi A , Siani P . Early diagnosis and treatment in a child with foodborne botulism. Anaerobe2016;39:189–192. Hickey MJ Molecular and cellular basis of microvascular perfusion deficits induced by Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium septicum .PLoS Path 2008;4:1–9. Miyamoto K , Nagahama M . Clostridium: Food poisoning by Clostridium perfringens . In: Caballero C , Finglas P , Toldra F (eds.).Encyclopedia of Food and Health. Academic Press: Waltham MA 2016;149–154. Flores-Diaz M , Alape-Giron A . Role of Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. Toxicon2003;42:979–986. Bryant AE Clostridial gas gangrene. II. Phospholipase C induced activation of platelet gpIIbIIIa mediates vascular occlusion andmyonecrosis in Clostridium perfringens gas gangrene. J Infect Dis 2000;182:808–815. Shimizu T Complete genome sequence of Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic flesheater. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:996–1001. Van Immerseel F , Rood JI , Moore RJ , Titball RW . Rethinking our understanding of the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens.Trends Microbiol 2009;17:32–36. Martin TG , Smyth JA . The ability of disease and non-disease producing strains of Clostridium perfringens from chickens to adhere toextracellular matrix molecules and Caco-2 cells. Anaerobe 2010;16:533–539. Lepp D , Gong J , Songer JG , Boerlin P , Parreira VR , Prescott JF . Identification of accessory genome regions in poultry Clostridiumperfringens isolates carrying the netB plasmid. J Bact 2013;195:1152–1166. Wade B , Keyburna AL , Seemannb T , Roodb JI , Moorea RJ . Binding of Clostridium perfringens to collagen correlates with the ability tocause necrotic enteritis in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2015;180:299–303. Neely F , Lambert M-L , Van Broeck J , Delme M . Clinical and laboratory features of the most common Clostridium difficile ribotypesisolated in Belgium. J Hosp Infect 2017;95:394–399. Velarde Ruiz-Velasco JA Características clínicas y endoscópicas en diarrhea hospitalaria asociada a infección por Clostridium difficile .Rev Gastroenterol México. 2017;82(4):301–308. Lilly T An improved medium for detection of Clostridium botulinum type E. J Milk Food Technol 1971;34:492–497. Quagliaro DA . An improved cooked meat medium for the detection of Clostridium botulinum . J AOAC 1977;60:563–569. Cato E , George WL , Finegold S . Genus Clostridium . In: Sneath PHA eds. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Williams andWilkins: Baltimore, MD 1986;1141–1200. Mills DC , Midura TF , Arnon SS . Improved selective medium for the isolation of lipase-positive Clostridium botulinum from feces of humaninfants. J Clin Microbiol 1985;21:947–950. Silas JC Selective and differential medium for detecting Clostridium botulinum . Appl Environ Microbiol 1985;50:1110–1111. Smith LDS , Sugiyama H . Botulism. The organism, its toxins, the disease. In: Thomas CC (ed). Springfield, IL 1988;3–9. Reddy NR , Tetzloff RC , Skinner GE . Effect of media, additives, and incubation conditions on the recovery of high pressure and heat-injured Clostridium botulinum spores. Food Microbiol 2010;27:613–617. Rodriguez Mato L , Alatossava T . Effects of copper on germination, growth and sporulation of Clostridium tyrobutyricum . Food Microbiol2010;27:434–437. Lenz CA , Vogel RF . Effect of sporulation medium and its divalent cation content on the heat and high pressure resistance of Clostridiumbotulinum type E spores. Food Microbiol 2014;44:156–167.

Lindström M Multiplex PCR assay for detection and identification of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E, and F in food and fecal material.Appl Environ Microbiol 2001;67:5694–5699. Kasai Y Quantitative duplex PCR of Clostridium botulinum types A and B neurotoxin genes. J Food Hyg Soc Jpn 2007;48:19–26. Sakuma T Rapid and simple detection of Clostridium botulinum types A and B by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Appl Microbiol2009;106:1252–1259. De Medici D Multiplex PCR for detection of botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia in clinical, food, and environmental samples. ApplEnviron Microbiol 2009;75:6457–6461. López-Laso E Infant botulism in Andalusia (Southern Spain). Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2014;18:321–326. Fakruddin M Nucleic acid amplification: Alternative methods of polymerase chain reaction. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2013;5:245–252. Raphael BH , Andreadis JD . Real-time PCR detection of the nontoxic nonhemagglutinin gene as a rapid screening method for bacterialisolates harboring the botulinum neurotoxin (A–G) gene complex. J Microbiol Methods 2007;71:343–346. Dover JE Recent advances in peptide probe-based biosensors for detection of infectious agents. J Microbiol Methods 2009;78:10–19. Yoo M High-throughput identification of clinically important bacterial pathogens using DNA microarray. Mol Cell Probe 2009;23:171–177. Fenicia L Towards an international standard for detection and typing botulinum neurotoxin-producing Clostridia types A, B, E and F in food,feed and environmental samples: A European ring trial study to evaluate a real-time PCR assay. Int J Food Microbiol2011;145:S152–S157. Ferreira JL Detection of botulinal neurotoxins A, B, E, and F by amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: Collaborative study. JAOAC Int 2003;86:314–331. Grate JW Advances in assays and analytical approaches for botulinum-toxin detection. Trends Anal Chem 2010;29:1137–1156. Kalb SR The use of Endopep–MS for the detection of botulinum toxins A, B, E, and F in serum and stool samples. Anal Biochem2006;351:84–92. Kalb SR Extraction of BoNT/A, /B, /E, and /F with a single, high affinity monoclonal antibody for detection of botulinum neurotoxin byEndopep-MS. PLoS One 2010;5:122–137. Ladd J Detection of botulinum neurotoxins in buffer and honey using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. Sens Actuators B2008;130:129–134. Ferracci G A label-free biosensor assay for botulinum neurotoxin B in food and human serum. Anal Biochem 2011;410:281–288. Ching KH Rapid and selective detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype-A and -B with a single immunochromatographic test strip. JImmunol Methods 2012;380:23. Liu YYB A functional dual-coated (FDC) microtiter plate method to replace the botulinum toxin LD50 test. Anal Biochem 2012;425:28–35. Ruge DR Detection of six serotypes of botulinum neurotoxin using fluorogenic reporters. Anal Biochem 2011;411:200–209. Raphael BH Ultrafiltration improves ELISA and Endopep MS analysis of botulinum neurotoxin type A in drinking water. J MicrobiolMethods 2012;90:267–272. Rajkovic A Detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins A and B in milk by ELISA and immuno-PCR at higher sensitivity than mousebio-assay. Food Anal Methods 2012;5:319–326. Zhang Y Simultaneous and sensitive detection of six serotypes of botulinum neurotoxin using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-basedprotein antibody microarrays. Anal Biochem 2012;430:185–192. Córdoba JJ , Aranda E , Córdoba MG , Benito MJ , Liu D , Rodríguez M . Clostridium. In: Liu D (ed). Molecular Detection of HumanBacterial Pathogens. CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group: Boca Raton FL 2011;367–380. Labbé R . Clostridium perfringens. In: Lund B , Parker TB , and Gould G , (eds.). The Microbiological Safety and Quality of Food. AspenPublishers: Gaithersburg, MD 2000;1110–1135. Wu J Detection and toxin typing of Clostridium perfringens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples by PCR. J Clin Microbiol2009;47:807–810. Al-Khaldi SF Identification and characterization of Clostridium perfringens using single target DNA microarray chip. Int J Food Microbiol2004;91:289–296. Albini S Real-time multiplex PCR assays for reliable detection of Clostridium perfringens toxin genes in animal isolates. Vet Microbiol2008;127:179–185. Abildgaard L Sequence variation in the a-toxin encoding plc gene of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from diseased and healthychickens. Vet Microbiol 2009;136:293–299. Joshy L , Chaurdhry R , Chandel DS . Multiplex PCR for the detection of Clostridium botulinum and C. perfringens toxin genes. Indian JMed Res 2008;128:206–208. Chon J Development of real-time PCR for the detection of Clostridium perfringens in meats and vegetables. J Microbiol Biotechnol2012;22:530–534. Smedley JG Noncytotoxic Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) variants localize CPE intestinal binding and demonstrate arelationship between CPE-induced cytotoxicity and enterotoxicity. Infect Immun 2008;76:3793–3800. Katahira J Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the receptor for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. J Cell Biol1997;136:1239–1247. Katahira J Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin utilizes two structurally related membrane proteins as functional receptors in vivo. J BiolChem 1997;272:26652–26658. Poutanen SM , Simor AE . Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. CMAJ 2004;171:51–58. George WL Selective and differential medium for isolation of Clostridium difficile . J Clin Microbiol 1979;9:214–219. Bartlett JG , Gerding DN . Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:S12–S18. Warny M p38 MAP kinase activation by Clostridium difficile toxin A mediates monocyte necrosis, IL-8 production, and enteritis. J ClinInvest 2000;105:1147–1156. Mahida S Effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human intestinal epithelial cells: Induction of interleukin 8 production and apoptosis aftercell detachment. Gut 1996;38:337–347. Hecht G Clostridium difficile toxin A perturbs cytoskeletal structure and tight junction permeability of cultured human intestinal epithelialmonolayers. J Clin Invest 1988;82:1516–1524. Dembek ZF , Smith LA , Rusnak JM . Botulism: Cause, effects, diagnosis, clinical and laboratory identification, and treatment modalities.Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2007;1:122–134.

Sobel J . Diagnosis and treatment of botulism: A century later, clinical suspicion remains the cornerstone. Clin Infect Dis2009;48:1674–1675. Fan KL Delayed antitoxin treatment of two adult patients with botulism after cosmetic injection of botulinum type a toxin. J Emerg Med2016;51:677–679. Cherington M . Clinical spectrum of botulism. Muscle Nerve 1998;21:701–710. Tacket CO Equine antitoxin use and other factors that predict outcome in type A foodborne botulism. Am J Med 1984;76:794–798. Rosow LK , Strober JB . Infant botulism: Review and clinical update. Pediatr Neurol 2015;52:487–492. Adler M Reversal of BoNT/A-mediated inhibition of muscle paralysis by 3,4-diaminopyridine and roscovitine in mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations. Neurochem Int 2012;61:866–873. Chow SK , Casadevall A . Monoclonal antibodies and toxins. A perspective on function and isotype. Toxins 2012;4:430–454. Garcia JP Prevention and treatment of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin intoxication in mice with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody(c4D7) produced in Nicotiana benthamiana . Toxicon 2014;88:93–98. Bagdasarian N , Rao K , Malani PN . Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile in adults: A systematic review. JAMA2015;313:398–408. Rätsep M A combination of the probiotic and prebiotic product can prevent the germination of Clostridium difficile spores and infection.Anaerobe 2017;47:94–103.

Enterococcus: An Important Opportunistic Pathogen—Basic and Clinical Aspects Thiercelin MEJL . Sur un diplococque saprophyte de l'intestin susceptible de devenir pathogene. CR Soc Biol 1899;5:269–271. Schleifer KHK-BR . Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium to the genus Enterococcus nom. rev. as Enterococcusfaecalis comb. nov. and Enterococcus faecium comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 1984;34:31–34. Lebreton F , Willems RJL , Gilmore MS . Enterococcus diversity, origins in nature, and gut colonization. In: Gilmore MS , Clewell DB , Ike Y, Shankar N , eds. Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection. Boston: Massachusetts Eye and EarInfirmary, 2014. List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. 2017. at http://www.bacterio.net/enterococcus.html. Lucena-Padros H , Gonzalez JM , Caballero-Guerrero B , Ruiz-Barba JL , Maldonado-Barragan A . Enterococcus olivae sp. nov., isolatedfrom Spanish-style green-olive fermentations. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014;64:2534–2539. Chen YS , Lin YH , Pan SF Enterococcus saccharolyticus subsp. taiwanensis subsp. nov., isolated from broccoli. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol2013;63:4691–4697. Kadri Z , Spitaels F , Cnockaert M Enterococcus bulliens sp. nov., a novel lactic acid bacterium isolated from camel milk. Antonie VanLeeuwenhoek 2015;108:1257–1265. Harada T , Dang VC , Nguyen DP Enterococcus saigonensis sp. nov., isolated from retail chicken meat and liver. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol2016;66:3779–3785. Frolkova P , Svec P , Sedlacek I Enterococcus alcedinis sp. nov., isolated from common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) . Int J Syst EvolMicrobiol 2013;63:3069–3074. Li CY , Tian F , Zhao YD , Gu CT . Enterococcus xiangfangensis sp. nov., isolated from Chinese pickle. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol2014;64:1012–1017. Kim JY , Shin NR , Na HK Enterococcus diestrammenae sp. nov., isolated from the gut of Diestrammena coreana. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol2013;63:4540–4545. Cotta MA , Whitehead TR , Falsen E , Moore E , Lawson PA . Erratum to: Two novel species Enterococcus lemanii sp. nov. andEnterococcus eurekensis sp. nov., isolated from a swine-manure storage pit. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013;103:1409–1418. Powell EO . Some features of the generation times of individual bacteria. Biometrika 1955;42:16–44. Arias CA , Murray BE . The rise of the Enterococcus: Beyond vancomycin resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 2012;10:266–278. Suzuki Y , Kanda N , Furukawa T . Abundance of Enterococcus species, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, essentialindicators of fecal pollution, in river water. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2012;47:1500–1505. Castillo-Rojas G , Mazari-Hiriart M , Ponce de Leon S Comparison of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Strains isolatedfrom water and clinical samples: Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic relationships. PLOS One 2013;8:e59491. Franz CM , Holzapfel WH , Stiles ME . Enterococci at the crossroads of food safety? Int J Food Microbiol 1999;47:1–24. Foulquie Moreno MR , Sarantinopoulos P , Tsakalidou E , De Vuyst L . The role and application of enterococci in food and health. Int JFood MIcrobiol 2006;106:1–24. Franz CM , Huch M , Abriouel H , Holzapfel W , Galvez A . Enterococci as probiotics and their implications in food safety. Int J FoodMicrobiol 2011;151:125–140. O'Driscoll T , Crank CW . Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and optimal management.Infect Drug Resist 2015;8:217–230. Murray BE . The life and times of the Enterococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990;3:46–65. Laterza L , Rizzatti G , Gaetani E , Chiusolo P , Gasbarrini A . The gut microbiota and immune system relationship in human graft-versus-host disease. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2016;8:e2016025. Munita JM , Arias CA , Murray BE . Enterococcal endocarditis: Can we win the war? Curr Infect Dis Rep 2012;14:339–349. Coombs GW , Pearson JC , Daley DA Molecular epidemiology of enterococcal bacteremia in Australia. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52:897–905. Weiner LM , Webb AK , Limbago B Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: Summary of datareported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011–2014. Infect Control HospEpidemiol 2016;37:1288–1301. Weist K , Hogberg LD . ECDC publishes 2015 surveillance data on antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial consumption in Europe. EuroSurveill 2016;21:30401. World Health Organization (WHO) . WHO publishes list of bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently needed. 2017. Athttp://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2017/bacteria-antibiotics-needed/en/.

Paosinho A , Azevedo T , Alves JV Acute pyelonephritis with bacteremia caused by Enterococcus hirae: A rare infection in humans. CaseRep Infect Dis 2016;2016:4698462. Bourafa N , Loucif L , Boutefnouchet N , Rolain JM . Enterococcus hirae, an unusual pathogen in humans causing urinary tract infection ina patient with benign prostatic hyperplasia: First case report in Algeria. New Microbes New Infect 2015;8:7–9. Sim JS , Kim HS , Oh KJ Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with sepsis caused by Enterococcus hirae . J Korean Med Sci2012;27:1598–1600. Okada A , Hangai M , Oda T . Bacteremia with an iliopsoas abscess and osteomyelitis of the femoral head caused by Enterococcus aviumin a patient with end-stage kidney disease. Intern Med 2015;54:669–674. Park SY , Park KH , Cho YH , Choi SH . Brain abscess caused by Enterococcus avium: A case report and review of the literature. InfectChemother 2013;45:335–338. Ugur AR , Findik D , Dagi HT , Tuncer I , Peru H . Enterococcus avium peritonitis in a child on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.Perit Dial Int 2014;34:127–128. Chao CT , Yang SY , Huang JW . Peritoneal dialysis peritonitis caused by Enterococcus avium . Perit Dial Int 2013;33:335–336. Jasovich A , Ganaha MC , Ebi C , Garcia RD , Blanco MA , Lopardo H . Endocarditis due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus raffinosussuccessfully treated with linezolid: Case report and review of literature. Rev Argent Microbiol 2008;40:204–207. Mastroianni A . Enterococcus raffinosus endocarditis. First case and literature review . Infez Med 2009;17:14–20. Narciso-Schiavon JL , Borgonovo A , Marques PC Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum as causative agents ofspontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Ann Hepatol 2015;14:270–272. Fallavollita L , Di Gioacchino L , Balestrini F . Bioprosthetic aortic valve endocarditis in association with Enterococcus durans . Tex HeartInst J 2016;43:165–167. Berenger BM , Kulkarni S , Hinz BJ , Forgie SE . Exogenous endophthalmitis caused by Enterococcus casseliflavus: A case report anddiscussion regarding treatment of intraocular infection with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol2015;26:330–332. Sharifi-Rad M , Shadanpour S , van Belkum A , Soltani A , Sharifi-Rad J . First case of vanA-positive Enterococcus mundtii in humanurinary tract infection in Iran. New Microbes New Infect 2016;11:68–70. Vilacosta I . ¿Qué es la endocarditis? In: Nerea , ed. Libro de la Salud Caurdiovascular del Hospital Clínico San Carlos y la FundaciónBBVA. 1ra ed. España, 2009. Slipczuk L , Codolosa JN , Davila CD Infective endocarditis epidemiology over five decades: A systematic review. PLOS One2013;8:e82665. Cahill TJ , Baddour LM , Habib G Challenges in infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:325–344. Cecchi E , Chirillo F , Castiglione A Clinical epidemiology in Italian Registry of Infective Endocarditis (RIEI): Focus on age, intravasculardevices and enterococci. Int J Cardiol 2015;190:151–156. Vogkou CT , Vlachogiannis NI , Palaiodimos L , Kousoulis AA . The causative agents in infective endocarditis: A systematic reviewcomprising 33,214 cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol 2016;35:1227–1245. Chang-Hua C , Li-Chen L , Yu-Jun C , Chih-Yen C . [Mortality analysis of Enterococcus faecium bloodstream infection in central Taiwan].Rev Chilena Infectol 2016;33:395–402. Bhardwaj SB , Mehta M , Sood S , Sharma J . Biofilm formation by drug resistant enterococci isolates obtained from chronic periodontitispatients. J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11:DC01–3. Chuang-Smith ON , Wells CL , Henry-Stanley MJ , Dunny GM . Acceleration of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation by aggregationsubstance expression in an ex vivo model of cardiac valve colonization. PLOS One 2010;5:e15798. Garsin DA , Frank KL , Silanpaa J Pathogenesis and models of enterococcal infection. In: Gilmore MS , Clewell DB , Ike Y , Shankar N ,eds. Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection. Boston: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary,2014:135–187. Sienko A , Wieczorek P , Majewski P Comparison of antibiotic resistance and virulence between biofilm-producing and non-producingclinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium . Acta Biochim Pol 2015;62:859–866. Sava IG , Heikens E , Huebner J . Pathogenesis and immunity in enterococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010;16:533–40. Tannock GW , Cook G . Enterococci as members of the intestinal microflora of humans. In: Gilmore M , Clewell D , Courvalin P , Dunny G, Murray B , Rice L , eds. The Enterococci. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2002:101–132. Kak V , Chow JW . Acquired antibiotic resistances in enterococci. In: Gilmore M , Clewell D , Courvalin P , Dunny G , Murray B , Rice L ,eds. The Enterococci. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2002:355–383. Prieto AMG , van Schaik W , Rogers MRC Global emergence and dissemination of enterococci as nosocomial pathogens: Attack of theClones? Front Microbiol 2016;7:788. Chen C , Sun J , Guo Y High Prevalence of vanM in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates from Shanghai, China.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015;59:7795–7798. Meka VG , Gold HS . Antimicrobial resistance to linezolid. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:1010–1015. Niebel M , Perera MTPR , Shah T Emergence of linezolid resistance in hepatobiliary infections caused by Enterococcus faecium . LiverTransplant 2016;22:201–208. Liu Y , Wang Y , Wu C First report of the multidrug resistance gene cfr in Enterococcus faecalis of animal origin. Antimicrob AgentsChemother 2012;56:1650–1654. Tran TT , Munita JM , Arias CA . Mechanisms of drug resistance:Daptomycin resistance. Ann Ny Acad Sci 2015;1354:32–53. Facklam RR , Carvalho MDS , Teixeira LM . History, taxonomy, biochemical characteristics, and antibiotic susceptibility testing ofenterococci. In: Gilmore M , Clewell D , Courvalin P , Dunny G , Murray B , Rice L eds. The Enterococci. Washington, DC: ASM Press,2002:1–54. Toner L , Papa N , Aliyu SH , Dev H , Lawrentschuk N , Al-Hayek S . Vancomycin resistant enterococci in urine cultures: Antibioticsusceptibility trends over a decade at a tertiary hospital in the United Kingdom. Invest Clin Urol 2016;57:129–134. Keepers TR , Gomez M , Celeri C , Krause KM , Biek D , Critchley I . Fosfomycin and comparator activity against selectenterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas, and enterococcus urinary tract infection isolates from the United States in 2012. Infect Dis Ther2017;6:233–243. Falcone M , Russo A , Venditti M . Optimizing antibiotic therapy of bacteremia and endocarditis due to staphylococci and enterococci: Newinsights and evidence from the literature. J Infect Chemother 2015;21:330–339.

van Harten RM , Willems RJ , Martin NI , Hendrickx AP . Multidrug-resistant enterococcal infections: New compounds, novel antimicrobialtherapies? Trends Microbiol 2017;25:467–479. Mutters NT , Mersch-Sundermann V , Mutters R , Brandt C , Schneider-Brachert W , Frank U . Control of the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitals: Epidemiology and clinical relevance. Deutsches Arzteblatt Int 2013;110:725–731. World Health Organization (WHO) . Report on the burden epidemic health care-associated infection worldwide. 2011. Collins AS . Preventing health care-associated infections. In: Hughes RG , ed. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbookfor Nurses. AHRQ Publication No. 08-0043. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; March 2008:1–29. Isolauri E . Probiotics in human disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:1142S–6S. Koch S , Hufnagel M , Huebner J . Treatment and prevention of enterococcal infections—Alternative and experimental approaches. ExpertOpin Biol Ther 2004;4:1519–1531. Kodali S , Vinogradov E , Lin F A vaccine approach for the prevention of infections by multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium . J BiolChem 2015;290:19512–19526. Oral HB , Ozakin C , Akdis CA . Back to the future: Antibody-based strategies for the treatment of infectious diseases. Mol Biotechnol2002;21:225–239. Casadevall A , Dadachova E , Pirofski LA . Passive antibody therapy for infectious diseases. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004;2:695–703. Huebner J , Quaas A , Krueger WA , Goldmann DA , Pier GB . Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of antibodies to a capsularpolysaccharide shared among vancomycin-sensitive and -resistant enterococci. Infect Immun 2000;68:4631–4636. Koch S , Hufnagel M , Theilacker C , Huebner J . Enterococcal infections: Host response, therapeutic, and prophylactic possibilities.Vaccine 2004;22:822–830.

Listeria monocytogenes Sauders BD , Wiedmann M . Ecology of Listeria species and L. monocytogenes in the natural environment. Food Sci Technol2007;161:21. Scallan E , Hoekstra RM , Angulo FJ Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—Major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:7–15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks—United States, 2009–2011.Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:448–452. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Multistate outbreak of listeriosis associated with Jensen Farms cantaloupe—United States,August–September 2011. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011;60:1357–1358. Linnan MJ , Mascola L , Lou XD Epidemic listeriosis associated with Mexican-style cheese. N Engl J Med 1988;319:823–828. Rocourt J , BenEmbarek P , Toyofuku H , Schlundt J . Quantitative risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods: TheFAO/WHO approach. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003;35:263–267. Walker S , Archer P , Banks JG . Growth of Listeria monocytogenes at refrigeration temperatures. J Appl Microbiol 1990;68:157–162. Magalhaes R , Mena C , Fereirra C Listeria monocytogenes . In: Motarjemi Y , Moy G , Todd E , ed. Encyclopedia of Food Safety, SanDiego, CA: Academic Press, 2013. FoodNet Fast Listeria Surveillance . 2017. (Accessed July 9, 2017, at https://wwwn.cdc.gov/foodnetfast/.) Listeria (listeriosis) . Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to commercially produced, prepackaged caramel apples made from BidartBros. Apples (final update). 2015. (Accessed July 7, 2017, at https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/caramel-apples-12-14/index.html.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Summary of notifiable diseases—United States, 2001. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003;50:i. Listeria and whole genome sequencing: Whole genome sequencing improves the detection and investigation of foodborne outbreaks.2013. (Accessed July 27, 2017, at https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/pdf/whole-genome-sequencing-and-listeria-508c.pdf.) Boxrud D , Wolfgang WJ . The use of whole genome sequencing for surveillance of enteric organisms by United States Public HealthLaboratories. In: Deng X , den Bakker H , Hendriksen R , (eds).Applied Genomics of Foodborne Pathogens. Food Microbiology and FoodSafety. Springer, Cham., 2017. Mateus T , Silva J , Maia RL , Teixeira P . Listeriosis during pregnancy: A public health concern. ISRN Obstetr Gynecol 2013;2013:1. Reda WW , Abdel-Moein K , Hegazi A , Mohamed Y , Abdel-Razik K . Listeria monocytogenes: An emerging food-borne pathogen and itspublic health implications. J Infect Dev Ctries 2016;10:149–154. Saha M , Debnath C , Pramanik A . Listeria monocytogenes: An emerging food borne pathogen. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci2015;4:52–72. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS . Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections. UNAIDS/WorldHealth Organization United States. 2002. Wolfe R , Roys E , Merion R . Trends in organ donation and transplantation in the United States, 1999–2008. Am J Transpl2010;10:961–972. U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group . United States Cancer Statistics: 1999–2006 Incidence and Mortality Web-Based Report. Atlanta,GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute, 2010. Ortman JM , Velkoff VA , Hogan H . An aging nation: The older population in the United States: United States Census Bureau, Economicsand Statistics Administration, US Department of Commerce; 2014. Crum NF . Update on Listeria monocytogenes infection. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2002;4:287–296. Kaipia R , Dukovska-Popovska I , Loikkanen L . Creating sustainable fresh food supply chains through waste reduction. Int J Phys DistribLogist 2013;43:262–276. Buchanan RaER . Listeria monocytogenes. In: Doyle MPaRB, ed. Food Microbiology Fundamentals and Frontiers. Washington, DC: ASMPress, 2012. Luber P , Crerar S , Dufour C , Farber J , Datta A , Todd ECD . Controlling Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods: Working towardsglobal scientific consensus and harmonization—Recommendations for improved prevention and control. Food Control2011;22:1535–1549. de Noordhout CM , Devleesschauwer B , Angulo FJ The global burden of listeriosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet InfectDis 2014;14:1073–1082.

Cocolin L , Rantsiou K , Iacumin L , Cantoni C , Comi G . Direct identification in food samples of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenesby molecular methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002;68:6273–6282. Yousef AE , Lado BH . Characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes important to food processors. In: Ryser ET , Marth EH , eds. Listeria:Listeriosis, and Food Safety, 3rd edn. Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis, 2007, pp. 157–213. Tienungoon S , Ratkowsky D , McMeekin T , Ross T . Growth limits of Listeria monocytogenes as a function of temperature, pH, NaCl, andlactic acid. Appl Env Microbiol 2000;66:4979–4987. McLauchlin J . Listeria. In: Motarjemi Y , Adams M , eds. Emerging Foodborne Pathogens, 1st edn. Cambridge England Woodhead. 2006. Allerberger F . Listeria: Growth, phenotypic differentiation and molecular microbiology. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003;35:183–189. Law JW-F , Ab Mutalib N-S , Chan K-G , Lee L-H . An insight into the isolation, enumeration, and molecular detection of Listeriamonocytogenes in food. Front Microbiol 2015;6:1227. Liu D . Identification, subtyping and virulence determination of Listeria monocytogenes, an important foodborne pathogen. J Med Microbiol2006;55:645–659. den Bakker HC , Warchocki S , Wright EM Listeria floridensis sp. nov., Listeria aquatica sp. nov., Listeria cornellensis sp. nov., Listeriariparia sp. nov. and Listeria grandensis sp. nov., from agricultural and natural environments. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014;64:1882–1889. Weller D , Andrus A , Wiedmann M , den Bakker HC . Listeria booriae sp. nov. and Listeria newyorkensis sp. nov., from food processingenvironments in the USA. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015;65:286–292. Seeliger H , Jones D . Genus Listeria. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 1986;2:1235–1245. Guillet C , Join-Lambert O , Le Monnier A Human listeriosis caused by Listeria ivanovii . Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:136–138. den Bakker HC , Cummings CA , Ferreira V Comparative genomics of the bacterial genus Listeria: Genome evolution is characterized bylimited gene acquisition and limited gene loss. BMC Genomics 2010;11:688. Orsi RH , den Bakker HC , Wiedmann M . Listeria monocytogenes lineages: Genomics, evolution, ecology, and phenotypic characteristics.Int J Med Microbiol 2011;301:79–96. Jeffers GT , Bruce JL , McDonough PL , Scarlett J , Boor KJ , Wiedmann M . Comparative genetic characterization of Listeriamonocytogenes isolates from human and animal listeriosis cases. Microbiology 2001;147:1095–1104. Swaminathan B , Gerner-Smidt P . The epidemiology of human listeriosis. Microb Infect 2007;9:1236–1243. Piffaretti J-C , Kressebuch H , Aeschbacher M Genetic characterization of clones of the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes causingepidemic disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989;86:3818–3822. National Enteric Disease Surveillance: Listeria annual summary, 2014. 2015. (Accessed May 26, 2016, athttp://www.cdc.gov/nationalsurveillance/pdfs/15_262348a_jackson_2014-listeriaannualsummary3508-v2.pdf.) National Enteric Disease Surveillance: Listeria annual summary, 2013. 2015. (Accessed May 25, 2016, athttp://www.cdc.gov/listeria/pdf/listeria-annual-summary-2013-508c.pdf.) National Enteric Disease Surveillance: Listeria annual summary, 2012. 2014. (Accessed May 27, 2017, athttp://www.cdc.gov/listeria/pdf/listeria-annual-summary-2012-508c.pdf.) National Enteric Disease Surveillance: Listeria annual summary, 2011. 2013. (Accessed May 25, 2016, athttp://www.cdc.gov/listeria/pdf/listeria-annual-summary-2011-508c.pdf.) National Enteric Disease Surveillance: Listeria annual summary, 2010. 2012. (Accessed May 25, 2016, athttp://www.cdc.gov/listeria/pdf/listeria-annual-summary-2010-508c.pdf.) Glaser P , Frangeul L , Buchrieser C Comparative genomics of Listeria species. Science 2001;294:849–852. Manuel CS , Van Stelten A , Wiedmann M , Nightingale KK , Orsi RH . Prevalence and distribution of Listeria monocytogenes inlA allelesprone to phase variation and inlA alleles with premature stop codon mutations among human, food, animal, and environmental isolates.Appl Env Microbiol 2015;81:8339–8345. Becavin C , Bouchier C , Lechat P Comparison of widely used Listeria monocytogenes strains EGD, 10403S, and EGD-e highlightsgenomic variations underlying differences in pathogenicity. MBio 2014;5:e00969–e01014. Imanishi M , Routh JA , Klaber M Estimating the attack rate of pregnancy-associated listeriosis during a large outbreak. Infect Dis ObstetGynecol 2015;2015:201479. Jacquet C , Doumith M , Gordon JI , Martin PMV , Cossart P , Lecuit M . A molecular marker for evaluating the pathogenic potential offoodborne Listeria monocytogenes . Int J Infect Dis 2004;189:2094–2100. Chakraborty T , Ebel F , Wehland J , Dufrenne J , Notermans S . Naturally occurring virulence-attenuated isolates of Listeriamonocytogenes capable of inducing long term protection against infection by virulent strains of homologous and heterologous serotypes.FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1994;10:1–9. Liu D , Ainsworth AJ , Austin FW , Lawrence ML . Characterization of virulent and avirulent Listeria monocytogenes strains by PCRamplification of putative transcriptional regulator and internalin genes. J Med Microbiol 2003;52:1065–1070. Mead PS , Dunne EF , Graves L Nationwide outbreak of listeriosis due to contaminated meat. Epidemiol Infect 2006;134:744–751. Xayarath B , Freitag NE . Optimizing the balance between host and environmental survival skills: Lessons learned from Listeriamonocytogenes . Future Microbiol 2012;7:839–852. Cole M , Jones M , Holyoak C . The effect of pH, salt concentration and temperature on the survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes. J Appl Microbiol 1990;69:63–72. Cotton LN , White CH . Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Salmonella in dairy plant environments. J Dairy Sci1992;75:51–57. Azizoglu RO , Osborne J , Wilson S , Kathariou S . Role of growth temperature in freeze-thaw tolerance of Listeria spp. Appl EnvironMicrobiol 2009;75:5315–5320. Schuchat A , Deaver K , Hayes PS , Graves L , Mascola L , Wenger JD . Gastrointestinal carriage of Listeria monocytogenes in householdcontacts of patients with listeriosis. Infect Dis 1993;167:1261–1262. McLaughlin J . Gardens as a source of infectious disease: Reducing the risk. Miami Dade County Extension Service 2002;25:1. (AccessedMay 14, 2018, at https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1522/aeef6b7dd275a31909e56558b81cb11fdafa.pdf) Müller H . Listeria isolations from feces of patients with diarrhea and from healthy food handlers. Infection 1990;18:97–100. Roberts AJ , Wiedmann M . Pathogen, host and environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of listeriosis. Cell Mol Life Sci2003;60:904–918. Sauders BD , Pettit D , Currie B Low prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in human stool. J Food Prot 2005;68:178–181.

Mead PS , Slutsker L , Dietz V Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:607–625. Quantitative assessment of relative risk to public health from foodborne Listeria monocytogenes among selected categories of ready-to-eatfoods. 2003. (Accessed May 26, 2016, at https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/RiskSafetyAssessment/ucm183966.htm.) Godshall CE , Suh G , Lorber B . Cutaneous listeriosis. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:3591–3596. Listeria information for health professionals and laboratories—Technical incidence 2016. (Accessed July 8, 2017, athttps://www.cdc.gov/listeria/technical.html.) Voetsch AC , Angulo FJ , Jones TF Reduction in the incidence of invasive listeriosis in foodborne diseases active surveillance networksites, 1996–2003. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:513–520. Voysey P , Betts R . In defense of the European 100 CFU of Listeria monocytogenes/g in ready-to-eat foods. In: Gurtler JB , Doyle MP ,Kornacki JL , eds. Foodborne Pathogens: Virulence Factors and Host Susceptibility. Springer, Cham, 2017, pp. 375–392. Microbiological criteria . 2005. (Accessed 9 July, 2017, athttps://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/biosafety/food_hygiene/microbiological_criteria_en.) Tappero JW , Schuchat A , Deaver KA Reduction in the incidence of human listeriosis in the United States: Effectiveness of preventionefforts? J Am Med Assoc 1995;273:1118–1122. Goulet VHC , LeMonnier A , de Valk H . Increasing incidence of listeriosis in France and other European countries. Emer Infect Dis2008;14:734–740. Helwigh B , Porsbo LJ , Boysen L , Bager F . EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) and ECDC (European Centre for DiseasePrevention and Control), 2015. The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borneoutbreaks in 2014. 2015. Buchanan R , Gorris L , Hayman M , Jackson T , Whiting A . A review of Listeria monocytogenes: An update on outbreaks, virulence,dose-response, ecology and risk assessments. Food Control 2017;75:1–13. Listeriosis . Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to Blue Bell Creameries products (final update). 2015. (Accessed July 5, 2017, athttp://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/ice-cream-03-15/index.html.) Listeria (listeriosis) . Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to packaged salads produced at Springfield, Ohio, Dole processing facility (finalupdate). 2016. (Accessed May 29, 2017, at http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/bagged-salads-01-16/index.html.) Listeria (listeriosis) . Prevention. 2016. (Accessed May 23, 2017, at https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/prevention.html.) Schlech III WF . Listeria gastroenteritis—Old syndrome, new pathogen. N Engl J Med 1997;336:130–132. Lund BM , O'Brien SJ . The occurrence and prevention of foodborne disease in vulnerable people. Foodborne Pathog Dis2011;8:961–973. Barbuddhe SB , Chakraborty T . Listeria as an enteroinvasive gastrointestinal pathogen. In: Sasakawa C , ed. Molecular Mechanisms ofBacterial Infection via the Gut. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009, pp. 173–195. Goulet V , Hebert M , Hedberg C Incidence of listeriosis and related mortality among groups at risk of acquiring listeriosis. Clin Infect Dis2012;54:652–660. Schramm M , Wiegmann K , Schramm S Riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficiency impairs NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) priming and defense againstListeria monocytogenes . Eur J Immunol 2014;44:728–741. Bikle DD . Vitamin D and the immune system: Role in protection against bacterial infection. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens2008;17:348–352. Kau AL , Ahern PP , Griffin NW , Goodman AL , Gordon JI . Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system. Nature2011;474:327–336. Cao B , Stout MJ , Lee I , Mysorekar IU . Placental microbiome and its role in preterm birth. Neoreviews 2014;15:e537–e545. Zapata HJ , Quagliarello VJ . The microbiota and microbiome in aging: Potential implications in health and age-related diseases. J AmGeriatr Soc 2015;63:776–781. Desai RW , Smith MA . Variability in human host susceptibielity to Listeria monocytogenes infections. In: Gurtler J , Doyle M , Kornacki J ,eds. Foodborne Pathogens. Food Microbiology and Food Safety. Springer, Cham., 2017, pp. 419–449. Aureli P , Fiorucci GC , Caroli D An outbreak of febrile gastroenteritis associated with corn contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes . NEngl J Med 2000;342:1236–1241. Goulet V , Marchetti P . Listeriosis in 225 non-pregnant patients in 1992: Clinical aspects and outcome in relation to predisposingconditions. Scand J Infect Dis 1996;28:367–374. Mylonakis E , Paliou M , Hohmann EL , Calderwood SB , Wing EJ . Listeriosis during pregnancy: A case series and review of 222 cases.Medicine (Baltimore) 2002;81:260–269. Baud D , Greub G . Intracellular bacteria and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;17:1312–1322. Wadhwa Desai R , Smith MA . Pregnancy-related listeriosis. Birth Defects Res 2017;109:324–335. de las Heras A , Cain RJ , Bielecka MK , Vazquez-Boland JA . Regulation of Listeria virulence: PrfA master and commander. Curr OpinMicrobiol 2011;14:118–127. Leimeister-Wächter M , Domann E , Chakraborty T . The expression of virulence genes in Listeria monocytogenes is thermoregulated. JBacteriol 1992;174:947–952. Hamon M , Bierne H , Cossart P . Listeria monocytogenes: A multifaceted model. Nat Rev Micro 2006;4:423–434. Rajabian T , Gavicherla B , Heisig M The bacterial virulence factor InlC perturbs apical cell junctions and promotes cell-to-cell spread ofListeria. Nature Cell Biol 2009;11:1212–1218. Dramsi S , Biswas I , Maguin E , Braun L , Mastroeni P , Cossart P . Entry of Listeria monocytogenes into hepatocytes requires expressionof inIB, a surface protein of the internalin multigene family. Mol Microbiol 1995;16:251–261. Lingnau A , Domann E , Hudel M Expression of the Listeria monocytogenes EGD inlA and inlB genes, whose products mediate bacterialentry into tissue culture cell lines, by PrfA-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Infect Immun 1995;63:3896–3903. Vazquez-Boland JA , Kuhn M , Berche P Listeria pathogenesis and molecular virulence determinants. Clin Microbiol Rev2001;14:584–640. Lecuit M , Ohayon H , Braun L , Mengaud J , Cossart P . Internalin of Listeria monocytogenes with an intact leucine-rich repeat region issufficient to promote internalization. Infect Immun 1997;65:5309–5319. Lecuit M , Dramsi S , Gottardi C , Fedor-Chaiken M , Gumbiner B , Cossart P . A single amino acid in E-cadherin responsible for hostspecificity towards the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes . EMBO J 1999;18:3956–3963.

Kocks C , Gouin E , Tabouret M , Berche P , Ohayon H , Cossart P . L. monocytogenes-induced actin assembly requires the actA geneproduct, a surface protein. Cell 1992;68:521–531. Travier L , Guadagnini S , Gouin E ActA promotes Listeria monocytogenes aggregation, intestinal colonization and carriage. PLoS Pathog2013;9:1–16. Mackness G . The influence of immunologically committed lymphoid cells on macrophage activity in vitro . J Exp Med 1969;129:973–992. Alouf JE . Pore-forming bacterial protein toxins: An overview. In: van der Goot FG , ed. Pore-Forming Toxins. Current Topics inMicrobiology and Immunology, vol 257. Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer, 2001, pp. 1–14. Schnupf P , Zhou J , Varshavsky A , Portnoy DA . Listeriolysin O secreted by Listeria monocytogenes into the host cell cytosol is degradedby the N-end rule pathway. Infect Immun 2007;75:5135–5147. Liu, D. Handbook of Listeria Monocytogenes. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008. Jacquet C , Gouin E , Jeannel D , Cossart P , Rocourt J . Expression of ActA, Ami, InlB, and listeriolysin O in Listeria monocytogenes ofhuman and food origin. Appl Env Microbiol 2002;68:616–622. Disson O , Grayo S , Huillet E Conjugated action of two species-specific invasion proteins for fetoplacental listeriosis. Nature2008;455:1114–1118. Le Monnier A , Autret N , Join-Lambert OF ActA is required for crossing of the fetoplacental barrier by Listeria monocytogenes . InfectImmun 2007;75:950–957. D'Orazio SEF . Animal models for oral transmission of Listeria monocytogenes . Cell Infect Microbiol 2014;4:15. Hardy J , Kirkendoll B , Zhao H Infection of pregnant mice with Listeria monocytogenes induces fetal bradycardia. Pediatr Res2012;71:539–545. Bou Ghanem EN , Myers-Morales T , D'Orazio SE . A mouse model of foodborne Listeria monocytogenes infection. Curr Prot Microbiol2013;9B.3.1-9B.3.16. Hamrick TS , Horton JR , Spears PA , Havell EA , Smoak IW , Orndorff PE . Influence of pregnancy on the pathogenesis of listeriosis inmice inoculated intragastrically. Infect Immun 2003;71:5202–5209. Thaxton JE , Sharma S . Interleukin-10: A multi-faceted agent of pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010;63:482–491. Chaouat G . The Th1/Th2 paradigm: Still important in pregnancy? Seminars in Immunopathology; 2007. Springer, pp. 95–113. Rowe JH , Ertelt JM , Xin L , Way SS . Listeria monocytogenes cytoplasmic entry induces fetal wastage by disrupting maternal Foxp3+regulatory T cell-sustained fetal tolerance. PLoS Pathog 2012;8:e1002873. Awofisayo A , Amar C , Ruggles R Pregnancy-associated listeriosis in England and Wales. Epidemiol Infect 2015;143:249–256. Williams D , Castleman J , Chi-Ching L , Mote B , Smith MA . Risk of fetal mortality after exposure to Listeria monocytogenes based ondose-response data from pregnant guinea pigs and primates. Risk Anal 2009;29:1495–1505. Roulo RM , Fishburn JD , Amosu M , Etchison AR , Smith MA . Dose response of Listeria monocytogenes invasion, fetal morbidity, andfetal mortality after oral challenge in pregnant and nonpregnant Mongolian gerbils. Infect Immun 2014;82:4834–4841. Smith MA , Takeuchi K , Anderson G Dose-response model for Listeria monocytogenes-induced stillbirths in nonhuman primates. InfectImmun 2008;76:726–731. Janakiraman V . Listeriosis in pregnancy: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Obstetr Gynecol 2008;1:179–185. Lennon D , Lewis B , Mantell C Epidemic perinatal listeriosis. Pediatr Infect Dis 1983;3:30–34. Lamont R , Postlethwaite R . Carriage of Listeria monocytogenes and related species in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Aberdeen,Scotland. J Infect 1986;13:187–193. Paolucci M , Landini MP , Sambri V . How can the microbiologist help in diagnosing neonatal sepsis? Int J Pediatr 2012;2012 :120139. Barikbin P , Sallmon H , Hüseman D Clinical, laboratory, and placental findings in perinatal listeriosis. Fetal Pediatr Pathol2016;35:307–314. Pouillot R , Hoelzer K , Jackson KA , Henao OL , Silk BJ . Relative risk of listeriosis in foodborne diseases active surveillance network(FoodNet) sites according to age, pregnancy, and ethnicity. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:S405–S410. Chattopadhyay B , James E , Hussain R . Low rate of vaginal carriage of Listeria monocytogenes . J Infect 1991;22:206–208. Committee on Obstetric Practice . Committee Opinion No. 614: Management of pregnant women with presumptive exposure to Listeriamonocytogenes . Obstetr Gynecol 2014;124:1241. Temple ME , Nahata MC . Treatment of listeriosis. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34:656–661. Mohan K , Gordon RC , Beaman TC Synergism of penicillin and gentamicin against Listeria monocytogenes in ex vivo hemodialysisculture. J Infect Dis 1977;135:51–54. Elinav H , Hershko-Klement A , Solt I , Glikman D , Nir-Paz R . Pregnancy-associated listeriosis: Many beliefs, few facts. Lancet Infect Dis2015;15:1128–1130. Hernandez-Diaz S , Werler MM , Walker AM , Mitchell AA . Neural tube defects in relation to use of folic acid antagonists duringpregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:961–968. Charlier C , Goffinet F , Azria E , Leclercq A , Lecuit M . Inadequate management of pregnancy-associated listeriosis: Lessons from fourcase reports. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20:246–249. Elinav H , Hershko-Klement A , Valinsky L Pregnancy-associated listeriosis: Clinical characteristics and geospatial analysis of a 10-yearperiod in Israel. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:953–961. Kaur S , Malik SV , Vaidya VM , Barbuddhe SB . Listeria monocytogenes in spontaneous abortions in humans and its detection bymultiplex PCR. J Appl Microbiol 2007;103:1889–1896. Goulet V , King LA , Vaillant V , de Valk H . What is the incubation period for listeriosis? BMC Infect Dis 2013;13:1. Sanford JP , Gilbert DN , Moellering RC , Sande MA , Eliopoulos GM , eds. The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy 2006–2007, 20thed. Dallas, TX: Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc., 2007. Rahier J , Magro F , Abreu C Second European evidence-based consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and management of opportunisticinfections in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohn's Colitis 2014;8:443–468. Alexander BD , Fishman JA . Prophylaxis of infections in solid organ transplantation. In: Marr KA , Thorner AR , eds. Waltham, MA ,UpToDate, 2012. (Accessed 14 April, 2018, at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prophylaxis-of-infections-in-solid-organ-transplantation). Schuchat A , Deaver KA , Wenger JD Role of foods in sporadic listeriosis. I. Case-control study of dietary risk factors. The Listeria StudyGroup. J Am Med Assoc 1992;267:2041–2045.

Schwartz B , Ciesielski CA , Broome CV Association of sporadic listeriosis with consumption of uncooked hot dogs and undercookedchicken. Lancet 1988;2:779–782. Report on the investigation of the outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes in cantaloupe at Jensen Farms. 2012. (Accessed July 8, 2017, athttp://www.foodsafetynews.com/files/2014/07/Energy-and-Commerce-Committee-Report.pdf.) Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to soft cheeses distributed by Karoun Dairies, Inc. (final update). 2015. (Accessed May 25, 2016, athttp://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/soft-cheeses-09-15/index.html.) Listeria (listeriosis) . Oasis Brands, Inc. cheese recalls and investigation of human listeriosis cases (final update). 2014. (Accessed July 8,2017, at http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/cheese-10-14/index.html.) Listeria (listeriosis) . Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to imported Frescolina Marte Brand Ricotta Salata cheese (final update). 2012.(Accessed May 9, 2017, at http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/cheese-09-12/index.html.) Listeriosis: People at risk. 2013. (Accessed July 8, 2017, at http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/risk.html.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Outbreak of listeriosis associated with homemade Mexican-style cheese—North Carolina,October 2000–January 2001. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50:560–562. Safety: Recalls, market withdrawals, and safety alerts. (Accessed July 10, 2017, at https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/default.htm.) Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to soft raw milk cheese made by Vulto Creamery (final update). 2017. (Accessed May 27, 2017, athttps://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/soft-cheese-03-17/index.html.) Listeria (listeriosis) . Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to frozen vegetables. 2016. (At http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/frozen-vegetables-05-16/index.html.) Listeria (Listeriosis) . Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to raw milk produced by Miller's Organic Farm in Pennsylvania (final update).2016. (Accessed July 8, 2017, at https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/raw-milk-03-16/index.html.) Listeria (listeriosis) . Wholesome Soy Products, Inc. sprouts and investigation of human listeriosis cases (final update). 2015. (AccessedJuly 8, 2017, at https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/bean-sprouts-11-14/index.html.) Listeria (listeriosis) . Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to Roos Foods Dairy products (final update). 2014. (Accessed July 8, 2017, athttps://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/cheese-02-14/index.html.) Listeria (listeriosis) . Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to Crave Brothers Farmstead cheeses (final update). 2013. (Athttp://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/cheese-07-13/index.html.) Safdar A , Armstrong D . Infectious morbidity in critically ill patients with cancer. Crit Care Clin 2001;17:531–570. Lorber B . Listeriosis. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:1–9; quiz 10-1. Mook P , O'Brien SJ , Gillespie IA . Concurrent conditions and human listeriosis, England, 1999–2009. Emerg Infect Diseases2011;17:38–43. Ward BW , Schiller JS , Goodman RA . Multiple chronic conditions among US adults: A 2012 update. Prev Chronic Dis 2014;11:E62. Murray CJ , Ortblad KF , Guinovart C Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during1990–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2014;384:1005–1070. Fitzmaurice C , Dicker D , Pain A The global burden of cancer 2013. JAMA Oncol 2015;1:505–527. Rupp S , Aguilar-Bultet L , Jagannathan V A naturally occurring prfA truncation in a Listeria monocytogenes field strain contributes toreduced replication and cell-to-cell spread. Vet Microbiol 2015;179:91–101.

Mycobacterium Belisle JT , Pascopella L , Inamine JM , Brennan PJ , Jacobs WR, Jr . Isolation and expression of a gene cluster responsible forbiosynthesis of the glycopeptidolipid antigens of Mycobacterium avium . J Bacteriol 1991;173:6991–6997. Inderlied CB , Kemper CA , Bermudez LE . The Mycobacterium avium complex. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993;6:266–310. Wayne LG . The impact of new technology on the laboratory's contribution to the diagnosis and management of mycobacterial disease.Kekkaku 1993;68:113–129. Belisle JT , Brennan PJ . Molecular basis of colony morphology in Mycobacterium avium . Res Microbiol 1994;145:237–242. Belisle JT , McNeil MR , Chatterjee D , Inamine JM , Brennan PJ . Expression of the core lipopeptide of the glycopeptidolipid surfaceantigens in rough mutants of Mycobacterium avium . J Biol Chem 1993;268:10510–10516. Mahapatra S , Yagi T , Belisle JT Mycobacterial lipid II is composed of a complex mixture of modified muramyl and peptide moieties linkedto decaprenyl phosphate. J Bacteriol 2005;187:2747–2757. Tereletsky MJ , Barrow WW . Postphagocytic detection of glycopeptidolipids associated with the superficial L1 layer of Mycobacteriumintracellulare . Infect Immun 1983;41:1312–1321. Rulong S , Aguas AP , da Silva PP , Silva MT . Intramacrophagic Mycobacterium avium bacilli are coated by a multiple lamellar structure:Freeze fracture analysis of infected mouse liver. Infect Immun 1991;59:3895–3902. Primm TP , Lucero CA , Falkinham JO 3rd ,. Health impacts of environmental mycobacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004;17:98–106. Monack DM , Mueller A , Falkow S . Persistent bacterial infections: The interface of the pathogen and the host immune system. Nat RevMicrobiol 2004;2:747–765. Russell DG . Who puts the tubercle in tuberculosis? Nat Rev Microbiol 2007;5:39–47. Thanky NR , Young DB , Robertson BD . Unusual features of the cell cycle in mycobacteria: Polar-restricted growth and the snapping-model of cell division. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007;87:231–236. Calamita H , Ko C , Tyagi S , Yoshimatsu T , Morrison NE , Bishai WR . The Mycobacterium tuberculosis SigD sigma factor controls theexpression of ribosome-associated gene products in stationary phase and is required for full virulence. Cellular Microbiology2005;7:233–244. Laukkanen H , Soini H , Kontunen-Soppela S , Hohtola A , Viljanen M . A mycobacterium isolated from tissue cultures of mature Pinussylvestris interferes with growth of Scots pine seedlings. Tree Physiol 2000;20:915–920. Field SK , Cowie RL . Lung disease due to the more common nontuberculous mycobacteria. Chest 2006;129:1653–1672. World Health Organisation . W. Global Tuberculosis Report; 2016.

Raviglione MC , Snider DE, Jr. , Kochi A . Global epidemiology of tuberculosis: Morbidity and mortality of a worldwide epidemic. JAMA1995;273:220–226. Shin JH , Lee EJ , Lee HR Prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in a hospital environment. J Hosp Infect 2007;65:143–148. Fordham von Reyn C , Arbeit RD , Tosteson AN The international epidemiology of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infectionin AIDS. International MAC Study Group–Aids 1996;10:1025–1032. Hill AR . Mycobacterial infections in AIDS. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1991;2:19–29. Horsburgh CR, Jr , Selik RM . The epidemiology of disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in the acquired immunodeficiencysyndrome (AIDS). Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;139:4–7. Ausina V , Barrio J , Luquin M Mycobacterium xenopi infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med1988;109:927–928. Wolinsky E . Mycobacterial diseases other than tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:1–10. Hoffman PC , Fraser DW , Robicsek F , O'Bar PR , Mauney CU . Two outbreaks of sternal wound infection due to organisms of theMycobacterium fortuitum complex. J Infect Dis 1981;143:533–542. Lowry PW , Jarvis WR , Oberle AD Mycobacterium chelonae causing otitis media in an ear-nose-and-throat practice. N Engl J Med1988;319:978–982. Kuritsky JN , Bullen MG , Broome CV , Silcox VA , Good RC , Wallace RJ , Jr. Sternal wound infections and endocarditis due to organismsof the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex. Ann Intern Med 1983;98:938–939. American Thoracic Society. A . Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. This official statement of theAmerican Thoracic Society was approved by the Board of Directors, March 1997. Medical Section of the American Lung Association. Am JRespir Crit Care Med 1997;156(2 (Pt 2)):S1–25. De Voss JJ , Rutter K , Schroeder BG , Su H , Zhu Y , Barry CE 3rd ,. The salicylate-derived mycobactin siderophores of Mycobacteriumtuberculosis are essential for growth in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:1252–1257. Quadri LE , Sello J , Keating TA , Weinreb PH , Walsh CT . Identification of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene cluster encoding thebiosynthetic enzymes for assembly of the virulence-conferring siderophore mycobactin. Chem Biol 1998;5:631–645. Reddy PV , Puri RV , Chauhan P Disruption of mycobactin biosynthesis leads to attenuation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for growth andvirulence. J Infect Dis 2013;208:1255–1265. Pandey R , Rodriguez GM . IdeR is required for iron homeostasis and virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Mol Microbiol2014;91:98–109. Wagner D , Maser J , Lai B Elemental analysis of Mycobacterium avium-, Mycobacterium tuberculosis-, and Mycobacterium smegmatis-containing phagosomes indicates pathogen-induced microenvironments within the host cell's endosomal system. J Immunol2005;174:1491–1500. Ratledge C , Dover LG . Iron metabolism in pathogenic bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 2000;54:881–941. Lamont EA , Xu WW , Sreevatsan S . Host-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis interactome reveals a novel iron assimilationmechanism linked to nitric oxide stress during early infection. BMC Genomics 2013;14:694. Strong M , Sawaya MR , Wang S , Phillips M , Cascio D , Eisenberg D . Toward the structural genomics of complexes: Crystal structure ofa PE/PPE protein complex from Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:8060–8065. Rodriguez GM , Voskuil MI , Gold B , Schoolnik GK , Smith I . ideR, An essential gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Role of IdeR in iron-dependent gene expression, iron metabolism, and oxidative stress response. Infect Immun 2002;70:3371–3381. Sampson SL . Mycobacterial PE/PPE proteins at the host-pathogen interface. Clin Dev Immunol 2011;2011:497203. Mackenzie N , Alexander DC , Turenne CY , Behr MA , De Buck JM . Genomic comparison of PE and PPE genes in the Mycobacteriumavium complex. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:1002–1011. Cole ST , Brosch R , Parkhill J Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence. Nature1998;393:537–544. Arruda S , Bomfim G , Knights R , Huima-Byron T , Riley LW . Cloning of an M. tuberculosis DNA fragment associated with entry andsurvival inside cells. Science 1993;261:1454–1457. Casali N , Riley LW . A phylogenomic analysis of the Actinomycetales mce operons. BMC Genomics 2007;8:60. Zhang F , Xie JP . Mammalian cell entry gene family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Mol Cell Biochem 2011;352:1–10. Uchiya K , Takahashi H , Yagi T Comparative genome analysis of Mycobacterium avium revealed genetic diversity in strains that causepulmonary and disseminated disease. PLoS One 2013;8:e71831. Timms VJ , Hassan KA , Mitchell HM , Neilan BA . Comparative genomics between human and animal associated subspecies of theMycobacterium avium complex: A basis for pathogenicity. BMC Genomics 2015;16:695. Kumar A , Chandolia A , Chaudhry U , Brahmachari V , Bose M . Comparison of mammalian cell entry operons of mycobacteria: In silicoanalysis and expression profiling. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2005;43:185–195. Domenech P , Reed MB . Rapid and spontaneous loss of phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis grown invitro: Implications for virulence studies. Microbiology 2009;155:3532–3543. Calmette A . La Vaccination Preventive Contre la Tuberculose. Masson, Paris, 1927. Plain KM , Marsh IB , Waldron AM High-throughput direct faecal PCR assay to detect Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosisin sheep and cattle. J Clin Microbiol 2013;52(3):745–757. Whipple DL , Callihan DR , Jarnagin JL . Cultivation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from bovine fecal specimens and a suggestedstandardized procedure. J Vet Diagn Invest 1991;3:368–373. Kubica D . Laboratory Methods for Clinical and Public Health Mycobacteriology. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1967. Ellingson JL , Koziczkowski JJ , Anderson JL . Comparison of PCR prescreening to two cultivation procedures with PCR confirmation fordetection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in U.S. Department of Agriculture fecal check test samples. J Food Prot2004;67:2310–2314. Chamberlin W , Naser SA . Blood cultures of 19 Crohn's disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:802–803. Naser SA , Ghobrial G , Romero C , Valentine JF . Culture of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from the blood of patientswith Crohn's disease. Lancet 2004;364:1039–1044. Naser SA , Schwartz D , Shafran I . Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis from breast milk of Crohn's disease patients.Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1094–1095.

Schwartz D , Shafran I , Romero C Use of short-term culture for identification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in tissuefrom Crohn's disease patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2000;6:303–307. Gascoyne-Binzi DM , Barlow RE , Frothingham R Rapid identification of laboratory contamination with Mycobacterium tuberculosis usingvariable number tandem repeat analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:69–74. Whittington RJ , Whittington AM , Waldron A Development and validation of a liquid medium (M7H9C) for routine culture ofMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to replace modified Bactec 12B medium. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:3993–4000. Okwumabua O , Moua TV , Danz T , Quinn J , O'Connor M , Gibbons-Burgener S . Growth rate retardation and inhibitory effect of para-JEM(R) BLUE on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis . J Vet Diagn Invest 2010;22:734–737. Reddacliff LA , Marsh IB , Fell SA , Austin SL , Whittington RJ . Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis frommuscle and peripheral lymph nodes using acid-pepsin digest prior to BACTEC culture. Vet Microbiol 2010;145:122–128. Bradner L , Robbe-Austerman S , Beitz DC , Stabel JR . Optimization of hexadecylpyridinium chloride decontamination for culture ofMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from milk. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:1575–1577. Bradner L , Robbe-Austerman S , Beitz DC , Stabel JR . Chemical decontamination with N-acetyl-L-cysteine-sodium hydroxide improvesrecovery of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis organisms from cultured milk. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:2139–2146. Whitlock RH , Wells SJ , Sweeney RW , Van Tiem J . ELISA and fecal culture for paratuberculosis (Johne's disease): Sensitivity andspecificity of each method. Vet Microbiol 2000;77:387–398. Kim YG , Bech-Nielsen S , Gordon JC , Slemons RD , Spangler E . Comparison of two methods for isolation of Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis from bovine fecal samples. Am J Vet Res 1989;50:1110–1113. Stabel JR . An improved method for cultivation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from bovine fecal samples and comparison to threeother methods. J Vet Diagn Invest 1997;9:375–380. Whipple DL , Kapke PA , Andersen PR . Comparison of a commercial DNA probe test and three cultivation procedures for detection ofMycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine feces. J Vet Diagn Invest 1992;4:23–27. Norby B , Fosgate GT , Manning EJ , Collins MT , Roussel AJ . Environmental mycobacteria in soil and water on beef ranches: Associationbetween presence of cultivable mycobacteria and soil and water physicochemical characteristics. Vet Microbiol 2007;124:153–159. Alinovi CA , Ward MP , Lin TL , Moore GE , Wu CC . Real-time PCR, compared to liquid and solid culture media and ELISA, for thedetection of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis . Vet Microbiol 2009;136:177–179. Nielsen SS , Thamsborg SM , Houe H , Bitsch V . Bulk-tank milk ELISA antibodies for estimating the prevalence of paratuberculosis inDanish dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2000;44:1–7. Hendrick SH , Duffield TF , Leslie KE Monensin might protect Ontario, Canada dairy cows from paratuberculosis milk-ELISA positivity.Prev Vet Med 2006;76:237–248. Singh SV , Singh AV , Singh R Evaluation of highly sensitive indigenous milk ELISA kit with fecal culture, milk culture and fecal-PCR forthe diagnosis of bovine Johne's disease (BJD) in India. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;30:175–186. Yakes BJ , Lipert RJ , Bannantine JP , Porter MD . Impact of protein shedding on detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosis by a whole-cell immunoassay incorporating surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Clin Vaccine Immunol2008;15:235–242. Slana I , Paolicchi F , Janstova B , Navratilova P , Pavlik I . Detection methods for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milkand milk products: A review. Veterinarni Medicina 2008;53:283–306. Yakes BJ , Lipert RJ , Bannantine JP , Porter MD . Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by a sonicateimmunoassay based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008;15:227–234. Angela DP , Giuseppina C , Tony FV , Bijo B , Fatmira S , Giuseppina T . Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in milk usingpolymerase chain reaction (PCR). Food Control 2006;17:776–780. Bezerra AV , Dos Reis EM , Rodrigues RO , Cenci A , Cerva C , Mayer FQ . Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacteriumavium complexes by real-time PCR in bovine milk from Brazilian dairy farms. J Food Prot 2015;78:1037–1042. Bosward KL , Dhand NK , Begg DJ , Thomson PC , Emery DL , Whittington RJ . Optimization of a whole blood gamma interferon assay forthe detection of sheep infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis . J Vet Diagn Invest 2010;22:210–217. Ridge SE , Morgan IR , Sockett DC Comparison of the Johne's absorbed EIA and the complement-fixation test for the diagnosis of Johne'sdisease in cattle. Aust Vet J 1991;68:253–257. Ikonomopoulos J , Balaskas C , Kantzoura B Comparative evaluation of positive tests to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis inclinically healthy sheep and goats in south-west Greece using molecular techniques, serology, and culture. Vet J 2007;174:337–343. Timms VJ , Gehringer MM , Mitchell HM , Daskalopoulos G , Neilan BA . How accurately can we detect Mycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosis infection? J Microbiol Methods 2011;85:1–8. Collins MT , Gardner IA , Garry FB , Roussel AJ , Wells SJ . Consensus recommendations on diagnostic testing for the detection ofparatuberculosis in cattle in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;229:1912–1919. Settles M , Zanella R , McKay SD A whole genome association analysis identifies loci associated with Mycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosis infection status in US Holstein cattle. Anim Genet 2009;40:655–662. Vitale F , Capra G , Maxia L , Reale S , Vesco G , Caracappa S . Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in cattle by PCR usingmilk, Lymph node aspirates, and nasal swabs. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:1050–1055. Slana I , Liapi M , Moravkova M , Kralova A , Pavlik I . Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cow bulk tank milk in Cyprusdetected by culture and quantitative IS900 and F57 real-time PCR. Prev Vet Med 2009;89:223–226. Cook KL , Britt JS . Optimization of methods for detecting Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in environmental samples usingquantitative, real-time PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2007;69:154–160. Rodriguez-Lazaro D , D'Agostino M , Herrewegh A , Pla M , Cook N , Ikonomopoulos J . Real-time PCR-based methods for detection ofMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in water and milk. Int J Food Microbiol 2005;101:93–104. Ravva SV , Stanker LH . Real-time quantitative PCR detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and differentiation fromother mycobacteria using SYBR Green and TaqMan assays. J Microbiol Methods 2005;63:305–317. Ortu S , Molicotti P , Sechi LA Rapid detection and identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by real time PCR and Bactec 960 MIGT.New Microbiol 2006;29:75–80. Bhide M , Chakurkar E , Tkacikova L , Barbuddhe S , Novak M , Mikula I . IS900-PCR-based detection and characterization ofMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from buffy coat of cattle and sheep. Vet Microbiol 2006;112:33–41.

van Soolingen D , Hermans PW , de Haas PE , Soll DR , van Embden JD . Occurrence and stability of insertion sequences inMycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains: Evaluation of an insertion sequence-dependent DNA polymorphism as a tool in theepidemiology of tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:2578–2586. Salgado M , Verdugo C , Heuer C , Castillo P , Zamorano P . A novel low cost method for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosisDNA extraction from an automated broth culture system for real time PCR confirmation. J Vet Sci 2013;15(2):233–239. Granger K , Moore RJ , Davies JK Recovery of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from the natural host for the extractionand analysis in vivo-derived RNA. J Microbiol Methods 2004;57:241–249. Park KT , Allen AJ , Davis WC . Development of a novel DNA extraction method for identification and quantification of Mycobacteriumavium subsp. paratuberculosis from tissue samples by real-time PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2014;99C:58–65. Radomski N , Kreitmann L , McIntosh F , Behr MA . The critical role of DNA extraction for detection of mycobacteria in tissues. PLoS One2013;8:e78749. Chambers HF , Moreau D , Yajko D Can penicillins and other beta-lactam antibiotics be used to treat tuberculosis? Antimicrob AgentsChemother 1995;39:2620–2624. Wang C , Hayes B , Vestling MM , Takayama K . Transposome mutagenesis of an integral membrane transporter in Corynebacteriummatruchotii . Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;340:953–960. Mikusova K , Slayden RA , Besra GS , Brennan PJ . Biogenesis of the mycobacterial cell wall and the site of action of ethambutol.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:2484–2489. Banerjee A , Dubnau E , Quemard A inhA, a gene encoding a target for isoniazid and ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis .Science 1994;263:227–230. American Thoracic Society A . American Thoracic Society. Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis.1990/09/01 ed; 1990;42(3):725–735. Nguyen L , Thompson C . Foundations of antibiotic resistance in bacterial physiology: The mycobacterial paradigm. Trends Microbiol2006;14:304–312. Rastogi N , Frehel C , Ryter A , Ohayon H , Lesourd M , David HL . Multiple drug resistance in Mycobacterium avium: Is the wallarchitecture responsible for exclusion of antimicrobial agents? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981;20:666–677. McBryde ES , Meehan MT , Doan TN The risk of global epidemic replacement with drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Int JInfect Dis 2017;56:14–20.

Staphylococcus Le Loir Y , Baron F , Gautier M . Staphylococcus aureus and food poisoning. Genet Mol Res. 2003;2(1):63–76. Bonar E , Wójcik I , Wladyka B . Proteomics in studies of Staphylococcus aureus virulence. Acta Biochim Polonica. 2015;62(3):367–381. Wisplinghoff H , Bischoff T , Tallent SM , Seifert H , Wenzel RP , Edmond MB . Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals:Analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(3):309–317. Lowy FD . Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(8):520–532. Gorwitz RJ , Kruszon-Moran D , McAllister SK Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in the UnitedStates, 2001–2004. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(9):1226–1234. Philip L , Graham III SXL , Larson EL . A U.S. population–based survey of Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Ann Intern Med.2006;144:318–325. Smith TC , Gebreyes WA , Abley MJ Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs and farm workers on conventional and antibiotic-free swine farms in the USA. PloS One. 2013;8(5):e63704. Wertheim HF , Melles DC , Vos MC The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5(12):751–762. David MZ , Medvedev S , Hohmann SF , Ewigman B , Daum RS . Increasing burden of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureushospitalizations at US academic medical centers, 2003–2008. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33(8):782–789.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682488/ McKenna M . The Many Faces of MRSA: Community-Acquired Infection Knows No Bounds. Mosby; 2008. Dantes R , Mu Y , Belflower R National burden of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, United States, 2011.JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(21):1970–1978. Lee BY , Singh A , David MZ The economic burden of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). ClinMicrobiol Infect. 2013;19(6):528–536. Klevens RM , Morrison MA , Nadle J Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA-J Am MedAssoc. 2007;298(15):1763–1771. David MZ , Daum RS . Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology and clinical consequences of anemerging epidemic. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23(3):616–687. de Neeling AJ , van den Broek MJ , Spalburg EC High prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs. Vet Microbiol.2007;122(3–4):366–372. Smith TC , Male MJ , Harper AL Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain ST398 is present in midwestern U.S. swineand swine workers . PloS One. 2009;4(1):e4258. Khanna T , Friendship R , Dewey C , Weese JS . Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in pigs and pig farmers. VetMicrobiol. 2008;128(3–4):298–303. Persoons D , Van Hoorebeke S , Hermans K Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in poultry. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):452–453. Nemati M , Hermans K , Lipinska U Antimicrobial resistance of old and recent Staphylococcus aureus isolates from poultry: First detectionof livestock-associated methicillin-resistant strain ST398. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(10):3817–3819. Mulders M , Haenen A , Geenen P Prevalence of livestock-associated MRSA in broiler flocks and risk factors for slaughterhouse personnelin The Netherlands. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138(5):743–755. Fessler A , Scott C , Kadlec K , Ehricht R , Monecke S , Schwarz S . Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusST398 from cases of bovine mastitis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(4):619–625.

Pomba C , Hasman H , Cavaco LM , da Fonseca JD , Aarestrup FM . First description of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) CC30 and CC398 from swine in Portugal. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;34(2):193–194. Harris L , Foster S , Richards R . An introduction to Staphylococcus aureus, and techniques for identifying and quantifying S. aureusadhesins in relation to adhesion to biomaterials: Review. Eur Cell Mater. 2002;4(3):39–60. Genigeorgis CA . Present state of knowledge on staphylococcal intoxication. Int J Food Microbiol. 1989;9(4):327–360. Gross M , Cramton SE , Götz F , Peschel A . Key role of teichoic acid net charge in Staphylococcus aureus colonization of artificialsurfaces. Infect Immunity. 2001;69(5):3423–3426. Hennekinne JA , De Buyser ML , Dragacci S . Staphylococcus aureus and its food poisoning toxins: Characterization and outbreakinvestigation. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2012;36(4):815–836. Chaibenjawong P , Foster SJ . Desiccation tolerance in Staphylococcus aureus . Arch Microbiol. 2011;193(2):125–135. Kadariya J , Smith TC , Thapaliya D . Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal food-borne disease: An ongoing challenge in publichealth. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/827965/cta/ Kusumaningrum HD , van Putten MM , Rombouts FM , Beumer RR . Effects of antibacterial dishwashing liquid on foodborne pathogensand competitive microorganisms in kitchen sponges. J Food Prot. 2002;65(1):61–65. Scott E , Bloomfield SF . The survival and transfer of microbial contamination via cloths, hands and utensils. J Appl Bacteriol.1990;68(3):271–278. Kramer A , Schwebke I , Kampf G . How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC InfectDis. 2006;6(1):1. Dinges MM , Orwin PM , Schlievert PM . Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus . Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;13(1):16–34. Tranter HS . Foodborne staphylococcal illness. Lancet. 1990;336(8722):1044–1046. Khambaty F , Bennett R , Shah D . Application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to the epidemiological characterization ofStaphylococcus intermedius implicated in a food-related outbreak. Epidemiol Infect. 1994;113(1):75–81. Balaban N , Rasooly A . Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Int J Food Microbiol. 2000;61(1):1–10. Argudin MA , Mendoza MC , Rodicio MR . Food poisoning and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins. Toxins. 2010;2(7):1751–1773. Pinchuk IV , Beswick EJ , Reyes VE . Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Toxins. 2010;2(8):2177–2197. Choi Y-W , Kotzin B , Herron L , Callahan J , Marrack P , Kappler J . Interaction of Staphylococcus aureus toxin “superantigens” withhuman T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86(22):8941–8945. Omoe K , Hu D-L , Ono HK Emetic potentials of newly identified staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins. Infect Immun.2013;81(10):3627–3631. Minor TE , Marth EH . Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal food intoxications. A review. IV. Staphylococci meat, bakery products,and other foods. J Milk Food Technol. 1972;35(4):228–241. Anderson JE , Beelman RR , Doores S . Persistence of serological and biological activities of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in cannedmushrooms. J Food Prot. 1996;59(12):1292–1299. Wieneke A , Roberts D , Gilbert R . Staphylococcal food poisoning in the United Kingdom, 1969–90. Epidemiol Infect.1993;110(3):519–531. Scallan E , Hoekstra RM , Angulo FJ Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—Major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis.2011;17(1):7–15. Bennett SD , Walsh KA , Gould LH . Foodborne disease outbreaks caused by Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, andStaphylococcus aureus—United States, 1998–2008. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(3):425–433. Scallan E , Jones TF , Cronquist A Factors associated with seeking medical care and submitting a stool sample in estimating the burden offoodborne illness. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2006;3(4):432–438. Guerrant RL , Van Gilder T , Steiner TS Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis.2001;32(3):331–351. Thielman NM , Guerrant RL . Clinical practice. Acute infectious diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(1):38–47. Scharff RL . Economic burden from health losses due to foodborne illness in the United States. J Food Prot. 2012;75(1):123–131. Byrd-Bredbenner C , Berning J , Martin-Biggers J , Quick V . Food safety in home kitchens: A synthesis of the literature. Int J Env ResPublic Health. 2013;10(9):4060–4085. Cohen ML . Changing patterns of infectious disease. Nature. 2000;406(6797):762–767. Evenson ML , Hinds MW , Bernstein RS , Bergdoll MS . Estimation of human dose of staphylococcal enterotoxin A from a large outbreakof staphylococcal food poisoning involving chocolate milk. Int J Food Microbiol. 1988;7(4):311–316. Vergeront JM , Evenson ML , Crass BA Recovery of staphylococcal enterotoxin F from the breast milk of a woman with toxic-shocksyndrome. J Infect Dis. 1982;146(4):456–459. Murray RJ . Recognition and management of Staphylococcus aureus toxin-mediated disease. Intern Med J. 2005;35(Suppl 2):S106–S119. Larkin E , Carman R , Krakauer T , Stiles B . Staphylococcus aureus: The toxic presence of a pathogen extraordinaire. Curr Med Chem.2009;16(30):4003–4019. Wu S , Duan N , Gu H A review of the methods for detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins. Toxins. 2016;8(7):176. Gill DM . Bacterial toxins: A table of lethal amounts. Microbiol Rev. 1982;46(1):86. Tamarapu S , McKillip JL , Drake M . Development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and differentiation ofStaphylococcus aureus in dairy products. J Food Prot. 2001;64(5):664–668. Haeghebaert S , Le Querrec F , Gallay A , Bouvet P , Gomez M , Vaillant V . Les toxi-infections alimentaires collectives en France, en1999 et 2000. Bull Epidemiol Hebdo. 2002;23:105–109. Hanson BM , Dressler AE , Harper AL Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) onretail meat in Iowa. J Infect Public Health. 2011;4(4):169–174. O'Brien AM , Hanson BM , Farina SA MRSA in conventional and alternative retail pork products. PloS One. 2012;7(1):e30092. Pu S , Han F , Ge B . Isolation and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Louisiana retail meats. ApplEnviron Microbiol. 2009;75(1):265–267. Waters AE , Contente-Cuomo T , Buchhagen J Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US meat and poultry. Clin Infect Dis.2011;52(10):1227–1230.

Bhargava K , Wang X , Donabedian S , Zervos M , da Rocha L , Zhang Y . Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in retail meat,Detroit, Michigan, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(6):1135. Jackson CR , Davis JA , Barrett JB . Prevalence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from retailmeat and humans in Georgia. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(4):1199–1207. Thapaliya D , Forshey BM , Kadariya J Prevalence and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in commercially availablemeat over a one-year period in Iowa, USA. Food Microbiol. 2017;65:122–129. Sofos JN . Challenges to meat safety in the 21st century. Meat Sci. 2008;78(1–2):3–13. Syne SM , Ramsubhag A , Adesiyun AA . Microbiological hazard analysis of ready-to-eat meats processed at a food plant in Trinidad,West Indies. Infect Ecol Epidemiol. 2013;3. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/iee.v3i0.20450?needAccess=true Holmberg SD , Blake PA . Staphylococcal food poisoning in the United States. New facts and old misconceptions. JAMA.1984;251(4):487–489. Sugiyama H , Hayama T . Abdominal viscera as site of emetic action for staphylococcal enterotoxin in the monkey. J Infect Dis.1965;115(4):330–336. Komisar J , Rivera J , Vega A , Tseng J . Effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin B on rodent mast cells. Infect Immun.1992;60(7):2969–2975. Reck B , Scheuber PH , Londong W , Sailer-Kramer B , Bartsch K , Hammer DK . Protection against the staphylococcal enterotoxin-induced intestinal disorder in the monkey by anti-idiotypic antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;85(9):3170–3174. Jett M , Brinkley W , Neill R , Gemski P , Hunt R . Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B challenge of monkeys: Correlation of plasmalevels of arachidonic acid cascade products with occurrence of illness. Infect Immun. 1990;58(11):3494–3499. Alber G , Scheuber PH , Reck B , Sailer-Kramer B , Hartmann A , Hammer DK . Role of substance P in immediate-type skin reactionsinduced by staphylococcal enterotoxin B in unsensitized monkeys. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989;84(6):880–885. Beery J , Taylor SL , Schlunz L , Freed R , Bergdoll M . Effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin A on the rat gastrointestinal tract. InfectImmun. 1984;44(2):234–240. Frenay H , Bunschoten A , Schouls L Molecular typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the basis of protein A genepolymorphism. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996;15(1):60–64. Frenay H , Theelen J , Schouls L Discrimination of epidemic and nonepidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains on thebasis of protein A gene polymorphism. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32(3):846–847. Price LB , Stegger M , Hasman H Staphylococcus aureus CC398: Host adaptation and emergence of methicillin resistance in livestock.mBio. 2012;3(1). http://mbio.asm.org/content/3/1/e00305-11.short Scheuber PH , Golecki J , Kickhöfen B , Scheel D , Beck G , Hammer D . Skin reactivity of unsensitized monkeys upon challenge withstaphylococcal enterotoxin B: A new approach for investigating the site of toxin action. Infect Immun. 1985;50(3):869–876. Davis JP , Chesney PJ , Wand PJ , LaVenture M . Toxic-shock syndrome: Epidemiologic features, recurrence, risk factors, and prevention.N Engl J Med. 1980;303(25):1429–1435. Coates T , Bax R , Coates A . Nasal decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus with mupirocin: Strengths, weaknesses and futureprospects. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64(1):9–15. Lammerding AM . An overview of microbial food safety risk assessment. J Food Prot. 1997;60(11):1420–1425. DeLeo FR , Chambers HF . Reemergence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the genomics era. The Journal of clinicalinvestigation. 2009;119:2464–2474.

Streptococcus and Streptococcal Toxins Schleifer KH , Kilpper-balz R . Molecular and chemotaxonomic approaches to the classification of streptococci, enterococci and lactococci:A review. System Appl Microbiol 10, 1–19, 1987. Cvitkovitch DG , Li YH , Ellen RP . Quorum sensing and biofilm formation in Streptococcal infections. J Clin Invest 112, 1626–1632, 2003. Carapetis JR , Steer AC , Mulholland EK , Weber M . The global burden of Group A Streptococcal diseases. Lancet Infect Dis 5, 685–694,2005. Kwatra G Prevalence of maternal colonisation with Group B Streptococcus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 16,1076–1084, 2016. Krzysciak W , Pluskwa KK , Jurczak A , Koscielniak D . The pathogenicity of the Streptococcus genus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 32,1361–1376, 2013. Stollerman GH , Dale JB . The importance of the Group A Streptococcus capsule in the pathogenesis of human infections: A historicalperspective. Clin Infect Dis 46, 1038–1045, 2008. Dochez AR , Stevens FA . Studies on the biology of Streptococcus . J Exp Med 46, 487–495, 1927. Cole JN , Henningham A , Gillen CM , Ramachandran V , Walker MJ . Human pathogenic Streptococcal proteomics and vaccinedevelopment. Proteomics Clin Appl 2, 387–410, 2008. Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Replacement of WHO technical reportseries, No 927, Annexure 2, 91–151, 2015. Cohen-Poradosu R , Kasper DL . Group A Streptococcus epidemiology and vaccine implications. Clin Infect Dis 45, 863–865, 2007. Spellerberg B , Brandt C . Laboratory diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococci). In: Ferretti, JJ , Stevens, DL , FischettiVA , eds. Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations [Internet]. Oklahoma City, University of Oklahoma HealthSciences Center, 1–16, 2016. Stoll BJ Early onset neonatal sepsis: The burden of Group B streptococcal and E. coli disease continues. Pediatrics 127, 817–826, 2011. Szwabowicz K , Panasiuk A . [Carrier-state of Group B Streptococcus in pregnant women—Performance standards]. Przegl Epidemiol 66,33–38, 2012. Edwards AT , Roulson M , Ironside MJ . A milk-borne outbreak of serious infection due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Lancefield GroupC). Epidemiol Infect 101, 43–51, 1988.

Boyle A . Streptococcus equi subspecies equi infection (strangles) in horses. Compend Contin Educ Vet 33, E1–7; quiz E8, 2011. Rasmussen CD Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates from equine infectious endometritis belong to a distinct genetic group.Vet Res 44, 26, 2013. Patterson MJ . Streptococcus. In: Baron S , ed. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch atGalveston; Chapter 13. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611, 1–16, 1996. Oliver JR , Pierse N , Stefanogiannis N , Jackson C , Baker MG . Acute rheumatic fever and exposure to poor housing conditions in NewZealand: A descriptive study. J Paediatr Child Health DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13421, 53, 358–364, 2017. Gewitz MH Revision of the Jones Criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever in the era of Doppler echocardiography: A scientificstatement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 131, 1806–1818, 2015. Seckeler MD , Hoke TR . The worldwide epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Clin Epidemiol 3, 67–84,2011. Torok ME , Day NPJ . Staphylococcal and streptococcal infections. Medicine 37, 629–634, 2009. Wessels MR . Pharyngitis and scarlet fever. In: Ferretti JJ , Stevens DL , Fischetti VA , eds. Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology toClinical Manifestations [Internet]. Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1–19, 2016. Campbell JR Group B Streptococcal colonization and serotype-specific immunity in pregnant women at delivery. Obstet Gynecol 96,498–503, 2000. Tripodi MF Streptococcus bovis endocarditis and its association with chronic liver disease: An underestimated risk factor. Clin Infect Dis38, 1394–1400, 2004. Huang WT Clinical features and complications of Viridans Streptococci bloodstream infection in pediatric hemato-oncology patients. JMicrobiol Immunol Infect 40, 349–354 2007. Han SB Clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Viridans Streptococcal bacteremia during febrile neutropenia in patientswith hematologic malignancies: A comparison between adults and children. BMC Infect Dis 13, 273, 2013. Walker MJ Disease manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus . Clin Microbiol Rev 27, 264–301, 2014. Efstratiou A , Lamagni T . Epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes. In: Ferretti JJ , Stevens DL , Fischetti VA , editors. Streptococcuspyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations [Internet]. Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 2016. Wortham JM Chorioamnionitis and culture-confirmed, early-onset neonatal infections. Pediatrics 137(1), e20152323, 2016. Ballard MS The changing epidemiology of Group B Streptococcus bloodstream infection: A multi-national population-based assessment.Infect Dis (Lond) 48, 386–391, 2016. Surve MV Membrane vesicles of Group B Streptococcus disrupt feto-maternal barrier leading to preterm birth. PLoS Pathog 12, e1005816,2016. Yarnell K Reducing exposure to pathogens in the horse: A preliminary study into the survival of bacteria on a range of equine beddingtypes. J Appl Microbiol 122, 23–29, 2016. Trell K , Nilson B , Petersson AC , Rasmussen M . Clinical and microbiological features of bacteremia with Streptococcus equi . DiagnMicrobiol Infect Dis 87, 196–198, 2016. Moriconi M , Acke E , Petrelli D , Preziuso S . Multiplex PCR-based identification of Streptococcus canis, Streptococcus zooepidemicusand Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies from dogs. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 50, 48–53, 2016. Corredoira J The clinical epidemiology and malignancies associated with Streptococcus bovis biotypes in 506 cases of bloodstreaminfections. J Infect 71, 317–325, 2015. Corredoira J , Rabuñal R , Alonso MP . Streptococcus bovis: 100 years of an intriguing pathogen. Clin Micro Newsl 39, 1–9, 2017. Masood U , Sharma A , Lowe D , Khan R , Manocha D . Colorectal cancer associated with Streptococcus anginosus bacteremia and liverabscesses. Case Rep Gastroenterol 10, 769–774, 2016. Terzi HA Intra-abdominal abscess and primary peritonitis caused by Streptococcus anginosus . Jundishapur J Microbiol 9, e33863, 2016. Akuzawa N , Hatori T , Kitahara Y , Kurabayashi M . Multiple liver abscesses and bacteremia caused by Streptococcus constellatusinfection: A case report. Clin Case Rep 5, 69–74, 2016. Fuursted K Description and characterization of a penicillin-resistant Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis clone isolated fromblood in three epidemiologically linked patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 71, 3376–3380, 2016. Wilson R Protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection after nasopharyngeal colonization requires both humoral andcellular immune responses. Mucosal Immunol 8, 627–639, 2014. Murthy R , Petrescu D , Salit IE . Osteomyelitis with a twist: Streptococcus pneumoniae causing sternoclavicular septic arthritis. Can JInfect Dis Med Microbiol 26, 251–252, 2015. Kim T Clinical features and outcomes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae: A matched case-controlstudy. Medicine (Baltimore) 95, e3796, 2016. Karikalan S , Mohankumar A . Studies on ampicillin resistant plasmid of Streptococcus mutans isolated from dental caries patients. BiotechRes Comm 9, 151–156, 2016. Kawada-Matsuo M , Oogai Y , Komatsuzawa H . Sugar allocation to metabolic pathways is tightly regulated and affects the virulence ofStreptococcus mutans . Genes (Basel) 8, 8–12, 2016. Terao Y . The virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms of Streptococcus pyogenes . J Oral Biosci 54, 96–100, 2012. Viszwapriya D Betulin inhibits virulence and biofilm of Streptococcus pyogenes by suppressing ropB core regulon, sagA and dltA. PathogDis 74, 2016. Ashwinkumar SG covR mediated antibiofilm activity of 3-furancarboxaldehyde increases the virulence of Group A Streptococcus . PLoSOne 10, e0127210. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127210. eCollection 2015. Hoch JA . Two-component and phosphor-relay signal transduction. Curr Opin Microbiol 3, 165–170, 2000. Metzgar D , Zampolli A . The M protein of Group A Streptococcus is a key virulence factor and a clinically relevant strain identificationmarker. Virulence 2, 402–412, 2011. Fischetti VA . Streptococcal M protein: Molecular design and biological behavior. Clin Microbiol Rev 2, 285–314, 1989. Bessen DE . Population biology of the human restricted pathogen, Streptococcus pyogenes . Infect Genet Evol 9, 581–593, 2009. Poyart C Contribution of Mn-cofactored superoxide dismutase (SodA) to the virulence of Streptococcus agalactiae . Infect Immun 69,5098–5106, 2001.

Poyart C Attenuated virulence of Streptococcus agalactiae deficient in D-alanyl-lipoteichoic acid is due to an increased susceptibility todefensins and phagocytic cells. Mol Microbiol 49, 1615–1625, 2003. Hanson BR Functional analysis of the CpsA protein of Streptococcus agalactiae . J Bacteriol 194, 1668–1678, 2012. Donlan RM . Biofilms: Microbial life on surfaces. Emerg Infect Dis 8, 881–890, 2002. Krzysciak W , Jurczak A , Koscielniak D , Bystrowska B , Skalniak A . The virulence of Streptococcus mutans and the ability to formbiofilms. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 33, 499–515, 2014. Bowen WH , Koo H . Biology of Streptococcus mutans-derived glucosyltransferases: Role in extracellular matrix formation of cariogenicbiofilms. Caries Res 45, 69–86, 2009. Zijnge V Oral biofilm architecture on natural teeth. PLoS One 5, e9321, 2010. Siqueira WL , Bakkal M , Xiao Y , Sutton JN , Mendes FM . Quantitative proteomic analysis of the effect of fluoride on the acquired enamelpellicle. PLoS One 7, e42204, 2012. Koo H , Xiao J , Klein MI , Jeon JG . Exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases modulate theestablishment of microcolonies within multispecies biofilms. J Bacteriol 192, 3024–3032, 2010. Klein MI , Hwang G , Santos PH , Campanella OH , Koo H . Streptococcus mutans-derived extracellular matrix in cariogenic oral biofilms.Front Cell Infect Microbiol 5, 10, 2015. Wen ZT , Yates D , Ahn SJ , Burne RA . Biofilm formation and virulence expression by Streptococcus mutans are altered when grown indual-species model. BMC Microbiol 10, 111, 2010. Duque C Downregulation of GbpB, a component of the VicRK regulon, affects biofilm formation and cell surface characteristics ofStreptococcus mutans . Infect Immun 79, 786–796, 2011. Ahn SJ , Wen ZT , Brady LJ , Burne RA . Characteristics of biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans in the presence of saliva. InfectImmun 76, 4259–4268, 2008. Khan AU , Islam B , Khan SN , Akram M . A proteomic approach for exploring biofilm in Streptococcus mutans . Bioinformation 5,440–445, 2011. Peterson SN The dental plaque microbiome in health and disease. PLoS One 8, e58487, 2013. Redanz S , Standar K , Podbielski A , Kreikemeyer B . A five-species transcriptome array for oral mixed-biofilm studies. PLoS One 6,e27827, 2011. Romero B Reidentification of Streptococcus bovis isolates causing bacteremia according to the new taxonomy criteria: Still an issue? JClin Microbiol 49, 3228–3233, 2011. Stinson MW , Alder S , Kumar S . Invasion and killing of human endothelial cells by viridans Group Streptococci . Infect Immun 71,2365–2372, 2003. Mann B Control of virulence by small RNAs in Streptococcus pneumoniae . PLoS Pathog 8, e1002788, 2012. Gosink KK , Mann ER , Guglielmo C , Tuomanen EI , Masure HR . Role of novel choline binding proteins in virulence of Streptococcuspneumoniae . Infect Immun 68, 5690–5695, 2000. Henriques-Normark B , Tuomanen EI . The pneumococcus: Epidemiology, microbiology, and pathogenesis. Cold Spring Harb PerspectMed 3, 2013. DOI:10.1101/cshperspect.a010215 Williams RE . Laboratory diagnosis of Streptococcal infections. Bull World Health Organ 19, 153–176, 1958. Kaufhold A , Lutticken R , Schwien U . Few-minutes tests for the identification of Group A Streptococci and Enterococci with chromogenicsubstrates. Zentralbl Bakteriol 272, 191–195, 1989. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a010215 Malhotra-Kumar S , Wang S , Lammens C , Chapelle S , Goossens H . Bacitracin-resistant clone of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated frompharyngitis patients in Belgium. J Clin Microbiol 41, 5282–5284, 2003. Chapin KC , Blake P , Wilson CD . Performance characteristics and utilization of rapid antigen test, DNA probe, and culture for detection ofGroup A Streptococci in an acute care clinic. J Clin Microbiol 40, 4207–4210, 2002. Altun O , Athlin S , Almuhayawi M , Stralin K , Ozenci V . Rapid identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae in blood cultures by using theImmuLex, Slidex and Wellcogen latex agglutination tests and the BinaxNOW antigen test. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 35, 579–585,2016. Nishiki I , Minami T , Itami T , Yoshida T . A rapid agglutination antibody detection method for diagnosis of Streptococcus dysgalactiaeinfection in farmed fish using recombinant surface immunogenic protein (rSd-Sip)- coated latex beads. Fish Patho 49, 27–30, 2014. Halperin T Molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of Group G Streptococci in Israel: Comparison of invasive, non-invasiveand carriage isolates. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 35, 1649–1654, 2016. Werno AM , Murdoch DR . Medical microbiology: Laboratory diagnosis of invasive pneumococcal disease. Clin Infect Dis 46, 926–932,2008. Cunningham MW . Pathogenesis of group A Streptococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 13, 470–511, 2000. Davies HD Invasive group A Streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada. Ontario Group A Streptococcal Study Group. N Engl J Med 335,547–554, 1996. Rudolph K Epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal disease in Alaska, 2001 to 2013. J Clin Microbiol 54, 134–141, 2016. Stevens DL , Gibbons AE , Bergstrom R , Winn V . The eagle effect revisited: Efficacy of clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin in thetreatment of Streptococcal myositis. J Infect Dis 158, 23–28, 1988. Johansson L , Thulin P , Low DE , Norrby-Teglund A . Getting under the skin: The immuno-pathogenesis of Streptococcus pyogenes deeptissue infections. Clin Infect Dis 51, 58–65, 2010. Chohan L , Hollier LM , Bishop K , Kilpatrick CC . Patterns of antibiotic resistance among Group B Streptococcus isolates: 2001–2004.Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2006, 57492, 2006. Farley MM . Group B Streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults. Clin Infect Dis 33, 556–561, 2001. Baddour LM . Infective endocarditis caused by beta-hemolytic Streptococci. The Infectious Diseases Society of America's EmergingInfections Network. Clin Infect Dis 26, 66–71, 1998. Nuccitelli A , Rinaudo CD , Maione D . Group B Streptococcus vaccine: State of the art. Ther Adv Vaccines 3, 76–90, 2015. Marquis RE , Clock SA , Mota-Meira M . Fluoride and organic weak acids as modulators of microbial physiology. FEMS Microbiol Rev 26,493–510, 2003. Targino AG An innovative approach to treating dental decay in children. A new anti-caries agent. J Mater Sci Mater Med 25, 2041–2047,2014.

Al-Sohaibani S , Murugan K . Anti-biofilm activity of Salvadora persica on cariogenic isolates of Streptococcus mutans: In vitro andmolecular docking studies. Biofouling 28, 29–38, 2014. Kouidhi B , Al Qurashi YM , Chaieb K . Drug resistance of bacterial dental biofilm and the potential use of natural compounds as alternativefor prevention and treatment. Microb Pathog 80, 39–49, 2015. Kaur R , Casey JR , Pichichero ME . Emerging Streptococcus pneumoniae strains colonizing the nasopharynx in children after 13-valentpneumococcal conjugate vaccination in comparison to the 7-valent era, 2006–2015. Pediatr Infect Dis J 35, 901–906, 2016. Flores AR Sequence type 1 Group B Streptococcus, an emerging cause of invasive disease in adults, evolves by small genetic changes.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112, 6431–6436, 2015.

Aeromonas Janda JM , Abbott SL . The genus Aeromonas: Taxonomy, pathogenicity, and infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010;23:35–73. Teunis P , Figueras MJ . Reassessment of the enteropathogenicity of mesophilic Aeromonas species. Front Microbiol 2016;7:1395–1396. Figueras MJ , Beaz-Hidalgo R . Aeromonas Infections in Humans. Aeromonas Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK 2015:65–108. Martin-Carnahan A , Joseph S . Genus I. Aeromonas Stanier 1943, 213AL. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2005;2:557–578. Martínez-Murcia A , Beaz-Hidalgo R , Svec P , Saavedra MJ , Figueras MJ , Sedlacek I . Aeromonas cavernicola sp. nov., isolated fromfresh water of a brook in a cavern. Curr Microbiol 2013;66:197–204. Aravena-Román M , Beaz-Hidalgo R , Inglis TJ Aeromonas australiensis sp. nov., isolated from irrigation water. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol2013;63:2270–2276. Figueras M , Latif-Eugenín F , Ballester F ‘Aeromonas intestinalis’ and ‘Aeromonas enterica’isolated from human faeces,‘Aeromonascrassostreae’from oyster and ‘Aeromonas aquatilis’ isolated from lake water represent novel species. New Microbes New Infect2017;15:74–76. Abbott SL , Cheung WK , Janda JM . The genus Aeromonas: Biochemical characteristics, atypical reactions, and phenotypic identificationschemes. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:2348–2357. Soler L , Marco F , Vila J , Chacón M , Guarro J , Figueras M . Evaluation of two miniaturized systems, MicroScan W/A and BBL CrystalE/NF, for identification of clinical isolates of Aeromonas spp. J Clinical Microbiol 2003;41:5732–5734. Figueras MJ , Alperi A , Saavedra MJ Clinical relevance of the recently described species Aeromonas aquariorum . J Clin Microbiol2009;47:3742–3746. Beaz-Hidalgo R , Alperi A , Buján N , Romalde JL , Figueras MJ . Comparison of phenotypical and genetic identification of Aeromonasstrains isolated from diseased fish. Syst Appl Microbiol 2010;33:149–153. Aravena-Roman M , Harnett GB , Riley TV , Inglis TJ , Chang BJ . Aeromonas aquariorum is widely distributed in clinical andenvironmental specimens and can be misidentified as Aeromonas hydrophila . J Clin Microbiol 2011;49:3006–3008. Senderovich Y , Ken-Dror S , Vainblat I , Blau D , Izhaki I , Halpern M . A molecular study on the prevalence and virulence potential ofAeromonas spp. recovered from patients suffering from diarrhea in Israel. PLOS One 2012;7:e30070. Morinaga Y , Yanagihara K , Eugenin FLL , Beaz-Hidalgo R , Kohno S , Salvat MJF . Identification error of Aeromonas aquariorum: Acausative agent of septicemia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013;76:106–109. Latif-Eugenín F , Beaz-Hidalgo R , José FM . A culture independent method for the detection of Aeromonas sp. from water samples. Ital JFood Sci 2016;5:5489. Marti E , Balcázar JL . Aeromonas rivipollensis sp. nov., a novel species isolated from aquatic samples. J Basic Microbiol2015;55:1435–1439. Beaz-Hidalgo R , Latif-Eugenín F , Hossain M Aeromonas aquatica sp. nov., Aeromonas finlandiensis sp. nov. and Aeromonas lacus sp.nov. isolated from Finnish waters associated with cyanobacterial blooms. Syst Appl Microbiol 2015;38:161–168. Martínez-Murcia A , Beaz-Hidalgo R , Navarro A Aeromonas lusitana sp. nov., isolated from untreated water and vegetables. CurrMicrobiol 2016;72:795. Figueras MJ , Beaz-Hidalgo R , Senderovich Y , Laviad S , Halpern M . Re-identification of Aeromonas isolates from chironomid eggmasses as the potential pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas aquariorum . Environ Microbiol Rep 2011;3:239–244. Chen PL , Wu CJ , Chen CS , Tsai PJ , Tang HJ , Ko WC . A comparative study of clinical Aeromonas dhakensis and Aeromonashydrophila isolates in southern Taiwan: A. dhakensis is more predominant and virulent. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20:0428–0434. Chen PL , Lamy B , Ko WC . Aeromonas dhakensis, an increasingly recognized human pathogen. Front Microbiol 2016;7:793. Martinez-Murcia AJ , Saavedra MJ , Mota VR , Maier T , Stackebrandt E , Cousin S . Aeromonas aquariorum sp. nov., isolated fromaquaria of ornamental fish. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2008;58:1169–1175. Puthucheary S , Puah SM , Chua KH . Molecular characterization of clinical isolates of Aeromonas species from Malaysia. PLOS One2012;7:e30205. Esteve C , Alcaide E , Blasco MD . Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. dhakensis isolated from feces, water and fish in Mediterranean Spain.Microbes Environ 2012;27:367–373. Martínez-Murcia AJ , Soler L , Saavedra MJ Phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic discrepancies to differentiate Aeromonassalmonicida from Aeromonas bestiarum . Int Microbiol 2005;8:259–269. Beaz-Hidalgo R , Alperi A , Figueras M , Romalde J . Aeromonas piscicola sp. nov., isolated from diseased fish. Syst Appl Microbiol2009;32:471–479. Beaz-Hidalgo R , Latif-Eugenín F , Figueras MJ . The improved PCR of the fstA (ferric siderophore receptor) gene differentiates the fishpathogen Aeromonas salmonicida from other Aeromonas species. Vet Microbiol 2013;166:659–663. Beaz-Hidalgo R , Figueras M . Aeromonas spp. whole genomes and virulence factors implicated in fish disease. J Fish Dis2013;36:371–388. Martínez-Murcia AJ , Figueras MJ , Saavedra MJ , Stackebrandt E . The recently proposed species Aeromonas sharmana sp. nov., isolateGPTSA-6T, is not a member of the genus Aeromonas . Int Microbiol 2007;10:61. Borrell N , Acinas SG , Figueras M-J , Martinez-Murcia AJ . Identification of Aeromonas clinical isolates by restriction fragment lengthpolymorphism of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. J Clinical Microbiol 1997;35:1671–1674.

Figueras M , Soler L , Chacón M , Guarro J , Martínez-Murcia A . Extended method for discrimination of Aeromonas spp. by 16S rDNARFLP analysis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2000;50:2069–2073. Alperi A , Martínez-Murcia AJ , Monera A , Saavedra MJ , Figueras MJ . Aeromonas fluvialis sp. nov., isolated from a Spanish river. Int JSyst Evol Microbiol 2010;60:72–77. Alperi A , Martínez-Murcia AJ , Ko W-C , Monera A , Saavedra MJ , Figueras MJ . Aeromonas taiwanensis sp. nov. and Aeromonassanarellii sp. nov., clinical species from Taiwan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010;60:2048–2055. Alperi A , Figueras MJ , Inza I , Martínez-Murcia AJ . Analysis of 16S rRNA gene mutations in a subset of Aeromonas strains and theirimpact in species delineation. Int Microbiol 2008;11:185–194. Figueras M , Horneman A , Martinez-Murcia A , Guarro J . Controversial data on the association of Aeromonas with diarrhoea in a recentHong Kong study. J Med Mcrobiol 2007;56:996–998. Svenungsson B , Lagergren A , Ekwall E Enteropathogens in adult patients with diarrhea and healthy control subjects: A 1-yearprospective study in a Swedish clinic for infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:770–778. Vila J , Ruiz J , Gallardo F Aeromonas spp. and traveler's diarrhea: Clinical features and antimicrobial resistance. Emerg Infect Dis2003;9:552–555. Figueras MJ . Clinical relevance of Aeromonas sM503. Rev Med Microbiol 2005;16:145–153. Zhang Q , Shi G-Q , Tang G-P , Zou Z-T , Yao G-H , Zeng G . A foodborne outbreak of Aeromonas hydrophila in a college, Xingyi City,Guizhou, China, 2012. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2012;3:39. Egorov AI , Best JM , Frebis CP , Karapondo MS . Occurrence of Aeromonas spp. in a random sample of drinking water distributionsystems in the USA. J Water Health 2011;9:785–798. Yamada S , Matsushita S , Dejsirilert S , Kudoh Y . Incidence and clinical symptoms of Aeromonas-associated travellers’ diarrhoea inTokyo. Epidemiol Infect 1997;119:121–126. Chen PL , Tsai PJ , Chen CS Aeromonas stool isolates from individuals with or without diarrhea in southern Taiwan: Predominance ofAeromonas veronii . J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2015;48:618–624. Juan HJ , Tang RB , Wu TC , Yu KW . Isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila in children with diarrhea. J Microbiol Immunol Infect2000;33:115–117. Essers B , Burnens AP , Lanfranchini FM Acute community-acquired diarrhea requiring hospital admission in Swiss children. Clin Infect Dis2000;31:192–196. Ghenghesh KS , Ahmed SF , El-Khalek RA , Al-Gendy A , Klena J . Aeromonas-associated infections in developing countries. J Infect DevCtries 2008;2:81–98. Hanninen ML , Salmi S , Mattila L , Taipalinen R , Siitonen A . Association of Aeromonas spp. with travellers’ diarrhoea in Finland. J MedMicrobiol 1995;42:26–31. Bravo L , Fernandez A , Nunez FA Aeromonas spp associated to acute diarrheic disease in Cuba: Case-control study. Rev ChilenaInfectol 2012;29:44–48. Mansour AM , Elkhalek RA , Shaheen HI Burden of Aeromonas hydrophila–associated diarrhea among children younger than 2 years inrural Egyptian community. J Infect Dev Ctries 2012;6:842–846. Elnaz A , Behzad K-n , Hamid A , Majid A , Ehsanollah G-r . Low prevalence of Aeromonas hydrophila in infectious diarrhea samples ofpediatric patients in Arak, Iran. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2016;5:15–16. Kotloff KL , Nataro JP , Blackwelder WC Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries(the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): A prospective, case-control study. Lancet 2013;382:209–222. Singh DV . Production of heat-labile enterotoxin by strains of Aeromonas veronii bv veronii. J Health Popul Nutr 2000;18:44–48. Sha J , Kozlova EV , Chopra AK . Role of various enterotoxins in Aeromonas hydrophila-induced gastroenteritis: Generation of enterotoxingene-deficient mutants and evaluation of their enterotoxic activity. Infect Immun 2002;70:1924–1935. Sha J , Pillai L , Fadl AA , Galindo CL , Erova TE , Chopra AK . The type III secretion system and cytotoxic enterotoxin alter the virulenceof Aeromonas hydrophila . Infect Immun 2005;73:6446–6457. Cumberbatch N , Gurwith MJ , Langston C , Sack RB , Brunton JL . Cytotoxic enterotoxin produced by Aeromonas hydrophila:Relationship of toxigenic isolates to diarrheal disease. Infect Immun 1979;23:829–837. Wong CY , Heuzenroeder MW , Flower RL . Inactivation of two haemolytic toxin genes in Aeromonas hydrophila attenuates virulence in asuckling mouse model. Microbiology 1998;144(Pt 2):291–298. Chacon MR , Soler L , Groisman EA , Guarro J , Figueras MJ . Type III secretion system genes in clinical Aeromonas isolates. J ClinMicrobiol 2004;42:1285–1287. Chen PL , Wu CJ , Tsai PJ Virulence diversity among bacteremic Aeromonas isolates: Ex vivo, animal, and clinical evidences. PLOS One2014;9:e111213. Wu CJ , Chen PL , Hsueh PR Clinical implications of species identification in monomicrobial Aeromonas bacteremia. PLOS One2015;10:e0117821. Moyer NP . Clinical significance of Aeromonas species isolated from patients with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 1987;25:2044–2048. Agger WA , McCormick JD , Gurwith MJ . Clinical and microbiological features of Aeromonas hydrophila-associated diarrhea. J ClinMicrobiol 1985;21:909–913. Funada H , Matsuda T . Aeromonas bacteremia in patients with hematologic diseases. Intern Med 1997;36:171–174. Holmberg SD , Schell WL , Fanning GR Aeromonas intestinal infections in the United States. Ann Intern Med 1986;105:683–689. George WL , Nakata MM , Thompson J , White ML . Aeromonas-related diarrhea in adults. Arch Intern Med 1985;145:2207–2211. Chan SS , Ng KC , Lyon DJ , Cheung WL , Cheng AF , Rainer TH . Acute bacterial gastroenteritis: A study of adult patients with positivestool cultures treated in the emergency department. Emerg Med J 2003;20:335–338. Steinberg JP , Burd EM . Other Gram-Negative and Gram-Variable Bacilli. In: Bennett JE , Dolin R , Blaser MJ . Mandell, Douglas, andBennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2015:2670–2672. Champsaur H , Andremont A , Mathieu D , Rottman E , Auzepy P . Cholera-like illness due to Aeromonas sobria . J Infect Dis1982;145:248–254. Block K , Braver JM , Farraye FA . Aeromonas infection and intramural intestinal hemorrhage as a cause of small bowel obstruction. Am JGastroenterol 1994;89:1902–1903. Yamamoto T , Ishii T , Sanaka M , Saitoh M , Kuyama Y . Ileal ulcers due to Aeromonas hydrophilia infection. J Clin Gastroenterol2004;38:911.

Willoughby JM , Rahman AF , Gregory MM . Chronic colitis after Aeromonas infection. Gut 1989;30:686–690. Doman DB , Golding MI , Goldberg HJ , Doyle RB . Aeromonas hydrophila colitis presenting as medically refractory inflammatory boweldisease. Am J Gastroenterol 1989;84:83–85. Deutsch SF , Wedzina W . Aeromonas sobria-associated left-sided segmental colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:2104–2106. Holthouse DJ , Chen F , Leong RW , Chleboun J , Hallam L . Aeromonas hydrophilia colitis mimicking ischaemic colitis in an elderlywoman. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;22:1554–1555. Bogdanovic R , Cobeljic M , Markovic M Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome associated with Aeromonas hydrophila enterocolitis. PediatrNephrol 1991;5:293–295. Filler G , Ehrich JH , Strauch E , Beutin L . Acute renal failure in an infant associated with cytotoxic Aeromonas sobria isolated frompatient's stool and from aquarium water as suspected source of infection. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:469–470. Ko WC , Chuang YC . Aeromonas bacteremia: Review of 59 episodes. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:1298–1304. Ko WC , Lee HC , Chuang YC , Liu CC , Wu JJ . Clinical features and therapeutic implications of 104 episodes of monomicrobialAeromonas bacteraemia. J Infect 2000;40:267–273. Dwivedi M , Mishra A , Prasad A Aeromonas caviae septicemia in immunocompetent gastrointestinal carriers. Braz J Infect Dis2008;12:547–548. Clark NM , Chenoweth CE . Aeromonas infection of the hepatobiliary system: Report of 15 cases and review of the literature. Clin InfectDis 2003;37:506–513. Rasmussen-Ivey CR , Figueras MJ , McGarey D , Liles MR . Virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila: In the wake of reclassification.Front Microbiol 2016;7:1337–1342. Lynch MJ , Swift S , Kirke DF , Keevil CW , Dodd CE , Williams P . The regulation of biofilm development by quorum sensing inAeromonas hydrophila . Environ Microbiol 2002;4:18–28. Chopra AK , Houston CW , Peterson JW , Jin GF . Cloning, expression, and sequence analysis of a cytolytic enterotoxin gene fromAeromonas hydrophila . Can J Microbiol 1993;39:513–523. Xu XJ , Ferguson MR , Popov VL , Houston CW , Peterson JW , Chopra AK . Role of a cytotoxic enterotoxin in Aeromonas-mediatedinfections: Development of transposon and isogenic mutants. Infect Immun 1998;66:3501–3509. Chopra AK , Houston CW . Enterotoxins in Aeromonas-associated gastroenteritis. Microbes Infect 1999;1:1129–1137. Erova TE , Sha J , Horneman AJ Identification of a new hemolysin from diarrheal isolate SSU of Aeromonas hydrophila . FEMS MicrobiolLett 2007;275:301–311. Grim CJ , Kozlova EV , Ponnusamy D Functional genomic characterization of virulence factors from necrotizing fasciitis-causing strains ofAeromonas hydrophila . Appl Environ Microbiol 2014;80:4162–4183. Wang G , Clark CG , Liu C Detection and characterization of the hemolysin genes in Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria bymultiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:1048–1054. Erova TE , Pillai L , Fadl AA DNA adenine methyltransferase influences the virulence of Aeromonas hydrophila . Infect Immun2006;74:410–424. Galan JE , Collmer A . Type III secretion machines: Bacterial devices for protein delivery into host cells. Science 1999;284:1322–1328. Sierra JC , Suarez G , Sha J Biological characterization of a new type III secretion system effector from a clinical isolate of Aeromonashydrophila-part II. Microb Pathog 2007;43:147–160. Sha J , Wang SF , Suarez G Further characterization of a type III secretion system (T3SS) and of a new effector protein from a clinicalisolate of Aeromonas hydrophila—Part I. Microb Pathog 2007;43:127–146. Sierra JC , Suarez G , Sha J , Baze WB , Foltz SM , Chopra AK . Unraveling the mechanism of action of a new type III secretion systemeffector AexU from Aeromonas hydrophila . Microb Pathog 2010;49:122–134. Bingle LE , Bailey CM , Pallen MJ . Type VI secretion: A beginner's guide. Curr Opin Microbiol 2008;11:3–8. Suarez G , Sierra JC , Erova TE , Sha J , Horneman AJ , Chopra AK . A type VI secretion system effector protein, VgrG1, fromAeromonas hydrophila that induces host cell toxicity by ADP ribosylation of actin. J Bacteriol 2010;192:155–168. Suarez G , Sierra JC , Kirtley ML , Chopra AK . Role of Hcp, a type 6 secretion system effector, of Aeromonas hydrophila in modulatingactivation of host immune cells. Microbiology 2010;156:3678–3688. Abbott SL . Aeromonas. In: Patrick R , Murray EJB , Jorgensen JH , Pfaller MA , Yolken RH , ed. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th ed.Washington: American Society of Microbiology 2003;701–705. Carnahan AM , Behram S , Joseph SW . Aerokey II: A flexible key for identifying clinical Aeromonas species. J Clin Microbiol1991;29:2843–2849. Robinson J , Burke V , Worthy PJ , Beaman J , Wagener L . Media for isolation of Aeromonas spp. from faeces. J Med Microbiol1984;18:405–411. Altorfer R , Altwegg M , Zollinger-Iten J , von Graevenitz A . Growth of Aeromonas spp. on cefsulodin-Irgasan-novobiocin agar selective forYersinia enterocolitica . J Clin Microbiol 1985;22:478–480. Desmond E , Janda JM . Growth of Aeromonas species on enteric agars. J Clin Microbiol 1986;23:1065–1067. Mishra S , Nair GB , Bhadra RK , Sikder SN , Pal SC . Comparison of selective media for primary isolation of Aeromonas species fromhuman and animal feces. J Clin Microbiol 1987;25:2040–2043. Kay BA , Guerrero CE , Sack RB . Media for the isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila . J Clin Microbiol 1985;22:888–890. Andelova A , Porazilova I , Krejci E . Aeromonas agar is a useful selective medium for isolating aeromonads from faecal samples. J MedMicrobiol 2006;55:1605–1606. Aguilera-Arreola MG , Portillo-Munoz MI , Rodriguez-Martinez C , Castro-Escarpulli G . Usefulness of Chromogenic CromoCen(R) AGNagar medium for the identification of the genus Aeromonas: Assessment of faecal samples. J Microbiol Methods 2012;90:100–104. Kelly MT , Stroh EM , Jessop J . Comparison of blood agar, ampicillin blood agar, MacConkey-ampicillin-Tween agar, and modifiedcefsulodin–Irgasan-novobiocin agar for isolation of Aeromonas spp. from stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1988;26:1738–1740. De Luca F , Giraud-Morin C , Rossolini GM , Docquier JD , Fosse T . Genetic and biochemical characterization of TRU-1, the endogenousclass C beta-lactamase from Aeromonas enteropelogenes . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:1547–1554. Albert MJ , Ansaruzzaman M , Talukder KA Prevalence of enterotoxin genes in Aeromonas spp. isolated from children with diarrhea,healthy controls, and the environment. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:3785–3790. Wilcox MH , Cook AM , Eley A , Spencer RC . Aeromonas spp as a potential cause of diarrhoea in children. J Clin Pathol1992;45:959–963.

Millership SE , Chattopadhyay B . Methods for the isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides from faeces. J Hyg1984;92:145–152. Robinson J , Beaman J , Wagener L , Burke V . Comparison of direct plating with the use of enrichment culture for isolation of Aeromonasspp. from faeces . J Med Microbiol 1986;22:315–317. Soler L , Yanez MA , Chacon MR Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas based on two housekeeping genes. Int J Syst EvolMicrobiol 2004;54:1511–1519. Kupfer M , Kuhnert P , Korczak BM , Peduzzi R , Demarta A . Genetic relationships of Aeromonas strains inferred from 16S rRNA, gyrBand rpoB gene sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2006;56:2743–2751. Martinez-Murcia AJ , Monera A , Saavedra MJ Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas . Syst Appl Microbiol2011;34:189–199. Roger F , Marchandin H , Jumas-Bilak E , Kodjo A , Lamy B ; col BVH Study Group . Multilocus genetics to reconstruct aeromonadevolution. BMC Microbiol 2012;12:62. Singhal N , Kumar M , Kanaujia PK , Virdi JS . MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: An emerging technology for microbial identification anddiagnosis. Front Microbiol 2015;6:791. Lamy B , Kodjo A , Laurent F , Col BVHSG . Identification of Aeromonas isolates by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;71:1–5. Benagli C , Demarta A , Caminada A , Ziegler D , Petrini O , Tonolla M . A rapid MALDI-TOF MS identification database at genospecieslevel for clinical and environmental Aeromonas strains. PLOS One 2012;7:e48441. Chen PL , Lee TF , Wu CJ Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry can accurately differentiateAeromonas dhakensis from A. hydrophila, A. caviae, and A. veronii . J Clin Microbiol 2014;52:2625–2628. San Joaquin VH , Pickett DA . Aeromonas-associated gatroenteritis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988;7:53–57. Alcaide E , Blasco M-D , Esteve C . Mechanisms of quinolone resistance in Aeromonas species isolated from humans, water and eels.Res Microbiol 2010;161:40–45. Ko WC , Yu KW , Liu CY , Huang CT , Leu HS , Chuang YC . Increasing antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Aeromonas strains inTaiwan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:1260–1262. Wu CJ , Wu JJ , Yan JJ Clinical significance and distribution of putative virulence markers of 116 consecutive clinical Aeromonas isolatesin southern Taiwan. J Infect 2007;54:151–158.

Arcobacter Collado L , Figueras MJ . Taxonomy, epidemiology, and clinical relevance of the genus Arcobacter . Clin Microbiol Rev 2011;24:174–192. Merga JY , Royden A , Pandey AK , Williams NJ . Arcobacter spp. isolated from untreated domestic effluent. Lett Appl Microbiol2014;59:122–126. Hsu TT , Lee J . Global distribution and prevalence of Arcobacter in food and water. Zoonoses Public Health 2015;62:579–589. Fernández H , Villanueva MP , Mansilla I , Gonzalez M , Latif F . Arcobacter butzleri and A. cryaerophilus in human, animals and foodsources, in southern Chile. Braz J Microbiol 2015;46:145–147. Ferreira S , Oleastro M , Domingues F . Arcobacter spp. in food chain—From culture to omics. In: Singh OV , ed. Food Borne Pathogensand Antibiotic Resistance. Wiley-Blackwell: New Jersey, 2017;73–118. International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF) . In: Tompkin RB , ed. Microbiological Testing in FoodSafety Management. 7. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 2002;171. Lehner A , Tasara T , Stephan R . Relevant aspects of Arcobacter spp. as potential foodborne pathogen. Int J Food Microbiol2005;102:127–135. Ho HT , Lipman LJ , Gaastra W . Arcobacter, what is known and unknown about a potential foodborne zoonotic agent! Vet Microbiol2006;115:1–13. Adesiji YO , Oloke JK , Emikpe BO , Coker AO . Arcobacter, an emerging opportunistic food borne pathogen—A review. Afr J Med MedSci 2014;43:5–11. Ferreira S , Queiroz JA , Oleastro M , Domingues FC . Insights in the pathogenesis and resistance of Arcobacter: A review. Crit RevMicrobiol 2016;42(3):364–383. Cervenka L . Survival and inactivation of Arcobacter spp., a current status and future prospect. Crit Rev Microbiol 2007;33:101–108. Ferreira S , Fraqueza MJ , Queiroz JA , Domingues FC , Oleastro M . Genetic diversity, antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming ability ofArcobacter butzleri isolated from poultry and environment from a Portuguese slaughterhouse. Int J Food Microbiol 2013;162:82–88. Vandamme P , Falsen E , Rossau R Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: Emendation of genericdescriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1991;41:88–103. Vandamme P , Vancanneyt M , Pot B Polyphasic taxonomic study of the emended genus Arcobacter with Arcobacter butzleri comb. nov.and Arcobacter skirrowii sp. nov., an aerotolerant bacterium isolated from veterinary specimens. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1992;42:344–356. Levican A , Rubio-Arcos S , Martinez-Murcia A , Collado L , Figueras MJ . Arcobacter ebronensis sp. nov. and Arcobacter aquimarinus sp.nov., two new species isolated from marine environment. Syst Appl Microbiol 2015;38:30–35. Figueras MJ , Pérez-Cataluña A , Salas-Massó N , Levican A , Collado L . “Arcobacter porcinus” sp. nov., a novel Arcobacter speciesuncovered by Arcobacter thereius . New Microbes New Infect 2016;15:104–106. Diéguez AL , Balboa S , Magnesen T , Romalde JL . Arcobacter lekithochrous sp. nov., a new species isolated from a molluscan hatcheryin Norway. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67(5):1327–1332. Levican A , Collado L , Figueras MJ . Arcobacter cloacae sp. nov. and Arcobacter suis sp. nov., two new species isolated from food andsewage. Syst Appl Microbiol 2013;36(1):22–27. Whiteduck-Léveillée K , Whiteduck-Léveillée J , Cloutier M Identification, characterization and description of Arcobacter faecis sp. nov.,isolated from a human waste septic tank. Syst Appl Microbiol 2015;39(2):93–99. Whiteduck-Léveillée K , Whiteduck-Léveillée J , Cloutier M Arcobacter lanthieri sp. Nov. isolated from pig and dairy cattle manure. Int JSyst Bacteriol 2015;65(8):2709–2716.

Van den Abeele AM , Vogelaers D , Van Hende J , Houf K . Prevalence of Arcobacter species among humans, Belgium, 2008–2013.Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20:1731–1734. Figueras MJ , Levican A , Pujol I , Ballester F , Rabada-Quilez MJ , Gomez-Bertomeu F . A severe case of persistent diarrhoea withArcobacter cryaerophilus but attributed to Campylobacter sp. And a review of the clinical incidence of Arcobacter spp. New Microbes NewInfect 2014;2:31–37. Levican A , Collado L , Figueras MJ . The use of two culturing methods in parallel reveals a high prevalence and diversity of Arcobacterspp. in a wastewater treatment plant. Biomed Res Int 2016;2016:8132058. Sasi Jyothsna TS , Rahul K , Ramaprasad EV , Sasikala Ch , Ramana ChV . Arcobacter anaerophilus sp. nov. isolated from an estuarinesediment and emended description of the genus Arcobacter. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013;63:4619–4625. Donachie SP , Bowman JP , On SLW , Alam M . Arcobacter halophilus sp. nov., the first obligate halophile in the genus Arcobacter . Int JSyst Evol Microbiol 2005;55:1271–1277. Salas-Massó N , Andree KB , Furones MD , Figueras MJ . Enhanced recovery of Arcobacter spp. using NaCl in culture media and re-assessment of the traits of Arcobacter marinus and Arcobacter halophilus isolated from marine water and shellfish. Sci Total Environ2016;566–7:1355–1361. Houf K , De Zutter L , Van Hoof J , Vandamme P . Assessment of the genetic diversity among arcobacters isolated from poultry productsby using two PCR-based typing methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002;68:2172–2178. Fisher JC , Levican A , Figueras MJ , McLellan SL . Population dynamics and ecology of Arcobacter in sewage. Front Microbiol2014;75(5):525. Miller WG , Parker CT , Rubenfield M . The complete genome sequence and analysis of the epsilon-proteobacterium Arcobacter butzleri .PLoS One. 2007;2:e1358. Maugeri TL , Gugliandolo C , Carbone M , Caccamo D , Fera MT . Isolation of Arcobacter spp. from a brackish environment. New Microbiol2000;23:143–149. Collado L , Guarro J , Figueras MJ . Prevalence of Arcobacter in meat and shellfish. J Food Prot 2008;72:1102–1106. McLellan SL , Newton RJ , Vandewalle JL Sewage reflects the distribution of human faecal Lachnospiraceae . Environ Microbiol2013;15(8):2213–2227. Banting GS , Figueras MJ . Arcobacter butzleri. In: Specific Excreted Pathogens: Environmental and Epidemiology Aspects, Section III.Bacteria, Global Pathogen Project, UNESCO, Paris, France; 2017. http://www.waterpathogens.org/node/119. Wesley IV , Miller GW . Arcobacter: An opportunistic human food-borne pathogen? In: Scheld WM , Grayson ML , Hughes JM , eds.Emerging Infections 9. Washington, DC: ASM Press. 2010, pp. 185–211. On SL , Jensen TK , Bille-Hansen V , Jorsal SE , Vandamme P . Prevalence and diversity of Arcobacter spp. isolated from the internalorgans of spontaneous porcine abortions in Denmark. Vet Microbiol 2002;85:159–167. Houf K , Stephan R . Isolation and characterization of the emerging foodborne pathogen Arcobacter from human stool. J MicrobiolMethods 2007;68:408–413. Collado L , Jara R , Vásquez N , Telsaint C . Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Arcobacter isolates recovered from ediblebivalve molluscs. Food Control 2014;46:508–512. Webb AL , Boras VF , Kruczkiewicz P , Selinger LB , Taboada EN , Inglis GD . Comparative detection and quantification of Arcobacterbutzleri in stools from diarrheic and nondiarrheic people in southwestern Alberta, Canada. J Clin Microbiol 2016;54:1082–1088. Levican A . 2013. Sanitary Importance of Arcobacter . Doctoral thesis. Unit of microbiology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Facultyof Medicine and Health Sciences, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus.http://www.tdx.cesca.es/bitstream/handle/10803/125666/A_Levican_Phd_thesis.pdf?sequence=1. González A , Ferrús MA . Study of Arcobacter spp. contamination in fresh lettuces detected by different cultural and molecular methods.Int J Food Microbiol 2011;145:311–314. Hausdorf L , Neumann M , Bergmann I Occurrence and genetic diversity of Arcobacter spp. in a spinach-processing plant and evaluationof two Arcobacter-specific quantitative PCR assays. Syst Appl Microbiol 2013;36:235–243. Fernandez-Cassi X , Silvera C , Cervero-Aragó S Evaluation of the microbiological quality of reclaimed water produced from a lagooningsystem. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016;23:16816–16833. Mottola A , Bonerba E , Bozzo G Occurrence of emerging food-borne pathogenic Arcobacter spp. isolated from pre-cut (ready-to-eat)vegetables. Int J Food Microbiol 2016;236:33–37. Banting GS , Braithwaite S , Scott C Evaluation of various Campylobacter-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for detection andenumeration of Campylobacteraceae in irrigation water and wastewater via a miniaturized most-probable-number-qPCR assay. ApplEnviron Microbiol 2016;82:4743–4756. Chinivasagam HN , Corney BG , Wright LL , Diallo IS , Blackall PJ . Detection of Arcobacter spp. in piggery effluent and effluent-irrigatedsoils in southeast Queensland. J Appl Microbiol 2007;103:418–426. González I , García T , Fernández S , Martín, R . Current status on Arcobacter research: An update on DNA-based identification andtyping methodologies. Food Anal Methods 2012;5:956–968. Rasmussen LHL , Kjeldgaard J , Christensen JP , Ingmer H . Multilocus sequence typing and biocide tolerance of Arcobacter butzleri fromDanish broiler carcasses. BMC Res Notes 2013;6:322. Collado L , Kasimir G , Perez U Occurrence and diversity of Arcobacter spp. along the Llobregat River catchment, at sewage effluents andin a drinking water treatment plant. Water Res 2010;44:3696–3702. Levican A , Collado L , Yustes C , Aguilar C , Figueras MJ . Higher water temperature and incubation under aerobic and microaerobicconditions increase the recovery and diversity of Arcobacter spp. from shellfish. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014;80:385–391. Houf K , Tutenel A , De Zutter L , Van Hoof J , Vandamme P . Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection andidentification of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Arcobacter skirrowii . FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000;193:89–94. Shah AH , Saleha AA , Murugaiyah M , Zunita Z , Memon AA . Prevalence and distribution of Arcobacter spp. in raw milk and retail rawbeef. J Food Prot 2012;75:1474–1478. Scarano C , Giacometti F , Manfreda G Arcobacter butzleri in sheep ricotta cheese at retail and related sources of contamination in anindustrial dairy plant. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014;80:7036–7041. Giacometti F , Lucchi A , Di Francesco A Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii circulation in a dairy farmand sources of milk contamination. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015;81:5055–5063.

Douidah L , De Zutter L , Vandamme P , Houf K . Identification of five human and mammal associated Arcobacter species by a novelmultiplex-PCR assay. J Microbiol Methods 2010;80:281–286. De Smet S , Vandamme P , De Zutter L , On S , Douidah L , Houf K . Arcobacter trophiarum sp. nov. isolated from fattening pigs. Int J SystEvol Microbiol 2011;63:356–361. Khoshbakhta R , Tabatabaeib M , Askib HS , Seifia S . Occurrence of Arcobacter in Iranian poultry and slaughterhouse samples implicatescontamination by processing equipment and procedures. Br Poult Sci 2014;55:732–736. Ho HT , Lipman LJ , Gaastra W . The introduction of Arcobacter spp. in poultry slaughterhouses. Int J Food Microbiol 2008;125:223–229. Shirzad Aski H , Tabatabaei M , Khoshbakht R , Raeisi M . Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of emergent Arcobacter spp. isolatedfrom cattle and sheep in Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016;44:37–40. Kabeya H , Kobayashi Y , Maruyama S , Mikami T . One-step polymerase chain reaction-based typing of Arcobacter species. Int J FoodMicrobiol 2003;81:163–168. Harmon KM , Wesley IV . Multiplex PCR for the identification of Arcobacter and differentiation of Arcobacter butzleri from otherarcobacters. Vet Microbiol 1997;58:215–227. Atanassova V , Kessen V , Reich F , Klein G . Incidence of Arcobacter spp. in poultry: Quantitative and qualitative analysis and PCRdifferentiation. J Food Prot 2008;71:2533–2536. Patyal A , Rathore RS , Mohan HV , Dhama K , Kumar A . Prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in humans, animals and foods of animal originincluding sea food from India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011;58:402–410. González A , Suski J , Ferrús MA . Rapid and accurate detection of Arcobacter contamination in commercial chicken products andwastewater samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010;7:327–338. De Smet S , De Zutter L , Van Hende J , Houf K . Arcobacter contamination on pre- and post-chilled bovine carcasses and in minced beefat retail. J Appl Microbiol 2010;108:299–305. Harmon KM , Wesley IV . Identification of Arcobacter isolates by PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol 1996;23:241–244. Zacharow I , Bystroń J , Wałecka-Zacharska E , Podkowik M , Bania J . Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter butzleri andArcobacter cryaerophilus isolates from retail meat in Lower Silesia region, Poland. Pol J Vet Sci 2015;18:63–69. Figueras MJ , Collado L , Guarro J . A new 16S rDNA-RFLP method for the discrimination of the accepted species of Arcobacter . DiagnMicrobiol Infect Dis 2008;62:11–15. Nieva-Echevarria B , Martinez-Malaxetxebarria I , Girbau C , Alonso R , Fernández-Astorga A . Prevalence and genetic diversity ofArcobacter in food products in the north of Spain. J Food Prot 2013;6:1447–1450. Revez J , Huuskonen M , Ruusunen M , Lindström M , Hänninen ML . Arcobacter species and their pulsed-field gel electrophoresisgenotypes in Finnish raw milk during summer 2011. J Food Prot 2013;76:1630–1632. Ramees TP , Rathore RS , Bagalkot PS Genotyping and genetic diversity of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus isolatedfrom different sources by using ERIC-PCR from India. Vet Q 2014;34:211–217. Ertas N , Dogruer Y , Gonulalan Z , Guner A , Ulger I . Prevalence of Arcobacter species in drinking water, spring water, and raw milk asdetermined by multiplex PCR. J Food Prot 2010;73:2099–2102. Figueras MJ , Levican A , Collado L . Updated 16S rRNA-RFLP method for the identification of all currently characterised Arcobacter spp.BMC Microbiol 2012;12:292. Šilha D , Šilhová-Hrušková L , Vytřasová J . Modified isolation method of Arcobacter spp. from different environmental and food samples.Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015;60:515–521. Bodhidatta L , Srijan A , Serichantalergs O Bacterial pathogens isolated from raw meat and poultry compared with pathogens isolated fromchildren in the same area of rural Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2013;44:259–272. Wesley IV , Schroeder-Tucker L , Baetz AL , Dewhirst FE , Paster BJ . Arcobacter-specific and Arcobacter butzleri-specific 16S rRNA-based DNA probes. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:1691–1698. Lehmann D , Alter T , Lehmann L , Uherkova S , Seidler T , Gölz G . Prevalence, virulence gene distribution and genetic diversity ofArcobacter in food samples in Germany. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2015;128:163–168. Lee M , Seo DJ , Jeon SB Detection of foodborne pathogens and mycotoxins in eggs and chicken feeds from farms to retail markets.Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2016;36:463–468. Pentimalli D , Pegels N , Garcia T , Martin R , González I . Specific PCR detection of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus,Arcobacter skirrowii, and Arcobacter cibarius in chicken meat. J Food Prot 2009;72:1491–1495. Laishram M , Rathlavath S , Lekshmi M , Kumar S , Nayak BB . Isolation and characterization of Arcobacter spp. from fresh seafood andthe aquatic environment. Int J Food Microbiol 2016;232:87–89. Bonerba E , Mottola A , Parisi A Detection of Arcobacter spp. in Mytilus galloprovincialis samples collected from Apulia region. Ital J FoodSaf 2015;4:4583. Mottola A , Bonerba E , Figueras MJ Occurrence of potentially pathogenic arcobacters in shellfish. Food Microbiol 2016;57:23–27. Ottaviani D , Mosca F , Chierichetti S , Tiscar PG , Leoni F . Genetic diversity of Arcobacter isolated from bivalves of Adriatic and theirinteractions with Mytilus galloprovincialis hemocytes. Microbiologyopen 2017;6(1):e00400. Leoni F , Chierichetti S , Santarelli S Occurrence of Arcobacter spp. and correlation with the bacterial indicator of faecal contaminationEscherichia coli in bivalve molluscs from the Central Adriatic, Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2017;245:6–12. Bayas-Morejón IF , González A , Ferrús MA . Detection, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcobacter spp. isolated fromshellfish in Spain. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017;14(4):238–243. Kaakoush NO , Castaño-Rodríguez N , Mitchell HM , Man SM . Global epidemiology of Campylobacter infection. Clin Microbiol Rev2015;28:687–720. Van Driessche E , Houf K . Survival capacity in water of Arcobacter species under different temperature conditions. J Appl Microbiol2008;105:443–451. Giacometti F , Serraino A , Pasquali F , De Cesare A , Bonerba E , Rosmini R . Behavior of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobactercryaerophilus in ultrahigh-temperature, pasteurized, and raw cow's milk under different temperature conditions. Foodborne Pathog Dis2014;11:15–20. Kjeldgaard J , Jørgensen K , Ingmer H . Growth and survival at chiller temperatures of Arcobacter butzleri . Int J Food Microbiol2009;131:256–259. Isohanni P , Huehn S , Aho T , Alter T , Lyhs U . Heat stress adaptation induces cross-protection against lethal acid stress conditions inArcobacter butzleri but not in Campylobacter jejuni . Food Microbiol 2013;34:431–435.

Webb AL , Taboada EN , Selinger LB , Boras VF , Inglis GD . Efficacy of wastewater treatment on Arcobacter butzleri density and straindiversity. Water Res 2016;105:291–296. Wybo I , Breynaert J , Lauwers S , Lindenburg F , Houf K . Isolation of Arcobacter skirrowii from a patient with chronic diarrhea. J ClinMicrobiol 2004;42:1851–1852. Arguello E , Otto CC , Mead P , Babady NE . Bacteremia caused by Arcobacter butzleri in an immunocompromised host. J Clin Microbiol2015;53:1448–1451. Teunis P , Figueras MJ . Reassessment of the enteropathogenicity of mesophilic Aeromonas species. Front Microbiol 2016;7:1395. Douidah L , De Zutter L , Baré J Occurrence of putative virulence genes in Arcobacter species isolated from humans and animals. J ClinMicrobiol 2012;50:735–741. Karadas G , Sharbati S , Hänel I Presence of virulence genes, adhesion and invasion of Arcobacter butzleri . J Appl Microbiol2013;115:583–590. Tabatabaei M , Shirzad Aski H , Shayegh H , Khoshbakht R . Occurrence of six virulence-associated genes in Arcobacter species isolatedfrom various sources in Shiraz, Southern Iran. Microb Pathog 2014;66:1–4. Zur Bruegge J , Hanisch C , Einspanier R , Alter T , Gölz G , Sharbati S . Arcobacter butzleri induces a pro-inflammatory response in THP-1 derived macrophages and has limited ability for intracellular survival. Int J Med Microbiol 2014;304:1209–1217. Levican A , Alkeskas A , Günter C , Forsythe SJ , Figueras MJ . Adherence to and invasion of human intestinal cells by Arcobacter speciesand their virulence genotypes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013;79:4951–4957. Karadas G , Bücker R , Sharbati S , Schulzke JD , Alter T , Gölz G . Arcobacter butzleri isolates exhibit pathogenic potential in intestinalepithelial cell models. J Appl Microbiol 2016;120:218–225. Veldhuizen EJA , Hendriks HGCJM , Hogenkamp A Differential regulation of porcine β-defensins 1 and 2 upon Salmonella infection in theintestinal epithelial cell line IPI-2I. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006;114(1–2):94–102. Gölz G , Karadas G , Fischer A Toll-like receptor-4 is essential for Arcobacter Butzleri-induced colonic and systemic immune responses ingnotobiotic IL-10(-/-) mice. Eur J Microbiol Immunol 2015;5:321–332. Heimesaat MM , Karadas G , Fischer A Toll-like receptor-4 dependent small intestinal immune responses following murine Arcobacterbutzleri infection. Eur J Microbiol Immunol 2015;5:333–342. Gölz G , Karadas G , Alutis ME Arcobacter butzleri induce colonic, extra-intestinal and systemic inflammatory responses in gnotobiotic il-10 deficient mice in a strain-dependent manner. PLoS One 2015;10(9):e0139402. Heimesaat MM , Karadas G , Alutis M Survey of small intestinal and systemic immune responses following murine Arcobacter butzleriinfection. Gut Pathog 2015;7:28. Heimesaat MM , Alter T , Bereswill S , Gölz G . Intestinal expression of genes encoding inflammatory mediators and gelatinases duringArcobacter butzleri infection of gnotobiotic IL-10 deficient mice. Eur J Microbiol Immunol 2016;6(1):56–66. Gölz G , Alter T , Bereswill S , Heimesaat MM . Toll-like receptor-4 dependent intestinal gene expression during Arcobacter butzleriinfection of gnotobiotic IL-10 deficient mice. Eur J Microbiol Immunol 2016;6(1):67–80. Gölz G , Alter T , Bereswill S , Heimesaat MM , Lanzetta R , Parrilli M . The immunopathogenic potential of Arcobacter butzleri – Lessonsfrom a meta-analysis of murine infection studies. PLoS One 2016;11(7):e0159685. Açik MN , Yüksel H , Ulucan A , Çetinkaya B . The first experimental research on the pathogenicity of Arcobacter butzleri in zebrafish. VetMicrobiol 2016;189:32–38. Levican A , Figueras MJ . Performance of five molecular methods for monitoring Arcobacter spp. BMC Microbiol 2013;13:220. Debruyne L , Houf K , Douidah L , De Smet S , Vandamme P . Reassessment of the taxonomy of Arcobacter cryaerophilus . Syst ApplMicrobiol 2010;33:7–14. Collado L , Levican A , Perez J , Figueras MJ . Arcobacter defluvii sp. nov., isolated from sewage samples. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol2011;61:2155–2161. Lee C , Agidi S , Marion JW , Lee J . Arcobacter in Lake Erie beach waters: An emerging gastrointestinal pathogen linked with human-associated fecal contamination. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012;78:5511–5519. De Boer RF , Ott A , Güren P , Van Zanten E , Van Belkum A , Kooistra-Smid AMD . Detection of Campylobacter species and Arcobacterbutzleri in stool samples by use of real-time multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51(1):253–259. Alispahic M , Hummel K , Jandreski-Cvetkovic D Species-specific identification and differentiation of Arcobacter, Helicobacter andCampylobacter by full-spectral matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry analysis. J Med Microbiol2010;59:295–301. Levican A , Collado L , Aguilar C Arcobacter bivalviorum sp. nov. and Arcobacter venerupis sp. nov., new species isolated from shellfish.Syst Appl Microbiol 2012;35:133–138. Van den Abeele AM , Vogelaers D , Vanlaere E , Houf K . Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobactercryaerophilus strains isolated from Belgian patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016;71:1241–1244. Abdelbaqi K , Ménard A , Prouzet-Mauleon V , Bringaud F , Lehours P , Mégraud F . Nucleotide sequence of the gyrA gene of Arcobacterspecies and characterization of human ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2007;49:337–345. Millar JA , Raghavan R . Accumulation and expression of multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Arcobacter cryaerophilus that thrives insewage. PeerJ 2017;5:e3269. Douidah L , De Zutter L , Baré J , Houf K . Towards a typing strategy for Arcobacter species isolated from humans and animals andassessment of the in vitro genomic stability. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014;11:272–280.

Bacteroides Nakano, V. ; Piazza, R.M.F. ; Avila-Campos, M.J. A rapid assay of the sialidase activity in species of the Bacteroides fragilis group byusing peanut lectin hemagglutination. Anaerobe. 2006; 12: 238–241. Bressane, M.A. ; Durigon, L.E. ; Avila-Campos, M.J. Prevalence of the Bacteroides fragilis group and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilisin immunodeficient children. Anaerobe. 2001; 7: 277–281. Fukugaiti, M.H. ; Ignacio, A. ; Fernandes, M.R. ; Júnior, U.R. ; Nakano, V. ; Avila-Campos, M.J. High occurrence of Fusobacteriumnucleatum and Clostridium difficile in intestinal microbiota from patients with colorectal carcinoma. J. Braz. Microbiol. 2015; 46:

1135–1140. Song, Y. ; Liu, C. ; McTeague, M. ; Finegold, S.M. “Bacteroides nordii” sp. nov. and “Bacteroides salyersae” sp. nov. isolated from clinicalspecimens of human intestinal origin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004; 42: 5565–5570. Kryzanowsky, F. ; Avila-Campos, M.J. Detection of non-enterotoxigenic and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in stool samples fromchildren in São Paulo, Brazil. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S. Paulo. 2003; 45: 225–227. Merino, V.R.C. ; Nakano, V. ; Liu, C. ; Song, Y. ; Finegold, S.M. ; Avila-Campos, M.J. Quantitative detection of enterotoxigenicBacteroides fragilis subtypes isolated from children with and without diarrhea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2011; 49: 416–418. Nakano, V. ; Gomes, T.A.T. ; Vieira, M.A.M. ; Ferreira, R.C. ; Avila-Campos, M.J. bft gene subtyping in enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilisisolated from children with acute diarrhea. Anaerobe. 2007; 13: 1–5. Franco, A.A. ; Cheng, R.K. ; Goodman, A. ; Sears, C.L. Modulation of bft expression of the Bacteroides fragilis pathogenicity island and itsflanking region. Mol. Microbiol. 2002; 45: 1067–1077. Wexler, H.M. ; Read, E.K. ; Tomzynski, T.J. Identification of an OmpA protein from Bacteroides fragilis: ompA gene sequence, OmpAamino acid sequence and predictions of protein structure. Anaerobe. 2002; 8: 180–191. Nakano, V. ; Piazza, R.M.F. ; Cianciarullo, A.M. ; Adherence and invasion of Bacteroidales isolated from the human intestinal tract. Clin.Microbiol. Infect. 2008; 14: 955–963. Toprak, N.U. ; Yagci, A. ; Gulluoglu, B.M. ; A possible role of Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin in the aetiology of colorectal cancer. Clin.Microbiol. Infect. 2006; 12: 782–786. Miyamae, S. ; Ueda, O. ; Yoshimura, F. ; Hwang, J. ; Tanaka, Y. ; Nikaido, H. A MATE family multidrug efflux transporter pumps outfluoroquinolones in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2001; 45: 3341–3346. Pumbwe, L. ; Chang, A. ; Wexler, H.M. The RND-family transport system BmeRABC-5 is a metronidazole efflux pump in Bacteroidesfragilis . Microb. Drug Resist. 2007; 13: 96–101. Pumbwe, L. ; Glass, D. ; Wexler, H.M. Efflux pumps over expression in multiple antibiotic resistant mutants of Bacteroides fragilis .Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006; 50: 3150–3153. Schapiro, J.M. ; Gupta, R. ; Stefansson, E. ; Fang, F.C. ; Limaye, A.P. Isolation of metronidazole-resistant Bacteroides fragilis carrying thenimA nitroreductase gene from a patient in Washington State. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004; 42: 4127–4129. Ueda, O. ; Wexler, H.M. ; Hirai, K. ; Shibata, Y. ; Yoshimura, F. ; Fujimura, S. Sixteen homologs of the Mex-type multidrug resistance effluxpump in Bacteroides fragilis . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005; 49: 2807–2815. Nakano, V. ; Padilla, G. ; Valle, M.M. ; Avila-Campos, M.J. Plasmid-related beta-lactamase production in Bacteroides fragilis strains. Res.Microbiol. 2004; 155: 843–846. Almeida, F.S. ; Nakano, V. ; Avila-Campos, M.J. Occurrence of enterotoxigenic and nonenterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in calves andevaluation of their antimicrobial Susceptibility. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2007; 272: 15–21. Avila-Campos, M.J. ; Liu, C.X. ; Song, Y. ; Rowlinson, M-C ; Finegold, S.M. Determination of bft gene subtypes in Bacteroides fragilisclinical isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2007; 45: 1336–1338. Claros, M.C. ; Claros, Z.C. ; Hecht, D.W. ; Characterization of the Bacteroides fragilis pathogenicity island in human blood culture isolates.Anaerobe. 2006; 12: 17–22. Sakamoto, M. ; Benno, Y. Reclassification of Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides goldsteinii and Bacteroides merdae as Parabacteroidesdistasonis gen. nov., comb. nov., Parabacteroides goldsteinii comb. nov. and Parabacteroides merdae comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol.Microbiol. 2006; 56: 1599–1605. Song, Y. ; Liu, C. ; Bolanos, M. ; Lee, J. ; McTeague, M. ; Finegold, S.M. Evaluation of 16S rRNA sequencing and reevaluation of a shortbiochemical scheme for identification of clinically significant Bacteroides species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005; 43: 1531–1537. Wexler, H.M. Bacteroides: The good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty. Clin. Mirobiol. Rev. 2007; 20: 593–621. Behra-Miellet, J. ; Calvet, L. ; Dubreuil, L.A. Bacteroides thetaiotamicron porin that could take part in resistance to beta-lactams. Int. J.Antimicrob. Agents. 2004; 24: 135–143. Brazier, J.S. ; Stubbs, S.L. ; Duerden, B.I. Metronidazole resistance among clinical isolates belonging to the Bacteroides fragilis group:Time to be concerned? J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1999; 44: 580–581. Ignacio, A. ; Nakano, V. ; Avila-Campos, M.J. Intestinal Bacteroides vulgatus showing resistance to metals. Appl. Medical Res. 2015; 1:43–47. Diniz, C.G. ; Farias, L.M. ; Carvalho, M.A. ; Rocha, E.R. ; Smith, C.J. Differential gene expression in a Bacteroides fragilis metronidazoleresistant mutant. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2004; 54: 100–108. Hecht, D.W. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in anaerobic bacteria: Worrisome developments. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 39: 92–97. Nakano, V. ; Nascimento-Silva, A. ; Merino, V.R.C. ; Wexler, H.M. ; Avila-Campos, M.J. Antimicrobial resistance and prevalence ofresistance genes in intestinal Bacteroidales strains. Clinics. 2011; 66: 543–547. Chambers, F.G. ; Koshy, S.S. ; Saidi, R.F. ; Clark, D.P. ; Moore, R.D. ; Sears, C.L. Bacteroides fragilis toxin exhibits polar activity onmonolayers of human intestinal epithelial cells (T84 cells) in vitro. Infect. Immun. 1997; 67: 3561–3570. Donelli, G. ; Fabbri, A. ; Fiorentini, C. Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin induces cytoskeletal changes and surfaces blebbling in HT-29 cells.Infect. Immun. 1996; 64: 113–119. Nakano, V. ; Gomes, D.A. ; Arantes, R.M. ; Nicoli, J.R. ; Avila-Campos, M.J. Evaluation of the pathogenicity of the Bacteroides fragilis toxingene subtypes in gnotobiotic mice. Curr. Microbiol. 2006; 53: 113–117. Miki, T. ; Kuwahara, T. ; Nakayama, H. ; Simultaneous detection of Bacteroides fragilis group species by leuB-directed PCR. J. Med.Investig. 2005; 52: 101–108. Liu, C. ; Song, Y. ; McTeague, M. ; Vu, A.W. ; Wexler, H. ; Finegold, S.M. Rapid identification of the species of the Bacteroides fragilisgroup by multiplex PCR assays using group- and species-specific primers. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2003; 222: 9–16.

Brucella: A Foodborne Pathogen Bruce, D. Note on the discovery of a microorganism in Malta fever. Practitioner Lond. 39, 161, 1887. Evans, A.C. Further studies on bacterium abortus and related bacteria. II. J. Infect. Dis. 22, 580, 1918. Godfroid, J. A “One Health” surveillance and control of brucellosis in developing countries: Moving away from improvisation. Comp.Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 36, 241, 2013. Cutler, S.J. , Whatmore, A.M. , & Commander, N.J. Brucellosis – New aspects of an old disease. J. Appl. Microbiol. 98, 1270, 2005. Bernués, A. , Manrique, E. , & Maza, M.T. Economic evaluation of bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication programmes in amountain area of Spain. Prev. Vet. Med. 30, 137, 1997. Jelastopulu, E. , Bikas, C. , Petropoulos, C. , & Kondakis, X. Incidence of human brucellosis in a rural area in Western Greece after theimplementation of a vaccination programme against animal brucellosis. BMC Public Health 8, 241, 2008. Roth, F. Human health benefits from livestock vaccination for brucellosis: Case study. Bull. World Health Organ. 81, 867, 2003. Kolar, J. Control of Brucella melitensis brucellosis in developing countries. Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol. 138, 122, 1987. Scholz, H.C. Isolation of Brucella microti from soil. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 1316, 2008. Vizcaino, N. , Cloeckaert, A. , Verger, J. , Grayon, M. , & Fernandez-Lago, L. DNA polymorphism in the genus Brucella . Microbes Infect.2, 1089, 2000. Ewalt, D.R. , Payeur, J.B. , Martin, B.M. , Cummins, D.R. , & Miller, W.G. Characteristics of a Brucella species from a bottlenose dolphin (Tursipos truncates). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 6, 448, 1994. Foster, G. , Osterman, B.S. , Godfroid, J. , Jacques, I. , & Cloeckaert, A. Brucella ceti sp. nov. and Brucella pinnipedialis sp. nov. forBrucella strains with cetaceans and seals as their preferred hosts. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2688, 2007. Hernandez-Mora, G. , Palacios-Alfaro, J.D. , & Gonzalez-Barrientos, R. Wildlife reservoirs of brucellosis: Brucella in aquatic environments.Rev. Sci. Tech. 32, 89, 2013. Hofer, E. Isolation of Francisella tularensis and Brucella suis from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Tierarztl. Umsch. 6, 229, 2010. Scholz, H.C. Isolation of Brucella microti from mandibular lymph nodes of red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, in lower Austria. Vector BorneZoonotic Dis. 9, 153, 2009. Scholz, H.C. Brucella inopinata sp. nov. isolated from a breast implant infection. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 801, 2010. Hofer, E. A potential novel Brucella species isolated from mandibular lymph nodes of red foxes in Austria. Vet. Microbiol. 155, 93, 2012. Eisenberg, T. Isolation of potentially novel Brucella spp. from frogs. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 3753, 2012. Schlabritz-Loutsevitch, N.E. A novel Brucella isolate in association with two cases of stillbirth in non-human primates: First report. J. Med.Primatol. 38, 70, 2009. Manthei C.A. Application of research to bovine brucellosis control and eradication programs. J. Dairy Sci. 51, 1115, 1968. Teske, S.S. Animal and human dose-response models for Brucella species. Risk Anal. 31, 1576, 2011. Elberg, S.S. , & Henderson, D.W. Respiratory pathogenicity of Brucella . J. Infect. Dis. 82, 302, 1948. Olsen, S.C. , & Palmer, M.V. Advancement of knowledge of Brucella over the past 50 years. Vet. Pathol. 51, 1076, 2014. Bouvier, G. Distribution geographique de quelques maladies du gibier et des animaux sauvages de la Suisse. Bull. Off. Int. Epizoot. 61,67, 1964. Rollinson, D.H.L. 1962. Brucella agglutinins in East African game animals. Vet. Rec. 74, 904, 1962. Samaha, H. , Al-Towaily, M. , Khoudair, R.M. , & Ashour, H.M. Multicenter study of brucellosis in Egypt. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 1916, 2008. Wernery, U. Camelid Brucellosis: A review. Rev. Sci. Tech. 33, 839, 2014. Gastellu, J. , Garin-Bastuji, B. , & Oudar, J. Pathologic features of a case of systemic brucellosis due to Brucella melitensis biovar 3 in achamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). Bull. Acad. Natl. Med. 177, 575, 1993. El-Tras, W.F. , Tayell, A.A. , Eltholth, M.M. , & Guitian, J. Brucella infection in fresh water fish: Evidence of natural infection of the Nilecatfish Clarias gariepinus, with Brucella melitensis . Vet. Microl. 141, 321, 2010. Godfroid, J. , Garin-Bastuji, B. , Saegerman, C. , & Blasco, J.M. Brucellosis in terrestrial wildlife. Rev. Sci. Tech. 32, 27, 2013. Ewalt, D.R. , Payeur, J.B. , Rhyan, J.C. , & Geer, P.L. Brucella suis biovar 1 in naturally infected cattle: A bacteriological, serological andhistological study. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 4, 417, 1997. Cloeckaert, A. , Bernardet, N. , Koylass, M.S. , Whatmore, A.M. , & Zygmunt, M.S. Novel IS711 chromosomal location useful foridentification of marine mammal Brucella genotype ST27, which is associated with zoonotic infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49, 3954, 2011. Corbel, M.J. Brucella phages: Advances in the development of a reliable phage typing system for smooth and non-smooth Brucellaisolates. Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol. 138, 70, 1987. Olsen, S.C. Recent developments in livestock and wildlife brucellosis vaccination. Rev. Sci. Tech. 32, 207, 2013. Oliveira, S.C. , Giamartolomei, G.H. , & Cassataro, J. Confronting the barriers to develop novel vaccines against brucellosis. Expert Rev.Vaccines 10, 1291, 2011. Rirrig, M.G. Smooth and rough lipopolysaccharide phenotypes of Brucella induce different intracellular trafficking and cytokine/chemokinerelease in human monocytes. J. Leukoc. Biol. 74, 1045, 2003. Dawson, C.E. Isolation and characterization of Brucella from the lungworms of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). J. Wildl. Dis. 44,237, 2008. Jimenez de Bagüés, M.P. , Terraza, A. , Gross, A. , & Domand, J. Different responses of macrophages to smooth and rough Brucella spp.:Relationship to virulence. Infect. Immun. 72, 2429, 2004. Rittig, M.G. , Alvarez-Martinez, M.T. , Porte, F. , Liautard, J.P. , & Rouot, B. Intracellular survival of Brucella spp. in human monocytesinvolves conventional uptake but special phagosomes. Infect. Immun. 69, 3995, 2001. Celli, J. Surviving inside a macrophage: The many ways of Brucella . Res. Microbiol. 157, 93, 2006. Porte, F. , Liautard, J.P. , & Kohler, S. Early acidification of phagosomes containing Brucella suis is essential for intracellular survival inmurine macrophages. Infect. Immun. 67, 4041, 1999. Arellano-Reynoso, B. Cyclic beta-1,2-glucan is a Brucella virulence factor required for intracellular survival. Nat. Immunol. 6, 618, 2005. Bellaire, B.H. , Elzer, P.H. , Baldwin, C.L. , & Roop, R.M. Production of the siderophore 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid is required for wild-typegrowth of Brucella abortus in the presence of erythritol under low-iron conditions in vitro . Infect. Immun. 71, 2927, 2003. Franco, M.P. , Mulder, M. , Gilman, R.H. , & Smits, H.L. Human brucellosis. Lancet. 7, 775, 2007.

Mantur, B.G. , Amarnath, S.K. , & Shinde, R.S. Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis. Indian. J. Med. Microbiol.25, 188, 2007. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Organisation for Animal Health, and World Health Organization (WHO) .Brucellosis in Humans and Animals. Section 6.7 Prevention of Foodborne Brucellosis. Pp 50–52. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. Baldi, P.C. , & Giambartolemi, G.H. Pathogenesis and pathobiology of zoonotic brucellosis in humans. Rev. Sci. Tech. 32, 117, 2013. Celebi, G. , Külah, C. , Kilic, S. , & Ustündağ, G. Asymptomatic Brucella bacteraemia and isolation of Brucella melitensis biovar 3 fromhuman breast milk. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 39, 205, 2007. Al-Mafada, S.M. , al-Eissa, Y.A. , Saeed, E.S. , & Kambal, A.M. Isolation of Brucella melitensis from human milk. J. Infect. 26, 346, 1993. Arroyo Carrera, I. , Lopez Rodriguez, M.J. , Sapina, A.M. , Lopez Lafuenta, A. , & Sacristan, A.R. Probable transmission of brucellosis bybreast milk. J. Trop. Pediatr. 52, 380, 2006. Ariza, J. Perspectives for the treatment of brucellosis in the 21st century: The Ioannina recommendations. PLoS Med. 4, e317, 2007. Doyle, T.J. , & Bryan, R.T. Infectious disease morbidity in the US region bordering Mexico, 1990–1998. J. Infect. Dis., 182, 1503, 2000. Troy, S.B. , Rickman, L.S. , & Davis, C.E. Brucellosis in San Diego: Epidemiology and species-related differences in acute clinicalpresentations. Medicine (Baltimore). 84, 174, 2005. Chomel, B.B. Changing trends in the epidemiology of human brucellosis in California from 1973 to 1992: A shift toward foodbornetransmission. J. Infect. Dis. 170, 1216, 1994. Orkhon, D. , Chimed-Ochir, G. , Nansalmaa, M. , Kolar, J. , & Vounatsou, P. A model of animal-human brucellosis transmission inMongolia. Prev. Vet. Med. 69, 77, 2005. Thakur, A. , Pedersen, L.E. , & Jungersen, G. Immune markers and correlates of protection for vaccine-induced immune responses.Vaccine. 30, 4907, 2012. Van den Heever, L.W. , Katz, K.W. , & Te Brugge, L.A. On the inactivation of Brucella abortus in naturally contaminated milk bycommercial pasteursation procedures. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 53, 233, 1982. CFSPH-YSU . Porcine and Rangiferine Brucellosis: Brucella suis. Enzootic Abortion, Contagious Abortion, Undulant Fever. DiseaseFactsheets. B. suis . The Centre of Food Security and Public Health. Iowa State University. 2007. Kangumba, J.G. , Venter, E.H. , & Coetzer, J.A. The effect of activation of the lactoperoxidase systema and souring on certain potentialhuman pathogens in cows milk. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 68, 130, 1997. Mendez-Gonzalez, K. Brucella melitensis survival during manufacture of ripened goat cheese at two temperatures. Foodborne Pathog.Dis. 12, 11257, 2011. Plommet, M. , Fensterbank, R. , Vassal, L. , Auclair, J. , & Mocquot, G. Survival of Brucella abortus in ripened soft cheese made fromnaturally infected cow's milk. Le Lait 2, 115, 1988. Santiago-Rodiquez Mdel. R. Survival of Brucella abortus aqpX mutant in fresh and ripened cheeses. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 12, 170,2015. Falenski, A. Survival of Brucella spp. in mineral water, milk and yogurt. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 145, 326, 2011. Hutchings, L.M. , McCullough, N.B. , Donham, C.B. , Eisele, C.W. , & Bounnell, D.F. The viability of Brucella melitensis in naturally infectedcured hams. Public Health Rep. 66, 1402, 1951. Smith, J. Excretion of Br. Abortus in milk. J. Compar. Pathol. Therap. 47, 123, 1934. Fleishner, E.C. , Vecki, M. , Shaw, E.B. , Meyer, K.F. The pathogenicity of Bact. Abortus and Bact. Melitensis for monkeys. J. Infect. Dis.29, 663, 1921. Capparelli R Heterogeneous shedding of Brucella abortus in milk and its effect on the control of animal brucellosis. J. Appl. Microbiol. 106,2041, 2009. Brinley Morgan, W.J. , & McDiarmid, A. The excretion of Brucella abortus in the milk of experimentally infected cattle. Res. Vet. Sci. 1, 53,1960. Lytras, T. , Danis, K. , & Dounias, G. Incidence patterns and occupational risk factors of human brucellosis in Greece, 2004–2015. Int. J.Occup. Environ. Med. 7, 221, 2016. Turnwine, G. Human brucellosis: Sero-prevalence and associated risk factors in agro-pastoral communities of Kiboga District, CentralUganda. BMC Public Health 15, 900, 2015. Leong, K.N. Outbreak of human brucellosis from consumption of raw goats’ milk in Penang, Malaysia. Am. J. Rop. Med. Hyg. 93, 539,2015. Beattie, C.P. , & Rice, R.M. Undulant fever due to Brucella of the porcine type-Brucella suis. JAMA. 201, 1934, 1970. Borts, L.H. , Harris, D.M. , Joynt, M.F. , Jennings, J.R. , & Jordan, C.F. A milk borne epidemic of brucellosis caused by the porcine type ofBrucella (Brucella suis) in a raw milk supply. JAMA. 121, 319, 1943. Committee on Infectious Diseases, Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics . Consumption of raw or unpasteurized milkand milk products by pregnant women and children. Pediatrics. 133, 175, 2014. Arnow, P.M. , Smaron, M. , & Ormiste, V. Brucellosis in a group of travelers to Spain. JAMA. 251, 505, 1984. Gautret, P. , Benkouiten, S. , Gaillard, C. , Parola, P. , & Brouqui, P. Camel milk-associated infection risk perception and knowledge inFrench Hajj pilgrims. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 13, 425, 2013. Di Pierdomenico, A. , Borgia, S.M. , Richardson, D. , & Baqi, M. Brucellosis in a returned traveller. CMAJ. 183, E690, 2011. Taylor, J.P. , & Perdue, J.N. The changing epidemiology of human brucellosis in Texas 1977–1986. Am. J. Epidemiol. 130, 160, 1989. Al Dahouk, S. Human brucellosis in a nonendemic country: A report from Germany, 2002 and 2003. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 24,450, 2005. Galbraith, N.S. , Ross, M.S. , DeMowbray, R.R. , & Payne, D.J. Outbreak of Brucella melitensis type 2 infection in London. Br. Med. J. 1,612, 1969. Thaper, M.K. , & Young, E.J. Urban outbreak of goat cheese brucellosis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 5, 640, 1986. Beutlich, J. Characterization of illegal food items and identification of foodborne pathogens brought into the European Union via two majorGerman airports. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 209, 13, 2015. Fosgate, G.T. , Carpenterm, T.E. , Chomelm, B.B. , Casem, J.T. , DeBessm, E.E. , & Reilly, K.F. Time-space clustering of humanbrucellosis, California, 1973–1992. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8, 672, 2002. Hassan Ali, N. , Farooqui, A. , Khan, A. , Khan, A.Y. , & Kazmi, S.U. Microbial contamination of raw meat and its environment in retailshops in Karachi, Pakistan. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 4, 382, 2010.

Pappas, G. , Akritidis, N. , Bosilkovski, M. , & Tsianos, E. Brucellosis. New Engl. J. Med. 352, 2325, 2005. Casalinuovo, F. , Ciambrone, L. , Cacia, A. , & Rippa, P. Contamination of bovine, sheep, and goat meat with Brucella spp. Ital. J. FoodSaf. 5, 5913, 2016. Yoo, J.R. , Heo, S.T. , Lee, K.H. , Kim, Y.R. , & Yoo, S.J. Foodborne outbreak of human brucellosis caused by ingested raw materials offetal calf on Jeju Island. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 92, 267, 2015. Mohd, M.G. Brucellosis in the Gezira area, Central Sudan. J Trop. Med. Hyg. 92, 86, 1989. Chan, J. , Baxter, C. , & Wenman, W.M. Brucellosis in an Inuit child, probably related to caribou meat consumption. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.21, 337, 1989. Whatmore, A.M. Marine mammal Brucella genotype associated with zoonotic infection. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 517, 2008. Alton, G.G. , Jones, L.M. , Angus, R.D. , Verger, J.M. (eds) Techniques for the brucellosis laboratory. Institut National de la RecherecheAgronomique, Paris. 1988. Ivanov, A.V. , Salmakov, K.M. , Olsen, S.C. , & Plumb, G.E. A live vaccine from Brucella abortus strain 82 for control of cattle brucellosis inthe Russian Federation. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 12, 113, 2011. Silva, T.M.A. Laboratory animal models for brucellosis research. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2011, 518323, 2011. Islam, M.A. , Khatun, M.M. , & Baek, B.K. Male rats transmit Brucella abortus biotype 1 through sexual intercourse. Vet. Microbiol. 165,475, 2013.

Burkholderia Burkholder, W.H. 1950. Sour skin, a bacterial rot of onion bulbs. Phytopath. 40:115–117. Berriatua, E. , I. Ziluaga , C. Miguel-Virto , P. Uribarren . 2001. Outbreak of subclinical mastitis in a flock of dairy sheep associated withBurkholderia cepacia complex infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:990–994. Isles, A. , I. Maclusky , and M. Corey . 1984. Pseudomonas cepacia infection in cystic fibrosis: An emerging problem. J. Pediatr.104:206–210. El-Banna, N. , and G. Winkelmann . 1998. Pyrrolnitrin from Burkholderia cepacia: antibiotic activity against fungi and novel activitiesagainst streptomycetes. J. Appl. Microbiol. 85:69–78. Estrada-De Los Santos, P. , R. Bustillos-Cristales , and J. Caballero-Mellado . 2001. Burkholderia, a genus rich in plant-associatednitrogen fixers with wide environmental and geographic distribution. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2790–2798. Folsom, B.R. , P.J. Chapman , and P.H. Pritchard . 1990. Phenol and trichloroethylene degradation by Pseudomonas cepacia G4: kineticsand interactions between substrates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:1279–1285. Wiersinga, W.J. , T. vanderPoll , N.L. White , N.P. Day , and S.J. Peacock . 2006. Melioidosis: Insights into the pathogenicity ofBurkholderia pseudomallei . Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4:272–282. Galyov, E.E. , P.J. Brett , and D. DeShazer . 2010. Molecular insights into Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia malleipathogenesis. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 64:495–517. Jiao, Z. , X. Liu , R. Yang , and Z. Meng . 1999. Sequencing and analysis of 16S rDNA sequences for P . cocovenenans subspfarinofermentans . J. Hyg. Res. 28:232–235. Ballard, R.W. , N.J. Palleroni , M. Doudoroff , R.Y. Stanier , and M. Mandel . 1970. Taxonomy of the aerobic pseudomonads:Pseudomonas cepacia, P . marginata, P. alliicola and P. caryophylli . J. Gen. Microbiol. 60:199–214. Gill, W.M. , and A. Tsuneda . 1997. The interaction of the soft rot bacterium Pseudomonas gladioli pv. agaricicola with Japanese cultivatedmushrooms. Can. J. Microbiol. 43:639–648. Ko, S.S. , W.N. Chang , J.F. Wang , S.J. Cherng , and S. Shanmugasundaram . 2002. Storage variability among short-day onion cultivarsunder high temperature and high relative humidity, and its relationship with disease incidence and bulb characteristics. J. Am. Soc. Hortic.Sci. 127:848–854. Jiao, Z. , Y. Kawamura , N. Mishima 2003. Need to differentiate lethal toxin-producing strains of Burkholderia gladioli, which cause severefood poisoning: Description of B . gladioli pathovar cocovenenans and an emended description of B. gladioli . Microbiol. Immunol.47:915–925. Ross, J.P. , S.M. Holland , V.J. Gill , E.S. DeCarlo , and J.I. Gallin . 1995. Severe Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) gladioli infection in chronicgranulomatous disease: Report of two successfully treated cases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21:1291–1293. Graves, M. , T. Robin , A.M. Chipman , J. Wong , S. Khashe , and J.M. Janda . 1997. Four additional cases of Burkholderia gladioliinfection with microbiological correlates and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25:838–842. Ura, H. , N. Furuya , K. Iiyama , M. Hidaka , K. Tsuchiya , and N. Matsuyama . 2006. Burkholderia gladioli associated with symptoms ofbacterial grain rot and leaf-sheath browning of rice plants. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 72:98–103. Mahenthiralingam, E. , T.A. Urban , and J.B. Goldberg . 2005. The multifarious, multireplicon Burkholderia cepacia complex. Nat. Rev.Microbiol. 3:144–156. Smet, B. , M. Mayo , C. Peeters 2015. Burkholderia stagnalis sp. nov. and Burkholderia territorii sp. nov., two novel Burkholderia cepaciacomplex species from environmental and human sources. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 65:2265–2271. Bottone, E.J. , S.D. Douglas , A.R. Rausen , and G.T. Keusch . 1975. Association of Pseudomonas cepacia with chronic granulomatousdisease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1:425–428. Rosenstein, B.J. , and D.E. Hall . 1980. Pneumonia and septicemia due to Pseudomonas cepacia in a patient with cystic fibrosis. JohnsHopkins Med. J. 147:188–189. Zhang, L. , and G. Xie . 2007. Diversity and distribution of Burkholderia cepacia complex in the rhizosphere of rice and maize. FEMSMicrobiol. Lett. 266:231–235. Ramette, A. , and J.M. Tiedje . 2007. Multiscale responses of microbial life to spatial distance and environmental heterogeneity in a patchyecosystem. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104:2761–2766. Yara, R. , W. Maccheroni Jr ., J. Horii , and J.L. Azevedo . 2006. A bacterium belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex associatedwith Pleurotus ostreatus . J. Microbiol. 44:263–268.

Cohen, R. , L. Persky , and Y. Hadar . 2002. Biotechnological applications and potential of wood-degrading mushrooms of the genusPleurotus . Appl. Microbiol. Biot. 58:582–594. Smith, D. , E. Mikolajcik , and J. Lindamood . 1987. Causative organisms and chemical nature of the Swiss cheese rind rot defect. Cult.Dairy Prod. J. 22:9–12. Blanco, D. , G. Barbieri , P. Mambriani , E. Spotti , and I. Barbuti . 1994. Study of “potato defect” of raw dry-cured ham. Ind. Conserv.69:230–236. Huang, Y. , B.J. Deverall , S.C. Morris , and B.L. Wild . 1993. Biocontrol of postharvest orange diseases by a strain of Pseudomonascepacia under semi-commercial conditions. Postharvest Biol. Tec. 3:293–304. Environmental Protection Agency . 2003. Burkholderia cepacia complex; significant new use rule [online]. Available fromhttp://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-TOX/2003/June/Day-13/t15010.htm. Moore, J.E. , B. McIlhatton , A. Shaw , P.G. Murphy , and J. Stuart Elborn . 2001. Occurrence of Burkholderia cepacia in foods and waters:Clinical implications for patients with cystic fibrosis. J. Food Protect. 64:1076–1078. Uraz, G. , and S. Çitak . 1998. An investigation about the distribution and isolation of Pseudomonas from raw milk samples obtained fromdifferent areas. Turk. J. Agr. Forest 22:469–474. Uraz, G. , and S. Çitak . 1998. The isolation of Pseudomonas and other Gram(-) psychrotrophic bacteria in raw milks. J. Basic Microb.38:129–134. Munsch-Alatossava, P. , and T. Alatossava . 2006. Phenotypic characterization of raw milk-associated psychrotrophic bacteria. Microbiol.Res. 161:334–346. Munsch-Alatossava, P. , and T. Alatossava . 2007. Antibiotic resistance of raw-milk-associated psychrotrophic bacteria. Microbiol. Res.162:115–123. Moore, J.E. , B. Cherie Millar , T. Buckley , M. Crowe , and J. Stuart Elborn . 2002. Effect of high-temperature short-time (HTST) laboratorypasteurization on the survival of Burkholderia cepacia complex organisms in whole, low fat and skimmed milks. J. Dairy Res. 69:483–490. Zanetti, F. , G. De Luca , and S. Stampi . 2000. Recovery of Burkholderia pseudomallei and B . cepacia from drinking water. Int. J. Food.Microbiol. 59:67–72. Pegues, D.A. , L.A. Carson , O.C. Tablan 1994. Acquisition of Pseudomonas cepacia at summer camps for patients with cystic fibrosis. J.Pediatr. 124:694–702. Simões, L.C. , M. Simões , and M.J. Vieira . 2007. Biofilm interactions between distinct bacterial genera isolated from drinking water. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. 73:6192–6200. Vermis, K. , M. Brachkova , P. Vandamme , and H. Nelis . 2003. Isolation of Burkholderia cepacia complex genomovars from waters. Syst.Appl. Microbiol. 26:595–600. Koenig, D.W. , and D.L. Pierson . 1997. Microbiology of the space shuttle water system. Water Sci. Technol. 35:59–64. Govan, J.R.W. , J.L. Burns , and D.P. Speert . 2008. Common questions about Burkholderia cepacia [online]. Available fromhttp://users.ugent.be/tcoenye/q&a.PDF. Fisher, M.C. , J.J. LiPuma , S.E. Dasen , 1993. Source of Pseudomonas cepacia: Ribotyping of isolates from patients and from theenvironment. J. Pediatr. 123:745–747. Bezerra Rolim, D. , D.C.F.L. Vilar , A. Queiroz Sousa , 2005. Melioidosis, northeastern Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11:1458–1460. Whitmore, A. 1913. An account of a glanders-like disease occurring in Rangoon. J. Hyg. 13:1–34. Dance, D.A.B. 2000. Ecology of Burkholderia pseudomallei and the interactions between environmental Burkholderia spp. and human-animal hosts. Acta Trop. 74:159–168. Suputtamongkol, Y. , A.J. Hall , D.A.B. Dance , 1994. The epidemiology of melioidosis in urban Ratchatani, northeast Thailand. Int. J.Epidemiol. 23:1082–1090. Stanton, A.T. , and W. Fletcher . 1932. Studies from the Institute for Medical Research, Federated Malay States, No. 21: Melioidosis. JohnBale, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd., London. Inglis, T.J.J. , S.C. Garrow , C. Adams , M. Henderson , and M. Mayo . 1998. Dry-season outbreak of melioidosis in Western Australia.Lancet 352:1600. Rose, L.J. , E.W. Rice , B. Jensen 2005. Chlorine inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism agents. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:566–568. Whitlock, G.C. , D. Mark Estes , and A.G. Torres . 2007. Glanders: Off to the races with Burkholderia mallei . FEMS Microbiol. Lett.277:115–122. Gilad, J. , I. Harary , T. Dushnitsky , D. Schwartz , and Y. Amsalem . 2007. Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei asbioterrorism agents: National aspects of emergency preparedness. Israel Med. Assoc. J. 9:499–503. Wilson, G.S. , and A. Miles . 1975. Topley and Wilson's Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunity, 6th edition. Edward Arnold,London. Srinivasan, A. , C. Kraus , D. Deshazer 2001. Glanders in a military research microbiologist. New Engl. J. Med. 345:256–258. Rotz, L.D. , A.S. Khan , S.R. Lillibridge , S.M. Ostroff , and J.M. Hughes . 2002. Public health assessment of potential biological terrorismagents. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:225–230. Takhistov, P. , and C.M. Bryant . 2006. Protecting the food supply. Food Technol. 60:34–43. van Veen, A.G. , and W.K. Mertens . 1933. On the isolation of a toxic bacterial pigment. Proc. Acad. Sci. Amsterdam 36:666–670. Cox, J. , E. Kartadarma , and K. Buckle . 2000. Burkholderia cocovenenans. In: Robinson, R.K. , Batt, C.A. and Patel, P.D. (eds)Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1871–1875. Nugteren, D.H. , and W. Berends . 1957. Investigations on bongkrekic acid, the toxine from Pseudomonas cocovenenans . Rec. Trav.Chim. Pas-Bas 76:13–27. van Damme, P.A. , A.G. Johannes , H.C. Cox , and W. Berends . 1960. On toxoflavin, the yellow poison of Pseudomonas cocovenenans .Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 79:255–267. Jin, J.X. 1963. A preliminary study on the pathogenesis of fermented corn meal food poisoning. Prev. Hyg. 41:21–26. Meng, Z. , D. Wang , Z. Li 1988. Studies on fermented corn flour food poisoning in rural areas of China. II. Isolation and identification ofcausal microorganisms. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 1:105–114. Research Group for Pathogenesis of Fermented Corn Flour Poisoning . 1980. A new species of food poisoning bacteria – Flavobacteriumfarinofermentans sp. nov. Acta Acad. Med. Sincae 2:77–82. Zhao, N.X. , M.S. Ma , N.F. Miao , and Y.P. Zhang . 1988. Comparative study on Pseudomonas cocovenenans and Pseudomonasfarinofermentans . Chin. J. Microbiol. Immunol. 8:151–156.

Meng, Z. , J.S. Chen , C.H. Su , 1987. Comparing studies on Flavobacterium farinofermentans sp. nov. (tentative name) andPseudomonas cocovenenans (NCIB 9450). J. Hyg. Res. 16:17–22. Hu, W.J. , X.M. Chen , H.D. Meng , and Z.H. Meng . 1989. Fermented corn flour poisoning in rural areas of China. III. Isolation andidentification of main toxin produced by causal microorganisms. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2:65–71. Zhao, N.X. , M.S. Ma , Y.P. Zhang , and D.C. Xu . 1990. Comparative description of Pseudomonas cocovenenans (van Damme,Johannes, Cox, and Berends 1960) NCIB 9450T and strains isolated from cases of food poisoning caused by consumption of fermentedcorn flour in China. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 40:452–455. Yabuuchi, E. , Y. Kosako , H. Oyaizu 1992. Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonashomology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov. Microbiol.Immunol. 36:1251–1275. Gillis, M. , T. Van Van , R. Bardin , M. Goor 1995. Polyphasic taxonomy in the genus Burkholderia leading to an emended description ofthe genus and proposition of Burkholderia vietnamiensis sp. nov. for N2-fixing isolates from rice in Vietnam. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.45:274–289. Zhao, N. , C. Qu , E. Wang , and W. Chen . 1995. Phylogenetic evidence for the transfer of Pseudomonas cocovenenans (van Damme etal. 1960) to the genus Burkholderia as Burkholderia cocovenenans (van Damme et al. 1960) comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.45:600–603. Vandamme, P. , B. Holmes , M. Vancanneyt 1997. Occurrence of multiple genomovars of Burkholderia cepacia in cystic fibrosis patientsand proposal of Burkholderia multivorans sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 47:1188–1200. Coenye, T. , B. Holmes , K. Kersters , J.R.W. Govan , and P. Vandamme . 1999. Burkholderia cocovenenans (van Damme et al. 1960)Gillis et al. 1995 and Burkholderia vandii Urakami et al. 1994 are junior synonyms of Burkholderia gladioli (Severini 1913) Yabuuchi et al.1993 and Burkholderia plantarii (Azegami et al. 1987) Urakami et al. 1994, respectively. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49:37–42. Adams, M.R. , and M.O. Moss . 2000. Food Microbiology, 2nd edition. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. Garcia, R.A. , J.H. Hotchkiss , and K.H. Steinkraus . 1999. The effect of lipids on bongkrekic (Bongkrek) acid toxin production byBurkholderia cocovenenans in coconut media. Food Addit. Contam. 16:63–69. Jay, J.M. , M.J. Loessner , and D.A. Golden . 2005. Modern Food Microbiology 7th edition. Springer, New York. Ko, S.D. 1985. Growth and toxin production of Pseudomonas cocovenenans, the so-called ’bongkrek bacteria’. ASEAN Food J. 1:78–84. Ko, S.D. , A.J. Kelholt , and E.H. Kampelmacher . 1979. Inhibition of toxin production in tempe bongkrek. In: Matangkasombu, P. , T. W.Flegal , and M. Sundhagul . (eds.). Proc. GIAM-V. Bangkok, Thailand: GIAM Secretariat. (Eds. ISBN: 9746800019. pp. 375–388. Arbianto, P. 1979. Bongkrek food poisoning in Java. In: Matangkasombu, P. , T. W. Flegal , and M. Sundhagul . Proc. GIAM-V. Bangkok,Thailand: GIAM Secretariat. ISBN: 9746800019. pp. 371–374. Mujimanto . 1975. Memeragi Bongkrek. Topic 75:24–32. Anwar, M. , A. Kasper , A.R. Steck , and J.G. Shier . 2017. Bongkrekic acid – A review of a lesser-known mitochondrial toxin. J. Med.Toxicol. 13:173–179. Meng, Z. , Z. Li , J. Jin 1988. Studies on fermented corn flour poisoning in rural areas of China. I. Epidemiology, clinical manifestations,and pathology. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 1:101–104. van Veen, A.G. 1966. The bongkrek toxins. In: Mateles, R.I. and Wogan, G.N. (ed.) Biochemistry of Some Foodborne Microbial Toxins.MIT Press, Cambridge, 43–50. Ramzy, A. 2014. 5 die from food poisoning from southern Chinese snack. The New York Times.https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/04/5-die-in-food-poisoning-from-southern-chinese-snack/ Falconer, T.M. , S.E. Kern , J.L. Brzezinski , J.A. Turner , B.L. Boyd , and J.J. Litzau . 2017. Identification of the potent toxin bongkrekicacid in a traditional African beverage linked to a fatal outbreak. Forensic Sci. Int. 270:e5–e11. Scherlach, K. , L.P. Partida-Martinez , H.M. Dahse , and C. Hertweck . 2006. Antimitotic rhizoxin derivatives from a cultured bacterialendosymbiont of the rice pathogenic fungus Rhizopus microsporus. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128:11529–11536. Scherlach, K. , and C. Hertweck . 2009. Triggering cryptic natural product biosynthesis in microorganisms. Org. Biomol. Chem.7:1753–1760. Ross, C. , V. Opel , K. Scherlach , and C. Hertweck . 2014. Biosynthesis of antifungal and antibacterial polyketides by Burkholderia gladioliin coculture with Rhizopus microsporus . Mycoses. 57(Suppl 3):48–55. Machlowitz, R.A. , W.P. Fisher , B.S. McKay , A.A. Tytell , and J. Charney . 1954. Xanthothricin, a new antibiotic. Antibiot. Chemother.4:259–261. Jeong, Y. , J. Kim , S. Kim , Y. Kang , T. Nagamatsu , and I. Hwang . 2003. Toxoflavin produced by Burkholderia glumae causing rice grainrot is responsible for inducing bacterial wilt in many field crops. Plant Dis. 87:890–895. Sato, Z. , Y. Koiso , S. Iwasaki , I. Matsuda , and A. Shirata . 1989. Toxins produced by Pseudomonas glumae . Ann. Phytopathol. Soc.Jpn. 55:353–356. Lijmbach, G.W.M. , H.C. Cox , and W. Berends . 1970. Elucidation of the chemical structure of bongkrekic acid. I. Isolation, purification andproperties of bongkrekic acid. Tetrahedron 26:5993–5999. Buckle, K.A. , and E. Kartadarma . 1990. Inhibition of bongkrek acid and toxoflavin production in tempe bongkrek containingPseudomonas cocovenenans . J. Appl. Bacteriol. 68:571–576. Daves Jr., G.D. , R.K. Robins , and C.C. Cheng . 1961. The total synthesis of toxoflavin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83:3904–3905. Levenberg, B. , and S.N. Linton . 1966. On the biosynthesis of toxoflavin, an azapteridine antibiotic produced by Pseudomonascocovenenans . J. Biol. Chem. 241:846–852. Yoneda, F. , K. Shinomura , and S. Nishigaki . 1971. A convenient synthesis of toxoflavins and toxoflavin-n-oxides. Tetrahedron Lett.13:851–854. Voet, D. , J.G. Voet , and C.W. Pratt . 2002. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Latuasan, H.E. , and W. Berends . 1961. On the origin of the toxicity of toxoflavin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 52:502–508. Hu, W.J. , G.S. Zhang , and F.S. Chu . 1984. Purification and partial characterization of flavotoxin A. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48:690–693. Lijmbach, G.W.M. , H.C. Cox , and W. Berends . 1971. Elucidation of the structure of bongkrekic acid. II. Chemical structure of bongkrekicacid and study of the UV, IR, NMR and mass spectra. Tetrahedron 27:1839–1858. de Bruijn, J. , D.J. Frost , D.H. Nugteren 1973. The structure of bongkrekic acid. Tetrahedron 29:1541–1547. Welling, W. , J.A. Cohen , and W. Berends . 1960. Disturbance of oxidative phosphorylation by an antibioticum produced byPseudomonas cocovenenans . Biochem. Pharmacol. 3:122–35.

Henderson, P.J. , and H.A. Lardy . 1970. Bongkrekic acid: An inhibitor of the adenine nucleotide translocase of mitochondria. J. Biol.Chem. 245:1319–1326. Schwerdt, G. , R. Freudinger , C. Schuster , S. Silbernagl , and M. Gekle . 2003. Inhibition of mitochondria prevents cell death in kidneyepithelial cells by intra- and extracellular acidification. Kidney Int. 63:1725–1735. Segonds, C. , T. Heulin , N. Marty , and G. Chabanon . 1999. Differentiation of Burkholderia species by PCR-restriction fragment lengthpolymorphism analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and application to cystic fibrosis isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:2201–2208. Voragen, A.G.J. , H.A.M. De Kok , and A.J. Kelholt . 1982. Determination of bongkrek acid and toxoflavin by high pressure liquidchromatography. Food Chem. 9:167–174. Coenye, T. , P. Vandamme , J.R.W. Govan , and J.J. Lipuma . 2001. Taxonomy and identification of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. J.Clin. Microbiol. 39:3427–3436. Bauernfeind, A. , C. Roller , D. Meyer , R. Jungwirth , and I. Schneider . 1998. Molecular procedure for rapid detection of Burkholderiamallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei . J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:2737–2741. Viallard, V. , I. Poirier , B. Cournoyer 1998. Burkholderia graminis sp. nov., a rhizospheric Burkholderia species, and reassessment of [Pseudomonas] phenazinium, [Pseudomonas] pyrrocinia and [Pseudomonas] glathei as Burkholderia . Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:549–563. Ferroni, A. , I. Sermet-Gaudelus , E. Abachin 2002. Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for identification of nonfermenting gram-negativebacilli recovered from patients attending a single cystic fibrosis center. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:3793–3797. Halle, E. , A. Moter , L. Morawietz , H. Olze , and J. Sudendey . 2007. Melioidosis-like disease: Infection with Burkholderia cocovenenansas rare differential diagnosis for lymphadenitis colli. Laryngo-Rhino-Otol. 86:287–290. Höflich, C. , R. Sabat , S. Rosseau 2004. Naturally occurring anti-IFN-γ autoantibody and severe infections with Mycobacterium cheloneaeand Burkholderia cocovenenans . Blood 103:673–675. Ghozzi, R. , P. Morand , A. Ferroni 1999. Capillary electrophoresis-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for rapididentification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative nonfermenting bacilli recovered from patients with cystic fibrosis. J.Clin. Microbiol. 37: 3374–3379. Jin, L.Q. , J.W. Li , S.Q. Wang , F.H. Chao , X.W. Wang , and Z.Q. Yuan . 2005. Detection and identification of intestinal pathogenicbacteria by hybridization to oligonucleotide microarrays. World J. Gastroenterol. 11:7615–7619. Wang, X.W. , L. Zhang , L.Q. Jin 2007. Development and application of an oligonucleotide microarray for the detection of food-bornebacterial pathogens. Appl. Microbiol. Biot. 76:225–233. Stoffels, M. , W. Ludwig , and K.H. Schleifer . 1999. rRNA probe-based cell fishing of bacteria. Environ. Microbiol. 1:259–271. Frickmann, H. , N. Chantratita , Y.P. Gauthier , H. Neubauer , and R.M. Hagen . 2012. Discrimination of Burkholderia mallei/pseudomalleifrom Burkholderia thailandensis by sequence comparison of a fragment of the ribosomal protein S21 (rpsU) gene. Eur. J. Microbiol.Immunol. (Bp) 2:148–156. Frickmann, H. , H. Neubauer , U. Loderstaedt , H. Derschum , and R.M. Hagen . 2014. rpsU-based discrimination within the genusBurkholderia. Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol. (Bp). 4(2):106–116. Brisse, S. , C.M. Verduin , D. Milatovic 2000. Distinguishing species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex and Burkholderia gladioli byautomated ribotyping. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:1876–1884. Whitby, P.W. , L.C. Pope , K.B. Carter , J.J. LiPuma , and T.L. Stull . 2000. Species-specific PCR as a tool for the identification ofBurkholderia gladioli . J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:282–285. Furuya, N. , H. Ura , K. Iiyama , M. Matsumoto , M. Takeshita , and Y. Takanami . 2002. Specific oligonucleotide primers based onsequences of the 16S-23S rDNA spacer region for the detection of Burkholderia gladioli by PCR. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 68:220–224. Maeda, Y. , H. Shinohara , A. Kiba 2006. Phylogenetic study and multiplex PCR-based detection of Burkholderia plantarii, Burkholderiaglumae and Burkholderia gladioli using gyrB and rpoD sequences. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56:1031–1038.

Campylobacter WHO (World Health Organization) . The global view of campylobacterosis. Report of an expert consultation. Utrecht, Netherlands, July9–11, 2012. www.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/80751/1/9789241564601_eng.pdf Skirrow MB . John McFadyean and the centenary of the first isolation of Campylobacter species. Clin Inf Dis 2006;43:1213–1217. Skirrow MB . Campylobacter enteritis: A “new disease”. Brit Med J 1977;2:9–11. Blaser MJ , Berkowitz ID , Laforce FM , Cravens J , Reller LB , Wang W-L . Campylobacter enteritis: Clinical and epidemiologic features.Ann Int Med 1979;91:179–185. Kirk MD , Pires SM , Black RE World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial,protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: A data synthesis. PLoS Med 2015;12(12):e1001921. Pires SM , Fischer-Walker CL , Lanata CF Aetiology-specific estimates of the global and regional incidence and mortality of diarrhoealdiseases commonly transmitted through food. PLoS One 2015;10(12):e0142927. Sebald M , Véron M . Teneur en bases de l'ADN et classification des vibrions [in French]. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1963;105:897–910. On SL . Isolation, identification and subtyping of Campylobacter: Where to from here? J Microbiol Methods 2013;95:3–7. García-Peña, FJ , Llorente MT , Serrano T Isolation of Campylobacter spp. from three species of Antarctic penguins in different geographiclocations. EcoHealth 2017;14:78–87. Koziel M , O'Doherty P , Vandamme P , Corcoran GD , Sleator RD , Lucey B . Campylobacter corcagiensis sp. nov., isolated from faecesof captive lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014;64:2878–2883. Iraola G , Pérez R , Naya H Complete genome sequence of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis biovar Intermedius, isolated from theprepuce of a bull. Genome Announc 2012;1(4):e00526-13. Fitzgerald C , Tu ZC , Patrick M Campylobacter fetus subsp. testudinum subsp. nov., isolated from humans and reptiles. Int J Syst EvolMicrobiol 2014;64:2944–2948. Piccirillo A , Niero G , Calleros L , Perez R , Naya H , Iraola G . Campylobacter geochelonis sp. nov. isolated from the western Hermann'stortoise (Testudo hermanni hermanni). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016;66:3468–3476.

Van TTH , Elshagmani E , Gor MC , Scott PC , Moore RJ . Campylobacter hepaticus sp. nov., isolated from chickens with spotty liverdisease. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016;66:4518–4524. Gilbert MJ , Kik M , Miller MG , Duim B , Wagenaar JA . Campylobacter iguaniorum sp. nov., isolated from reptiles. Int J Syst EvolMicrobiol 2015;65:975–982. Caceres A , Muñoz I , Iraola G , Díaz-Viraqué F , Collado L . Campylobacter ornithocola sp. nov., a new member of the Campylobacter larigroup isolated from wild bird faecal samples. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:1643–1649. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001822. Debruyne L , Gevers D , Vandamme P . Taxonomy of the family Campylobacteraceae . In: Nachamkin I , Szymanski CM , Blaser MJ (eds)Campylobacter. 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington DC, 2008; 3–25. Kaur T , Singh J , Huffman MA Campylobacter troglodytis sp. nov., isolated from feces of human-habituated wild chimpanzees (Pantroglodytes schweinfurthii) in Tanzania. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011;77:2366–2373. Goldman CG , Matteo MJ , Loureiro JD Novel gastric helicobacters and oral campylobacters are present in captive and wild cetaceans.Vet Microbiol 2011;152:138–145. Beisele M , Shen Z , Parry N . Helicobacter marmotae and novel Helicobacter and Campylobacter species isolated from the livers andintestines of prairie dogs. J Med Microbiol 2011;60:1366–1374. Lee S , Lee J , Ha J Clinical relevance of infections with zoonotic and human oral species of Campylobacter . J Microbiol2016;54:459–467. Sahin O , Yaeger M , Wu Z , Zhang Q . Campylobacter-associated diseases in animals. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2017;5:21–42. Moore JE , Corcoran D , Dooley JS Campylobacter. Vet Res 2005;36:351–382. Humphrey T , O'Brien S , Madsen M . Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: A food production perspective. Int J Food Microbiol2007;117:237–257. Silva J , Leite D , Fernandes M , Mena C , Gibbs PA , Teixeira P . Campylobacter spp. as a foodborne pathogen: A review. Front Microbiol2011;2:200. Huang H , Brooks BW , Lowman R , Carrillo CD . Campylobacter species in animal, food, and environmental sources, and relevant testingprograms in Canada. Can J Microbiol 2015;61:701–721. EFSA and ECDC . The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in2015. EFSA J 2016;14(12):4634. Kaakoush NO , Castaño-Rodríguez N , Mitchell HM , Man SM . Global epidemiology of Campylobacter infection. Clin Microbiol Rev2015;28:687–720. Man SM . The clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;8:669–685. Lastovica AJ , On SLW , Zhang L . The Prokaryotes. Chapter 23. In: Rosenberg E , DeLong FE , Lory S , Stackebrandt E , Thompson F(eds) THE FAMILY CAMPYLOBACTERACEAE, Reference Work Entry. Springer, New York, NY, 2014; 307–335. Lawson AJ , On SL , Logan JM , Stanley J . Campylobacter hominis sp. nov., from the human gastrointestinal tract. Int J Syst EvolMicrobiol 2001;51:651–660. Yang DC , Blair KM , Salama NR . Staying in shape: The impact of cell shape on bacterial survival in diverse environments. Microbiol MolBiol Rev 2016;80:187–203. Frirdich E , Biboy J , Adams C Peptidoglycan-modifying enzyme Pgp1 is required for helical cell shape and pathogenicity traits inCampylobacter jejuni . PLoS Pathog 2012;8:e1002602. Esson D , Gupta S , Bailey D Identification and initial characterisation of a protein involved in Campylobacter jejuni cell shape. MicrobPathog 2017;104:202–211. Linton D , Karlyshev AV , Wren BW . Deciphering Campylobacter jejuni cell surface interactions from the genome sequence. Curr OpinionMicrobiol 2001;4:35–40. Young KT , Davis LM , DiRita VJ . Campylobacter jejuni: Molecular biology and pathogenesis. Nature Rev Microbiol 2007;5:665–679. Penn CW . Surface components of Campylobacter and Helicobacter . J Appl Microbiol 2001;90:S25–S35. Thompson SA . Campylobacter surface-layers (S-layers) and immune evasion. Ann Periodontol 2002;7:43–53. Parkhill J , Wren BW , Mungall K The genome sequence of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni reveals hypervariablesequences. Nature 2000;403:665–668. Willison HJ , Jacobs BC , van Doorn PA . Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet 2016;388:717–727. Miller WG , Yee E , Chapman MH Comparative genomics of the Campylobacter lari group. Genome Biol Evol 2014;6:3252–3266. Clark CG , Berry C , Walker M Genomic insights from whole genome sequencing of four clonal outbreak Campylobacter jejuni assessedwithin the global C. jejuni population. BMC Genomics 2016;17:990. Méric G , Yahara K , Mageiros L A Reference pan-genome approach to comparative bacterial genomics: Identification of novelepidemiological markers in pathogenic Campylobacter . PLoS One 2014;9(3):e92798. Carrillo CD , Kruczkiewicz P , Mutschall S , Tudor A , Clark C , Taboada EN . A framework for assessing the concordance of moleculartyping methods and the true strain phylogeny of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli using draft genome sequence data. Front. Cell InfectMicrobiol 2012;2:57. Tettelin H , Masignani V , Cieslewicz MJ Genome analysis of multiple pathogenic isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae: Implications for themicrobial “pan-genome.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:13950–13955. Jerome JP , Bell JA , Plovanich-Jones AE Standing genetic variation in contingency loci drives the rapid adaptation of Campylobacterjejuni to a novel host. PLoS One 2011;6(1):e16399. Thomas DK , Lone AG , Selinger LB Comparative variation within the genome of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 in human and murinehosts. PLoS One 2014;9(2):e88229. Vandamme P , De Ley J . Proposal for a new family, Campylobacteraceae. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1991;41:455. Blaser MJ . Epidemiologic and clinical features of Campylobacter jejuni infections. J Infect Dis 1997;176(Suppl 2):S103–S105. Gillespie IA , O'Brien SJ , Frost JA A case-case comparison of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni infection: A tool forgenerating hypotheses. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:937–942. Wagenaar JA , van Bergen MAP , Blaser MJ , Tauxe RV , Newell DG , van Putten JPM . Campylobacter fetus infections in humans:Exposure and disease. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:1579–1586. Bullman S , Corcoran D , O'Leary J , O'Hare D , Lucey B , Sleator RD . Emerging dynamics of human campylobacteriosis in southernIreland. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2011;63:248–253.

Coker AO , Isokpehi RD , Thomas BN , Amisu KO , Obi CL . Human campylobacteriosis in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis2002;8:237–243. Platts-Mills JA , Kosek M . Update on the burden of Campylobacter in developing countries. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2014;27:444–450. Ruzante JM , Majowicz SE , Fazil A , Davidson VJ . Hospitalization and deaths for select enteric illnesses and associated sequelae inCanada, 2001–2004. Epidemiol Infect 2011;139:937–945. Skirrow MB , Jones DM , Sutcliffe E . Benjamin. Campylobacter bacteraemia in England and Wales, 1981–91. Epidemiol Infect1993;110:567–573. Pacanowski J , Lalande V , Lacombe K Campylobacter bacteraemia: Clinical features and factors associated with fatal outcome. ClinInfect Dis 2008;47:790–796. Guerrant RL . Campylobacteriosis in man: Pathogenic mechanisms and review of 91 bloodstream infections. Am J Med 1978;65:584–592. Fernandez-Cruz A , Munoz P , Mohedano R Campylobacter bacteremia: Clinical characteristics, incidence, and outcome over 23 years.Medicine (Baltimore) 2010;89:319–330. Goossens H , Henocque G , Kremp L . et al. Nosocomial outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni meningitis in newborn infants. Lancet1986;328:146–149. Bingham WT , Chan A , Rennie R , Williams KE , Sankarna K . Neonatal Campylobacter fetus meningitis: A report of an unusual case. ClinPediat (Philadelphia) 1994;31:255–256. Pena LA , Fishbein MC . Fatal myocarditis related to Campylobacter jejuni infection: A case report. Cardiovasc Pathol 2007;16:119–121. Blaser MJ , Engberg J . Clinical aspects of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections. In: Nachamkin I , Szymanski CM , andBlaser MJ (eds) Campylobacter. 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington DC, 2008; 99–121. Goodfellow JA , Willison HJ . Guillain–Barré syndrome: A century of progress. Nature Rev Neurol 2016;12:723–731. Rees JH , Soudain SE , Gregson NA , Hughes RA . Campylobacter jejuni infection and Guillain-Barre syndrome. N Engl J Med1995;333:1374–1379. Gradel KO , Nielsen HL , Schonheyder HC , Ejlertsen T , Kristensen B , Nielsen H . Increased short- and long-term risk of inflammatorybowel disease after Salmonella or Campylobacter gastroenteritis. Gastroenterology 2009;137:495–501. O'Brien SJ . The consequences of Campylobacter infection. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2017;33:14–20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Foodborne Diseases Active SurveillanceNetwork (FoodNet): FoodNet 2015 Surveillance Report (Final Data), 2017; https://www.cdc.gov/foodnet/pdfs/FoodNet-Annual-Report-2015-508c.pdf. The Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd . Notifiable Diseases in New Zealand: Annual Report 2015. 2016.https://surv.esr.cri.nz/PDF_surveillance/AnnualRpt/AnnualSurv/2015/2015AnnualReportFinal.pdf. Tam CC , Rodrigues LC , Petersen I , Islam A , Hayward A , O'Brien SJ . Incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome among patients withCampylobacter infection: A general practice research database study. J Infect Dis 2006;194:95–97. Sheppard SK , Jolley KA , Maiden MCJ . A gene-by-gene approach to bacterial population genomics: Whole genome MLST ofCampylobacter . Genes 2012;3:261–277. Strachan NJ , Gormley FJ , Rotariu O Attribution of Campylobacter infections in northeast Scotland to specific sources by use of multilocussequence typing. J Infect Dis 2009;199:1205–1208. Strachan NJ , Rotariu O , MacRae M Operationalising factors that explain the emergence of infectious diseases: A case study of thehuman campylobacteriosis epidemic. PLoS One 2013;8(11):e79331. Gaudreau C , Michaud S . Cluster of erythromycin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni from 1999 to 2001 inmen who have sex with men, Québec, Canada. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:131–136. Allos BM . Campylobacter jejuni infections: Update on emerging issues and trends. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:1201–1206. Janssen R , Krogfelt KA , Cawthraw SA , van Pelt W , Wagenaar JA , Owen RJ . Host-pathogen interactions in Campylobacter infections:The host perspective. Clin Micobiol Rev 2008;21:505–518. Nichols GL , Richardson JF , Sheppard SK Campylobacter epidemiology: A descriptive study reviewing 1 million cases in England andWales between 1989 and 2011. BMJ Open 2012;2:e001179. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Foodborne Outbreak Tracking andReporting, Foodborne Outbreak Online Database (FOOD Tool): https://wwwn.cdc.gov/foodborneoutbreaks/ Public Health England . FSA Project FS102121 Year 2 Report: A microbiological survey of Campylobacter contamination in fresh wholeUK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale. 2017; https://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/fsa-project-fs102121-year-2-report.pdf. Ravel A , Greig J , Tinga C Exploring historical Canadian foodborne outbreak data sets for human illness attribution. J Food Prot2009;72:1963–1976. Keithlin J , Sargeant J , Thomas MK , Fazil A . Systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of Campylobacter cases thatdevelop chronic sequelae. BMC Public Health 2014;14:1203. Robinson DA . Infective dose of Campylobacter jejuni in milk. Brit Med J 1981;282:1584. Black RE , Levine MM , Clements ML , Hughes, TP , Blaser MJ , Black R . Experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in humans. J InfectDis 1988;157:472–479. Tribble DR , Baqar S , Scott DA Assessment of the duration of protection in Campylobacter jejuni experimental infection in humans. InfectImmun 2010;78:1750–1759. Hara-Kudo Y , Takatori K . Contamination level and ingestion dose of foodborne pathogens associated with infections. Epidemiol Infect2011;139:1505–1510. Van Deun K , Haesebrouck F , Heyndrickx M Virulence properties of Campylobacter jejuni isolates of poultry and human origin. J MedMicrobiol 2007;56:1284–1289. Szymanski CM , King M , Haardt M , Armstrong GD . Campylobacter jejuni motility and invasion of Caco-2 cells. Infect Immun1995;63:4295–4300. Ketley JM . Pathogenesis of enteric infection by Campylobacter . Microbiol 1997;143:5–21. Snelling WJ , Matsuda M , Moore JE , Dooley JS . Campylobacter jejuni. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005;41:297–302. Stahl M , Frirdich E , Vermeulen J The helical shape of Campylobacter jejuni promotes in vivo pathogenesis by aiding its transit 2 throughintestinal mucus and colonization of crypts. Infect Immun 2016;84:3399–3407. van Vliet AH , Ketley JM . Pathogenesis of enteric Campylobacter infection. Symp Ser Soc Appl Microbiol 2001;30:S45–S56.

Crushell E , Harty S , Sharif F , Bourke B . Enteric Campylobacter: Purging its secrets? Pediatr Res 2004;55:3–12. Kopecko DJ , Hu L , Zaal KJ . Campylobacter jejuni—Microtubule-dependent invasion. Trends Microbiol 2001;9:389–396. van Spreeuwel JP , Duursma GC , Meijer CJ , Bax R , Rosekrans PC , Lindeman J . Campylobacter colitis: Histologicalimmunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings. Gut 1985;26:945–951. Newell DG , Elvers KT , Dopfer D Biosecurity-based interventions and strategies to reduce Campylobacter spp. on poultry farms. ApplEnviron Microbiol 2011;77:8605–8614. Takata T , Fujimoto S , Amako K . Isolation of nonchemotactic mutants of Campylobacter jejuni and their colonization of the mouseintestinal tract. Infect Immun 1992;60:3596–3600. Butcher J , Stintzi A . The transcriptional landscape of Campylobacter jejuni under iron replete and iron limited growth conditions. PLoSOne 2013;8(11): e79475. Flint F , Stintzi A , Saraiva LM . Oxidative and nitrosative stress defences of Helicobacter and Campylobacter species that counteractmammalian immunity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016;40:938–960. Fitzgerald C , Whichard J , Nachankin I . Diagnosis and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Campylobacter Species. In: Nachamkin I ,Szymanski CM , Blaser MJ (eds) Campylobacter. 3rd edition. ASM Press, Washington DC, 2008; 227–243. Vandamme P , Debruyne L , De BE , Falsen E . Reclassification of Bacteroides ureolyticus as Campylobacter ureolyticus comb. nov., andemended description of the genus Campylobacter . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010;60:2016–2022. Corry JE , Post DE , Colin P , Laisney MJ . Culture media for the isolation of campylobacters. Int J Food Microbiol 1995;26:43–76. Butzler JP . Campylobacter from obscurity to celebrity. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004;10:868–876. Poppert S , Haas M , Yildiz T Identification of thermotolerant Campylobacter species by fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Clin Microbiol2008;46:2133–2136. Huang H , Phipps-Todd B , McMahon T Development of a monoclonal antibody-based colony blot immunoassay for detection ofthermotolerant Campylobacter species. J Microbiol Methods 2016;130:76–82. Lastovica AJ , Le Roux E . Efficient isolation of Campylobacter upsaliensis from stools. J Clin Microbiol 2011;39:4222–4223. Chaveerach P , ter Huurne A.A.H.M. , Lipman LJA , van Knapen F . Survival and resuscitation of ten strains of Campylobacter jejuni andCampylobacter coli under acid conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003;69:711–714. Magajna BA , Schraft H . Campylobacter jejuni biofilm cells become viable but non-culturable (VBNC) in low nutrient conditions at 4 °Cmore quickly than their planktonic counterparts. Food Control 2015;50:45–50. Li L , Mendis N , Trigui H , Oliver JD , Faucher SP . The importance of the viable but non-culturable state in human bacterial pathogens.Front. Microbiol 2014;5:258. Oliver JD . Recent findings on the viable but nonculturable state in pathogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2010;34:415–425. Penner JL , Hennessy N . Passive haemagglutination technique for serotyping Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni on the basis of solubleheat-stable antigens. J Clin Microbiol 1980;12:732–737. Lior H , Woodward DL , Edgar JA , Laroche LJ , Gill P . Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni by slide agglutination based on heat-labileantigenic factors. J Clin Microbiol 1982;15:761–768. Taboada EN , Clark C , Sproston EL , Carrillo CD . Current methods for molecular typing of Campylobacter species. J. Microbiol Methods2013;95:24–31. Jolley KA , Martin MC . BIGSdb: Scalable analysis of bacterial genome variation at the population level. BMC Bioinformatics 2010;11:595. Moore JE , Barton MD , Blair IS The epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter . Microbes Infect 2006;8:1955–1966. Gibreel A , Taylor DE . Macrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli . J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:243–255. Luangtongkum T , Jeon B , Han J , Plummer P , Logue CM , Zhang Q . Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter: Emergence, transmissionand persistence. Future Microbiol 2009;4:189–200. Zhao S , Tyson GH , Chen Y Whole-genome sequencing analysis accurately predicts antimicrobial resistance phenotypes inCampylobacter spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016;82:459–466. Hariharan H , Murphy GA , Kempf I . Campylobacter jejuni: Public health hazards and potential control methods in poultry: A review. VetMed 2004;49:441–446. Svetoch EA , Stern NJ . Bacteriocins to control Campylobacter spp. in poultry—A review. Poult Sci 2010;89:1763–1768. Janež N , Loc-Carrillo C . Use of phages to control Campylobacter spp. J Microbiol Methods 2013;95:68–75. Sommer HM , Heuer OE , Sørensen AIV , Madsen M . Analysis of factors important for the occurrence of Campylobacter in Danish broilerflocks. Pre Vet Med 2013;111:100–111. Guerin MT , Martin SW , Reiersen J Temperature-related risk factors associated with the colonization of broiler-chicken flocks withCampylobacter spp. in Iceland, 2001–2004 . Prevent Vet Med 2008;86:14–29. Wagenaar JA , Mevius DJ , Havelaar AH . Campylobacter in primary animal production and control strategies to reduce the burden ofhuman campylobacteriosis. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 2006;25:581–594. Tustin J , Laberge K , Michel P Georgsson, F. A National epidemic of campylobacteriosis in Iceland, lessons learned. Zoonoses PublicHealth 2011;58:440–447. Wagenaar JA , French NP , Havelaar AH . Preventing Campylobacter at the source: Why is it so difficult? Clin Infect Dis2013;57:1600–1606. Sears A , Baker MG , Wilson N Marked campylobacteriosis decline after interventions aimed at poultry, New Zealand. Emerg Infect Dis2011;17:1007–1015. United States Department of Agriculture . New Performance Standards for Salmonella and Campylobacter in Young Chicken and TurkeySlaughter Establishments; New Compliance Guides. Federal Register 2010; 75, No. 93 / May 14, 2010/Notices.http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/2009-0034.pdf. Luber P . Cross-contamination versus undercooking of poultry meat or eggs—Which risks need to be managed first? Int J Food Microbiol2009;134:21–28.

Coxiella Gürtler L , Bauerfeind U , Blümel J Coxiella burnetii – Pathogenic agent of Q (query) fever. Transfus Med Hemother. 2014;41(1):60–72. Eldin C , Mélenotte C , Mediannikov O From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: A paradigm change. Clin Microbiol Rev.2017;30:115–190. de Bruin A , van Alphen PT , van der Plaats RQ Molecular epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii from ruminants in Q fever outbreak, theNetherlands. BMC Vet Res. 2012;8:165. Coleman SA , Fischer ER , Howe D , Mead DJ , Heinzen RA . Temporal analysis of Coxiella burnetii morphological differentiation. JBacteriol. 2004;186(21):7344–7352. Millar JA , Beare PA , Moses AS , Martens CA , Heinzen RA , Raghavan R . Whole-genome sequence of Coxiella burnetii Nine MileRSA439 (phase II, clone 4), a laboratory workhorse strain. Genome Announc. 2017;5(23). pii: e00471–17. Minnick MF , Raghavan R . Genetics of Coxiella burnetii: On the path of specialization. Future Microbiol. 2011;6(11):1297–1314. Larson CL , Martinez E , Beare PA , Jeffrey B , Heinzen RA , Bonazzi M . Right on Q: Genetics begin to unravel Coxiella burnetii host cellinteractions. Future Microbiol. 2016;11:919–939. Lockwood S , Brayton KA , Broschat SL . Comparative genomics reveals multiple pathways to mutualism for tick-borne pathogens. BMCGenomics. 2016;17:481. Moses AS , Millar JA , Bonazzi M , Beare PA , Raghavan R . Horizontally acquired biosynthesis genes boost Coxiella burnetii's physiology.Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7:174. Kuley R , Bossers-deVries R , Smith HE , Smits MA , Roest HI , Bossers A . Major differential gene regulation in Coxiella burnetii betweenin vivo and in vitro cultivation models. BMC Genomics. 2015a;16:953. Kohler LJ , Roy CR . Biogenesis of the lysosome-derived vacuole containing Coxiella burnetii . Microbes Infect. 2015;17(11-12):766–771. Larson CL , Heinzen RA . High-content imaging reveals expansion of the endosomal compartment during Coxiella burnetii parasitophorousvacuole maturation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7:48. Omsland A , Cockrell DC , Howe D Host cell free growth of Q fever bacterium Coxiella burnetii . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2009;106:4430–4434. van Schaik EJ , Chen C , Mertens K , Weber MM , Samuel JE . Molecular pathogenesis of the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiellaburnetii . Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11(8):561–573. Kuley R , Smith HE , Frangoulidis D , Smits MA , Jan Roest HI , Bossers A . Cell-free propagation of Coxiella burnetii does not affect itsrelative virulence. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0121661. CDC . HHS and USDA Select Agents and Toxins. https://www.selectagents.gov/selectagentsandtoxinslist.html Tilburg JHC , Roest HJI , Buffet S Epidemic genotype of Coxiella burnetii among goats, sheep, and humans in the Netherlands. EmergInfect Dis. 2012;18:887–889. Fenga C , Gangemi S , De Luca A Seroprevalence and occupational risk survey for Coxiella burnetii among exposed workers in Sicily,Southern Italy. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2015;28(5):901–907. Graves SR , Islam A . Endemic Q fever in New South Wales, Australia: A case series (2005-2013). Am J Trop Med Hyg.2016;95(1):55–59. Mohabbati Mobarez A , Bagheri Amiri F , Esmaeili S . Seroprevalence of Q fever among human and animal in Iran; A systematic reviewand meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(4):e0005521. Sivabalan P , Saboo A , Yew J , Norton R . Q fever in an endemic region of North Queensland, Australia: A 10 year review. One Health.2017;3:51–55. Eldin C , Mahamat A , Demar M , Abboud P , Djossou F , Raoult D . Q fever in French Guiana. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91(4):771–776. González-Barrio D , Maio E , Vieira-Pinto M , Ruiz-Fons F . European rabbits as reservoir for Coxiella burnetii . Emerg Infect Dis.2015;21(6):1055–1058. Fernández-Aguilar X , Cabezón Ó , Colom-Cadena A , Lavín S , López-Olvera JR . Serological survey of Coxiella burnetii at the wildlife-livestock interface in the Eastern Pyrenees, Spain. Acta Vet Scand. 2016;58:26. Khoo JJ , Lim FS , Chen F Coxiella detection in ticks from wildlife and livestock in Malaysia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis.2016;16(12):744–751. Vanderburg S , Rubach MP , Halliday JE , Cleaveland S , Reddy EA , Crump JA . Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii infection in Africa: AOneHealth systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(4):e2787. Wardrop NA , Thomas LF , Cook EA The sero-epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii in humans and cattle, Western Kenya: Evidence from across-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(10):e0005032. Njeru J , Henning K , Pletz MW , Heller R , Neubauer H . Q fever is an old and neglected zoonotic disease in Kenya: A systematic review.BMC Public Health. 2016;16:297. Keijmel SP , Raijmakers RP , Schoffelen T , Salet MC , Bleeker-Rovers CP . A fatal case of disseminated chronic Q fever: A case reportand brief review of the literature. Infection. 2016;44(5):677–682. Gomes MM , Chaves A , Gouveia A , Santos L . Two rare manifestations of Q fever: splenic and hepatic abscesses and cerebral venousthrombosis, with literature review. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014. pii: bcr2013202843. Bewley KR . Animal models of Q fever (Coxiella burnetii). Comp Med. 2013;63(6):469–476. Boattini M , Almeida A , Moura RB , Abreu J , Santos AS , Rico MT . Chronic Q fever with no elevation of inflammatory markers. Case RepMed. 2012;2012:249705. Hedges JF , Robison A , Kimmel E Type I interferon counters or promotes Coxiella burnetii replication dependent on tissue. Infect Immun.2016;84(6):1815–1825. Schoenlaub L , Elliott A , Freches D , Mitchell WJ , Zhang G . Role of B cells in host defense against primary Coxiella burnetii infection.Infect Immun. 2015;83(12):4826–4836. Melenotte C , Lepidi H , Nappez C Mouse model of Coxiella burnetii aerosolization. Infect Immun. 2016;84(7):2116–2123. van Schaik EJ , Case ED , Martinez E , Bonazzi M , Samuel JE . The SCID mouse model for identifying virulence determinants in Coxiellaburnetii . Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7:25. Kersh GJ , Priestley RA , Hornstra HM Genotyping and axenic growth of Coxiella burnetii isolates found in the United States environment.Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2016;16(9):588–594.

Wielders CC , Teunis PF , Hermans MH , van der Hoek W , Schneeberger PM . Kinetics of antibody response to Coxiella burnetii infection(Q fever): Estimation of the seroresponse onset from antibody levels. Epidemics. 2015;13:37–43. El-Mahallawy HS , Kelly P , Zhang J Serological and molecular evidence of Coxiella burnetii in samples from humans and animals inChina. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2016;23(1):87–91. Hornstra HM , Priestly RA , Georgia SM Rapid typing of Coxiella burnetii . PLoS One. 2011;6:e26201. Nusinovici S , Madouasse A , Hoch T , Guatteo R , Beaudeau F . Evaluation of two PCR tests for Coxiella burnetii detection in dairy cattlefarms using latent class analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0144608. Seo MG , Ouh IO , Lee SH , Kwak D . Detection and genotyping of Coxiella burnetii in pigs, South Korea, 2014–2015. Emerg Infect Dis.2016;22(12):2192–2195. Kersh GJ . Antimicrobial therapies for Q fever. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013;11(11):1207–1214. Eldin C , Mailhe M , Lions C Treatment and prophylactic strategy for Coxiella burnetii infection of aneurysms and vascular grafts: Aretrospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(12):e2810. Hogerwerf L , Van den Brom R , Roest HIJ Reduction of Coxiella burnetii prevalence by vaccination of goats and sheep, The Netherlands.Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:379–386. Jang YR , Shin Y , Jin CE Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii from the formalin-fixed tissues of Q fever patients with acute hepatitis.PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180237. Senn L , Franciolli M , Raoult D . Coxiella burnetii vascular graft infection. BMC Infect Dis. 2005;5:109. Roest HJ , van Gelderen B , Dinkla A Cell-Free Propagation of Coxiella burnetii Does Not Affect Its Relative Virulence. PLoS One.2012;7(11):e48949.

Cronobacter: An Opportunistic Pathogen Iversen C , Lehner A , Mullane N Identification of “Cronobacter” spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii). J Clin. Microbiol. 2007; 45:3814–3816. Healy B , Cooney S , O’Brien S Cronobacter (Enterobacter sakazakii): An opportunistic foodborne pathogen. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010;7:339–350. Hunter CJ , Petrosyan M , Ford HR , Prasadarao NV . Enterobacter sakazakii: An emerging pathogen in infants and neonates. Surg Infect(Larchmt). 2008; 9:533–539. Drudy D , Mullane NR , Quinn T , Wall PG , Fanning S . Enterobacter sakazakii: An emerging pathogen in powdered infant formula. ClinInfect Dis. 2006; 42:996–1002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Enterobacter sakazakii infections associated with the use of powdered infantformula—Tennessee, 2001. JAMA 2002; 287:2204–2205. Jaradat ZW , Al Mousa W , Elbetieha A , Al Nabulsi A , Tall BD . Cronobacter spp.—opportunistic foodborne pathogens. A review of theirvirulence and environmental-adaptive traits. J Med Microbiol. 2014; 63:1023–1037. Hurrell E , Kucerova E , Loughlin M , Caubilla-Barron J , Forsythe SJ . Biofilm formation on enteral feeding tubes by Cronobactersakazakii, Salmonella serovars and other Enterobacteriaceae . Int J Food Microbiol. 2009; 136:227–231. Jung JH , Choi NY , Lee SY . Biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Cronobacter sakazakii depending onenvironmental conditions. Food Microbiol. 2013; 34:70–80. Wang L , Hu X , Tao G , Wang X . Outer membrane defect and stronger biofilm formation caused by inactivation of a gene encoding forheptosyltransferase I in Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC BAA-894. J Appl Microbiol. 2012; 112:985–997. Hartmann I , Carranza P , Lehner A , Stephan R , Eberl L , Riedel K . Genes involved in Cronobacter sakazakii biofilm formation. ApplEnviron Microbiol. 2010; 76:2251–2261. Choi Y , Kim S , Hwang H , Kim KP , Kang DH , Ryu S . Plasmid-encoded MCP is involved in virulence, motility, and biofilm formation ofCronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544. Infect Immun. 2015; 83:197–204. Hassan AA , Akineden O , Kress C , Estuningsih S , Schneider E , Usleber E . Characterization of the gene encoding the 16S rRNA ofEnterobacter sakazakii and development of a species-specific PCR method. Int J Food Microbiol. 2007; 116:214–220. Lehner A , Tasara T , Stephan R . 16S rRNA gene based analysis of Enterobacter sakazakii strains from different sources anddevelopment of a PCR assay for identification. BMC Microbiol. 2004; 4:43. Stoop B , Lehner A , Iversen C , Fanning S , Stephan R . Development and evaluation of rpoB based PCR systems to differentiate the sixproposed species within the genus Cronobacter. Int J Food Microbiol. 2009; 136:165–168. Zimmermann J , Schmidt H , Loessner MJ , Weiss A . Development of a rapid detection system for opportunistic pathogenic Cronobacterspp. in powdered milk products. Food Microbiol. 2014; 42:19–25. Yan Q , Fanning S . Strategies for the identification and tracking of Cronobacter species: An opportunistic pathogen of concern to neonatalhealth. Front Pediatr. 2015; 3:38. Tall BD , Gangiredla J , Grim CJ Use of a pan-genomic DNA microarray in determination of the phylogenetic relatedness amongCronobacter spp. and its use as a data mining tool to understand Cronobacter biology. Microarrays (Basel). 2017; 6(1):pii:E6. Sun Y , Wang M , Liu H Development of an O-antigen serotyping scheme for Cronobacter sakazakii . Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77:2209–2214. Sun Y , Wang M , Wang Q Genetic analysis of the Cronobacter sakazakii O4 to O7O-antigen gene clusters and development of a PCRassay for identification of all C. sakazakii O serotypes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012; 78:3966–3974. Jarvis KG , Yan QQ , Grim CJ Identification and characterization of five new molecular sero-groups of Cronobacter spp. FoodbornePathog. Dis. 2013; 10:343–352. Yan Q , Jarvis KG , Chase HR A proposed harmonized LPS molecular-sub typing scheme for Cronobacter species. Food Microbiol. 2015;50:38–44. Gičová A , Oriešková M , Oslanecová L , Drahovská H , Kaclíková E . Identification and characterization of Cronobacter strains isolatedfrom powdered infant foods. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2014; 58:242–247. Yan QQ , Condell O , Power K , Butler F , Tall BD , Fanning S . Cronobacter species (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) inpowdered infant formula: A review of our current understanding of the biology of this bacterium. J Appl Microbiol. 2012; 113:1–15.

O'Brien S , Healy B , Negredo C , Fanning S , Iversen C . Evaluation of a new one-step enrichment in conjunction with a chromogenicmedium for the detection of Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) in powdered infant formula. J Food Prot. 2009; 72:1472–1475. Caubilla-Barron J , Hurrell E , Townsend S Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of Enterobacter sakazakii strains from an outbreak resultingin fatalities in a neonatal intensive care unit in France. J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 45:3979–3985. Communicable Disease Centre . CDC Update: Investigation of Cronobacter Infections among Infants in the United States. Atlanta: CDC;2012. Stoll BJ , Hansen N , Fanaroff AA , Lemons JA . Enterobacter sakazakii is a rare cause of neonatal septicemia or meningitis in VLBWinfants. J Pediatr. 2004; 144:821–823. Hunter CJ , Singamsetty VK , Chokshi NK Enterobacter sakazakii enhances epithelial cell injury by inducing apoptosis in a rat model ofnecrotizing enterocolitis. J Infect Dis. 2008; 198:586–593. Emami CN , Mittal R , Wang L , Ford HR , Prasadarao NV . Recruitment of dendritic cells is responsible for intestinal epithelial damage inthe pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis by Cronobacter sakazakii . J Immunol. 2011; 186:7067–7079. Krishnan S , Prasadarao NV . Outer membrane protein A and OprF: Versatile roles in Gram-negative bacterial infections. FEBS J. 2012;279:919–931. Koebnik R , Locher KP , Van Gelder P . Structure and function of bacterial outer membrane proteins: Barriers in a nutshell. Mol Microbiol.2000; 37, 239–253. Smith SG , Mahon V , Lambert MA , Fagan RP . A molecular Swiss army knife: OmpA structure, function and expression. FEMS MicrobiolLett. 2007; 273:1–11. Mohan Nair MK , Venkitanarayanan KS . Cloning and sequencing of the ompA gene of Enterobacter sakazakii and development of anompA-targeted PCR for rapid detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006; 72:2539–2546. Kim K , Kim KP , Choi J Outer membrane proteins A (OmpA) and X (OmpX) are essential for basolateral invasion of Cronobacter sakazakii. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010; 76:5188–5198. Mohan Nair MK , Venkitanarayanan K . Role of bacterial OmpA and host cytoskeleton in the invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells byEnterobacter sakazakii . Pediatr Res. 2007; 62:664–669. Liu Q , Mittal R , Emami CN , Iversen C , Ford HR , Prasadarao NV . Human isolates of Cronobacter sakazakii bind efficiently to intestinalepithelial cells in vitro to induce monolayer permeability and apoptosis. J Surg Res. 2012; 176:437–447. Hunter CJ , Williams M , Petrosyan M Lactobacillus bulgaricus prevents intestinal epithelial cell injury caused by Enterobacter sakazakii-induced nitric oxide both in vitro and in the newborn rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Infect Immun. 2009; 77:1031–1043. Kim KP , Loessner MJ . Enterobacter sakazakii invasion in human intestinal Caco-2 cells requires the host cell cytoskeleton and isenhanced by disruption of tight junction. Infect Immun. 2008; 76:562–570. Emami CN , Mittal R , Wang L , Ford HR , Prasadarao NV . Role of neutrophils and macrophages in the pathogenesis of necrotizingenterocolitis caused by Cronobacter sakazakii . J Surg Res. 2012; 172:18–28. Mittal R , Bulgheresi S , Emami C , Prasadarao NV . Enterobacter sakazakii targets DC-SIGN to induce immunosuppressive responses indendritic cells by modulating MAPKs. J Immunol. 2009; 183:6588–6599. Schwizer S , Tasara T , Zurfluh K , Stephan R , Lehner A . Identification of genes involved in serum tolerance in the clinical strainCronobacter sakazakii ES5. BMC Microbiol. 2013; 13:38. Franco AA , Kothary MH , Gopinath G Cpa, the outer membrane protease of Cronobacter sakazakii, activates plasminogen and mediatesresistance to serum bactericidal activity. Infect Immun. 2011; 79:1578–1587. Mittal R , Wang Y , Hunter CJ , Gonzalez-Gomez I , Prasadarao NV . Brain damage in newborn rat model of meningitis by Enterobactersakazakii: A role for outer membrane protein A. Lab Invest. 2009; 89:263–277. Townsend SM , Hurrell E , Gonzalez-Gomez I Enterobacter sakazakii invades brain capillary endothelial cells, persists in humanmacrophage influencing cytokine secretion and induces severe brain pathology in the neonatal rat. Microbiology. 2007; 153:3538–3547. Maisey HC , Hensler M , Nizet V , Doran KS . Group B streptococcal pilus proteins contribute to adherence to and invasion of brainmicrovascular endothelial cells. J Bacteriol. 2007; 189:1464–1467. Mange JP , Stephan R , Borel N Adhesive properties of Enterobacter sakazakii to human epithelial and brain microvascular endothelialcells. BMC Microbiol. 2006; 6:58. Krishnan S , Chang AC , Stoltz BM , Prasadarao NV . Escherichia coli K1 modulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ andglucose transporter 1 at the blood-brain barrier in neonatal meningitis. J Infect Dis. 2016; 214:1092–1104. Liu Y , Mittal R , Solis NV , Prasadarao NV , Filler SG . Mechanisms of Candida albicans trafficking to the brain. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7:e1002305. Banerjee A , Kim BJ , Carmona EM Bacterial pili exploit integrin machinery to promote immune activation and efficient blood-brain barrierpenetration. Nat Commun. 2011; 2:462. Coureuil M , Bourdoulous S , Marullo S , Nassif X . Invasive meningococcal disease: A disease of the endothelial cells. Trends Mol Med.2014; 20(10):571–578. Townsend SM , Hurrell E , Gonzalez-Gomez I Enterobacter sakazakii invades brain capillary endothelial cells, persists in humanmacrophages influencing cytokine secretion and induces severe brain pathology in the neonatal rat. Microbiology. 2007; 153:3538–3547. Singamsetty VK , Wang Y , Shimada H , Prasadarao NV . Outer membrane protein A expression in Enterobacter sakazakii is required toinduce microtubule condensation in human brain microvascular endothelial cells for invasion. Microb Pathog. 2008; 45:181–191. Li Q , Zhao WD , Zhang K PI3K-dependent host cell actin rearrangements are required for Cronobacter sakazakii invasion of human brainmicrovascular endothelial cells. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2010; 199:333–340. Nair MK , Venkitanarayanan K , Silbart LK , Kim KS . Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) of Cronobacter sakazakii binds fibronectin andcontributes to invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2009; 6:495–501. Coursey CA , Hollingsworth CL , Wriston C Radiographic predictors of disease severity in neonates and infants with necrotizingenterocolitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009; 193:1408–1413. Burdette JH , Santos C . Enterobacter sakazakii brain abscess in the neonate: The importance of neuroradiologic imaging. Pediatr Radiol.2000; 30:33–34. Weng M , Ganguli K , Zhu W , Shi HN , Walker WA . Conditioned medium from Bifidobacteria infantis protects against Cronobactersakazakii-induced intestinal inflammation in newborn mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2014; 306:G779–G787. Quintero M , Maldonado M , Perez-Munoz M Adherence inhibition of Cronobacter sakazakii to intestinal epithelial cells by prebioticoligosaccharides. Curr Microbiol. 2011; 62:1448–1454.

Joseph S , Forsythe SJ . Predominance of Cronobacter sakazakii sequence type 4 in neonatal infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:1713–1715. Hariri S , Joseph S , Forsythe SJ . Cronobacter sakazakii ST4 strains and neonatal meningitis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19:175–177.

Escherichia Ewing WH . Edwards and Ewing's Identification of Enterobacteriaceae. 4th ed. New York, NY: Elsevier Science, 1986:92–134. Escherich T . Die darmbakterien des neugeborenen und sauglings. Fortshr Med 1885, 3:5-15-522,47–54. Yatsunenko T , Rey FE , Manary MJ Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 2012;486:222–227. Selander RK , Musser JM , Caugant DA , Gilmour MN , Whittam TS . Population genetics of pathogenic bacteria. Microbial Pathog1987;3:1–7. Croxen MA , Law RJ , Scholz R Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli . Clin Microbiol Rev2013;26:822–880. Kaper JB , Nataro JP , Mobley HLT . Pathogenic Escherichia coli . Nat Rev Microbiol 2004;2:123–140. Rolhion N , Darfeuille-Michaud A . Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis2007;13:1277–1283. Nataro JP , Kaper JB . Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli . Clin Microbiol Rev 1998;11:142–201. DebRoy C , Roberts E , Fratamico PM . Detection of O antigens in Escherichia coli . Anim. Health Res Rev 2011;12:169–185. Wang L , Rothemund D , Curd H , Reeves PR . Species-wide variation in the Escherichia coli flagellin (H-antigen) gene. J Bacteriol2003;185:2936–2943. Touchon M , Hoede C , Tenaillon O Organised genome dynamics in the Escherichia coli species results in highly diverse adaptive paths.PLoS Genet 2009;5:e1000344. Leimbach A , Hacker J , Dobrindt U . E. coli as an all-rounder: The thin line between commensalism and pathogenicity. Curr Top MicrobiolImmunol 2013;358:3–32. Shiloach J , Reshamwala S , Noronha SB , Negrete A . Analyzing metabolic variations in different bacterial strains, historical perspectivesand current trends – example E. coli . Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010;21:21–26. Leclerc H , Mossel DA , Edberg SC , Struijk CB . Advances in the bacteriology of the coliform group: Their suitability as markers ofmicrobial water safety. Annu Rev Microbiol 2001;55:201–234. Simpson JM , Santo Domingo JW , Reasoner DJ . Microbial source tracking: State of the science. Environ Sci Technol2002;36:5279–5288. Torres AG . Arenas-Hernández MMP , Martinez-Laguna Y . Overview of Escherichia coli . In: Torres AG (ed.) Pathogenic Escherichia coliin Latin America. Karachi, Pakistan: Bentham Science Publishers, 2010:1–7. World Health Organization . World Health Statistics. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press, 2014. Swaminathan B , Barrett TJ , Hunter SB , Tauxe RV . PulseNet: The molecular subtyping network for foodborne bacterial diseasesurveillance, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:382–389. Noller AC , McEllistrem MC , Pacheco AGF , Boxrud DJ , Harrison LH . Multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis distinguishesoutbreak and sporadic Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:5389–5397. Pérez-Losada M , Cabezas P , Castro-Nallar E , Crandall KA . Pathogen typing in the genomics era: MLST and the future of molecularepidemiology. Infect Genet Evol 2013;16:38–53. Joensen KG , Scheutz F , Lund O Real-time Whole-Genome Sequencing for routine typing, surveillance, and outbreak detection ofVerotoxigenic Escherichia coli . J Clin Microbiol 2014;52:1501–1510. Bray J . Isolation of antigenically homogeneous strains of Bacterium coli neopolitanum from summer diarrhoea of infants. J PatholBacteriol 1945;57:239–247. Neter E , Westphal O , Luderitz O , Gino RM , Gorzynski EA . Demonstration of antibodies against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli insera of children of various ages. Pediatrics 1955;16:801–808. Levine MM , Bergquist EJ , Nalin DR Escherichia coli strains that cause diarrhoea but do not produce heat-labile or heat-stableenterotoxins and are non-invasive. Lancet 1978;1:1119–1122. Tikhomirov E . WHO programme for the control of hospital infections. Chemioterapia 1987;6:148–151. Kaper JB . Defining EPEC. Rev Microbiol 1996;27:130–133. Gomes TAT , Yamamoto D , Vieira MAM , Hernandes RT . Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli . In: Torres AG (ed.) Escherichia coliin the Americas. New York, NY, Springer International. 2016:77–96. Trabulsi LR , Keller R , Tardelli Gomes TA . Typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli . Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:508–513. Kotloff KL , Nataro JP , Blackwelder W Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries(the Global Enteric Multicentre Study, GEMS): A prospective, case-control study. Lancet 2013;382:209–222. Hernandes RT , Elias WP , Vieira MAM , Gomes TAT . An overview of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli . FEMS Microbiol Lett2009;297:137–149. Levine MM , Edelman R . Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli of classic serotypes associated with infant diarrhea: Epidemiology andpathogenesis. Epidemiol Rev 1984;6:31–51. Hu J , Torres AG . Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: Foe or innocent bystander? Clin Microbiol Infect 2015;21:729–734. Arenas-Hernandez MMP , Martinez-Laguna Y , Torres AG . Clinical implications of enteroadherent Escherichia coli . Curr GastroenterolRep 2012;14:386–394. Nguyen RN , Taylor LS , Tauschek M , Robins-Browne RM . Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection and prolonged diarrhea inchildren. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:597–603. Bielaszewska M , Prager R , Kock R Shiga toxin gene loss and transfer in vitro and in vivo during enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O26infection in humans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73:3144–3150.

Fagundes-Neto U , Scaletsky IC . The gut at war: The consequences of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection as a factor of diarrheaand malnutrition. Sao Paulo Med J 2000;118:21–29. Frankel G , Phillips AD , Rosenshine I Enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli: More subversive elements. MolMicrobiol 1998;30:911–921. Giron JA , Ho AS , Schoolnik GK . An inducible bundle forming pilus of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli . Science 1991;254:710–713. Franzin FM , Sircili MP . Locus of enterocyte effacement: A pathogenicity island involved in the virulence of enteropathogenic andenterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli subjected to a complex network of gene regulation. BioMed Res Int 2015;534738. Gruenheid S , DeVinney R , Bladt F Enteropathogenic E. coli Tir binds Nck to initiate actin pedestal formation in host cells. Nat Cell Biol2001;3:856–859. Clements A , Young JC , Constantinou N , Frankel G . Infection strategies of enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli . Gut Microbes2012;3:71–87. Scaletsky ICA , Silva MLM , Trabulsi LR , Travassos LR . Isolation and characterization of localized adherence factor of enteropathogenicEscherichia coli . Infect Immun 1988;45:2979–2983. Knutton S , Phillips AD , Smith HR Screening for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in infants with diarrhea by the fluorescent-actin stainingtest. Infect Immun 1991;59:365–371. Karch H , Bohm H , Shmidt H Clonal structure and pathogenicity of Shiga-like toxin-producing fermenting Escherichia coli O157:H-. J ClinMicrobiol 1993;31:1200–1205. Gunzburg ST , Tornieporth NG , Riley LW . Identification of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli by PCR-based detection of the bundle-forming pilus gene. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:1375–1377. Torres AG , Zhou X , Kaper JB . Adherence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains to epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2005;73:18–29. Sobel J , Gomes TA , Ramos RT Pathogen-specific risk factors and protective factors for acute diarrheal illness in children aged 12-59months in São Paulo, Brazil. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1545–1551. Cravioto A , Tello A , Villafan H Inhibition of localized adhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells by immunoglobulin andoligosaccharide fractions of human colostrum and breast milk. J Infect Dis 1991;163:1247–1255. Liu J , Wang WD , Liu YJ Mice vaccinated with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli ghosts show significant protection against lethalchallenges. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012;54:255–262. Konowalchuk J , Speirs JI , Stavric S . Vero response to a cytotoxin of Escherichia coli . Infect Immun 1977;18:775–779. ÓBrien AD , La Veck GD , Thompson MR , Formal SB . Production of Shigella dysenteriae type-1- like cytotoxin by Escherichia coli . JInfect Dis 1982;146:763–769. Riley LW , Remis RS , Helgerson SD Hemorrhagic colitis associated with a rare Escherichia coli O157:H7 serotype. N Engl J Med1983;308:681–685. Karmali MA , Steele BT , Petric M , Lim C . Sporadic cases of haemolytic-uraemic syndrome associated with faecal cytotoxin andcytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in stools. Lancet 1983;i:619–620. Gould LH , Mody RK , Ong KL Increased recognition of non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli infections in the United Statesduring 2000–2010: Epidemiologic features and comparison with E. coli O157 infections. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013;10:453–460. Caprioli A , Morabito S , Brugere H , Oswald E . Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli: Emerging issues on virulence and modes oftransmission. Vet Res 2005;36:289–311. Paton AW , Ratcliff RM , Doyle RM Molecular microbiological investigation of an outbreak of hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by dryfermented sausage contaminated with Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli . J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:1622–1627. Rivas M , Chinen I , Miliwebsky E , Masana M . Risk factors for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli-associated human diseases.Microbiol Spectrum 2014;2:EHEC-0002-2013. Huang JY , Henao OL , Griffin PM Infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food and the effect of increasing use of culture-independent diagnostic tests on surveillance. Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2012–2015. Morb MortalWkly Rep 2016;65:368–371. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . Annual epidemiological report 2012. Reporting on 2010 surveillance data and 2011epidemic intelligence data. ECDC, Stockholm, Sweden. 2013. Available at: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/Publications/Annual-Epidemiological-Report-2012.pdf. (Accessed February 21, 2017.) Boletín Integrado de Vigilancia . 2016. Available at: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/stories/boletines/Boletin-Integrado-De-Vigilancia-N329-SE39.pdf. (Accessed February 21, 2017.) Elias WP , Navarro-Garcia, F . Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC). In: Torres AG (ed.) Escherichia coli in the Americas. New York,NY, Springer International. 2016;2:27–57. Carbonari C , Miliwebsky E , Deza N Novel EAEC/STEC hybrid O59:NM[H19] strains isolated from human infections in Argentina. In:Abstracts of the ninth triennial international symposium on Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections, Boston, MA, September13–16, 2015. Nyholm O , Halkilahti J , Wiklund G Comparative genomics and characterization of hybrid shigatoxigenic and enterotoxigenic Escherichiacoli (STEC/ETEC) strains. PLoS One 2015;10:e0135936. Soysal N , Mariani-Kurkdjian P , Smail Y Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli hybrid pathotype O80:H2 as a new therapeutic challenge.Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:1604–1612. Manning SD , Motiwala AS , Springman C Variation in virulence among clades of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with diseaseoutbreaks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:4868–4873. Kulasekara BR , Jacobs M , Zhou Y Analysis of the genome of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 2006 spinach-associated outbreak isolateindicates candidate genes that may enhance virulence. Infect Immun 2009;77:3713–3721. Pianciola L , Chinen I , Mazzeo M Genotypic characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains that cause diarrhea and hemolyticuremic syndrome in Neuquén, Argentina. Int J Med Microbiol 2014;304:499–504. Pianciola L , D'Astek BA , Mazzeo M Genetic features of human and bovine Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains isolated in Argentina. Int JMed Microbiol 2016;306:123–130. Davis TK , Van De Kar NCAJ , Tarr PI . Shiga toxin/verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections: Practical clinical perspectives.Microbiol Spectrum 2014;2:EHEC-0025-2014. Rivas M , Miliwebsky E , D'Astek B . Diagnóstico y caracterización de Escherichia coli diarreigénico. In: Lopardo H , Predari S , Vay C(eds.) Manual de Microbiología Clínica de la Asociación Argentina de Microbiología. 2014. On: http://www.aam.org.ar/manual-

microbiologia.php. (Accessed February 21, 2017.) Mead PS , Griffin PM . Escherichia coli O157:H7. Lancet 1998;352:1207–1212. Comité de Nefrología . Incidencia del síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH) en la República Argentina. Arch Arg Pediatr 1995;93:407–411. Rivas M , Chinen I , Guth B . Enterohemorrhagic (Shiga Toxin-Producing). In: Torres AG (ed.) Escherichia coli in the Americas. New York,NY, Springer International. 2016:97–123. Scheutz F , Teel LD , Beutin L A multi-center evaluation of a sequence-based protocol to subtype Shiga toxins and standardize Stx2nomenclature. J Clin Microbiol 2012;50:2951–2963. Gould LH . Update: Recommendations for diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections by clinical laboratories. ClinMicrobiol Newsl 2012;34:75–83. Beutin L , Fach P . Detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from nonhuman sources and strain typing. Microbiol Spectrum2014;2(4):EHEC-0001-2013. Carbonari CC , Fittipaldi N , Teatero S Whole-genome sequencing applied to the molecular epidemiology of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli O157:H7 in Argentina. Genome Announc 2016;4:e01341–e013416. Holtz LR , Neill MA , Tarr PI . Acute bloody diarrhea: A medical emergency for patients of all ages. Gastroenterology 2009;136:1887–1898. Agger M , Scheutz F , Villumsen S , Mølbak K , Petersen AM . Antibiotic treatment of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC)infection: A systematic review and a proposal. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015;70:2440–2446. Melton-Celsa AR , O'Brien AD . New therapeutic developments against Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli . Microbiol Spectrum2014;2:EHEC-0013-2013. Besser T , Schmidt C , Shah D , Shringi S . “Preharvest” food safety for Escherichia coli O157 and other pathogenic Shiga toxin-producingstrains. Microbiol Spectr 2014;2:EHEC-0021-2013. Moxley RA , Acuff GR . Peri- and postharvest factors in the control of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef. Microbiol Spectrum2014;2:EHEC-0017-2013. Duffy G , McCabe E . Veterinary public health approach to managing pathogenic verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the agri-food chain.Microbiol Spectrum 2014;2:EHEC-0023-2013. Smith DR . Vaccination of cattle against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Microbiol Spectrum 2014;2:EHEC-0006-2013. Nataro JP , Kaper JB , Robins-Browne R Patterns of adherence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells. Pediatr Infect Dis J1987;6:829–831. Huang DB , Nataro JP , DuPont HL Escherichia coli is a cause of acute diarrheal illness: A meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis2006;43:556–563. Hebbelstrup BJ , Olsen KEP , Struve C , Krogfelt KA , Petersen AM . Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of enteroaggregativeEscherichia coli . Clin Microbiol Rev 2014;27:614–630. Wanke CA , Mayer H , Weber R Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli as a potential cause of diarrheal disease in adults infected with humanimmunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 1998;178:185–190. Jiang ZD , Greenberg D , Nataro JP , Steffen R , DuPont HL . Rate of occurrence and pathogenic effect of enteroaggregative Escherichiacoli virulence factors in international travelers. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:4185–4190. Steiner TS , Lima AA , Nataro JP , Guerrant RL . Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli produce intestinal inflammation and growthimpairment and cause interleukin-8 release from intestinal epithelial cells. J Infect Dis 1998;177:88–96. Huang DB , Mohanty A , DuPont HL , Okhuysen PC , Chiang T . A review of an emerging enteric pathogen: EnteroaggregativeEscherichia coli . J Med Microbiol 2006;55:1303–1311. Nunes Lima IF , Boisen N , da Silva Quetz J Prevalence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and its virulence-related genes in a case-control study among children from north-eastern Brazil. J Med Microbiol 2013;62:683–693. Harrington SM , Dudley EG , Nataro JP . Pathogenesis of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection. FEMS Microbiol Lett2006;254:12–18. Jønsson R , Liu B , Struve C Structural and functional studies of Escherichia coli aggregative adherence fimbriae (AAF/V) reveal adeficiency in extracellular matrix binding. Biochim Biophys Acta 2017;1865:304–311. Sheikh J , Czeczulin JR , Harrington S A novel dispersin protein in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli . J Clin Invest 2002;110:1329–1337. Sarantuya J , Nishi J , Wakimoto N Typical enteroaggregative Escherichia coli is the most prevalent pathotype among E. coli strainscausing diarrhea in Mongolian children. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:133–139. Gallegos MT , Schleif R , Bairoch A , Hofmann K , Ramos JL . AraC/XylS family of transcriptional regulators. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev1997;61:393–410. Pereira AL , Silva TN , Gomes AC , Araújo AC , Giugliano LG . Diarrhea-associated biofilm formed by enteroaggregative Escherichia coliand aggregative Citrobacter freundii: A consortium mediated by putative F pili. BMC Microbiol 2010;10:1–18. Savarino SJ , Fasano A , Watson J Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin1 represents another subfamily of E. coliheat-stable toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:3093–3097. Boisen N , Ruiz-Perez F , Scheutz F , Krogfelt KA , Nataro JP . Short report: High prevalence of serine protease autotransporter cytotoxinsamong strains of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009;80:294–301. Navarro-García F , Sears C , Eslava C , Cravioto A , Nataro JP . Cytoskeletal effects induced by pet, the serine protease enterotoxin ofenteroaggregative Escherichia coli . Infect Immun 1999;67:2184–2192. Navarro-Garcia F , Gutierrez-Jimenez J , Garcia-Tovar C Pic, an autotransporter protein secreted by different pathogens in theEnterobacteriaceae family, is a potent mucus secretagogue. Infect Immun 2010;78:4101–4109. Nataro JP , Hicks S , Phillips AD , Vial PA , Sears CL . T84 cells in culture as a model for enteroaggregative Escherichia coli pathogenesis.Infect Immun 1996;64:4761–4768. Dudley EG , Thomson NR , Parkhill J , Morin NP , Nataro JP . Proteomic and microarray characterization of the AggR regulon identifies apheU pathogenicity island in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli . Mol Microbiol 2006;61:1267–1282. Gomes TAT , Elias WP , Scaletsky IC Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli . Braz J Microbiol 2016;47S:3–30. Baudry B , Savarino SJ , Vial P , Kaper JB , Levine MM . A sensitive and specific DNA probe to identify enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, a recently discovered diarrheal pathogen. J Infect Dis 1990;161:1249–1251. Scaletsky IC , Fabbricotti SH , Aranda KR , Morais MB , Fagundes-Neto U . Comparison of DNA hybridization and PCR assays fordetection of putative pathogenic enteroadherent Escherichia coli . J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:1254–1258.

Jenkins C , Ijperen VC , Dudley EG Use of a microarray to assess the distribution of plasmid and chromosomal virulence genes in strainsof enteroaggregative Escherichia coli . FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005;253:119–124. Andrade FB , Gomes TAT , Elias WP . A sensitive and specific molecular tool for detection of both typical and atypical enteroaggregativeEscherichia coli . J Microbiol Methods 2014;106:16–18. Weintraub A . Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli: Epidemiology, virulence and detection. J Med Microbiol 2007;56:4–8. Frech SA , Dupont HL , Bourgeois AL Use of a patch containing heat-labile toxin from Escherichia coli against travellers’ diarrhoea: Aphase II, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled field trial. Lancet 2008;371:2019–2025. Oundo JO , Kariuki SM , Boga HI , Muli FW , Iijima Y . High incidence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli among food handlers in threeareas of Kenya: A possible transmission route of travelers’ diarrhea. J Travel Med 2008;15:31–38. Ochoa TJ , Cleary TG . Effect of lactoferrin on enteric pathogens. Biochimie 2009;91:30–34. Shah N , DuPont HL , Ramsey DJ . Global etiology of travelers’ diarrhea: Systematic review from 1973 to the present. Am J Trop Med Hyg2009;80:609–614. Madhavan TP , Sakellaris H . Colonization factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli . Adv Appl Microbiol 2015;90:155–197. Evans DG , Silver RP , Evans DJ Jr Plasmid-controlled colonization factor associated with virulence in Escherichia coli enterotoxigenic forhumans. Infect Immun 1975;12:656–667. Pouttu R , Westerlund-Wikstrom B , Lang H matB, a common fimbrillin gene of Escherichia coli, expressed in a genetically conserved,virulent clonal group. J Bacteriol 2001;183:4727–4736. Rendon MA , Saldana Z , Erdem AL Commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli use a common pilus adherence factor for epithelial cellcolonization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:10637–10642. Blackburn D , Husband A , Saldana Z Distribution of the Escherichia coli common pilus among diverse strains of human enterotoxigenicE. coli . J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:1781–1784. Toma C , Higa N , Iyoda S The long polar fimbriae genes identified in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are present in otherdiarrheagenic E. coli and in the standard E. coli collection of reference (ECOR) strains. Res Microbiol 2006;157:153–161. Fleckenstein J , Sheikh A , Qadri F . Novel antigens for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014;13:631–639. Lasaro MA , Rodrigues JF , Mathias-Santos C Genetic diversity of heat-labile toxin expressed by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strainsisolated from humans. J Bacteriol 2008;190:2400–2410. Nawar HF , King-Lyons ND , Hu JC LT-IIc, a new member of the type II heat-labile enterotoxin family encoded by an Escherichia coli strainobtained from a non-mammalian host. Infect Immun 2010;78:4705–4713. Dubreuil JD . The whole Shebang: The gastrointestinal tract, Escherichia coli enterotoxins and secretion. Curr Issues Mol Biol2012;14:71–82. Yamanaka H , Nomura T , Fujii Y Need for TolC, an Escherichia coli outer membrane protein, in the secretion of heat-stable enterotoxin Iacross the outer membrane. Microb Pathog 1998;25:111–120. Luo Q , Kumar P , Vickers TJ Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli secretes a highly conserved mucin-degrading metalloprotease to effectivelyengage intestinal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2014;82:509–521. Meraz IM , Jiang ZD , Ericsson CD Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and diffusely adherent E. coli as likely causes of a proportion ofpathogen-negative travelers’ diarrhea – A PCR-based study. J Travel Med 2008;15:412–418. Dupont HL , Jiang ZD , Belkind-Gerson J Treatment of travelers’ diarrhea: Randomized trial comparing rifaximin, rifaximin plus loperamide,and loperamide alone. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:451–456. Steinsland H , Valentiner-Branth P , Gjessing HK Protection from natural infections with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Longitudinalstudy. Lancet. 2003;362:286–291. Tobias J , Svennerholm AM . Strategies to overexpress enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) colonization factors for the construction oforal whole-cell inactivated ETEC vaccine candidates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012;93:2291–2300. Zhang W , Zhang C , Francis DH Genetic fusions of LTAB and STa toxoids of porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) elicitedneutralizing anti-LT and anti-STa antibodies. Infect Immun. 2010;78:316–325. Norton EB , Branco LM , Clements JD . Evaluating the A-subunit of the heat-labile toxin (LT) as an immunogen and a protective antigenagainst enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). PLoS One 2015;10:e0136302. Ruan X , Sack DA , Zhang W . Genetic fusions of a CFA/I/II/IV MEFA (multiepitope fusion antigen) and a toxoid fusion of heat-stable toxin(STa) and heat-labile toxin (LT) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) retain broad anti-CFA and antitoxin antigenicity. PLoS One2015;10:e0121623. Zhang W , Sack DA . Current progress in developing subunit vaccines against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli -associated diarrhea. ClinVaccine Immunol 2015;22:983–991. O'Ryan M , Vidal R , del Canto F Vaccines for viral and bacterial pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis: Part II: Vaccines for Shigella,Salmonella, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Campylobacter jejuni . Hum Vaccines Immunother2015;11:601–619. Parsot C . Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli pathogenicity factors. FEMS Microbiol 2005;252:11–18. Ewing WH , Gravatti JL . Shigella types encountered in the Mediterranean area. J Bacteriol 1947;53:191–195. Trofa AF , Ueno-Olsen H , Oiwa R , Yoshikawa M . Dr. Kiyoshi Shiga: Discoverer of the dysentery bacillus. Clin Infect Dis1999;29:1303–1306. van den Beld MJC , Reubsaet FAG . Differentiation between Shigella, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and noninvasive Escherichiacoli . Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012;31:899–904. Gordillo ME , Reeve GR , Pappas J Molecular characterization of strains of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli O143, including isolates from alarge outbreak in Houston, Texas. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:889–893. Michelacci V , Prosseda G , Maugliani A Characterization of an emergent clone of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli circulating in Europe.Clin Microbiol Infect 2016;22, 287:e11-9.393. Newitt S , MacGregor V , Robbins V Two linked enteroinvasive Escherichia coli outbreaks, Nottingham, UK, June 2014. Emerg Infect Dis2016;22:1178–1184. Giugno S , Oderiz S . Etiología bacteriana de la diarrea aguda en pacientes pediátricos. Acta Bioquím Clín Latinoam 2010;44:63–69. Food and Drug Administration . Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC). 2009. Available at:http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm071298.htm). (Accessed February 21, 2017.)

Venkatesan MM , Goldberg MB , Rose DJ Complete DNA sequence and analysis of the large virulence plasmid of Shigella flexneri . InfectImmun 2001;69:3271–3285. Mounier J , Vasselon T , Hellio R , Lesourd M , Sansonetti PJ . Shigella flexneri enters human colonic Caco-2 epithelial cells through thebasolateral pole. Infect Immun 1992;60:237–248. Croxen MA , Finlay BB . Molecular mechanisms of Escherichia coli pathogenicity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010;8:26–38. Nhieu GTV , Bourdet-Sicard R , Dumenil G , Blocker A , Sansonetti PJ . Bacterial signals and cell responses during Shigella entry intoepithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2000;2:187–193. Jin Q , Yuan Z , Xu J Genome sequence of Shigella flexneri 2a: Insights into pathogenicity through comparison with genomes ofEscherichia coli K12 and O157. Nucleic Acids Res 2002;30:4432–4441. Egile C , Loisel TP , Laurent V Activation of the CDC42 effector N-WASP by the Shigella flexneri IcsA protein promotes actin nucleation byArp2/3 complex and bacterialactin-based motility. J Cell Biol 1999;146:1319–1332. Sansonetti PJ , Mounier J , Prevost MC , Mege RM . Cadherin expression is required for the spread of Shigella flexneri between epithelialcells. Cell 1994;76:829–839. Sansonetti PJ , Phalipon A , Arondel J Caspase-1 activation of IL-1beta and IL-18 are essential for Shigella flexneri-induced inflammation.Immun 2000;12:58–90. Ud-Din A , Wahid S . Relationship among Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and their differentiation. Brazilian JMicrobiol 2014;45:113–118. Finlay BB . Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli . Clin Microbiol Rev 2013;26:822–880. Kweon MN . Shigellosis: The current status of vaccine development. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2008;21:313–318. Camacho AI , Irache JM , Gamazo C . Recent progress towards development of a Shigella vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013;12:43–55.

Francisella McCoy G , Chapin V . Bacterium tularense the cause of a plague like disease of rodents. Publ Health Bull 1912;53:17–23. Horne H . En lemen og marsvinpest. Nord Vet Tidskr 1911;23:16–33. Ohara S . Studies on yato-byo (Ohara's disease, tularemia in Japan). I. Jpn J Exp Med [Internet] 1954;24(2):69–79. Hopla C , Hopla A . Tularemia. In: Beren G , Steele J (eds). Handbook of Zoonoses. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1994, pp. 113–126. Dennis DT , Inglesby TV , Henderson D Tularemia as a biological weapon: Medical and public health management. JAMA2001;285(21):2763–2773. Rotz LD , Khan AS , Lillibridge SR , Ostroff SM , Hughes JM . Public health assessment of potential biological terrorism agents. EmergInfect Dis 2002;8(2):225–230. Federal Register . Possession, use, and transfer of select agents and toxins. Fed Regist 2002;240(67):76886–76905. Tegnell A , Bossi P , Baka A Commission's task force on bioterrorism. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9(10):1330–1332. WHO . Health aspects of chemical and biological weapons. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 1970, pp. 105–107.http://www.who.int/csr/delibepidemics/biochem1stenglish/en/ Saslaw S , Eigelsbach HT , Prior JA , Wilson HE , Carhart S . Tularemia vaccine study. I. Intracutaneous challenge. Arch Intern Med1961;107(5):689–701. Saslaw S , Eigelsbach HT , Prior JA , Wilson HE , Carhart S . Tularemia vaccine study. II. Respiratory challenge. Arch Intern Med1961;107:702–714. McCrumb FR . Aerosol infection of man with Pasteurella tularensis . Bacteriol Rev 1961;25(3):262–267. Birkbeck TH , Feist SW , Verner-Jeffreys DW . Francisella infections in fish and shellfish. J Fish Dis 2011;34(3):173–187. Colquhoun DJ , Duodu S . Francisella infections in farmed and wild aquatic organisms. Vet Res 2011;42(1):47. Soto E , Baumgartner W , Wiles J , Hawke JP . Francisella asiatica as the causative agent of piscine francisellosis in cultured tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011;23(4):821–825. Nylund A , Ottem KF , Watanabe K , Karlsbakk E , Krossøy B . Francisella sp. (Family Francisellaceae) causing mortality in Norwegian cod(Gadus morhua) farming. Arch Microbiol 2006;185(5):383–392. Olsen AB , Mikalsen J , Rode M A novel systemic granulomatous inflammatory disease in farmed Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.,associated with a bacterium belonging to the genus Francisella . J Fish Dis 2006;29(5):307–311. Ottem KF , Nylund A , Karlsbakk E , Friis-Møller A , Krossøy B . Characterization of Francisella sp., GM2212, the first Francisella isolatefrom marine fish, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Arch Microbiol 2007;187(5):343–350. Ottem KF , Nylund A , Isaksen TE , Karlsbakk E , Bergh Ø . Occurrence of Francisella piscicida in farmed and wild Atlantic cod, Gadusmorhua L., in Norway. J Fish Dis 2008;31(7):525–534. Sjöstedt AB . Francisellaceae fam. nov. In: Garrity G , Don J , Krieg N , Staley J (eds). Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea andBacteria. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 2015. pp. 1–2. Eigelsbach H , Braun W , Herring R , Ruth D . Studies on the variation of Bacterium tularense. J Bacteriol 1951;61(5):557–569. Gunn JS , Ernst RK . The structure and function of Francisella lipopolysaccharide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1105(1):202–218. Aikimbaev M . Taxonomy of Genus Francisella . Rep Acad Sci Kaz SSR Ser Biol 1966;5:42–44. Olsufjev NG , Meshcheryakova IS . Infraspecific taxonomy of tularemia agent Francisella tularensis McCoy et Chapin. J Hyg EpidemiolMicrobiol Immunol 1982;26(3):291–299. Olsufjev NG , Meshcheryakova IS . Subspecific taxonomy of Francisella tularensis McCoy and Chapin 1912. Int J Syst Bacteriol1983;33(4):872–874. Huber B , Escudero R , Busse H-J Description of Francisella hispaniensis sp. nov., isolated from human blood, reclassification ofFrancisella novicida (Larson et al. 1955) Olsufiev et al. 1959 as Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida comb. nov. and emendeddescription of the genus Franc. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010;60(8):1887–1896. Johansson A , Celli J , Conlan W Objections to the transfer of Francisella novicida to the subspecies rank of Francisella tularensis—Response to Johansson et al. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010;60(8):1718–1720.

Busse H-J , Huber B , Anda P Objections to the transfer of Francisella novicida to the subspecies rank of Francisella tularensis—Response to Johansson et al. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010;60(8):1718–1720. Kingry LC , Petersen JM . Comparative review of Francisella tularensis and Francisella novicida . Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014;4:35. Dorofeev K . Classification of the causative agent of tularemia. Symp Res Wor Inst Epidem Microbiol Chita 1947;1:170–180. Olsufiev NG , Emelyanova OS , Dunayeva TN . Comparative study of strains of B. tularense in the Old and New World and their taxonomy.J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1959;3:138–149. Conlan JW . Tularemia vaccines: Recent developments and remaining hurdles. Future Microbiol 2011;6(4):391–405. Larson C , Wicht W , Jellison W . A new organism resembling P. tularensis isolated from water. Public Health Rep 195570(3):253–258. Wenger JD , Hollis DG , Weaver RE Infection caused by Francisella philomiragia (formerly Yersinia philomiragia). A newly recognizedhuman pathogen. Ann Intern Med 1989;110(11):888–892. Hollis DG , Weaver RE , Steigerwalt AG , Wenger JD , Moss CW , Brenner DJ . Francisella philomiragia comb. nov. (formerly Yersiniaphilomiragia) and Francisella tularensis biogroup novicida (formerly Francisella novicida) associated with human disease. J Clin Microbiol1989;27(7):1601–1608. Ottem KF , Nylund A , Karlsbakk E , Friis-Møller A , Kamaishi T . Elevation of Francisella philomiragia subsp. noatunensis Mikalsen et al.(2007) to Francisella noatunensis comb. nov. [syn. Francisella piscicida Ottem et al. (2008) syn. nov.] and characterization of Francisellanoatunensis subsp. orientalis subsp. nov. J Appl Microbiol 2009;106(4):1231–1243. Sandström G . The tularaemia vaccine. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 1994;59(4):315–320. Larson MA , Nalbantoglu U , Sayood K Reclassification of Wolbachia persica as Francisella persica comb. nov. and emended descriptionof the family Francisellaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016;66(3):1200–1205. Qu P-H , Chen S-Y , Scholz HC Francisella guangzhouensis sp. nov., isolated from air-conditioning systems. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol2013;63(10):3628–3635. Qu P-H , Li Y , Salam N Allofrancisella inopinata gen. nov., sp. nov. and Allofrancisella frigidaquae sp. nov., isolated from water-coolingsystems, and transfer of Francisella guangzhouensis Qu et al. 2013 to the new genus as Allofrancisella guangzhouensis comb. nov. Int JSyst Evol Microbiol 2016;66(11):4832–4838. Rydzewski K , Schulz T , Brzuszkiewicz E Genome sequence and phenotypic analysis of a first German Francisella sp. isolate (W12-1067)not belonging to the species Francisella tularensis . BMC Microbiol 2014;14:169. Schrallhammer M , Schweikert M , Vallesi A Detection of a novel subspecies of Francisella noatunensis as endosymbiont of the ciliateEuplotes raikovi . Microb Ecol 2011;61(2):455–464. Sjödin A , Öhrman C , Bäckman S Complete genome sequence of Francisella endociliophora strain FSC1006, isolated from a laboratoryculture of the marine ciliate Euplotes raikovi . Genome Announc 2014;2(6):6–7. Brevik OJ , Ottem KF , Kamaishi T , Watanabe K , Nylund A . Francisella halioticida sp. nov., a pathogen of farmed giant abalone (Haliotisgigantea) in Japan. J Appl Microbiol 2011;111(5):1044–1056. Respicio-Kingry LB , Byrd L , Allison A Cutaneous infection caused by a novel Francisella sp. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51(10):3456–3460. Challacombe JF , Petersen JM , Gallegos-Graves LV , Hodge D , Pillai S , Kuske CR . Whole-genome relationships among Francisellabacteria of diverse origins define new species and provide specific regions for detection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017;83(3):2589–2616. Kugeler KJ , Mead PS , McGowan KL Isolation and characterization of a novel Francisella sp. from human cerebrospinal fluid and blood. JClin Microbiol 2008;46(7):2428–2431. Saitou N , Nei M . The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 1987;4(4):406–425. Nei M , Kumar S . Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. Kumar S , Stecher G , Tamura K . MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol2016;33(7):1870–1874. Vogler AJ , Birdsell D , Price LB Phylogeography of Francisella tularensis: Global expansion of a highly fit clone. J Bacteriol2009;191(8):2474–2484. Birdsell DN , Vogler AJ , Buchhagen J TaqMan real-time PCR assays for single-nucleotide polymorphisms which identify Francisellatularensis and its subspecies and subpopulations. PLOS One 2014;9(9):e107964. Birdsell DN , Johansson A , Öhrman C Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis Group A.I, United States. Emerg Infect Dis2014;20(5):861–865. Svensson K , Granberg M , Karlsson L , Neubauerova V , Forsman M , Johansson A . A real-time PCR array for hierarchical identificationof Francisella isolates. PLoS One 2009;4(12):e8360. Svensson K , Bäck E , Eliasson H Landscape epidemiology of tularemia outbreaks in Sweden. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15(12):1937–1947. Chanturia G , Birdsell DN , Kekelidze M Phylogeography of Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica from the country of Georgia. BMCMicrobiol 2011;11:139. Gyuranecz M , Birdsell DN , Splettstoesser W Phylogeography of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica, Europe. Emerg Infect Dis2012;18(2):290–293. Karlsson E , Svensson K , Lindgren P The phylogeographic pattern of Francisella tularensis in Sweden indicates a Scandinavian origin ofEurosiberian tularaemia . Environ Microbiol 2013;15(2):634–645. Johansson A , Lärkeryd A , Widerström M An outbreak of respiratory tularemia caused by diverse clones of Francisella tularensis . ClinInfect Dis 2014;59(11):1546–1553. Karlsson E , Golovliov I , Lärkeryd A Clonality of erythromycin resistance in Francisella tularensis . J Antimicrob Chemother2016;71(10):2815–2823. Dempsey MP , Dobson M , Zhang C Genomic deletion marking an emerging subclone of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica in Franceand the Iberian Peninsula. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73(22):7465–7470. Pilo P , Johansson A , Frey J . Identification of Francisella tularensis cluster in central and western Europe. Emerg Infect Dis2009;15(12):2049–2051. Vogler AJ , Birdsell DN , Lee J Phylogeography of Francisella tularensis ssp. holarctica in France. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011;52(2):177–180. Gehringer H , Schacht E , Maylaender N Presence of an emerging subclone of Francisella tularensis holarctica in Ixodes ricinus ticks fromsouth-western Germany. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2013;4(1–2):93–100. Dwibedi C , Birdsell D , Lärkeryd A Long-range dispersal moved Francisella tularensis into Western Europe from the East. MicrobGenomics 2016;2(12):e000100.

Jackson J , McGregor A , Cooley L Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica, Tasmania, Australia, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis2012;18(9):1484–1486. Wang Y , Peng Y , Hai R Diversity of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica lineages, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20(7):1191–1194. Kilic S , Birdsell DN , Karagöz A Water as source of Francisella tularensis infection in humans, Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis2015;21(12):2213–2216. Farlow J , Wagner DM , Dukerich M Francisella tularensis in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11(12):1835–1841. Johansson A , Farlow J , Larsson P Worldwide genetic relationships among Francisella tularensis isolates determined by multiple-locusvariable-number tandem repeat analysis. J Bacteriol 2004;186(17):5808–5818. Staples JE , Kubota KA , Chalcraft LG , Mead PS , Petersen JM , Staples EE . Epidemiologic and molecular analysis of human tularemia,United States, 1964–2004. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12(7):1113–1118. Kugeler KJ , Mead PS , Janusz AM Molecular epidemiology of Francisella tularensis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis2009;48(7):863–870. Molins CR , Delorey MJ , Yockey BM Virulence differences among Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis clades in mice. PLOS One2010;5(4):e10205. Olsufjev NG . Tularemia. In: World Health Organization Inter-Regional Travelling Seminar on Natural Foci of Zoonoses. Moscow: USSRMinistry of Public Health Central Intsitute for Advanced Medical Training; 1974. pp. 1–28. Jellison W . Tularemia in North America, 1930–1974. Missoula: University of Montana; 1974. Maurin M , Gyuranecz M . Tularaemia: Clinical aspects in Europe. Lancet Infect Dis 2016;16(1):113–124. Tärnvik A , Priebe H-SS , Grunow R . Tularaemia in Europe: An epidemiological overview. Scand J Infect Dis 2004;36(5):350–355. Larsson P , Oyston PCF , Chain P The complete genome sequence of Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia. Nat Genet2005;37(2):153–159. Sjödin A , Svensson K , Ohrman C Genome characterisation of the genus Francisella reveals insight into similar evolutionary paths inpathogens of mammals and fish. BMC Genomics 2012;13(1):268. Parker RR , Steinhaus EA , Kohls GM , Jellison WL . Contamination of natural waters and mud with Pasteurella tularensis and tularemia inbeavers and muskrats in the northwestern United States. Bull Natl Inst Health 1951;193:1–161. Pomanskaia LA . The survival times of the organisms of tularaemia on grain and straw. J Microbiol Epidemiol Immunobiol1957;28(4):597–603. Broman T , Thelaus J , Andersson A-C Molecular detection of persistent Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica in natural waters. IntJ Microbiol 2011;2011:1–10. Şimşek H , Taner M , Karadenizli A , Ertek M , Vahaboğlu H . Identification of Francisella tularensis by both culture and real-time TaqManPCR methods from environmental water specimens in outbreak areas where tularemia cases were not previously reported. Eur J ClinMicrobiol Infect Dis 2012;31(9):2353–2357. Karadenizli A , Forsman M , Şimşek H Genomic analyses of Francisella tularensis strains confirm disease transmission from drinking watersources, Turkey, 2008, 2009 and 2012. Euro Surveill 2015;20(21):201136. Akimana C , Kwaik YA . Francisella–arthropod vector interaction and its role in patho-adaptation to infect mammals. Front Microbiol2011;2:34. Hopla C . The ecology of tularemia. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 1974;18:25–53. Berrada ZL , Telford III SR . Survival of Francisella tularensis type A in brackish-water. Arch Microbiol 2011;193(3):223–226. Berdal BP , Mehl R , Meidell NK , Lorentzen-Styr A-M , Scheel O . Field investigations of tularemia in Norway. FEMS Immunol MedMicrobiol 1996;13(3):191–195. Abd H , Johansson T , Golovliov I , Sandstrom G , Forsman M . Survival and growth of Francisella tularensis in Acanthamoeba castellanii .Appl Environ Microbiol 2003;69(1):600–606. El-Etr SH , Margolis JJ , Monack D Francisella tularensis type A strains cause the rapid encystment of Acanthamoeba castellanii andsurvive in amoebal cysts for three weeks postinfection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009;75(23):7488–7500. Buse HY , Schaefer FW , Rice EW . Enhanced survival but not amplification of Francisella spp. in the presence of free-living amoebae.Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2016;64(1):1–20. Thelaus J , Andersson A , Broman T Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica occurs in Swedish mosquitoes, persists through thedevelopmental stages of laboratory-infected mosquitoes and is transmissible during blood feeding. Microb Ecol 2014;67(1):96–107. Lundström JO , Andersson A-C , Bäckman S , Schäfer ML , Forsman M , Thelaus J . Transstadial transmission of Francisella tularensisholarctica in mosquitoes, Sweden. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17(5):794–799. Bäckman S , Näslund J , Forsman M , Thelaus J . Transmission of tularemia from a water source by transstadial maintenance in amosquito vector. Sci Rep 2015;5:7793. Petersen JM , Mead PS , Schriefer ME . Francisella tularensis: An arthropod-borne pathogen. Vet Res 2009;40(2):7. Pollitzer R . History and Incidence of Tularaemia in the Soviet Union: A Review. Bronx, NY: Fordham University; 1967. Bell JF , Stewart SJ . Chronic shedding tularemia nephritis in rodents: Possible relation to occurrence of Francisella tularensis in loticwaters. J Wildl Dis 1975;11(3):421–430. Rossow H , Forbes KM , Tarkka E Experimental infection of voles with Francisella tularensis indicates their amplification role in tularemiaoutbreaks. PLOS One 2014;9(10):e108864. Schulze C , Heuner K , Myrtennäs K High and novel genetic diversity of Francisella tularensis in Germany and indication of environmentalpersistence. Epidemiol Infect 2016;144(14):3025–3036. Kortepeter M , Christopher G , Cieslak T (eds) USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook. Fourth edition. Ft.Detrick: U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; 2001. Černý Z . Changes of the epidemiology and the clinical picture of tularemia in Southern Moravia (the Czech Republic) during the period1936–1999. Eur J Epidemiol 2001;17(7):637–642. Njeru J , Tomaso H , Mertens K Serological evidence of Francisella tularensis in febrile patients seeking treatment at remote hospitals,northeastern Kenya, 2014–2015. New Microbes New Infect 2017;19:62–66. Mohamed SER , Mubarak AI , Alfarooq LO . Francisella tularensis bacteremia: A case report from Sudan. Case Rep Infect Dis2012;2012:405737. Hestvik G , Warns-Petit E , Smith LA The status of tularemia in Europe in a one-health context: A review. Epidemiol Infect2015;143(10):2137–2160.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Tularemia [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Jun 30]. Tärnvik A , Sandström G , Sjöstedt A . Infrequent manifestations of tularaemia in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 1997;29(5):443–446. Berdal B , Mehl R , Haaheim H Field detection of Francisella tularensis . Scand J Infect Dis 2000;32(3):287–291. Gürcan S . Francisella tularensis and tularemia in Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2007;41(4):621. Gürcan S , Otkun MT , Otkun M , Arikan OK , Ozer B . An outbreak of tularemia in Western Black Sea region of Turkey. Yonsei Med J2004;45(1):17–22. Gurcan S . Epidemiology of tularemia. Balkan Med J 2014;33(1):3–10. Gürcan S , Eskiocak M , Varol G Tularemia re-emerging in European part of Turkey after 60 years. Jpn J Infect Dis 2006;59(6):391–393. Rice EW . Occurrence and control of tularemia in drinking water. AWWA 2015;107(10):486–496. Pavlovsky EN . Some natural-nidal diseases. In: translated by Levine ND , Plous FK, Jr , (eds). Natural Nidality of Transmissible Diseases:With Special Reference to the Landscape Epidemiology of Zooanthroponoses. Urbana and London: University of Illinois Press; 1966. pp.93–114. Mironchuk IV , Mazepa AV . [Viability and virulence of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica in water ecosystems (experimental study)].Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2002;(2):9–13. Anda P , Segura del Pozo J , Díaz García JM Waterborne outbreak of tularemia associated with crayfish fishing. Emerg Infect Dis2001;7(3 Suppl):575–582. ProMED . Tularemia—Germany: (RP) grape harvesters, RFI [Internet]. ProMED. 2016 [cited June 28, 2017]. Luque-Larena JJ , Mougeot F , Roig DV Tularemia outbreaks and common vole (Microtus arvalis) irruptive population dynamics inNorthwestern Spain, 1997–2014. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015;15(9):568–570. Luotonen J , Syrjälä H , Jokinen K , Sutinen S , Salminen A . Tularemia in otolaryngologic practice. An analysis of 127 cases. ArchOtolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986;112(1):77–80. Foshay L . Tularemia: A summary of certain aspects of disease including methods for early diagnosis and the results of serum treatment in600 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1940;19:1–83. Dienst JFT . Tularemia—A perusal of three hundred thirty-nine cases. J La State Med Soc 1963;115:114–127. Ohara Y , Sato T , Fujita H , Ueno T , Homma M . Brief communication. Infection 1991;19(1):18–21. Jusatz HJ . Second report on the propagation of tularemia into middle and western Europe in present time; geomedical investigations onthe development in the last decade and epidemiological prognosis. Z Hyg Infektionskr 1952;134:350–374. Reintjes R , Dedushaj I , Gjini A Tularemia outbreak investigation in Kosovo: Case control and environmental studies. Emerg Infect Dis2002;8(1):69–73. Penn R . Francisella tularensis (Tularemia). In: Mandell GL , Bennet JE , Doblin R (eds). Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's Principles andPractice of Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill, Livingstone; 2010. pp. 2927–2937. Francis E . Symptoms, diagnosis, and pathology of tularemia. J Am Med Assoc 1928;91(16):1155–1161. Lester Rothfeldt LK , Jacobs RF , Wheeler JG , Weinstein S , Haselow DT . Variation in tularemia clinical manifestations—Arkansas,2009–2013. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017;4(1):ofx027. Francis E . Landmark article April 25, 1925: Tularemia. By Edward Francis. JAMA 1983;250(23):3216–3224. Erdem H , Ozturk-Engin D , Yesilyurt M Evaluation of tularaemia courses: A multicentre study from Turkey. Clin Microbiol Infect2014;20(12):O1042–O1051. Lamps LW , Havens JM , Sjostedt A , Page DL , Scott MA . Histologic and molecular diagnosis of tularemia: A potential bioterrorism agentendemic to North America. Mod Pathol 2004;17(5):489–495. Zaidi SA , Singer C . Gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of tickborne diseases in the United States. Clin Infect Dis2002;34(9):1206–1212. Kothary MH , Babu UMAS . Infective dose of foodborne pathogens in volunteers: A review. J Food Saf 2001;21(1):49–68. Molins CR , Delorey MJ , Yockey BM Virulence differences among Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis clades in mice. PLOS One2010;5(4):e10205. Eigelsbach HT , Hornick RB . Continued studies on aerogenic immunization of man with live tularemia vaccine. In: Hers J , Winkler KC(eds). Airborne Transmission and Airborne Infection: Concepts and Methods Presented at the IVth International Symposium onAerobiology. New York, NY: Wiley; 1973. pp. 319–322. Eigelsbach HT , McGann VG . Genus Francisella Dorofe'ev 1947, 176AL. In: Krieg NR , Holt JG , (eds). Bergey's Manual of SystematicBacteriology. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1984. pp. 394–399. Eigelsbach HT , Saslaw S , Tulis JJ , Hornick RB . Tularemia: The monkey as a model for man. In: Vagtborg H (ed.) Use of NonhumanPrimates in Drug Evaluation, A Symposium. Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1968. pp. 230–248. Gurycova D . First isolation of Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis in Europe. Eur J Epidemiol 1998;14(8): 797–802. Hall WC , Kovatch RM , Schricker RL . Tularaemic pneumonia: Pathogenesis of the aerosol-induced disease in monkeys. J Pathol1973;110(3):193–201. Owen CR , Buker EO , Jellison WL , Lackman DB , Bell JF . Comparative studies of Francisella tularensis and Francisella novicida . JBacteriol 1964;87(3):676–683. Schricker RL , Eigelsbach HT , Mitten JQ , Hall WC . Pathogenesis of tularemia in monkeys aerogenically exposed to Francisellatularensis 425. Infect Immun 1972;5(5): 734–744. White JD , Rooney JR , Prickett PA , Derrenbacher EB , Berard CW , Griffith WR . Pathogenesis of experimental respiratory tularemia inmonkeys. J Infect Dis 1964;114:277–283. Hornick RBR , Eigelsbach HHT . Aerogenic immunization of man with live tularemia vaccine. Bacteriol Rev 1966;30(3): 532–538. Jones BD , Faron M , Rasmussen JA , Fletcher JR . Uncovering the components of the Francisella tularensis virulence stealth strategy.Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014;4:32. Metzger D , Steiner D , Furuya Y . Host-pathogen interactions and immune evasion strategies in Francisella tularensis pathogenicity. InfectDrug Resist 2014;7:239–251. Rowe HM , Huntley JF . From the outside-in: The Francisella tularensis envelope and virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015;5:1–20. KuoLee R , Zhao X , Austin J , Harris G , Conlan JW , Chen W . Mouse model of oral infection with virulent type A Francisella tularensis .Infect Immun 2007;75(4):1651–1660.

Hornick R , Eigelsbach H . Aerogenic immunization of man with live Tularemia vaccine. Bacteriol Rev 1966;30(3): 532–538. Glynn AR , Alves DA , Frick O , Rebecca E-C , Sarah N , David W , Aysegul N . HHS Public Access. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis2016;39:13–24. doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2015.01.003. Twenhafel NA , Alves DA , Purcell BK . Pathology of inhalational Francisella tularensis spp. tularensis SCHU S4 infection in African greenmonkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) . Vet Pathol 2009;46(4):698–706. Gulhan B , Tezer H , Kanik-Yuksek S , Kilic S , Senel E . A rare cause of abdominal lymphadenopathy—Tularemia: Report of two pediatriccases. Turk J Pediatr 2014;56(2):192–195. Eliasson H , Bäck E . Tularaemia in an emergent area in Sweden: An analysis of 234 cases in five years. Scand J Infect Dis2007;39(10):880–889. Clarridge JE , Raich TJ , Sjösted A Characterization of two unusual clinically significant Francisella strains. J Clin Microbiol1996;34(8):1995–2000. Brett ME , Respicio-Kingry LB , Yendell S Outbreak of Francisella novicida bacteremia among inmates at a Louisiana correctional facility.Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59(6):826–833. Asano S . Granulomatous lymphadenitis. J Clin Exp Hematop [Internet] 2012;52(1):1–16. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22706525 Tärnvik A . Nature of protective immunity to Francisella tularensis . Rev Infect Dis 1989;11(3):440–451. Sjöstedt A , Sandström G , Tärnvik A . Humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice to a 17-kilodalton lipoprotein of Francisella tularensisexpressed by Salmonella typhimurium . Infect Immun 1992;60(7):2855–2862. Golovliov I , Ericsson M , Åkerblom L , Sandström G , Tärnvik A , Sjöstedt A . Adjuvanticity of ISCOMs incorporating a T cell-reactivelipoprotein of the facultative intracellular pathogen Francisella tularensis . Vaccine 1995;13(3):261–267. Hajjar AM , Harvey MD , Shaffer SA Lack of in vitro and in vivo recognition of Francisella tularensis subspecies lipopolysaccharide by Toll-like receptors. Infect Immun 2006;74(12):6730–6738. Horzempa J , O'Dee DM , Stolz DB , Franks JM , Clay D , Nau GJ . Invasion of erythrocytes by Francisella tularensis . J Infect Dis2011;204(1):51–59. Schmitt DM , Barnes R , Rogerson T The role and mechanism of erythrocyte invasion by Francisella tularensis . Front Cell Infect Microbiol2017;7:1–12. Golovliov I , Baranov V , Krocova Z et al An attenuated strain of the facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis can escape thephagosome of monocytic cells. Infect Immun 2003;71(10):5940–5950. Clemens DL , Lee B-Y , Horwitz MA . Virulent and avirulent strains of Francisella tularensis prevent acidification and maturation of theirphagosomes and escape into the cytoplasm in human macrophages. Infect Immun 2004;72(6):3204–3217. Santic M , Molmeret M , Abu Kwaik Y . Modulation of biogenesis of the Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida-containing phagosome inquiescent human macrophages and its maturation into a phagolysosome upon activation by IFN-gamma. Cell Microbiol 2005;7:957–967. Sjöstedt A . Intracellular survival mechanisms of Francisella tularensis, a stealth pathogen. Microbes Infect 2006;8(2):561–567. Vinogradov E , Perry MB . Characterisation of the core part of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of Francisella novicida (U112). CarbohydrRes 2004;339(9):1643–1648. Wang X , Ribeiro A a , Guan Z , Abraham SN , Raetz CRH . Attenuated virulence of a Francisella mutant lacking the lipid A 4′-phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104(10):4136–4141. Llewellyn AC , Zhao J , Song F NaxD is a deacetylase required for lipid A modification and Francisella pathogenesis. Mol Microbiol2012;86(3):611–627. Bröms JE , Sjöstedt A , Lavander M . The role of the Francisella tularensis pathogenicity island in type VI secretion, intracellular survival,and modulation of host cell signaling. Front Microbiol 2010;1:136. Ziveri J , Barel M , Charbit A . Importance of metabolic adaptations in Francisella pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017;7:1–8. Ramakrishnan G . Iron and virulence in Francisella tularensis . Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017;7:1–7. Lai X-HX , Sjostedt A , Sjöstedt A , Sjo A . Delineation of the molecular mechanisms of Francisella tularensis-induced apoptosis in murinemacrophages. Infect Immun 2003;71(8):4642–4646. Johansson A , Berglund L , Eriksson U Comparative analysis of PCR versus culture for diagnosis of ulceroglandular tularemia. J ClinMicrobiol 2000;38(1):22–26. Willke A , Meric M , Grunow R An outbreak of oropharyngeal tularaemia linked to natural spring water. J Med Microbiol2009;58(1):112–116. World Health Organization (WHO) . WHO Guidelines on Tularaemia. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; 2007. Burke DS . Immunization against tularemia: Analysis of the effectiveness of live Francisella tularensis vaccine in prevention of laboratory-acquired tularemia. J Infect Dis 1977;135(1):55–60. Overholt EL , Tigertt WD , Kadull PJ An analysis of forty-two cases of laboratory-acquired tularemia. Am J Med 1961;30(5):785–806. Gedikoglu S . Francisella tularensis isolation from various clinical specimens. Clin Microbiol Infect 1996;2(3):233–235. Gilchrist CA , Turner SD , Riley MF , Petri WA , Hewlett EL . Whole-genome sequencing in outbreak analysis. Clin Microbiol Rev2015;28(3):541–563. Schlaberg R , Chiu CY , Miller S , Procop GW , Weinstock G . Validation of metagenomic next-generation sequencing tests for universalpathogen detection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017;141(6):776–786. Meric M , Willke A , Finke E-J Evaluation of clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic features of 145 tularemia cases: The role of quinolones inoropharyngeal tularemia. APMIS 2008;116(1):66–73. Weber IB , Turabelidze G , Patrick S , Griffith KS , Kugeler KJ , Mead PS . Clinical recognition and management of tularemia in Missouri: Aretrospective records review of 121 cases. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55(10):1283–1290. Enderlin G , Morales L , Jacobs RF , Cross JT . Streptomycin and alternative agents for the treatment of tularemia: Review of the literature.Clin Infect Dis 1994;19(1):42–47. Limaye AP , Hooper CJ . Treatment of tularemia with fluoroquinolones: Two cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29(4):922–924. Johansson A , Berglund L , Gothefors L , Sjöstedt A , Tärnvik A . Ciprofloxacin for treatment of tularemia in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J2000;19(5):449–453. Ulu-Kilic A , Gulen G , Sezen F , Kilic S , Sencan I . Tularemia in central anatolia. Infection 2013;41(2):391–399.

Pérez-Castrillón JL , Bachiller-Luque P , Martín-Luquero M , Mena-Martín FJ , Herreros V . Tularemia epidemic in northwestern Spain:Clinical description and therapeutic response. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33(4):573–576. Boisset S , Caspar Y , Sutera V , Maurin M . New therapeutic approaches for treatment of tularaemia: A review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol2014;4:40. Caspar Y , Maurin M . Francisella tularensis susceptibility to antibiotics: A comprehensive review of the data obtained in vitro and in animalmodels. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017;7:122. Gotovskaia SN , Magaram ME . [Study of the bactericidal action of chlorine on B. tularense in drinking water]. Zh Mikrobiol EpidemiolImmunobiol 1945;7–8:50–55. Parker RR , Steinhaus EA , Kohls GM . Tularemia in beavers and muskrats and the contamination of natural waters and mud byPasteurella tularensis in the northwestern United States. J Bact 1943;45:56–57. O'Connell HA , Rose LJ , Shams AM , Arduino MJ , Rice EW . Chlorine disinfection of Francisella tularensis . Lett Appl Microbiol201;52(1):84–86. Rose LJ , Rice EW . Inactivation of bacterial biothreat agents in water, a review. J Water Health 2014;12(4):618–633. Tigertt W . Soviet viable Pasteurella tularensis vaccines: A review of selected articles. Bacteriol Rev 1962;26.

Helicobacter Warren JR , Marshall B . Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1983;i:1273–1275. Marshall BJ , Warren JR . Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet1984;1(8390):1311–1315. Tsukamoto T , Toyoda T , Mizoshita T , Tatematsu M . Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinogenesis in rodent models. SemImmunopathol 2013;35:177–190. Tsukamoto T , Mizoshita T , Tatematsu M . Animal models of stomach carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol 2007;35:636–648. National Center for Biotechnology Information . The NCBI taxonomy database: Helicobacter(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/?term=helicobacter). Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Goodwin CS , Armstrong JA , Chilvers T Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. asHelicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov., respectively. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989;39:397–405. Flahou B , Haesebrouck F , Smet A , Yonezawa H , Osaki T , Kamiya S . Gastric and enterohepatic non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacters.Helicobacter 2013;18(Suppl 1):66–72. Menard A , Pere-Vedrenne C , Haesebrouck F , Flahou B . Gastric and enterohepatic helicobacters other than Helicobacter pylori .Helicobacter 2014;19(Suppl 1):59–67. Hannula M , Hanninen ML . Phylogenetic analysis of Helicobacter species based on partial gyrB gene sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol2007;57:444–449. Mikkonen TP , Karenlampi RI , Hanninen ML . Phylogenetic analysis of gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter species based on partialHSP60 gene sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004;54:753–758. Heilmann KL , Nowottny U . [Histological demonstration of Campylobacter-like organisms in stomach biopsy]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr(1946) 1987;112:861–862. Heilmann KL , Borchard F . Gastritis due to spiral shaped bacteria other than Helicobacter pylori: Clinical, histological, and ultrastructuralfindings. Gut 1991;32:137–140. McNulty CA , Dent JC , Curry A New spiral bacterium in gastric mucosa. J Clin Pathol 1989;42:585–591. Solnick JV , O'Rourke J , Lee A , Paster BJ , Dewhirst FE , Tompkins LS . An uncultured gastric spiral organism is a newly identifiedHelicobacter in humans. J Infect Dis 1993;168:379–385. Mendes EN , Queiroz DM , Rocha GA , Moura SB , Leite VH , Fonseca ME . Ultrastructure of a spiral micro-organism from pig gastricmucosa (“Gastrospirillum suis”). J Med Microbiol 1990;33:61–66. De Groote D , Ducatelle R , van Doorn LJ , Tilmant K , Verschuuren A , Haesebrouck F . Detection of “Candidatus Helicobacter suis” ingastric samples of pigs by PCR: Comparison with other invasive diagnostic techniques. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:1131–5. Priestnall SL , Wiinberg B , Spohr A Evaluation of “Helicobacter heilmannii” subtypes in the gastric mucosas of cats and dogs. J ClinMicrobiol 2004;42:2144–2151. O'Rourke JL , Solnick JV , Neilan BA Description of “Candidatus Helicobacter heilmannii” based on DNA sequence analysis of 16S rRNAand urease genes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004;54:2203–2211. Trebesius K , Adler K , Vieth M , Stolte M , Haas R . Specific detection and prevalence of Helicobacter heilmannii-like organisms in thehuman gastric mucosa by fluorescent in situ hybridization and partial 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. J Clin Microbiol2001;39:1510–1516. Haesebrouck F , Pasmans F , Flahou B , Smet A , Vandamme P , Ducatelle R . Non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter species in the humangastric mucosa: A proposal to introduce the terms H. heilmannii sensu lato and sensu stricto . Helicobacter 2011;16:339–340. Yang J , Ji S , Zhang Y , Wang J . Helicobacter hepaticus infection in primary hepatocellular carcinoma tissue. Singapore Med J2013;54:451–457. Segura-Lopez FK , Aviles-Jimenez F , Guitron-Cantu A Infection with Helicobacter bilis but not Helicobacter hepaticus was associated withextrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Helicobacter 2015;20:223–230. van der Vusse ML , van Son WJ , Ott A , Manson W . Helicobacter canis bacteremia in a renal transplant patient. Transplant Infect Dis2014;16:125–129. Rimbara E , Mori S , Kim H Helicobacter cinaedi and Helicobacter fennelliae transmission in a hospital from 2008 to 2012. J Clin Microbiol2013;51:2439–2442. Chien CC , Taylor NS , Ge Z , Schauer DB , Young VB , Fox JG . Identification of cdtB homologues and cytolethal distending toxin activityin enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. J Med Microbiol 2000;49:525–534. Shen Z , Sheh A , Young SK Draft genome sequences of six enterohepatic Helicobacter species isolated from humans and one fromrhesus macaques. Genome Announc 2014;2(5):e00857–e00814.

Moran AP . Lipopolysaccharide in bacterial chronic infection: Insights from Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide and lipid A. Int J MedMicrobiol 2007;297:307–319. Caroff M , Karibian D . Structure of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Carbohydrate Res 2003;338:2431–2447. Moran AP . The role of lipopolysaccharide in Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996;10(Suppl 1):39–50. Negrini R , Lisato L , Cavazzini L Monoclonal antibodies for specific immunoperoxidase detection of Campylobacter pylori .Gastroenterology 1989;96:414–420. Gasbarrini A , Franceschi F , Tartaglione R , Landolfi R , Pola P , Gasbarrini G . Regression of autoimmune thrombocytopenia aftereradication of Helicobacter pylori . Lancet 1998;352:878. Zentilin P , Seriolo B , Dulbecco P Eradication of Helicobacter pylori may reduce disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. AlimentPharmacol Ther 2002;16:1291–1299. Imai J , Yamada T , Saito T Eradication of insulin resistance. Lancet 2009;374:264. Ilver D , Arnqvist A , Ogren J Helicobacter pylori adhesin binding fucosylated histo-blood group antigens revealed by retagging. Science1998;279:373–377. Mahdavi J , Sonden B , Hurtig M Helicobacter pylori SabA adhesin in persistent infection and chronic inflammation. Science2002;297:573–578. Yamaoka Y , Kita M , Kodama T , Sawai N , Imanishi J . Helicobacter pylori cagA gene and expression of cytokine messenger RNA ingastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1744–1752. Censini S , Lange C , Xiang Z Cag, a pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori, encodes type I-specific and disease-associated virulencefactors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:14648–14653. Yamaoka Y , Kodama T , Graham DY , Kashima K . Search for putative virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori: The low-molecular-weight(33–35 K) antigen. Digest Dis Sci 1998;43:1482–1487. Yamaoka Y , Ojo O , Fujimoto S Helicobacter pylori outer membrane proteins and gastroduodenal disease. Gut 2006;55:775–781. Suerbaum S , Josenhans C , Labigne A . Cloning and genetic characterization of the Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae flaBflagellin genes and construction of H. pylori flaA- and flaB-negative mutants by electroporation-mediated allelic exchange. J Bacteriol1993;175:3278–3288. Eaton KA , Suerbaum S , Josenhans C , Krakowka S . Colonization of gnotobiotic piglets by Helicobacter pylori deficient in two flagellingenes. Infect Immun 1996;64:2445–2448. Mizote T , Yoshiyama H , Nakazawa T . Urease-independent chemotactic responses of Helicobacter pylori to urea, urease inhibitors, andsodium bicarbonate. Infect Immun 1997;65:1519–1521. Bhaskar KR , Garik P , Turner BS Viscous fingering of HCl through gastric mucin. Nature 1992;360:458–461. Schreiber S , Konradt M , Groll C The spatial orientation of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2004;101:5024–5029. Ota H , Katsuyama T . Alternating laminated array of two types of mucin in the human gastric surface mucous layer. Histochem J1992;24:86–92. Ota H , Katsuyama T , Ishii K , Nakayama J , Shiozawa T , Tsukahara Y . A dual staining method for identifying mucins of different gastricepithelial mucous cells. Histochem J 1991;23:22–28. Kato S , Tsukamoto T , Mizoshita T High salt diets dose-dependently promote gastric chemical carcinogenesis in Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils associated with a shift in mucin production from glandular to surface mucous cells. Int J Cancer2006;119:1558–1566. Kawakubo M , Ito Y , Okimura Y Natural antibiotic function of a human gastric mucin against Helicobacter pylori infection. Science2004;305:1003–1006. Chan WY , Hui PK , Leung KM , Chow J , Kwok F , Ng CS . Coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori in the human stomach. Am J Clin Pathol1994;102:503–507. Sorberg M , Nilsson M , Hanberger H , Nilsson LE . Morphologic conversion of Helicobacter pylori from bacillary to coccoid form. Eur J ClinMicrobiol Infect Dis 1996;15:216–219. Bauerfeind P , Garner R , Dunn BE , Mobley HL . Synthesis and activity of Helicobacter pylori urease and catalase at low pH. Gut1997;40:25–30. Karita M , Tsuda M , Nakazawa T . Essential role of urease in vitro and in vivo Helicobacter pylori colonization study using a wild-type andisogenic urease mutant strain. J Clin Gastroenterol 1995;21(Suppl 1):S160–S163. Sachs G , Weeks DL , Wen Y , Marcus EA , Scott DR , Melchers K . Acid acclimation by Helicobacter pylori . Physiology (Bethesda, MD)2005;20:429–438. Goh KL , Chan WK , Shiota S , Yamaoka Y . Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and public health implications. Helicobacter2011;16(Suppl 1):1–9. Cao X , Tsukamoto T , Nozaki K Earlier Helicobacter pylori infection increases the risk for the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced stomachcarcinogenesis in Mongolian gerbils. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002;93:1293–1298. Kato S , Kikuchi S , Nakajima S . When does gastric atrophy develop in Japanese children? Helicobacter 2008;13: 278–281. Correa P , Fontham ET , Bravo JC Chemoprevention of gastric dysplasia: Randomized trial of antioxidant supplements and anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:1881–1888. Malaty HM , El-Kasabany A , Graham DY Age at acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection: A follow-up study from infancy to adulthood.Lancet 2002;359:931–935. Hu PJ , Li YY , Zhou MH Helicobacter pylori associated with a high prevalence of duodenal ulcer disease and a low prevalence of gastriccancer in a developing nation. Gut 1995;36:198–202. Craanen ME , Dekker W , Blok P , Ferwerda J , Tytgat GN . Intestinal metaplasia and Helicobacter pylori: An endoscopic bioptic study ofthe gastric antrum. Gut 1992;33:16–20. Parsonnet J , Friedman GD , Vandersteen DP Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N Engl J Med1991;325:1127–1131. Nomura A , Stemmermann GN , Chyou PH , Kato I , Perez-Perez GI , Blaser MJ . Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinomaamong Japanese Americans in Hawaii. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1132–1136. Forman D , Newell DG , Fullerton F Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: Evidence from aprospective investigation. Brit Med J 1991;302:1302–1305.

Graham DY , Lew GM , Klein PD Effect of treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection on the long-term recurrence of gastric or duodenalulcer. A randomized, controlled study. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:705–708. Kuipers EJ , Uyterlinde AM , Pena AS Long-term sequelae of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Lancet 1995;345:1525–1528. Asaka M , Kato M , Kudo M Atrophic changes of gastric mucosa are caused by Helicobacter pylori infection rather than aging: Studies inasymptomatic Japanese adults. Helicobacter 1996;1:52–56. Huang JQ , Sridhar S , Chen Y , Hunt RH . Meta-analysis of the relationship between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and gastric cancer.Gastroenterology 1998;114:1169–1179. Parsonnet J , Hansen S , Rodriguez L Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1267–1271. The EUROGAST Study Group . An international association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. Lancet1993;341:1359–1362. Uemura N , Okamoto S , Yamamoto S Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med2001;345:784–789. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans . Infection withHelicobacter pylori. Schistosomes, Liver Flukes and Helibacter pylori. Lyon: World Health Organization/IARC; 1994:177–241. Tajima K , Tominaga S . Dietary habits and gastro-intestinal cancers: A comparative case-control study of stomach and large intestinalcancers in Nagoya, Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res 1985;76:705–716. Tsugane S , Tsuda M , Gey F , Watanabe S . Cross-sectional study with multiple measurements of biological markers for assessingstomach cancer risks at the population level. Environ Health Perspect 1992;98:207–210. Joossens JV , Hill MJ , Elliott P Dietary salt, nitrate and stomach cancer mortality in 24 countries. European Cancer Prevention (ECP) andthe INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group. Int J Epidemiol 1996;25:494–504. Kono S , Hirohata T . Nutrition and stomach cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1996;7:41–55. Tatematsu M , Takahashi M , Fukushima S , Hananouchi M , Shirai T . Effects in rats of sodium chloride on experimental gastric cancersinduced by N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. J Natl Cancer Inst 1975;55: 101–106. Nozaki K , Shimizu N , Inada K Synergistic promoting effects of Helicobacter pylori infection and high-salt diet on gastric carcinogenesis inMongolian Gerbils. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002;93:1083–1089. Miwa H , Go MF , Sato N . H. pylori and gastric cancer: The Asian enigma . Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:1106–1112. Toyoda T , Shi L , Takasu S Anti-inflammatory effects of capsaicin and piperine on Helicobacter pylori-induced chronic gastritis inMongolian gerbils. Helicobacter 2016;21:131–142. Lee A , Fox JG , Otto G , Murphy J . A small animal model of human Helicobacter pylori active chronic gastritis. Gastroenterology1990;99:1315–1323. Lee A , O'Rourke J , De Ungria MC , Robertson B , Daskalopoulos G , Dixon MF . A standardized mouse model of Helicobacter pyloriinfection: Introducing the Sydney strain. Gastroenterology 1997;112:1386–1397. Hirayama F , Takagi S , Yokoyama Y , Iwao E , Ikeda Y . Establishment of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection in Mongolian gerbils. JGastroenterol 1996;31(Suppl 9):24–28. Sugiyama A , Maruta F , Ikeno T Helicobacter pylori infection enhances N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced stomach carcinogenesis in theMongolian gerbil. Cancer Res 1998;58:2067–2069. Shimizu N , Inada K , Nakanishi H Helicobacter pylori infection enhances glandular stomach carcinogenesis in Mongolian gerbils treatedwith chemical carcinogens. Carcinogenesis 1999;20:669–676. Shimizu N , Inada KI , Tsukamoto T New animal model of glandular stomach carcinogenesis in Mongolian gerbils infected withHelicobacter pylori and treated with a chemical carcinogen. J Gastroenterol 1999;34(Suppl 11):61–66. Cao L , Mizoshita T , Tsukamoto T Development of carcinoid tumors of the glandular stomach and effects of eradication in Helicobacterpylori-infected mongolian gerbils. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008;9:25–30. Nozaki K , Shimizu N , Tsukamoto T Reversibility of heterotopic proliferative glands in glandular stomach of Helicobacter pylori-infectedMongolian gerbils on eradication. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002;93:374–381. Honda S , Fujioka T , Tokieda M , Satoh R , Nishizono A , Nasu M . Development of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinoma inMongolian gerbils. Cancer Res 1998;58: 4255–4259. Watanabe T , Tada M , Nagai H , Sasaki S , Nakao M . Helicobacter pylori infection induces gastric cancer in mongolian gerbils.Gastroenterology 1998;115:642–648. Gaddy JA , Radin JN , Loh JT High dietary salt intake exacerbates Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis. Infect Immun2013;81:2258–2267. Hirayama F , Takagi S , Iwao E , Yokoyama Y , Haga K , Hanada S . Development of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and carcinoiddue to long-term Helicobacter pylori colonization in Mongolian gerbils. J Gastroenterol 1999;34:450–4. Inada K , Nakanishi H , Fujimitsu Y Gastric and intestinal mixed and solely intestinal types of intestinal metaplasia in the human stomach.Pathol Int 1997;47:831–841. Tsukamoto T , Inada K , Tanaka H Down regulation of a gastric transcription factor, Sox2, and ectopic expression of intestinal homeoboxgenes, Cdx1 and Cdx2: Inverse correlation during progression from gastric/intestinal-mixed to complete intestinal metaplasia. J CancerRes Clin Oncol 2004;130:135–145. Niwa T , Ikehara Y , Nakanishi H Mixed gastric- and intestinal-type metaplasia is formed by cells with dual intestinal and gastricdifferentiation. J Histochem Cytochem 2005;53:75–85. Tatematsu M , Tsukamoto T , Inada K . Stem cells and gastric cancer—Role of gastric and intestinal mixed intestinal metaplasia. CancerSci 2003;94:135–141. Stolte M , Kroher G , Meining A , Morgner A , Bayerdorffer E , Bethke B . A comparison of Helicobacter pylori and H. heilmannii gastritis. Amatched control study involving 404 patients . Scand J Gastroenterol 1997;32:28–33. Joo M , Kwak JE , Chang SH Helicobacter heilmannii-associated gastritis: Clinicopathologic findings and comparison with Helicobacterpylori-associated gastritis. J Korean Med Sci 2007;22:63–69. Tomb JF , White O , Kerlavage AR The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori . Nature1997;388:539–547. Sharma CM , Hoffmann S , Darfeuille F The primary transcriptome of the major human pathogen Helicobacter pylori . Nature2010;464:250–255.

Backert S , Selbach M . Tyrosine-phosphorylated bacterial effector proteins: The enemies within. Trends Microbiol 2005;13:476–484. Hatakeyama M . Anthropological and clinical implications for the structural diversity of the Helicobacter pylori CagA oncoprotein. CancerSci 2011;102:36–43. Naito M , Yamazaki T , Tsutsumi R Influence of EPIYA-repeat polymorphism on the phosphorylation-dependent biological activity ofHelicobacter pylori CagA. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1181–1190. Tsutsumi R , Takahashi A , Azuma T , Higashi H , Hatakeyama M . Focal adhesion kinase is a substrate and downstream effector of SHP-2 complexed with Helicobacter pylori CagA. Mol Cell Biol 2006;26:261–276. Ohnishi N , Yuasa H , Tanaka S Transgenic expression of Helicobacter pylori CagA induces gastrointestinal and hematopoietic neoplasmsin mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:1003–1008. Cover TL , Blaser MJ . Purification and characterization of the vacuolating toxin from Helicobacter pylori . J Biol Chem1992;267:10570–10575. Phadnis SH , Ilver D , Janzon L , Normark S , Westblom TU . Pathological significance and molecular characterization of the vacuolatingtoxin gene of Helicobacter pylori . Infect Immun 1994;62:1557–1565. Wada A , Yamasaki E , Hirayama T . Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin, VacA, is responsible for gastric ulceration. J Biochem2004;136:741–746. Fujikawa A , Shirasaka D , Yamamoto S Mice deficient in protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z are resistant to gastric ulcerinduction by VacA of Helicobacter pylori . Nature Genet 2003;33:375–381. Cover TL , Blanke SR . Helicobacter pylori VacA, a paradigm for toxin multifunctionality. Nature Rev Microbiol 2005;3:320–332. Gebert B , Fischer W , Weiss E , Hoffmann R , Haas R . Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin inhibits T lymphocyte activation. Science2003;301:1099–1102. Fronzes R , Christie PJ , Waksman G . The structural biology of type IV secretion systems. Nature Rev Microbiol 2009;7:703–714. Carroll IM , Khan AA , Ahmed N . Revisiting the pestilence of Helicobacter pylori: Insights into geographical genomics and pathogenevolution. Infect Genet Evol 2004;4:81–90. Dixon MF , Genta RM , Yardley JH , Correa P . Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney System. InternationalWorkshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:1161–1181. Puetz T , Vakil N , Phadnis S , Dunn B , Robinson J . The Pyloritek test and the CLO test: Accuracy and incremental cost analysis. Am JGastroenterol 1997;92:254–257. Atherton JC , Spiller RC . The urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori . Gut 1994;35:723–725. Nakata H , Itoh H , Nishioka S . Efficacy of lansoprazole and amoxicillin in eradicating Helicobacter pylori: Evaluation using 13C-UBT andMonoclonal H. pylori antibody testing. J Clin Gastroenterol 1995;20(Suppl 2):S118–S120. Zambon CF , Basso D , Navaglia F Non-invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: Simplified 13C-urea breath test, stool antigentesting, or DNA PCR in human feces in a clinical laboratory setting? Clin Biochem 2004;37:261–267. Noguchi N . Helicobacter. In: Liu D , ed. Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogens. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor and FrancisGroup; 2010:181–200. Malfertheiner P , Megraud F , O'Morain CA Management of Helicobacter pylori infection—The Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report.Gut 2017;66:6–30. Nishizawa T , Maekawa T , Watanabe N Clarithromycin versus metronidazole as first-line Helicobacter pylori eradication: A multicenter,prospective, randomized controlled study in Japan. J Clin Gastroenterol 2015;49:468–471. Hori Y , Imanishi A , Matsukawa J 1-[5-(2-Fluorophenyl)-1-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-N-methylmethanamin e monofumarate(TAK-438), a novel and potent potassium-competitive acid blocker for the treatment of acid-related diseases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther2010;335:231–238. Sue S , Kuwashima H , Iwata Y The superiority of vonoprazan-based first-line triple therapy with clarithromycin: A prospective multi-centercohort study on Helicobacter pylori eradication. Intern Med (Tokyo, Japan) 2017;56:1277–1285. Torre LA , Siegel RL , Ward EM , Jemal A . Global cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends—An update. Cancer EpidemiolBiomarkers Prev 2016;25:16–27. Asaka M , Mabe K . Strategies for eliminating death from gastric cancer in Japan. Proc Japan Acad series B, Phys Biol Sci2014;90:251–258. Okubo M , Tahara T , Shibata T Changes in gastric mucosal patterns seen by magnifying NBI during H . pylori eradication. J Gastroenterol2011;46:175–182. Kiriyama Y , Tahara T , Shibata T Gastric-and-intestinal mixed intestinal metaplasia is irreversible point with eradication of Helicobacterpylori . Open J Pathol 2016;6:93–104. Lee YC , Chen TH , Chiu HM The benefit of mass eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: A community-based study of gastric cancerprevention. Gut 2013;62:676–682. Annibale B , Aprile MR , D'Ambra G , Caruana P , Bordi C , Delle Fave G . Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection in atrophic body gastritispatients does not improve mucosal atrophy but reduces hypergastrinemia and its related effects on body ECL-cell hyperplasia. AlimentPharmacol Ther 2000;14:625–634. Forbes GM , Warren JR , Glaser ME , Cullen DJ , Marshall BJ , Collins BJ . Long-term follow-up of gastric histology after Helicobacterpylori eradication. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996;11:670–673. Kodama M , Murakami K , Okimoto T Ten-year prospective follow-up of histological changes at five points on the gastric mucosa asrecommended by the updated Sydney system after Helicobacter pylori eradication. J Gastroenterol 2012;47:394–403. Ito M , Haruma K , Kamada T Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy improves atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia: A 5-yearprospective study of patients with atrophic gastritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16:1449–1456. Toyokawa T , Suwaki K , Miyake Y , Nakatsu M , Ando M . Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection improved gastric mucosal atrophyand prevented progression of intestinal metaplasia, especially in the elderly population: A long-term prospective cohort study. JGastroenterol Hepatol 2010;25:544–547. Murakami K , Fujioka T , Kodama R , Kubota T , Tokieda M , Nasu M . Helicobacter pylori infection accelerates human gastric mucosal cellproliferation. J Gastroenterol 1997;32:184–188. Erkan G , Gonul II , Kandilci U , Dursun A . Evaluation of apoptosis along with BCL-2 and Ki-67 expression in patients with intestinalmetaplasia. Pathol Res Pract 2012;208:89–93.

You WC , Brown LM , Zhang L Randomized double-blind factorial trial of three treatments to reduce the prevalence of precancerousgastric lesions. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006;98:974–983. Mera R , Fontham ET , Bravo LE Long term follow up of patients treated for Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 2005;54:1536–1540. Leung WK , Lin SR , Ching JY Factors predicting progression of gastric intestinal metaplasia: Results of a randomised trial onHelicobacter pylori eradication. Gut 2004;53:1244–1249. Uemura N , Mukai T , Okamoto S Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on subsequent development of cancer after endoscopicresection of early gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997;6:639–642. Fukase K , Kato M , Kikuchi S Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on incidence of metachronous gastric carcinoma after endoscopicresection of early gastric cancer: An open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:392–397. Bae SE , Jung HY , Kang J Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on metachronous recurrence after endoscopic resection of gastricneoplasm. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109:60–67. Wong BC , Lam SK , Wong WM Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: A randomizedcontrolled trial. JAMA 2004;291:187–194. Chen HN , Wang Z , Li X , Zhou ZG . Helicobacter pylori eradication cannot reduce the risk of gastric cancer in patients with intestinalmetaplasia and dysplasia: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Gastric Cancer 2016;19:166–175. Yanaoka K , Oka M , Ohata H Eradication of Helicobacter pylori prevents cancer development in subjects with mild gastric atrophyidentified by serum pepsinogen levels. Int J Cancer 2009;125:2697–2703. Saka A , Yagi K , Nimura S . Endoscopic and histological features of gastric cancers after successful Helicobacter pylori eradicationtherapy. Gastric Cancer 2016;19:524–530. Ito M , Tanaka S , Takata S Morphological changes in human gastric tumours after eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori in a short-term follow-up. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;21:559–566. Kitamura Y , Ito M , Matsuo T Characteristic epithelium with low-grade atypia appears on the surface of gastric cancer after successfulHelicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Helicobacter 2014;19:289–295. Tsugane S , Sasazuki S . Diet and the risk of gastric cancer: Review of epidemiological evidence. Gastric Cancer 2007;10:75–83. Naito Y , Yoshikawa T . Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. FreeRadic Biol Med 2002;33:323–336. Cao X , Tsukamoto T , Nozaki K Severity of gastritis determines glandular stomach carcinogenesis in Helicobacter pylori-infectedMongolian gerbils. Cancer Sci 2007;98:478–483. Cao X , Tsukamoto T , Seki T 4-Vinyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol (canolol) suppresses oxidative stress and gastric carcinogenesis inHelicobacter pylori-infected carcinogen-treated Mongolian gerbils. Int J Cancer 2008;122:1445–1454. Cao D , Jiang J , Tsukamoto T Canolol inhibits gastric tumors initiation and progression through COX-2/PGE2 pathway in K19-C2mEtransgenic mice. PloS One 2015;10:e0120938. Echizen K , Hirose O , Maeda Y , Oshima M . Inflammation in gastric cancer: Interplay of the COX-2/prostaglandin E2 and Toll-likereceptor/MyD88 pathways. Cancer Sci 2016;107:391–397. Oshima H , Oshima M , Inaba K , Taketo MM . Hyperplastic gastric tumors induced by activated macrophages in COX-2/mPGES-1transgenic mice. EMBO J 2004;23:1669–1678. Takasu S , Tsukamoto T , Cao XY Roles of cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 expression and beta-cateninactivation in gastric carcinogenesis in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-treated K19-C2mE transgenic mice. Cancer Sci 2008;99:2356–2364. Futagami S , Suzuki K , Hiratsuka T Celecoxib inhibits Cdx2 expression and prevents gastric cancer in Helicobacter pylori-infectedMongolian gerbils. Digestion 2006;74:187–198. Magari H , Shimizu Y , Inada K Inhibitory effect of etodolac, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on stomach carcinogenesis inHelicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;334:606–612. Chiu CH , McEntee MF , Whelan J . Sulindac causes rapid regression of preexisting tumors in Min/+ mice independent of prostaglandinbiosynthesis. Cancer Res 1997;57:4267–4273. Reddy BS , Maruyama H , Kelloff G . Dose-related inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by dietary piroxicam, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatorydrug, during different stages of rat colon tumor development. Cancer Res 1987;47:5340–5346. Yanaoka K , Oka M , Yoshimura N Preventive effects of etodolac, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on cancer development inextensive metaplastic gastritis, a Helicobacter pylori-negative precancerous lesion. Int J Cancer 2010;126:1467–1473. Zhang Y , Pan KF , Zhang L Helicobacter pylori, cyclooxygenase-2 and evolution of gastric lesions: Results from an intervention trial inChina. Carcinogenesis 2015;36:1572–1579.

Klebsiella spp. as Pathogens: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Identification, Treatment, and Prevention Happel KI , Odden AR , Zhang P , Shellito JE , Bagby GJ , Nelson S . Acute alcohol intoxication suppresses the interleukin 23 response toKlebsiella pneumoniae infection. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006;30:1200–1207. Yu VL , Hansen DS , Ko WC Virulence characteristics of Klebsiella and clinical manifestations of K. pneumoniae bloodstream infections.Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:986–993. Peleg AY , Hooper DC . Hospital-acquired infections due to gram-negative bacteria. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1804–1813. Podschun R , Ullmann U . Klebsiella spp. as nosocomial pathogens: Epidemiology, taxonomy, typing methods, and pathogenicity factors.Clin Microbiol Rev 1998;11:589–603. Podschun R , Acktun H , Okpara J , Linderkamp O , Ullmann U , Borneff-Lipp M . Isolation of Klebsiella planticola from newborns in aneonatal ward. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:2331–2332. Bergogne-Berezin E . [Nosocomial infections: New agents, incidence, prevention]. Presse Med 1995;24:89–97. Clegg S , Murphy CN . Epidemiology and virulence of Klebsiella pneumoniae . Microbiol Spectr 2016;4(1):UTI0005-2012. Gupta P , Murali MV , Faridi MM , Kaul PB , Ramachandran VG , Talwar V . Clinical profile of Klebsiella septicemia in neonates. Indian JPediatr 1993;60:565–572.

Cordery RJ , Roberts CH , Cooper SJ , Bellinghan G , Shetty N . Evaluation of risk factors for the acquisition of bloodstream infections withextended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species in the intensive care unit; antibiotic managementand clinical outcome. J Hosp Infect 2008;68:108–115. Chang SC , Chen YC , Hsu LY . [Epidemiologic study of pathogens causing nosocomial infections]. J Formos Med Assoc1990;89:1023–1030. Branski LK , Al-Mousawi A , Rivero H , Jeschke MG , Sanford AP , Herndon DN . Emerging infections in burns. Surg Infect (Larchmt)2009;10:389–397. Nitzan O , Elias M , Chazan B , Saliba W . Urinary tract infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Review of prevalence,diagnosis, and management. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2015;8:129–136. Dhingra KR . A case of complicated urinary tract infection: Klebsiella pneumoniae emphysematous cystitis presenting as abdominal pain inthe emergency department. West J Emerg Med 2008;9:171–173. Vigil HR , Hickling DR . Urinary tract infection in the neurogenic bladder. Transl Androl Urol 2016;5:72–87. Matsumoto T , Takahashi K , Manabe N , Iwatsubo E , Kawakami Y . Urinary tract infection in neurogenic bladder. Int J Antimicrob Agents2001;17:293–297. Mai JY , Zhu ML , Chen C , He XL , Lin ZL . [Clinical characteristics of neonatal Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis and the antibiotic sensitivitypattern of strains]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2010;12:700–703. Camacho-Gonzalez A , Spearman PW , Stoll BJ . Neonatal infectious diseases: Evaluation of neonatal sepsis. Pediatr Clin North Am2013;60:367–389. Hansen DS , Aucken HM , Abiola T , Podschun R . Recommended test panel for differentiation of Klebsiella species on the basis of atrilateral interlaboratory evaluation of 18 biochemical tests. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:3665–3669. Gavini FD , Izard D , Grimont PAD , Beji A , Ageron E , Leclerc H . Priority of Klebsiella planticola Bagley, Seidler, and Brenner 1982 overKlebsiella trevisanii Ferragut, Izard, Gavini, Kersters, DeLey, and Leclerc 1983. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1986;36:486–488. Podschun R , Pietsch S , Holler C , Ullmann U . Incidence of Klebsiella species in surface waters and their expression of virulence factors.Appl Environ Microbiol 2001;67:3325–3327. Shaikh MM , Morgan M . Sepsis caused by Raoultella terrigena . JRSM Short Rep 2011;2:49. Hrabak J , Studentova V , Jakubu V Prevalence study on carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolatesin Czech hospitals—Results from Czech part of European survey on carbapenemase—Producing Enterobacteriaceae (EuSCAPE).Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 2015;64:87–91. Holden VI , Breen P , Houle S , Dozois CM , Bachman MA . Klebsiella pneumoniae siderophores induce inflammation, bacterialdissemination, and HIF-1alpha stabilization during pneumonia. MBio 2016;7(5):pii:e01397–e01416. Nicolle LE . Catheter associated urinary tract infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2014;3:23. Bagley ST . Habitat association of Klebsiella species. Infect Control 1985;6:52–58. Fung CP , Lin YT , Lin JC Klebsiella pneumoniae in gastrointestinal tract and pyogenic liver abscess. Emerg Infect Dis2012;18:1322–1325. Pereira MR , Scully BF , Pouch SM Risk factors and outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in liver transplantrecipients. Liver Transpl 2015;21:1511–1519. Keisari Y , Itzhak Ofek (eds). The Biology and Pathology of Innate Immunity Mechanisms. Springer Science and Business Media,2006:479. Navarova J , Kettner K , Krcmery V , Folrichova D . Aminoglycoside resistance patterns in clinical isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella sp. fromCzechoslovakia and the United States. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1989;33:477–486. Subha A , Ananthan S . Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) mediated resistance to third generation cephalosporins amongKlebsiella pneumoniae in Chennai. Indian J Med Microbiol 2002;20:92–95. Brisse S , Milatovic D , Fluit AC , Verhoef J , Schmitz FJ . Epidemiology of quinolone resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiellaoxytoca in Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000;19:64–68. Rawat D , Nair D . Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in gram negative bacteria. J Glob Infect Dis 2010;2:263–274. Paterson DL , Bonomo RA . Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: A clinical update. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005;18:657–686. Canton R , Novais A , Valverde A Prevalence and spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe.Clin Microbiol Infect 2008;14(Suppl 1):144–153. Jacoby GA . AmpC beta-lactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009;22:161–182. Renois F , Jacques J , Guillard T Preliminary investigation of a mice model of Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae induced pneumonia.Microbes Infect 2011;13:1045–1051. Dong F , Wang B , Zhang L , Tang H , Li J , Wang Y . Metabolic response to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in an experimental rat model.PLoS One 2012;7:e51060. Hung CS , Dodson KW , Hultgren SJ . A murine model of urinary tract infection. Nat Protoc 2009;4:1230–1243. Kamaladevi A , Balamurugan K . Role of PMK-1/p38 MAPK defense in Caenorhabditis elegans against Klebsiella pneumoniae infectionduring host-pathogen interaction. Pathog Dis 2015;73:1–9. Pan YJ , Lin TL , Chen YH Capsular types of Klebsiella pneumoniae revisited by wzc sequencing. PLoS One 2013;8:e80670. Domenico P , Salo RJ , Cross AS , Cunha BA . Polysaccharide capsule-mediated resistance to opsonophagocytosis in Klebsiellapneumoniae . Infect Immun 1994;62:4495–4499. Schembri MA , Blom J , Krogfelt KA , Klemm P . Capsule and fimbria interaction in Klebsiella pneumoniae . Infect Immun2005;73:4626–4633. March C , Cano V , Moranta D Role of bacterial surface structures on the interaction of Klebsiella pneumoniae with phagocytes. PLoS One2013;8:e56847. Merino S , Camprubi S , Alberti S , Benedi VJ , Tomas JM . Mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistance to complement-mediatedkilling. Infect Immun 1992;60:2529–2535. Doorduijn DJ , Rooijakkers SH , van Schaik W , Bardoel BW . Complement resistance mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae .Immunobiology 2016;221:1102–1109. Babu JP , Abraham SN , Dabbous MK , Beachey EH . Interaction of a 60-kilodalton D-mannose-containing salivary glycoprotein with type1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli . Infect Immun 1986;54:104–108.

Sharon N , Ofek I . Mannose specific bacterial surface lectins. In: Mirelman D (ed.). Microbial Lectins and Agglutinins. John Wiley andSons, 1986:55–82. Virkola R , Westerlund B , Holthofer H , Parkkinen J , Kekomaki M , Korhonen TK . Binding characteristics of Escherichia coli adhesins inhuman urinary bladder. Infect Immun 1988;56:2615–2622. Reinhart HH , Obedeanu N , Sobel JD . Quantitation of Tamm-Horsfall protein binding to uropathogenic Escherichia coli and lectins. JInfect Dis 1990;162:1335–1340. Rodriguez-Ortega M , Ofek I , Sharon N . Membrane glycoproteins of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes that act as receptors formannose-specific Escherichia coli . Infect Immun 1987;55:968–973. Wang ZC , Huang CJ , Huang YJ , Wu CC , Peng HL . FimK regulation on the expression of type 1 fimbriae in Klebsiella pneumoniaeCG43S3. Microbiology 2013;159:1402–1415. Hsu CR , Pan YJ , Liu JY , Chen CT , Lin TL , Wang JT . Klebsiella pneumoniae translocates across the intestinal epithelium via RhoGTPase- and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent cell invasion. Infect Immun 2015;83:769–779. Di Martino P , Bertin Y , Girardeau JP , Livrelli V , Joly B , Darfeuille-Michaud A . Molecular characterization and adhesive properties ofCF29 K, an adhesin of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains involved in nosocomial infections. Infect Immun 1995;63:4336–4344. Di Martino P , Livrelli V , Sirot D , Joly B , Darfeuille-Michaud A . A new fimbrial antigen harbored by CAZ-5/SHV-4-producing Klebsiellapneumoniae strains involved in nosocomial infections. Infect Immun 1996;64:2266–2273. Sahly H , Aucken H , Benedi VJ Increased serum resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3477–3482. Beceiro A , Tomas M , Bou G . Antimicrobial resistance and virulence: A successful or deleterious association in the bacterial world? ClinMicrobiol Rev 2013;26:185–230. Skaar EP . The battle for iron between bacterial pathogens and their vertebrate hosts. PLoS Pathog 2010;6:e1000949. Abbott S . Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, plesiomonas, and other Enterobacteriaceae . In: Murray PR , Baron EJ ,Jorgensen JH , Landry ML , Pfaller MA (eds). Manual of Clinical Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC, 2007:639–657. Mawal Y , Critchley IA , Riccobene TA , Talley AK . Ceftazidime-avibactam for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections andcomplicated intra-abdominal infections. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2015;8:691–707.

Leptospira Lau CL , Smythe LD , Craig SB , Weinstein P . Climate change, flooding, urbanisation and leptospirosis: Fuelling the fire? Trans R SocTrop Med Hyg 2010; 104(10): 631–638. Garrity GM , Holt JG . The Road Map to the Manual. In: Boone DR , Castenholz RW , Garrity GM (eds). Bergey's Manual of SystematicBacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 1, The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria. New York: Springer, 2001; pp. 119–166. Kmety E and Dikken H . Classification of the Species Leptospira Interrogans and History of Its Serovars. Groningen, The Netherlands:University Press Groningen, 1993. Yasuda PH , Steigerwalt AG , Sulzer KR , Kaufmann AF , Rogers F , Brenner DJ . Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness between serogroupsand serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with proposals for seven new Leptospira species. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1987; 37: 407–415. Ramadass P , Jarvis BDW , Corner RJ , Penny D , Marshall RB . Genetic characterization of pathogenic Leptospira species by DNAhybridization. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1992; 42: 215–219. Hartskeerl RA , Wagnaar FP . Leptospirosis. In: Kasper DL (ed.), Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 19th ed. New York, NY: Mc-Graw Hill; 2015. pp. 1140–1145. Faine S , Adler B , Bolin C , Perolat P . Leptospira and Leptospirosis. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: MedSci; 1999. Adler B , Faine S . Leptospira. In: Topley WWC editor. Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections. 10th ed. Hoboken, NJ:Wiley-Blackwell; 2007, pp. 849–869. Swain RHA . The electron-microscopical anatomy of Leptospira canicola . J Pathol Bacteriol 1957; 73: 155–158. Que-Gewirth NL , Ribeiro AA , Kalb SR A methylated phosphate group and four amide-linked acyl chains in Leptospira interrogans lipid A.The membrane anchor of an unusual lipopolysaccharide that activates TLR2. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 25420–25429. Haake DA , Zückert WR . The leptospiral outermembrane. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 387: 187–221. Cullen PA , Xu X , Matsunaga J et al Surfaceome of Leptospira spp. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 4853–4863. Shang ES , Exner MN , Summers TA The rare outer membrane protein, OmpL1, of pathogenic Leptospira species is a heat-modifiableporin. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 3174–3181. Waitkins SA . Leptospirosis as an occupational disease. Br J Ind Med 1986; 43: 721–725. Bharti AR , Nally JE , Ricaldi JN Leptospirosis: A zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 2003; 3(12): 757–771. Costa F , Hagan JE , Calcagno J Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: A systematic review. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9(9):e0003898. Zaki R , Sheih WJ . Leptospirosis associated with outbreak of acute febrile illness with pulmonary haemorrhage, Nicaragua. The epidemicworking group at Ministry of Health in Nicaragua. Lancet 1995; 347: 535–553. Ko AI , Reis MG , Dourado CMR , Johnson JWD , Riley LW . Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. Salvador LeptospirosisStudy Group. Lancet 1999; 354: 820–825. Barcellos C , Sabroza PC . The place behind the case: Leptospirosis risk and associated environmental conditions in a flood-relatedoutbreak in Rio de Janeiro. Cad Saüde Püblica Rio de Janeiro 2001; 17: 59–67. Sehgal SC , Sugunan AP , Vijayachari P . Outbreak of leptospirosis after cyclone in Orissa. Natl Med J India 2001; 15: 22–23. Karande S , Kulkarni H , Kulkarni M , De A , Varaiya A . Leptospirosis in children in Mumbai slums. Indian J Pediatr 2002; 69: 855–858. Sehgal SC , Murhekar MV , Sugunan AP . Outbreak of leptospirosis with pulmonary involvement in North Andaman. Indian J Med Res1995; 102: 9–12. Sehgal SC , Vijayachari P , Sharma S , Sugunan AP . Lepto dipstick: A rapid and simple method for serodiagnosis of acute leptospirosis.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999; 93: 161–164.

Behera B , Chaudhry R , Pandey A Co-infections due to leptospira, dengue and hepatitis E: A diagnostic challenge. J Infect Dev Ctries2009; 4(1): 48–50. Mohanty S , Premlatha MM , Chaudhry R , Dey AB . Time to take leptospirosis seriously in India. J Assoc Physicians India. 2003; 51:929–930. Chaudhry R , Premlatha MM , Mohanty S , Dhawan B , Singh KK , Dey AB . Emerging leptospirosis, North India. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8(12): 1526–1527. Chaudhry R , Das A , Premlatha MM Serological and molecular approaches for diagnosis of leptospirosis in a tertiary care hospital in northIndia: A 10-year study. Indian J Med Res 2013; 137(4): 785–790. Schneider MC , Nájera P , Aldighieri S Leptospirosis outbreaks in Nicaragua: Identifying critical areas and exploring drivers for evidence-based planning. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012; 9: 3883–3910. Acha PN , Szyfres B . Bacterioses and mycoses. In: Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals. 3rd ed.Technical Publication No. 580; Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization; 2003; pp. 157–168. Faine S , Adler B , Bolin C , Perolat P . Leptospira and Leptospirosis. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: MediSci; 1999. Levett PN . Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001; 14: 296–326. Edwards GA , Domm BM . Human leptospirosis. Medicine. 1960; 39: 117–156. Edwards CN , Nicholson GN , Hassell TA Leptospirosis in Barbados. A clinical study. West Ind Med J. 1990; 39: 27–34. Agampodi SB , Matthias MA , Moreno AC , Vinetz JM . Utility of quantitative polymerase chain reaction in leptospirosis diagnosis:Association of level of leptospiremia and clinical manifestations in Sri Lanka. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54: 1249–1255. Charon NW , Goldstein SF . Genetics of motility and chemotaxis of a fascinating group of bacteria: The spirochetes. Ann Rev Genet 2002;36: 47–73. Breiner D , Fahey M , Salvador R , Novakova J , Coburn J . Leptospira interrogans binds to human cell surface receptors includingproteoglycans. Infect Immun 2009; 77(12): 5528–5536. Werts C , Tapping RI , Mathison JC Leptospiral endotoxin activates cells via a TLR2-dependent mechanism. Nature Immunol 2001; 2:346–352. Alian S , Davoudi A , Najafi N , Ghasemian R , Ahangarkani F , Hamdi Z . Clinical and laboratory manifestation and outcome oficterohemorrhagic leptospirosis patients in Northern Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2015; 29: 308. Sharma KK , Kalawat U . Early diagnosis of leptospirosis by conventional methods: One-year prospective study. Indian J Pathol Microbiol2008; 51(2): 209–311. Picardeau M . Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis. Med Mal Infect 2013; 43(1): 1–9. Zuerner RL . Laboratory maintenance of pathogenic Leptospira . Curr Protoc Microbiol 2005; Chapter 12: Unit 12E.1. (pp.12E.1.1–12E.1.13). doi: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc12e01s00. PubMed PMID: 18770554. Turner LH . Leptospirosis. 3. Maintenance, isolation and demonstration of leptospires. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1970; 64(4): 623–646. Bal AE , Gravekamp C , Hartskeerl RA , De Meza-Brewster J , Korver H , Terpstra WJ . Detection of leptospires in urine by PCR for earlydiagnosis of leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32(8): 1894–1898. Yuszniahyati Y , Kenneth FR , Daisy Vanitha J . Leptospirosis: Recent incidents and available diagnostics—A review. Med J Malaysia2015; 70(6): 351–355. Wang N , Han YH , Sung JY , Lee WS , Ou TY . Atypical leptospirosis: An overlooked cause of aseptic meningitis. BMC Res Notes 2016;9: 154. Cumberland P , Everard CO , Levett PN . Assessment of the efficacy of an IgM-ELISA and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) in thediagnosis of acute leptospirosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 61(5): 731–754. Murray CK , Gray MR , Mende K Use of patient-specific Leptospira isolates in the diagnosis of leptospirosis employing microscopicagglutination testing (MAT). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2011; 105(4): 209–213. Winslow WE , Merry DJ , Pirc ML , Devine PL . Evaluation of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection ofimmunoglobulin M antibody in diagnosis of human leptospiral infection. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35(8): 1938–1942. Smits HL , Eapen CK , Sugathan S Lateral-flow assay for rapid serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001; 8(1):166–169. Brett-Major DM , Coldren R . Antibiotics for the treatment of leptospirosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 2: CD008264. Butler T . The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction after antibiotic treatment of spirochetal infections: A review of recent cases and ourunderstanding of pathogenesis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96(1): 46–52. Panaphut T , Domrongkitchaiporn S , Vibhagool A , Thinkamrop B , Susaengrat W . Ceftriaxone compared with sodium penicillin G fortreatment of severe leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36(12): 1507–1513. Minor K , Mohan A . Severe leptospirosis: Treatment with intravenous corticosteroids and supportive care. Am J Emerg Med 2013; 31(2):449 e1–449 e2.

Plesiomonas Ferguson, W.W. ; Henderson, N.D. Description of strain C27: A motile organism with the major antigen of Shigella sonnei phase I. J.Bacteriol. 1947, 54, 179–181. Janda, J.M. ; Abbott, S.L. ; McIver, C.J. Plesiomonas shigelloides revisited. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2016, 29, 349–374. Martinez-Murcia, A.J. ; Benlloch, S. ; Collins, M.D. Phylogenetic interrelationships of members of the genera Aeromonas and Plesiomonasas determined by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing: Lack of congruence with results of DNA-DNA hybridizations. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.1992, 42, 412–421. Farmer, J.J. ; Davis, B.R. ; Hickman-Brenner, F.W. Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolatedfrom clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1985, 21, 46–76. Salerno, A. ; Delétoile, A. ; Lefevre, M. Recombining population structure of Plesiomonas shigelloides (Enterobacteriaceae) revealed bymultilocus sequence typing. J. Bacteriol. 2007, 189, 7808–7818.

Aldová, E. ; Geizer, E. A contribution to the serology of Aeromonas shigelloides . Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Orig. 1968, 207, 35–40. Aldová, E. ; Shimada, T. New O and H antigens of the international antigenic scheme for Plesiomonas shigelloides . Folia Microbiol. 2001,45, 301–304. Aldová, E. New serovars of Plesiomonas shigelloides—1992–1998. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health 2000, 8, 150–151. Albert, M.J. ; Ansaruzzaman, M. ; Qadri, F. Characterisation of Plesiomonas shigelloides strains that share type-specific antigen withShigella flexneri 6 and common group 1 antigen with Shigella flexneri spp. and Shigella dysenteriae 1. J. Med. Microbiol. 1993, 39,211–217. Shepherd, J.G. ; Wang, L. ; Reeves, P.R. Comparison of O-antigen gene clusters of Escherichia coli (Shigella) sonnei and Plesiomonasshigelloides O17: sonnei gained its current plasmid-borne O-antigen genes from P. shigelloides in a recent event. Infect. Immun. 2000, 68,6056–6061. Janda, J.M. ; Abbott, S.L. Expression of hemolytic activity by Plesiomonas shigelloides . J. Clin. Microbiol. 1993, 31, 1206–1208. Baratéla, K.C. ; Saridakis, H.O. ; Gaziri, L.C. ; Pelayo, J.S. Effects of medium composition, calcium, iron and oxygen on haemolysinproduction by Plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from water. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2001, 90, 482–487. González-Rodríguez, N. ; Santos, J.A. ; Otero, A. ; García-López, M.-L. Cell-associated hemolytic activity in environmental strains ofPlesiomonas shigelloides expressing cell-free, iron-influenced extracellular hemolysin. J. Food Prot. 2007, 70, 885–890. Ampofo, K. ; Graham, P. ; Ratner, A. ; Rajagopalan, L. ; Della-Latta, P. ; Saiman, L. Plesiomonas shigelloides sepsis and splenic abscessin an adolescent with sickle-cell disease. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2001, 20, 1178–1179. Piqué, N. ; Aquilini, E. ; Alioto, T. ; Miñana-Galbis, D. ; Tomás, J.M. Genome sequence of Plesiomonas shigelloides strain 302-73(serotype O1). Genome Announc. 2013, 1, e00404–e00413. Alexander, S. ; Fazal, M.-A. ; Deheer-Graham, A. Complete genome sequence of Plesiomonas shigelloides type strain NCTC10360.Genome Announc. 2016, 4, e01031–16. Merino, S. ; Aquilini, E. ; Fulton, K.M. ; Twine, S.M. ; Tomás, J.M. The polar and lateral flagella from Plesiomonas shigelloides areglycosylated with legionaminic acid. Front. Microbiol. 2015, 6, 649. Canals, R. ; Ramirez, S. ; Vilches, S. Polar flagellum biogenesis in Aeromonas hydrophila . J. Bacteriol. 2006, 188, 542–555. McNally, D.J. ; Aubry, A.J. ; Hui, J.P.M. Targeted metabolomics analysis of Campylobacter coli VC167 reveals legionaminic acidderivatives as novel flagellar glycans. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282, 14463–14475. Zebian, N. ; Merkx-Jacques, A. ; Pittock, P.P. Comprehensive analysis of flagellin glycosylation in Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168reveals incorporation of legionaminic acid and its importance for host colonization. Glycobiology 2016, 26, 386–397. Niedziela, T. ; Dag, S. ; Lukasiewicz, J. Complete lipopolysaccharide of Plesiomonas shigelloides O74:H5 (strain CNCTC 144/92). 1.Structural analysis of the highly hydrophobic lipopolysaccharide, including the O-antigen, its biological repeating unit, the coreoligosaccharide, and the linkage between them. Biochemistry 2006, 45, 10422–10433. Aquilini, E. ; Merino, S. ; Regué, M. ; Tomás, J.M. Genomic and proteomic studies on Plesiomonas shigelloides lipopolysaccharide corebiosynthesis. J. Bacteriol. 2014, 196, 556–567. Pieretti, G. ; Carillo, S. ; Lindner, B. The complete structure of the core of the LPS from Plesiomonas shigelloides 302-73 and theidentification of its O-antigen biological repeating unit. Carbohydr. Res. 2010, 345, 2523–2528. Regue, M. ; Climent, N. ; Abitiu, N. Genetic characterization of the Klebsiella pneumoniae waa gene cluster, involved in corelipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. J. Bacteriol. 2001, 183, 3564–3573. Aquilini, E. ; Azevedo, J. ; Jimenez, N. ; Bouamama, L. ; Tomás, J.M. ; Regué, M. Functional identification of the Proteus mirabilis corelipopolysaccharide biosynthesis genes. J. Bacteriol. 2010, 192, 4413–4424. Coderch, N. ; Piqué, N. ; Lindner, B. Genetic and structural characterization of the core region of the lipopolysaccharide from Serratiamarcescens N28b (serovar O4). J. Bacteriol. 2004, 186, 978–988. Izquierdo, L. ; Abitiu, N. ; Coderch, N. The inner-core lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic waaE gene: Function and genetic distribution amongsome Enterobacteriaceae . Microbiology 2002, 148, 3485–3496. Regué, M. ; Izquierdo, L. ; Fresno, S. A second outer-core region in Klebsiella pneumoniae lipopolysaccharide. J. Bacteriol. 2005, 187,4198–4206. Kubler-Kielb, J. ; Schneerson, R. ; Mocca, C. ; Vinogradov, E. The elucidation of the structure of the core part of the LPS fromPlesiomonas shigelloides serotype O17 expressing O-polysaccharide chain identical to the Shigella sonnei O-chain. Carbohydr. Res.2008, 343, 3123–3127. Batta, G. ; Lipták, A. ; Schneerson, R. ; Pozsgay, V. Conformational stabilization of the altruronic acid residue in the O-specificpolysaccharide of Shigella sonnei/Plesiomonas shigelloides . Carbohydr. Res. 1997, 305, 93–99. Jagger, T.D. Plesiomonas shigelloides—A veterinary perspective. Infect. Dis. Rev. 2000, 2, 199–210. Islam, M.S. ; Alam, M.J. ; Khan, S.I. Distribution of Plesiomonas shigelloides in various components of pond ecosystems in Dhaka,Bangladesh. Microbiol. Immunol. 2013, 35, 927–932. Aldová, E. ; Melter, O. ; Chýle, P. ; Slosárek, M. ; Kodym, P. Plesiomonas shigelloides in water and fish. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health 2000,7, 172–175. Zakhariev, Z.A. Plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from sea water. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 1971, 15, 402–404. Pasquale, V. ; Krovacek, K. Isolamenti di Plesiomonas shigelloides da ambienti marini costieri. Biologi Ital. 2001, 6, 47–50. Miller, M.L. ; Koburger, J.A. Plesiomonas shigelloides: An opportunistic food and waterborne pathogen. J. Food Prot. 1985, 48, 449–457. Medema, G. ; Schets, C. Occurrence of Plesiomonas shigelloides in surface water: Relationship with faecal pollution and trophic state.Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed. 1993, 194, 398–404. Schubert, R. ; Pelz, E. The occurrence of Plesiomonas shigelloides in the water and mud of ponds. Hyg. Med. 1993, 18, 148–152. Farmer, J.J. ; Arduino, M.J. ; Hickman-Brenner, F.W. The genera Aeromonas and Plesiomonas. In: Dworkin, M. ; Falkow, S. ; Rosenberg,E. ; Schleifer, K.-H. ; Stackebrandt, E. , Eds., The Prokaryotes. Springer, New York, 2006, pp. 564–596. Ewing, W.H. ; Hugh, R. ; Johnson, J.G. Studies on the Aeromonas group. US Department of Health, Education. and Welfare,Communicable Disease Center, 1961. Santos, J.A. ; Otero, A. ; García-López, M.-L. Plesiomonas. In: Liu, D. (ed.), Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogens. CRC Press,Boca Raton, FL, 2010, pp. 405–415. Hu, Q. ; Lin, Q. ; Shi, C. [Isolation and identification of a pathogenic Plesiomonas shigelloides from diseased grass carp]. Wei Sheng WuXue Bao 2014, 54, 229–235.

Joh, S.-J. ; Ahn, E.-H. ; Lee, H.-J. ; Shin, G.-W. ; Kwon, J.-H. ; Park, C.-G. Bacterial pathogens and flora isolated from farm-cultured eels(Anguilla japonica) and their environmental waters in Korean eel farms. Vet. Microbiol. 2013, 163, 190–195. Herrera, F. ; Santos, J. ; Otero, A. ; García-López, M.-L. Occurrence of Plesiomonas shigelloides in displayed portions of saltwater fishdetermined by a PCR assay based on the hugA gene. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2006, 108, 233–238. Pereira, C.S. ; Amorim, S.D. ; Santos, A.F.D.M. Plesiomonas shigelloides and Aeromonadaceae family pathogens isolated from marinemammals of Southern and Southeastern Brazilian coast. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2008, 39, 749–755. Miller, M.A. ; Byrne, B.A. ; Jang, S.S. Enteric bacterial pathogen detection in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) is associated withcoastal urbanization and freshwater runoff. Vet. Res. 2010, 41, 1. Nimmervoll, H. ; Wenker, C. ; Robert, N. ; Albini, S. Septicaemia caused by Edwardsiella tarda and Plesiomonas shigelloides in captivepenguin chicks. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. 2013, 153, 117–121. Brenden, R.A. ; Miller, M.A. ; Janda, J.M. Clinical disease spectrum and pathogenic factors associated with Plesiomonas shigelloidesinfections in humans. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1988, 10, 303–316. Pitarangsi, C. ; Echeverria, P. ; Whitmire, R. Enteropathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides: Prevalenceamong individuals with and without diarrhea in Thailand. Infect. Immun. 1982, 35, 666–673. Tsukamoto, T. ; Kinoshita, Y. ; Shimada, T. ; Sakazaki, R. Two epidemics of diarrhoeal disease possibly caused by Plesiomonasshigelloides . J. Hyg. (Lond.) 1978, 80, 275–280. Rutala, W.A. ; Sarubi, F.A. ; Finch, C.S. ; McCormack, J.N. ; Steinkraus, G.E. Oyster-associated outbreak of diarrhoeal disease possiblycaused by Plesiomonas shigelloides . Lancet 1982, 1, 739. Newsom, R. ; Gallois, C. Diarrheal disease caused by Plesiomonas shigelloides . Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 1982, 4, 158–159. Greenlees, K.J. ; Machado, J. ; Bell, T. ; Sundlof, S.F. Food borne microbial pathogens of cultured aquatic species. Vet. Clin. North Am.Food Anim. Pract. 1998, 14, 101–112. Abbott, S.L. ; Janda, J.M. The Enterobacteria, 2nd Edition. American Society of Microbiology: Washington DC, 2006. Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria, College of Medicine, Enugu Campus; Nwokocha, A.R.C. ; Onyemelukwe, N.F.Plesiomonas shigelloides diarrhea in Enugu area of south eastern Nigeria: Incidence, clinical and epidemiological features. IOSRJDMS2014, 13, 68–73. Clark, R.B. ; Janda, J.M. Plesiomonas and human disease. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 1991, 13, 49–52. Holmberg, S.D. ; Wachsmuth, I.K. ; Hickman-Brenner, F.W. ; Blake, P.A. ; Farmer, J.J. Plesiomonas enteric infections in the United States.Ann. Intern. Med. 1986, 105, 690–694. Kain, K.C. ; Kelly, M.T. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Plesiomonas shigelloides from patients with diarrhea. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.1989, 33, 1609–1610. Chen, X. ; Chen, Y. ; Yang, Q. Plesiomonas shigelloides infection in Southeast China. PLOS ONE 2013, 8, e77877-380. Sawle, G.V. ; Das, B.C. ; Acland, P.R. ; Heath, D.A. Fatal infection with Aeromonas sobria and Plesiomonas shigelloides . Brit. Med. J.1986, 292, 525–526. Sinnott, J.T.I.V. ; Turnquest, D.G. ; Milam, M.W. Plesiomonas shigelloides gastroenteritis. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 1989, 11, 103–104. Nolte, F.S. ; Poole, R.M. ; Murphy, G.W. ; Clark, C. ; Panner, B.J. Proctitis and fatal septicemia caused by Plesiomonas shigelloides in abisexual man. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1988, 26, 388–391. Janda, J.M. ; Abbott, S.L. Unusual food-borne pathogens. Listeria monocytogenes, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, and Edwardsiella species.Clin. Lab. Med. 1999, 19, 553–582. Stock, I. Plesiomonas shigelloides. Rev. Med. Microbiol. 2004, 15, 129–139. Woo, P.C.Y. ; Lau, S.K.P. ; Yuen, K.-Y. Biliary tract disease as a risk factor for Plesiomonas shigelloides bacteraemia: A nine-yearexperience in a Hong Kong hospital and review of the literature. New Microbiol. 2005, 28, 45–55. Lee, A.C. ; Yuen, K.Y. ; Ha, S.Y. ; Chiu, D.C. ; Lau, Y.L. Plesiomonas shigelloides septicemia: Case report and literature review. Pediatr.Hematol. Oncol. 1996, 13, 265–269. Xia, F.-Q. ; Liu, P.-N. ; Zhou, Y.-H. Meningoencephalitis caused by Plesiomonas shigelloides in a Chinese neonate: Case report andliterature review. Ital. J. Pediatr. 2015, 41, 3. Aquilini, E. ; Merino, S. ; Tomás, J.M. The Plesiomonas shigelloides wb(O1) gene cluster and the role of O1-antigen LPS in pathogenicity.Microb. Pathog. 2013, 63, 1–7. Borgnia, M. ; Nielsen, S. ; Engel, A. ; Agre, P. Cellular and molecular biology of the aquaporin water channels. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1999,68, 425–458. Matthews, B.G. ; Douglas, H. ; Guiney, D.G. Production of a heat stable enterotoxin by Plesiomonas shigelloides . Microb. Pathog. 1988,5, 207–213. Gardner, S.E. ; Fowlston, S.E. ; George, W.L. In vitro production of cholera toxin-like activity by Plesiomonas shigelloides . J. Infect. Dis.1987, 156, 720–722. Saraswathi, B. ; Agarwal, R.K. ; Sanyal, S.C. Further studies on enteropathogenicity of Plesiomonas shigelloides . Indian J. Med. Res.1983, 78, 12–18. Abbott, S.L. ; Kokka, R.P. ; Janda, J.M. Laboratory investigations on the low pathogenic potential of Plesiomonas shigelloides . J. Clin.Microbiol. 1991, 29, 148–153. Okawa, Y. ; Ohtomo, Y. ; Tsugawa, H. ; Matsuda, Y. ; Kobayashi, H. ; Tsukamoto, T. Isolation and characterization of a cytotoxin producedby Plesiomonas shigelloides P-1 strain. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2004, 239, 125–130. Simidu, U. ; Noguchi, T. ; Hwang, D.F. ; Shida, Y. ; Hashimoto, K. Marine bacteria which produce tetrodotoxin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.1987, 53, 1714–1715. Cheng, C.A. ; Hwang, D.F. ; Tsai, Y.H. Microflora and tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria in a gastropod, Niotha clathrata. Food Chem.Toxicol. 1995, 33, 929–934. Daskaleros, P.A. ; Stoebner, J.A. ; Payne, S.M. Iron uptake in Plesiomonas shigelloides: Cloning of the genes for the heme-iron uptakesystem. Infect. Immun. 1991, 59, 2706–2711. Henderson, D.P. ; Wyckoff, E.E. ; Rashidi, C.E. ; Verlei, H. ; Oldham, A.L. Characterization of the Plesiomonas shigelloides genesencoding the heme iron utilization system. J. Bacteriol. 2001, 183, 2715–2723. Herrington, D.A. ; Tzipori, S. ; Robins-Browne, R.M. ; Tall, B.D. ; Levine, M.M. In vitro and in vivo pathogenicity of Plesiomonasshigelloides . Infect. Immun. 1987, 55, 979–985.

Marshall, D.L. ; Kim, J.J. ; Donnelly, S.P. Antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid-mediated streptomycin resistance of Plesiomonasshigelloides isolated from blue crab. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 2008, 81, 195–200. Cižnár, I. ; Hostacka, A. ; González-Rey, C. ; Krovacek, K. Potential virulence-associated properties of Plesiomonas shigelloides strains.Folia Microbiol. (Praha) 2005, 49, 543–548. Salerno, A. ; Cižnár, I. ; Krovacek, K. Phenotypic characterization and putative virulence factors of human, animal and environmentalisolates of Plesiomonas shigelloides . Folia Microbiol. (Praha) 2011, 55, 641–647. Santos, J.A. ; González, C.J. ; López, T.M. ; Otero, A. ; García-López, M.L. Hemolytic and elastolytic activities influenced by iron inPlesiomonas shigelloides . J. Food Prot. 1999, 62, 1475–1477. Humphries, R.M. ; Linscott, A.J. Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial gastroenteritis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2015, 28, 3–31. Rahim, Z. ; Kay, B.A. Enrichment for Plesiomonas shigelloides from stools. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1988, 26, 789–790. Penn, R.G. ; Giger, D.K. ; Knoop, F.C. ; Preheim, L.C. Plesiomonas shigelloides overgrowth in the small intestine. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1982,15, 869–872. Holmberg, S.D. ; Farmer, J.J. Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides as causes of intestinal infections. Rev. Infect. Dis.1984, 6, 633–639. Abbott, S.L. Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, Plesiomonas, and other Enterobacteriaceae . In: Murray, P.R. (ed.), Manual ofClinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. American Society of Microbiology: Wahington DC, 2011, pp. 639–657. von Graevenitz, A. ; Bucher, C. Evaluation of differential and selective media for isolation of Aeromonas and Plesiomonas spp. fromhuman feces. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1983, 17, 16–21. Janda, J.M. Family I. Enterobacteriaceae, genus XXVII. Plesiomonas Habs and Schubert 1962. In Bergey's Manual of SystematicBacteriology, 2nd Edition. Brenner, D.J. ; Krieg, N.R. ; Staley, J.T. , Eds., Springer, New York, NY, 2005, Vol 2, pp. 740–744. Krovacek, K. ; Eriksson, L.M. ; González-Rey, C. ; Rosinsky, J. ; Ciznar, I. Isolation, biochemical and serological characterization ofPlesiomonas shigelloides from freshwater in Northern Europe. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2000, 23, 45–51. Kolínská, R. ; Dřevínek, M. ; Aldová, E. ; Žemličková, H. Identification of Plesiomonas spp.: Serological and MALDI-TOF MS methods.Folia Microbiol. (Praha) 2011, 55, 669–672. O'Ryan, M. ; Prado, V. ; Pickering, L.K. A millennium update on pediatric diarrheal illness in the developing world. Semin. Pediatr. Infect.Dis. 2005, 16, 125–136. Wiegand, I. ; Burak, S. Effect of inoculum density on susceptibility of Plesiomonas shigelloides to cephalosporins. J. Antimicrob.Chemother. 2004, 54, 418–423. Avison, M.B. ; Bennett, P.M. ; Walsh, T.R. beta-lactamase expression in Plesiomonas shigelloides . J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2000, 45,877–880. Stock, I. ; Wiedemann, B. Natural antimicrobial susceptibilities of Plesiomonas shigelloides strains. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2001, 48,803–811. Stock, I. Natural antimicrobial susceptibilities of Plesiomonas shigelloides strains. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2001, 48, 803–811. Bravo, F.L. ; Correa, M.Y. ; Clausell, I.J.F. Caracterización de factores de virulencia y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en cepas dePlesiomonas shigelloides aisladas de pacientes con diarrea aguda en Cuba. Rev. Chilena Infectol. 2009, 26, 233–238. Ingham, S.C. Growth of Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides on cooked crayfish tails during cold storage under air,vacuum, and a modified atmosphere. J. Food Prot. 1990, 53, 665–667. Miller, M.L. ; Koburger, J.A. Tolerance of Plesiomonas shigelloides to pH, sodium chloride and Temperature 1. J. Food Prot. 1986, 49,877–879. Public Health Agency of Canada . Plesiomonas Shigelloides, Pathogen Safety Data Sheet—Infectious Substances. Public Health Agencyof Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 2012. (available at https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/plesiomonas-shigelloides.html?wbdisable=true)

Proteus Janda JM , Abbott SL . 2006. The Enterobacteriaceae. ASM Press, Washington, DC, 233–259. Manos J , Belas R . 2006. The genera Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella . In: Dworkin M , Falkow S , Rosenberg E , Schleifer KH ,Stackebrandt E (eds) The Prokariotes (3rd edn). Springer, New York. 245–269. Dauga C . 2002. Evolution of the gyrB gene and the molecular phylogeny of Enterobacteriaceae: A model molecule for molecularsystematic studies. Int J System Evol Microbiol. 52(2), 531–547. Brenner DJ , Farmer III JJ , Fanning GR 1978. Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness of Proteus and Providencia species. Int J Syst Bacteriol.28(2), 269–282. Giammanco GM , Grimont PA , Grimont F , Lefevre M , Giammanco G , Pignato S . 2011. Phylogenetic analysis of the genera Proteus,Morganella, and Providencia by comparison of rpoB gene sequence of type and clinical strains suggests the reclassification of Proteusmyxofaciens in a new genus, Cosenzaea gen. nov., as Cosenzaea myxofaciens comb. nov. Int J System Evol Microbiol. 61(7),1638–1644. O'Hara CM , Brenner FW , Miller JM . 2000. Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella .Clin Microbiol. 13(4), 534–546. O'Hara CM , Brenner FW , Steigerwalt AG 2000. Classification of Proteus vulgaris biogroup 3 with recognition of Proteus hauseri sp. nov.,nom. rev. and unnamed Proteus genomospecies 4, 5 and 6. Int J System Evol Microbiol. 50(5), 1869–1875. Wenner JJ , Rettger LF . 1919. A systematic study of the Proteus group of bacteria. J Bacteriol. 4(4), 331. Różalski A , Stączek P . 2010. Proteus. In: Liu D (ed.) Molecular Detection of Human Bacterial Pathogens. Taylor and Francis Group, CRCPress, Boca Raton, FL, 981–996. Mansy MSM , Fadl AA , Ashour MSE , Kha MI . 1999. Amplification of Proteus mirabilis chromosomal DNA using the polymerase chainreaction. Mol Cell Probes. 13(2), 133–140. Allison C , Hughes C . 1991. Bacterial swarming: An example of prokaryotic differentiation and multicellular behaviour. Sci Prog. 75,403–422.

Belas R . 1992. The swarming phenomenon of Proteus mirabilis . Am Soc Microbiol News. 58(1), 15–22. Verstraeten N , Brekanen K , Debkumari B 2008. Living on a surface: Swarming and biofilm formation. Trends Microbiol. 16(10), 496. Belas R , Suvanasuthi R . 2005. The ability of Proteus mirabilis to sense surfaces and regulate virulence gene expression involves FliL, aflagellar basal body protein. J Bacteriol. 187(19), 6789–6803. Morgenstein RM , Szostek B , Rather PN . 2010. Regulation of gene expression during swarmer cell differentiation in Proteus mirabilis .FEMS Microbiol Rev. 34(5), 753–763. Allison C , Lai HC , Hughes C . 1993. Cell differentiation of Proteus mirabilis is initiated by glutamine, a specific chemoattractant forswarming cells. Mol Microbiol. 8(1), 53–60. Armbruster CE , Mobley HLT . 2012. Merging mythology and morphology: The multifaceted lifestyle of Proteus mirabilis . Nat RevMicrobiol. 10(11), 743–754. Chow AW , Taylor PR , Yoshikawa TT , Guze LB . 1979. A nosocomial outbreak of infection due to multiply resistant Proteus mirabilis:Role of intestinal colonization as a major reservoir. J Infect Dis. 139(6), 621–627. Adler JL , Burke JP , Martin DF , Finland M . 1971. Proteus infections in a general hospital. I. Biochemical characteristics and antibioticsusceptibility of the organisms. With special reference to proticine typing and the Dienes phenomenon. Ann Intern Med. 75(4), 517–530. Adler JL , Burke JP , Martin DF , Finland M . 1971. Proteus infections in a general hospital. II. Some clinical and epidemiologiccharacteristic. With an analysis of 71 cases of Proteus bacteremia. Ann Intern Med. 75(4), 531–536. Melzer M , Welch C . 2013. Outcomes in UK patients with hospital-acquired bacteraemia and the risk of catheter-associated urinary tractinfections. Postgrad Med J. 89(1052), 329–334. Butkevich OM , Vinogradova TL . 1998. Hospital infectious endocarditis and endocarditis in drug addicts. Ter Arkh. 70(8), 56–58. Isenstein D , Honig E . 1990. Proteus vulgaris empyema and increased pleural fluid pH. Chest. 97(2), 511. Marx AC , Hartshorne MF , Stull MA , Truwit CL . 1988. Case report 496: Intraosseus gas in Proteus mirabilis osteomyelitis complicatingbone infarcts in sickle cell disease. Skeletal Radiol. 17(7), 510–513. Wilson C , Thakore A , Isenberg D , Ebringer A . 1997. Correlation between anti-Proteus antibodies and isolation rates of Proteus mirabilisin rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 16(5), 187–189. Stock I . 2003. Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Proteus spp., with special reference to P. mirabilis and P. penneri strains. J Chemother.15(1), 12–26. Ahn JY , Ann HW , Jeon Y . 2017. The impact of production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases on the 28-day mortality rate of patientswith Proteus mirabilis bacteremia in Korea. BMC Infect Dis. 17(1), 327. Bloch J , Lemaire X , Legout L , Ferriby D , Yazdanpanah Y , Senneville E . 2011. Brain abscesses during Proteus vulgaris bacteremia.Neurol Sci. 32(4), 661–663. Wang S , Duan H , Zhang W , Li JW . 2007. Analysis of bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks in China between 1994 and 2005. FEMSImmunol Med Microbiol. 51(1), 8–13. Al-Mutairi MF . 2011. The Incidence of Enterobacteriaceae causing food poisoning in some meat products. Adv J Food Sci Technol. 3(2),116–121. Hemat MI , Amani MS , Amin RA , Maysa ME . 2012. Pilot study on food poisoning bacteria of quail meat. In Proceedings of the 5thScientific Conference of Animal Wealth Research in the Middle East and North Africa, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt,October 1–3, 2012 (pp. 200–210). Massive Conferences and Trade Fairs. Cooper KE , Davies J , Wiseman J . 2005. An investigation of an outbreak of food poisoning associated with organisms of the Proteusgroup. J Pathol Bacteriol. 52(1), 91–98. Gritsenko VK , Bryzgalov FI , Sobolev IN . 1970. An outbreak of food poisoning caused by Proteus . Gig Sanit. 35(3), 90–91. Tomasoffova A , Bindas B , Novacka L . 1965. Outbreak of toxicoinfective food poisoning due to one serotype of P. hauseri, biotype P.miraballis . J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 9(1), 54–59. Zietze HJ . 1984. Illnesses following consumption of communal provisions caused by mixed infection with Proteus bacteria and theircauses. Z Gesamte Hyg. 30(4), 224–225. Wang Y , Zhang S , Yu J 2010. An outbreak of Proteus mirabilis food poisoning associated with eating stewed pork balls in brown sauce,Beijing. Food Control. 21(3), 302–305. Bryan F . 1989. Epidemiology of foodborne diseases transmitted by fish, shellfish and marine crustaceans in the United States,1970–1978. J Food Prot. 43(11), 859–876. Norsworthy AN , Pearson MM . 2016. From catheter to kidney stone: The uropathogenic lifestyle of Proteus mirabilis . Trends Microbiol.25(4), 304–315. Kim BN , Kim NJ , Kim MN , Kim YS , Woo JH , Ryu J . 2003. Bacteraemia due to tribe Proteeae: A review of 132 cases during a decade(1991–2000). Scand J Infect Dis. 35(2), 98–103. Drzewiecka D . 2016. Significance and roles of Proteus spp. bacteria in natural environments. Microbial Ecol. 72(4), 741–758. Nielubowicz GR , Mobley HL . 2010. Host–pathogen interactions in urinary tract infection. Nature Rev Urol. 7(8), 430–441. Pearson MM , Sebaihia M , Churcher C 2008. Complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis, a master of bothadherence and motility. J Bacteriol. 190(11), 4027–4037. Pellegrino R , Scavone P , Umpiérrez A , Maskell DJ , Zunino P . 2013. Proteus mirabilis uroepithelial cell adhesin (UCA) fimbria plays arole in the colonization of the urinary tract. Pathog Dis. 67(2), 104–107. Zunino P , Sosa V , Allen AG , Preston A , Schlapp G , Maskell DJ . 2003. Proteus mirabilis fimbriae (PMF) are important for both bladderand kidney colonization in mice. Microbiology. 149(11), 3231–3237. Rocha SP , Elias WP , Cianciarullo AM 2007. Aggregative adherence of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis to cultured epithelial cells. FEMSImmunol Med Microbiol. 51(2), 319–326. Jansen AM , Lockatell V , Johnson DE , Mobley HL . 2004. Mannose-resistant Proteus-like fimbriae are produced by most Proteusmirabilis strains infecting the urinary tract, dictate the in vivo localization of bacteria, and contribute to biofilm formation. Infect Immun.72(12), 7294–7305. Scavone P , Villar S , Umpiérrez A , Zunino P . 2015. Role of Proteus mirabilis MR/P fimbriae and flagella in adhesion, cytotoxicity andgenotoxicity induction in T24 and Vero cells. Pathog Dis. 73(4), ftv017. Li X , Rasko DA , Lockatell CV , Johnson DE , Mobley HL . 2001. Repression of bacterial motility by a novel fimbrial gene product. EMBOJ. 20(17), 4854–4862.

Massad G , Mobley HL . 1994. Genetic organization and complete sequence of the Proteus mirabilis pmf fimbrial operon. Gene. 150(1),101–104. Zunino P , Geymonat L , Allen AG , Legnani-Fajardo C , Maskell DJ . 2000. Virulence of a Proteus mirabilis ATF isogenic mutant is notimpaired in a mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 29(2), 137–143. Wooldridge KG , Williams PH . 1993. Iron uptake mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 12(4), 325–348. Piccini CD , Barbe FM , Legnani-Fajardo CL . 1998. Identification of iron-regulated outer membrane proteins in uropathogenic Proteusmirabilis and its relationship with heme uptake. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 166(2), 243–248. Lima A , Zunino P , D'alessandro B , Piccini C . 2007. An iron-regulated outer-membrane protein of Proteus mirabilis is a haem receptorthat plays an important role in urinary tract infection and in in vivo growth. J Med Microbiol. 56(12), 1600–1607. Pearson MM , Mobley HL . 2008. Repression of motility during fimbrial expression: Identification of 14 mrpJ gene paralogues in Proteusmirabilis . Mol Microbiol. 69(2), 548–558. Flannery EL , Mody L , Mobley HL . 2009. Identification of a modular pathogenicity island, i.e., widespread among urease-producinguropathogens and shares features with a diverse group of mobile elements. Infect Immun. 77(11), 4887–4894. Himpsi SD , Pearson MM , Arewang CJ , Nusca TD , Sherman DH , Mobley HLT . 2010. Proteobactin and a yersiniabactin-relatedsiderophore mediate iron acquisition in Proteus mirabilis . Molec Microbiol. 78(1), 138–157. Jacobsen SM , Stickler DJ , Mobley HLT , Shirtliff ME . 2008. Complicated catheter associated urinary tract infections due to Escherichiacoli and Proteus mirabilis . Clin Microbiol Rev. 21, 26–59. Griffith DP , Musher DÁ , Itin C . 1976. Urease. The primary cause of infection-induced urinary stones. Invest Urol. 13(5), 346–350. Flores-Mireles AL , Walker JN , Caparon M , Hultgren SJ . 2015. Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection andtreatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol. 13(5), 269–284. Li X , Zhao H , Lockatell CV , Drachenberg CB , Johnson DE , Mobley HL . 2002. Visualization of Proteus mirabilis within the matrix ofurease-induced bladder stones during experimental urinary tract infection. Infect Immun. 70(1), 389–394. Coker C , Poore CA , Li X , Mobley HL . 2000. Pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis urinary tract infection. Microbes Infect. 2(12), 1497–1505. Stankowska D , Kwinkowski M , Kaca W . 2008. Quantification of Proteus mirabilis virulence factors and modulation by acylatedhomoserine lactones. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 41(3), 243–253. Belas R , Schneider R , Melch M . 1998. Characterization of Proteus mirabilis precocious swarming mutants: Identification of rsbA,encoding a regulator of swarming behavior. J Bacteriol. 180(23), 6126–6139. Bainton NJ , Bycroft BW , Chhabra SR 1992. A general role for the lux autoinducer in bacterial cell signalling: Control of antibioticbiosynthesis in Erwinia . Gene. 116(1), 87–91. Schneider R , Lockatell CV , Johnson D , Belas R . 2002. Detection and mutation of a luxS-encoded autoinducer in Proteus mirabilis .Microbiology. 148(3), 773–782. Sturgill G , Rather PN . 2004. Evidence that putrescine acts as an extracellular signal required for swarming in Proteus mirabilis . MolMicrobiol. 51(2), 437–446. Vinogradov E , Perry MB . 2000. Structural analysis of the core region of lipopolysaccharides from Proteus mirabilis serotypes O6, O48and O57. Eur J Biochem. 267(8), 2439–2447. Pearson MM , Yep A , Smith SN , Mobley HLT . 2011. Transcriptome of Proteus mirabilis in the murine urinary tract: Virulence andnitrogen assimilation gene expression. Infect Immun. 79(7), 2619–2631. Alamuri P , Mobley HL . 2008. A novel autotransporter of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis is both a cytotoxin and an agglutinin. MolMicrobiol. 68(4), 997–1017. Senior BW , Loomes LM , Kerr MA . 1991. The production and activity in vivo of Proteus mirabilis IgA protease in infections of the urinarytract. J Med Microbiol. 35(4), 203–207. Walker KE , Moghaddame-Jafari S , Lockatell CV , Johnson D , Belas R . 1999. ZapA, the IgA-degrading metalloprotease of Proteusmirabilis, is a virulence factor expressed specifically in swarmer cells. Mol Microbiol. 32(4), 825–836. Simões LC , Simões M , Vieira MJ . 2010. Adhesion and biofilm formation on polystyrene by drinking water-isolated bacteria. AntonieLeeuwenhoek. 98(3), 317–329. Lindsay D , Von Holy A . 2006. Bacterial biofilms within the clinical setting: What healthcare professionals should know. J Hosp Infect.64(4), 313–325. Kiskó G , Szabó-Szabó O . 2011. Biofilm removal of Pseudomonas strains using hot water sanitation. Acta Univ Sapientiae, Alimentaria. 4,69–79. Hall-Stoodley L , Costerton JW , Stoodley P . 2004. Bacterial biofilms: From the natural environment to infectious diseases. Nature RevMicrobiol. 2(2), 95–108. Costerton JW , Stewart PS , Greenberg EP . 1999. Bacterial biofilms: A common cause of persistent infections. Science. 284(5418),1318–1322. O'Toole G , Kaplan HB , Kolter R . 2000. Biofilm formation as microbial development. Annu Rev Microbiol. 54(1), 49–79. Belas R , Goldman M , Ashliman K . 1995. Genetic analysis of Proteus mirabilis mutants defective in swarmer cell elongation. J Bacteriol.177(3), 823–828. Morgenstein RM , Clemmer KM , Rather PN . 2010. Loss of the waaL O-antigen ligase prevents surface activation of the flagellar genecascade in Proteus mirabilis . J Bacteriol. 192(12), 3213–3221. Schlapp G , Scavone P , Zunino P , Härtel S . 2011. Development of 3D architecture of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis batch culturebiofilms—A quantitative confocal microscopy approach. J Microbiol Methods. 87(2), 234–240. Jones SM , Yerly J , Hu Y , Ceri H , Martinuzzi R . 2007. Structure of Proteus mirabilis biofilms grown in artificial urine and standardlaboratory media. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 268(1), 16–21. Stickler DJ , Zimakoff J . 1994. Complications of urinary tract infections associated with devices used for long-term bladder management. JHosp Infect. 28(3), 177–194. Costas M , Holmes B , Frith KA , Riddle C , Hawkey PM . 1993. Identification and typing of Proteus penneri and Proteus vulgaris biogroups2 and 3, from clinical sources, by computerized analysis of electrophoretic protein patterns. J Appl Bacteriol. 75(5), 489–498. Holmes B , Costas M , Wood AC . 1991. Typing of Proteus mirabilis from clinical sources by computerized analysis of electrophoreticprotein patterns. J Appl Bacteriol. 71(5), 467–466. Kappos T , John MA , Hussain Z , Valvano MA . 1992. Outer membrane protein profiles and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysisfor differentiation of clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris . J Clin Microbiol. 30(10), 2632–2637.

Baron EJ . 2001. Rapid identification of bacteria and yeast: Summary of a national committee for clinical laboratory standards proposedguideline. Clin Infect Dis. 33(2), 220–225. Piccolomini R , Cellini L , Allocati N , Di Girolama A , Ravagnan G . 1987. Comparative in vitro activities of 13 antimicrobial agents againstMorganella-Proteus-Providencia group bacteria from urinary tract infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 31(10), 1644–1647. Sirot DL , Goldstein FW , Soussy CJ 1992. Resistance to cefotaxime and seven other beta-lactams in members of the familyEnterobacteriaceae: A 3-year survey in France. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 36(8), 1677–1681. Mutnick AH , Turner PJ , Jones RN . 2002. Emerging antimicrobial resistances among Proteus mirabilis in Europe: Report from theMYSTIC program (1997–2001). J Chemother. 14(3), 253–258. Luzzaro F , Perilli M , Amicosante G . 2001. Properties of multidrug-resistant, ESBL-producing Proteus mirabilis isolates and possible roleof beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 17(2), 131–135. Chanal C , Bonnet R , De Champs C , Sirot D , Labia R , Sirot J . 2000. Prevalence of ß-lactamases among 1,072 clinical strains ofProteus mirabilis: A 2-year survey in a French hospital. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 44(7), 1930–1935. Karlowsky JA , Jones ME , Thornsberry C , Friedland IR , Sahm DF . 2003. Trends in antimicrobial susceptibilities amongEnterobacteriaceae isolated from hospitalized patients in the United States from 1998 to 2001. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 47(5),1672–1680. Doern GV . 1995. The in vitro activity of cefotaxime versus bacteria involved in selected infections of hospitalized patients outside of theintensive care unit. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 22(1–2), 13–17. Fernandes CJ , Ackerman VP . 1990. In vitro studies of ciprofloxacin and survey of resistance patterns in current isolates. Diagn MicrobiolInfect Dis. 13(2), 79–91. Fuksa M , Krajden S , Lee A . 1984. Susceptibilities of 45 clinical isolates to Proteus penneri . Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 26(3),419–420. Jones RN , Pfaller MA , Allen SD , Gerlach EH , Fuchs FC , Aldridge KE . 1991. Antimicrobial activity of cefpirome. An update compared tofive third-generation cephalosporins against nearly 6000 recent clinical isolates from five medical centers. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 14(4),361–364. Kessler RE , Fung-Tomc J . 1996. Susceptibility of bacterial isolates to beta-lactam antibiotics from U.S. clinical trials over a 5-year-period.Am J Med. 100(6), S13–S19. Prosser BLT , Beskid G . 1995. Multicenter in vitro comparative study of fluoroquinolones against 25,129 gram-positive and gram-negativeclinical isolates. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 21(1), 33–45. Thornsberry C . 1994. Susceptibility of clinical bacterial isolates to ciprofloxacin in the United States. Infection. 22, S80–S89. O'Hanley P . 1996. Prospects for urinary tract infection vaccines. In: Warren JW , Mobley HL , (eds) Urinary Tract Infections: MolecularPathogenesis and Clinical Management. ASM Press, Washington, DC, 405–425. Pazin GJ , Braude AI . 1969. Immobilizing antibodies in pyelonephritis. J Immunol. 102(6), 1454–1465. Legnani-Fajardo C , Zunino P , Algorta G , Laborde HF . 1991. Antigenic and immunogenic activity of flagella and fimbriae preparationsfrom uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis . Can J Microbiol. 37(4), 325–328. Alamuri P , Eaton KA , Himpsl SD , Smith SN , Mobley HL . 2009. Vaccination with proteus toxic agglutinin, a hemolysin-independentcytotoxin in vivo, protects against Proteus mirabilis urinary tract infection. Infect Immun. 77(2), 632–641. Li X , Lockatell CV , Johnson DE , Lane MC , Warren JW , Mobley HL . 2004. Development of an intranasal vaccine to prevent urinary tractinfection by Proteus mirabilis . Infect Immun. 72(1), 66–75. Scavone P , Miyoshi A , Rial A 2007. Intranasal immunisation with recombinant Lactococcus lactis displaying either anchored or secretedforms of Proteus mirabilis MrpA fimbrial protein confers specific immune response and induces a significant reduction of kidney bacterialcolonisation in mice. Microb Infect. 9(7), 821–828. Scavone P , Sosa V , Pellegrino R , Galvalisi U , Zunino P . 2004. Mucosal vaccination of mice with recombinant Proteus mirabilisstructural fimbrial proteins. Microb Infect. 6(9), 853–860. Habibi M , Karam MRA , Shokrgozar MA , Oloomi M , Jafari A , Bouzari S . 2015. Intranasal immunization with fusion protein MrpHFimHand MPL adjuvant confers protection against urinary tract infections caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis . MolImmunol. 64(2), 285–294. Pearson MM , Sebaihia M , Churcher C 2008. Complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis, a master of bothadherence and motility. J Bacteriol. 190(11), 4027–4037.

Pseudomonas World Health Organization (WHO) . WHO Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases: Foodborne Disease BurdenEpidemiology Reference Group 2007–2015. WHO, Geneva. Sutter VL . Identification of Pseudomonas species isolated from hospital environment and human sources. Appl Microbiol.1968;16(10):1532–1538. Chakravarty S , Anderson GG . 21 The genus Pseudomonas . In: Goldman E , Green LH . (eds) Practical Handbook of Microbiology June4, 2015 by CRC Press, ISBN 9781466587397. Cai X , Wang R , Filloux A , Waksman G , Meng G . Structural and functional characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa CupBchaperones. PLoS One. 2011;6(1):e16583. Moore ERB , Tindall BJ , Martins Dos Santos VAP , Pieper DH , Ramos J-L , Palleroni NJ . Nonmedical: Pseudomonas . In: Dworkin M ,Falkow S , Rosenberg E , Schleifer K-H , Stackebrandt E (eds). The Prokaryotes: Volume 6: Proteobacteria: Gamma Subclass. New York,NY: Springer; 2006. p. 646–703. Ozen AI , Ussery DW . Defining the Pseudomonas genus: Where do we draw the line with Azotobacter? Microb Ecol. 2012;63(2):239–248. Sawa T , Wiener-Kronish JP . A therapeutic strategy against the shared virulence mechanism utilized by both Yersinia pestis andPseudomonas aeruginosa . Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2004;22(3):591–606. Meliani A , Bensoltane A . Review of Pseudomonas attachment and biofilm formation in food industry. Poult Fish Wildl Sci. 2015;3:126. Hoiby N , Bjarnsholt T , Givskov M , Molin S , Ciofu O . Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms. Int J Antimicrob Agents.2010;35(4):322–332.

Jensen PO , Givskov M , Bjarnsholt T , Moser C . The immune system vs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. FEMS Immunol MedMicrobiol. 2010;59(3):292–305. Chen J , Rossman ML , Pawar DM . Attachment of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli to the surface of beef and a culture medium. FoodSci Technol. 2007;40(2):249–254. Jessen B , Lammert L . Biofilm and disinfection in meat processing plants. Int Biodeter Biodegrad. 2003;51(4):265–269. Palleroni NJ . The Pseudomonas story. Environ Microbiol. 2010;12(6):1377–1383. Migula W . Ueber ein neues System der Bakterien. Arb Bakteriol Inst Technisch Hochsch Karlsruhe. 1895;1:235–238. Palleroni NJ . Introduction to the family Pseudomonadaceae, p. 655–665. In: Starr MP , Stolp H , Triiper HG , Balows A , Schlegel HG(eds.), The prokaryotes. A handbook on habitats, isolation, and identification of bacteria. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1981, 317–335. Franzetti L , Scarpellini M . Characterisation of Pseudomonas spp. isolated from foods. Ann Microbiol. 2007;57(1):39–47. Peix A , Ramirez-Bahena MH , Velazquez E . Historical evolution and current status of the taxonomy of genus Pseudomonas . InfectGenet Evol. 2009;9(6):1132–1147. Stead DE . Grouping of plant-pathogenic and some other Pseudomonas spp. by using cellular fatty acid profiles. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol.1992;42(2):281–295. Palleroni NJ , Kunisawa R , Contopoulou R , Doudoroff M . Nucleic acid homologies in the genus Pseudomonas . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol.1973;23(4):333–339. Palleroni NJ . The road to the taxonomy of Pseudomonas . In: Cornelis P (ed). Pseudomonas: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Norfolk,UK: Caister Academic Press; 2008, pp. 1–18. Hohnadel D , Meyer JM . Specificity of pyoverdine-mediated iron uptake among fluorescent Pseudomonas strains. J Bacteriol.1988;170(10):4865–4873. Porras-Gómez M , Vega-Baudrit J . Overview of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and novel therapeutic approaches. J BiomatNanobiotechnol. 2012;3(04):519. Chen W , Hu H , Zhang C , Huang F , Zhang D , Zhang H . Adaptation response of Pseudomonas fragi on refrigerated solid matrix to amoderate electric field. BMC Microbiol. 2017;17(1):32. Dasgupta N , Arora SK , Ramphal R . fleN, a gene that regulates flagellar number in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . J Bacteriol.2000;182(2):357–364. Bucior I , Pielage JF , Engel JN . Pseudomonas aeruginosa pili and flagella mediate distinct binding and signaling events at the apical andbasolateral surface of airway epithelium. PLOS Pathog. 2012;8(4):e1002616. Shinoda S , Okamoto K . Formation and function of Vibrio parahaemolyticus lateral flagella. J Bacteriol. 1977;129(3):1266–1271. LaBauve AE , Wargo MJ . Growth and laboratory maintenance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Curr Protoc Microbiol. 2012; 0 6: Unit 6E. 1. Meyer JM , Geoffroy VA , Baida N , Gardan L , Izard D , Lemanceau P , Achouak W , Palleroni NJ . Siderophore typing, a powerful tool forthe identification of fluorescent and nonfluorescent pseudomonads. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68(6):2745–2753. Meyer JM . Pyoverdines: Pigments, siderophores and potential taxonomic markers of fluorescent Pseudomonas species. Arch Microbiol.2000;174(3):135–142. Totter JR , Moseley FT . Influence of the concentration of iron on the production of fluorescin by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . J Bacteriol.1953;65(1):45–47. Meyer J-M , Stintzi A . Iron metabolism and siderophores in Pseudomonas and related species. In: Pseudomonas. Springer; 1998. p.201–243. Hugh R . Gilardi GL . Pseudomonas . In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 1980. p. 288–317. Fuchs R , Schafer M , Geoffroy V , Meyer JM . Siderotyping—A powerful tool for the characterization of pyoverdines. Curr Top Med Chem.2001;1(1):31–57. King EO , Ward MK , Raney DE . Two simple media for the demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescin. J Lab Clin Med.1954;44(2):301–307. Gould WD , Hagedorn C , Bardinelli TR , Zablotowicz RM . New selective media for enumeration and recovery of fluorescentpseudomonads from various habitats. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985;49(1):28–32. Garibaldi JA . Media for the enhancement of fluorescent pigment production by Pseudomonas species. J Bacteriol. 1967;94(5):1296–1299. Barrett EL , Solanes RE , Tang JS , Palleroni NJ . Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar V: Its resolution into distinct component groups andthe relationship of these groups to other P. fluorescens biovars, to P. putida, and to psychrotrophic pseudomonads associated with foodspoilage. J Gen Microbiol. 1986;132(10):2709–2721. Wong V , Levi K , Baddal B , Turton J , Boswell TC . Spread of Pseudomonas fluorescens due to contaminated drinking water in a bonemarrow transplant unit. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(6):2093–2096. Eckmanns T , Oppert M , Martin M , Amorosa R , Zuschneid I , Frei U , Rüden H , Weist K . An outbreak of hospital-acquiredPseudomonas aeruginosa infection caused by contaminated bottled water in intensive care units. Clin Microbiol Infect.2008;14(5):454–458. Srinivasan A , Wolfenden LL , Song X , Mackie K , Hartsell TL , Jones HD , Diette GB An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infectionsassociated with flexible bronchoscopes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(3):221–227. Reuter S , Sigge A , Wiedeck H , Trautmann M . Analysis of transmission pathways of Pseudomonas aeruginosa between patients and tapwater outlets. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(10):2222–2228. Trautmann M , Lepper PM , Haller M . Ecology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intensive care unit and the evolving role of water outletsas a reservoir of the organism. Am J Infect Control. 2005;33(5 Suppl 1):S41–S49. Banerjee D , Stableforth D . The treatment of respiratory Pseudomonas infection in cystic fibrosis: What drug and which way? Drugs.2000;60(5):1053–1064. Rossolini GM , Mantengoli E . Treatment and control of severe infections caused by multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa . ClinMicrobiol Infect. 2005;11(Suppl 4):17–32. Smith EE , Buckley DG , Wu Z , Saenphimmachak C , Hoffman LR , D’Argenio DA , Miller SI Genetic adaptation by Pseudomonasaeruginosa to the airways of cystic fibrosis patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(22):8487–8492. Mena A , Smith EE , Burns JL , Speert DP , Moskowitz SM , Perez JL , Oliver A . Genetic adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to theairways of cystic fibrosis patients is catalyzed by hypermutation. J Bacteriol. 2008;190(24):7910–7917. Hogardt M , Hoboth C , Schmoldt S , Henke C , Bader L , Heesemann J . Stage-specific adaptation of hypermutable Pseudomonasaeruginosa isolates during chronic pulmonary infection in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Infect Dis. 2007;195(1):70–80.

Tingpej P , Smith L , Rose B , Zhu H , Conibear T , Al Nassafi K , Manos J Phenotypic characterization of clonal and nonclonalPseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from lungs of adults with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(6):1697–1704. Sutherland R , Boon RJ , Griffin KE , Masters PJ , Slocombe B , White AR . Antibacterial activity of mupirocin (pseudomonic acid), a newantibiotic for topical use. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985;27(4):495–498. Burr TJ , Schroth MN , Suslow T . Increased potato yields by treatment of seedpieces with specific strains of Pseudomonas fluorescensand P. putida . Phytopatho 1978;68:1377. Howell CR , Stipanovic RD . Suppression of Pythium ultimum-induced damping-off of cotton seedlings by Pseudomonas fluorescens andits antibiotic, pyoluteorin. Phytopathology. 1980;70(8):712–715. Keel C , Voisard C , Berling CH , Kahr G , Defago Gl . Iron sufficiency, a prerequisite for the suppression of tobacco black root rot byPseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA 0 under gnotobiotic conditions. Phytopathology. 1989;79(5):584–589. Suslow TV . Growth and yield enhancement of sugarbeets by pelleting seed with specific Pseudomonas spp. (abstract). Phytopathol News1980;12:40. Manjula K , Kishore GK , Girish AG , Singh SD . Combined application of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride has animproved biocontrol activity against stem rot in groundnut. Plant Pathol J. 2004;20(1):75–80. Hoffland E , Hakulinen J , Van Pelt JA . Comparison of systemic resistance induced by avirulent and nonpathogenic Pseudomonasspecies. Phytopathology. 1996;86(7):757–762. Wei G , Kloepper JW , Tuzun S . Induced systemic resistance to cucumber diseases and increased plant growth by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under field conditions. Phytopathology. 1996;86(2):221–224. Bashan Y . Migration of the rhizosphere bacteria Azospirillum brusilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens towards wheat roots in the soil.Microbiology. 1986;132(12):3407–3414. Gardner JM , Chandler JL , Feldman AW . Growth promotion and inhibition by antibiotic-producing fluorescent pseudomonads on citrusroots. Plant Soil. 1984;77(1):103–113. Gibaud M , Martin-Dupont P , Dominguez M , Laurentjoye P , Chassaing B , Leng B . [Pseudomonas fluorescens septicemia followingtransfusion of contaminated blood]. Presse Med. 1984;13(42):2583–2584. Khabbaz RF , Arnow PM , Highsmith AK , Herwaldt LA , Chou T , Jarvis WR , Lerche NW , Allen JR . Pseudomonas fluorescensbacteremia from blood transfusion. Am J Med. 1984;76(1):62–68. Murray AE , Bartzokas CA , Shepherd AJ , Roberts FM . Blood transfusion-associated Pseudomonas fluorescens septicaemia: Is this anincreasing problem? J Hosp Infect. 1987;9(3):243–248. Pittman M . A study of bacteria implicated in transfusion reactions and of bacteria isolated from blood products. J Lab Clin Med.1953;42(2):273–288. Hsueh PR , Teng LJ , Pan HJ , Chen YC , Sun CC , Ho SW , Luh KT . Outbreak of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteremia among oncologypatients. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36(10):2914–2917. Scott J , Boulton FE , Govan JR , Miles RS , McClelland DB , Prowse CV . A fatal transfusion reaction associated with blood contaminatedwith Pseudomonas fluorescens . Vox Sang. 1988;54(4):201–204. Gershman MD , Kennedy DJ , Noble-Wang J , Kim C , Gullion J , Kacica M , Jensen B Multistate outbreak of Pseudomonas fluorescensbloodstream infection after exposure to contaminated heparinized saline flush prepared by a compounding pharmacy. Clin Infect Dis.2008;47(11):1372–1379. Scales BS , Dickson RP , LiPuma JJ , Huffnagle GB . Microbiology, genomics, and clinical significance of the Pseudomonas fluorescensspecies complex, an unappreciated colonizer of humans. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(4):927–948. Landers CJ , Cohavy O , Misra R , Yang H , Lin YC , Braun J , Targan SR . Selected loss of tolerance evidenced by Crohn's disease-associated immune responses to auto- and microbial antigens. Gastroenterology. 2002;123(3):689–699. Arnott ID , Landers CJ , Nimmo EJ , Drummond HE , Smith BK , Targan SR , Satsangi J . Sero-reactivity to microbial components inCrohn's disease is associated with disease severity and progression, but not NOD2/CARD15 genotype. Am J Gastroenterol.2004;99(12):2376–2384. Iltanen S , Tervo L , Halttunen T , Wei B , Braun J , Rantala I , Honkanen T Elevated serum anti-I2 and anti-OmpW antibody levels inchildren with IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12(5):389–394. Mow WS , Landers CJ , Steinhart AH , Feagan BG , Croitoru K , Seidman E , Greenberg GR High-level serum antibodies to bacterialantigens are associated with antibiotic-induced clinical remission in Crohn's disease: A pilot study. Dig Dis Sci. 2004;49(7–8):1280–1286. Spivak J , Landers CJ , Vasiliauskas EA , Abreu MT , Dubinsky MC , Papadakis KA , Ippoliti A Antibodies to I2 predict clinical response tofecal diversion in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12(12):1122–1130. Small CL , Xing L , McPhee JB , Law HT , Coombes BK . Acute infectious gastroenteritis potentiates a Crohn's disease pathobiont to fuelongoing inflammation in the post-infectious period. PLOS Pathog. 2016;12(10):e1005907. Ercolini D , Russo F , Nasi A , Ferranti P , Villani F . Mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria from meat and their spoilage potential in vitroand in beef. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75(7):1990–2001. Thomas BS , Okamoto K , Bankowski MJ , Seto TB . A lethal case of Pseudomonas putida bacteremia due to soft tissue infection. InfectDis Clin Pract (Baltim Md). 2013;21(3):147–213. Casaburi A , Piombino P , Nychas GJ , Villani F , Ercolini D . Bacterial populations and the volatilome associated to meat spoilage. FoodMicrobiol. 2015;45(Pt A):83–102. Doulgeraki AI , Ercolini D , Villani F , Nychas GJ . Spoilage microbiota associated to the storage of raw meat in different conditions. Int JFood Microbiol. 2012;157(2):130–141. Wiedmann M , Weilmeier D , Dineen SS , Ralyea R , Boor KJ . Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Pseudomonas spp. isolatedfrom milk. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000;66(5):2085–2095. Gennari M , Dragotto F . A study of the incidence of different fluorescent Pseudomonas species and biovars in the microflora of fresh andspoiled meat and fish, raw milk, cheese, soil and water. J Appl Bacteriol. 1992;72(4):281–288. Barth M , Hankinson TR , Zhuang H , Breidt F . Microbiological spoilage of fruits and vegetables. In: Compendium of the MicrobiologicalSpoilage of Foods and Beverages. New York, NY: Springer; 2009. pp. 135–183. Banwart G . Basic Food Microbiology. New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media. 1998. Abdel-Aziz SM , Asker MMS , Keera AA , Mahmoud MG . Microbial food spoilage: Control strategies for shelf life extension. In: Microbes inFood and Health. New York, NY: Springer; 2016. pp. 239–264.

Correa AP , Daroit DJ , Velho RV , Brandelli A . Hydrolytic potential of a psychrotrophic Pseudomonas isolated from refrigerated raw milk.Braz J Microbiol. 2011;42(4):1479–1484 . Lavilla Lerma L , Benomar N , Casado Munoz Mdel C , Galvez A , Abriouel H . Antibiotic multiresistance analysis of mesophilic andpsychrotrophic Pseudomonas spp. isolated from goat and lamb slaughterhouse surfaces throughout the meat production process. ApplEnviron Microbiol. 2014;80(21):6792–6806. Kipnis E , Sawa T , Wiener-Kronish J . Targeting mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis. Med Mal Infect.2006;36(2):78–91. Shapiro L . The bacterial flagellum: From genetic network to complex architecture. Cell. 1995;80(4):525–527. Adamo R , Sokol S , Soong G , Gomez MI , Prince A . Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagella activate airway epithelial cells through asialoGM1and toll-like receptor 2 as well as toll-like receptor 5. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004;30(5):627–634. DiMango E , Zar HJ , Bryan R , Prince A . Diverse Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene products stimulate respiratory epithelial cells to produceinterleukin-8. J Clin Invest. 1995;96(5):2204–2210. Mahenthiralingam E , Campbell ME , Speert DP . Nonmotility and phagocytic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates fromchronically colonized patients with cystic fibrosis. Infect Immun. 1994;62(2):596–605. Akerley BJ , Cotter PA , Miller JF . Ectopic expression of the flagellar regulon alters development of the Bordetella-host interaction. Cell.1995;80(4):611–620. Mattick JS . Type IV pili and twitching motility. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2002;56:289–314. Persat A , Inclan YF , Engel JN , Stone HA , Gitai Z . Type IV pili mechanochemically regulate virulence factors in Pseudomonasaeruginosa . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(24):7563–7568. Pier GB . Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide: A major virulence factor, initiator of inflammation and target for effective immunity.Int J Med Microbiol. 2007;297(5):277–295. King JD , Kocincova D , Westman EL , Lam JS . Review: Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Innate Immun.2009;15(5):261–312. Vigneshkumar B , Pandian SK , Balamurugan K . Regulation of Caenorhabditis elegans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa machinery duringinteractions. Arch Microbiol. 2011;194(4):229–242. Davies JC . Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis: Pathogenesis and persistence. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2002;3(2):128–134. Mathee K , Ciofu O , Sternberg C Mucoid conversion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by hydrogen peroxide: A mechanism for virulenceactivation in the cystic fibrosis lung. Microbiology. 1999;145(6):1349–1357. Boyd A , Chakrabarty AM . Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: Role of the alginate exopolysaccharide. J Ind Microbiol.1995;15(3):162–168. Denning GM , Wollenweber LA , Railsback MA , Cox CD , Stoll LL , Britigan BE . Pseudomonas pyocyanin increases interleukin-8expression by human airway epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1998;66(12):5777–5784. Allen L , Dockrell DH , Pattery T , Lee DG , Cornelis P , Hellewell PG , Whyte MK . Pyocyanin production by Pseudomonas aeruginosainduces neutrophil apoptosis and impairs neutrophil-mediated host defenses in vivo . J Immunol. 2005;174(6):3643–3649. O'Malley YQ , Reszka KJ , Spitz DR , Denning GM , Britigan BE . Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocyanin directly oxidizes glutathione anddecreases its levels in airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol-Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2004;287(1):L94–103. Lau GW , Hassett DJ , Ran H , Kong F . The role of pyocyanin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Trends Mol Med.2004;10(12):599–606. Meyer JM , Neely A , Stintzi A , Georges C , Holder IA . Pyoverdin is essential for virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Infect Immun.1996;64(2):518–523. Lamont IL , Beare PA , Ochsner U , Vasil AI , Vasil ML . Siderophore-mediated signaling regulates virulence factor production inPseudomonas aeruginosa . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(10):7072–7077. Matsumoto K . Role of bacterial proteases in pseudomonal and serratial keratitis. Biol Chem. 2004;385(11):1007–1016. Azghani AO . Pseudomonas aeruginosa and epithelial permeability: Role of virulence factors elastase and exotoxin A. Am J Respir CellMol Biol. 1996;15(1):132–140. Kon Y , Tsukada H , Hasegawa T , Igarashi K , Wada K , Suzuki E , Arakawa M , Gejyo F . The role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastaseas a potent inflammatory factor in a rat air pouch inflammation model. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1999;25(3):313–321. Terada LS , Johansen KA , Nowbar S , Vasil AI , Vasil ML . Pseudomonas aeruginosa hemolytic phospholipase C suppresses neutrophilrespiratory burst activity. Infect Immun. 1999;67(5):2371–2376. Pavlovskis OR , Iglewski BH , Pollack M . Mechanism of action of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A in experimental mouse infections:Adenosine diphosphate ribosylation of elongation factor 2. Infect Immun. 1978;19(1):29–33. Fu H , Coburn J , Collier RJ . The eukaryotic host factor that activates exoenzyme S of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a member of the 14-3-3 protein family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90(6):2320–2324. Maresso AW , Baldwin MR , Barbieri JT . Ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins are high affinity targets for ADP-ribosylation by Pseudomonasaeruginosa ExoS. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(37):38402–38408. Sundin C , Hallberg B , Forsberg A . ADP-ribosylation by exoenzyme T of Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces an irreversible effect on thehost cell cytoskeleton in vivo . FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004;234(1):87–91. Garrity-Ryan L , Kazmierczak B , Kowal R , Comolli J , Hauser A , Engel JN . The arginine finger domain of ExoT contributes to actincytoskeleton disruption and inhibition of internalization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by epithelial cells and macrophages. Infect Immun.2000;68(12):7100–7113. Van Delden C , Iglewski BH . Cell-to-cell signaling and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(4):551–560. Telford G , Wheeler D , Williams P , Tomkins PT , Appleby P , Sewell H , Stewart GS The Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensingsignal molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone has immunomodulatory activity. Infect Immun. 1998;66(1):36–42. Breidenstein EB , de la Fuente-Nunez C , Hancock RE . Pseudomonas aeruginosa: All roads lead to resistance. Trends Microbiol.2011;19(8):419–426 . Schweizer HP . Efflux as a mechanism of resistance to antimicrobials in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related bacteria: Unansweredquestions. Genet Mol Res. 2003;2(1):48–62. Ercolini D , Russo F , Blaiotta G , Pepe O , Mauriello G , Villani F . Simultaneous detection of Pseudomonas fragi, P. lundensis, and P.putida from meat by use of a multiplex PCR assay targeting the carA gene. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73(7):2354–2359.

Tramper-Stranders GA , van der Ent CK , Wolfs TF . Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros.2005;4(Suppl 2):37–43. Moore NM , Flaws ML . Treatment strategies and recommendations for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Clin Lab Sci.2011;24(1):52–56. Tipper DJ . Mode of action of beta-lactam antibiotics. Pharmacol Ther. 1985;27(1):1–35. Hooper DC . Quinolone mode of action—New aspects. Drugs. 1993;45(Suppl 3):8–14. Dogan B , Boor KJ . Genetic diversity and spoilage potentials among Pseudomonas spp. isolated from fluid milk products and dairyprocessing plants . Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69(1):130–138. Nӧrnberg M , Tondo EC , Brandelli A . Psychrotrophic bacteria and proteolytic activity in refrigerated raw milk. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae.2009;37(2):157–163. Ardura A , Linde AR , Garcia-Vazquez E . Genetic detection of Pseudomonas spp. in commercial Amazonian fish. Int J Environ Res PublicHealth. 2013;10(9):3954–3966. Tryfinopoulou P , Tsakalidou E , Nychas GJ . Characterization of Pseudomonas spp. associated with spoilage of gilt-head sea breamstored under various conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68(1):65–72. Tournas VH . Spoilage of vegetable crops by bacteria and fungi and related health hazards. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2005;31(1):33–44.

Salmonella Pui CF , Wong WC , Chai LC Salmonella: A food borne pathogen. Int Food Res J 2011;18:465–473. Ajibade VA . Prevalence of resistance among Salmonella Typhi isolates in Ekiti State Southwestern Nigeria. Res Microbiol Pathol2013;13(13):1–5. Mihaiu L , Lapusan A , Tanasuica R First study of Salmonella in meat in Romania. J Infect Dev Ctries 2014;8(1):50–58. Majowicz SE , Musto J , Scallan E The global burden of non-typhoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(6):882–889 . Smith SI , Seriki A , Ajayi A . Typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in Africa. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis2016;35(12):1913–1922. Su, L-H , Chiu C-H . Salmonella: Clinical importance and evolution of nomenclature. Chang Gung Med J 2007;30:210–219. Brenner FW , Villar RG , Angulo FJ , Tauxe R , Swaminathan B . Guest commentary, Salmonella nomenclature. J Clin Microbiol2000;38(7):2465–2467. Grimont PAD , Weill FX . Antigenic Formulae of the Salmonella Serovas, 9th ed. World Health Organization Collaborating Center forReference and Research on Salmonella Institute Pasteur, Paris, France, 2007. Farmer JJ, III , Mc-Whorter AC , Bernner DJ , Morris GK . The Salmonella-Arizona group of Enterobacteriaceae, nomenclature,classification and reporting. Clin Microbiol Newsl 1984;6:63–66. Gray JT , Fedorka-Cray PJ . Salmonella In: Cliver DO and Riemann HP . (Eds.) Food Borne Diseases. San Diego, CA: Academic Press,2002;55–68. Murray PR , Baron EJ , Jorgensen JH , Landry ML , Pfaller MA . ed. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 9th ed. ASM Press. American Societyfor Microbiology, Washington, DC, 2007. Hoelzer K , Switt AIM , Wiedmann M . Animal contact as a source of human no-typhoidal Salmonellosis. Vet Res 2011;42:34. Weese JB . Bacterial enteritis in dogs and cats. Diagnosis, therapy and zoonotic potential. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract2011;41(2):287–309. Wales AD , Carrique-Mas JJ , Rankin M , Bell B , Thind BB , Davies RH . Reviews of the carriage of zoonotic bacteria by arthropods, withspecial reference to Salmonella in mites, files and litter beetles. Zoonoses Public Health 2010;57(5):299–314. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Salmonella Outbreaks. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/outbreaks.html 2010. Vandeplas S , Dubois Dauphin R , Beckers Y , Thonart P , Thewis A . Salmonella in chicken, current and developing strategies to reducecontamination at farm level. J Food Prot 2010;73(4):774–785. Bhan MK , Bahl R , Bhatnagar S . Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Lancet 2005;366(2):749–762. Crump JA , Luby SP , Mintz ED . The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health Organ 2004;82:346–353. Eng SK , Pusparajah P , Ab Mutalib NS , Ser HL , Chan KG , Lee LH . Salmonella: A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibioticresistance. Front Life Sci 2015;8(3):284–293. Vieira A , Jensen AR , Pires SM , Karlsmose S , Wegener HC , Wong DLF . WHO global foodborne infections network country data bank,a resource to link human and non-human sources of Salmonella. ISVEE 2009;643:512–517. Leekitcharenphon P , Hendriksen RS , Hello SL Global genomic epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104. ApplEnviron Microbiol 2016;82(8):2516–2526. Lynch M , Painter J , Woodruff R , Braden C . Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks United States 1998–2002. MMWR SurveillSumm (Washington DC: 2002) 2006;10(55):1–42. Hohmann EL . Non typhoidal salmonellosis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32(2):263–269. Scherer CA , Miller SI . Molecular pathogenesis of Salmonellae. In Groisman EA . (Ed.). Principles of Bacterial Pathogenesis. New York,NY: Academic Press, 2001;265–316. Greenwood D , Slack RCB , Peutherer JF . (eds) Salmonella In: Medical Microbiology. A Guide to Microbial Infections, Pathogenesis,Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control. 16th ed. Churchill Livingston: Elsevier Science Limited, 2006;250–259. Kuvandik C , Karaoglan I , Namiduru M , Baydar I . Predictive value of clinical and laboratory findings in the diagnosis of enteric fever. NewMicrobiol 2009;32:25–30. Pegues DA , Miller SI . Salmonella species, including Salmonella Typhi In: Mandell GL , Douglas RG , Bennett JE . (eds). Mandell,Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases, 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingston, 2005; pp. 2636–2654. Jones TF , Ingram LA , Cieslak PR Salmonellosis outcome differ substantially by serotype. J Infect Dis 2008;198:109–114. Buchwald DS , Blaser MJ . A review of human salmonellosis: II. Duration of excretion following infection with nontyphi Salmonella. RevInfect Dis 1984;6:345–356.

Smith SI , Fowora MA , Goodluck HA , Nwaokorie FO , Aboaba OO , Opere B . Molecular typing of Salmonella spp. isolated from foodhandlers and animals in Nigeria. Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet 2011;2(1):73–77. Coburn B , Guntram A , Grass I , Finlay B . Salmonella, the host and disease: A brief review. Immunol Cell Biol 2007;85:112–118. Hurley D , McCusker MP , Fanning S , Martins M . Salmonella–host interactions – Modulation of the host innate immune system. FrontImmunol 2014;5:481–491. Stecher B , Macpherson AJ , Hapfelmeier S , Kremer M , Stallmach T , Hardt WD . Comparison of Salmonella enterica serovarTyphimurium colitis in germfree mice and mice pretreated with streptomycin. Infect Immun 2005;73:3228–3241. Hope BK , Baker R , Edel ED An overview of the Salmonella Enteritidis risk assessment for shell eggs and egg products. Risk Anal2002;22:203–218. Massi M , Ioan P , Budriesi R Effects of probiotic bacteria on gastrointestinal motility in guinea-pig isolated tissue. World J Gastroenterol2006;12:5987–5994. Hornick RB , Greissman SE , Woodward TE , Dupont HL , Dawkins AT , Snyder MJ . Typhoid fever: Pathogenesis and immunologiccontrol. New Eng J Med 1970;283(13):686–691. House D , Bishop A , Parry C , Dougan G , Wain J . Typhoid fever: Pathogenesis and disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2001;14:573–578. Jones BD , Ghori N , Falkow S . Salmonella Typhimurium initiates murine infection by penetrating and destroying the specialized epithelialMcells of the Peyer's patches. J Exp Med 1994;180(1):15–23. Parry CM , Hien TT , Dougan G , White NJ , Farrar JJ . Typhoid fever. N Engl J Med 2002;347(22):1770–1782. Ibarra JA , Steele-Mortimer O . Salmonella – The ultimate insider. Salmonella virulence factors that modulate intracellular survival. CellMicrobiol 2009;11:1579–1586. Ruby T , Laura M , Smita G , Denise M . Salmonella's long-term relationship with its host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012;36:600–615. Griffin AJ , McSorley SJ . Development of protective immunity to Salmonella, a mucosal pathogen with a systemic agenda. MucosalImmunol 2011;4:371–382. Singh S . Symposium: Typhoid fever. Pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis. J Indian Acad Clin Med 2001;2(1):17–20. Fierer J , Guiney DG . Diverse virulence traits underlying different clinical outcomes of Salmonella infection. J Clin Invest2001;107(7):775–780. Baumler AJ , Tsolis RM , Ficht TA , Adams LG . Evolution of host adaptation in Salmonella enterica . Infect Immun 1998;66:4579–4587. deJong HK , Parry CM , vander Poll T , Wiersinga WJ . Host–pathogen interaction in invasive salmonellosis. PLoS Pathogen2012;8(10):e1002933. Winter SE , Winter MG , Thiennimitr P The TviA auxiliary protein renders the Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi RcsB regulon responsiveto changes in osmolarity. Mol Microbiol 2009;74:175–193. Song J , Gao X , Galán JE . Structure and function of the Salmonella Typhi chimaeric A(2)B(5) typhoid toxin. Nature 2013;499:350–354. Winter SE , Raffatellu M , Wilson RP , Rüssmann H , Bäumler AJ . The Salmonella enterica serotype typhi regulator TviA reducesinterleukin-8 production in intestinal epithelial cells by repressing flagellin secretion. Cell Microbiol 2008;10:247–261. Wilson RP , Raffatellu M , Chessa D , Winter SE , Tükel C , Bäumler AJ . The Vi-capsule prevents Toll-like receptor 4 recognition ofSalmonella. Cell Microbiol 2008;10:876–890. Chakravortty D , Hansen-Wester I , Hensel M . Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 mediates protection of intracellular Salmonella fromreactive nitrogen intermediates. J Exp Med 2002;195:1155–1166. Tran QT , Gomez G , Khare S The Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi Vi capsular antigen is expressed after the bacterium enters the ilealmucosa. Infect Immun 2010;78:527–535. Hersh D , Monack DM , Smith MR , Ghori N , Falkow S , Zychlinsky A . The Salmonella invasin SipB induces macrophage apoptosis bybinding to caspase-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:2396–2401. Kaur J , Jain SK . Role of antigens and virulence factors of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in its pathogenesis. Microbiol Res2012;167(4):199–210. McGhie EJ , Brawn LC , Hume PJ , Humphreys D , Koronakis V . Salmonella takes control: Effector-driven manipulation of the host. CurrOpin Microbiol 2009;12:117–124. Lee CA , Silva M , Siber AM , Kelly AJ , Galyov E , McCormick BA . A secreted Salmonella protein induces a proinflammatory response inepithelial cells, which promotes neutrophil migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97(22):12283–12288. Li J , Ochman H , Groisman EA Relationship between evolutionary rate and cellular location among the Inv/Spa invasion proteins ofSalmonella enteric. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1995;92(16):7252–7256. Ross IL , Heuzenroeder MW . Discrimination within phenotypically closely related definitive types of Salmonella enterica serovarTyphimurium by the multiple amplification of phage locus typing technique. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43(4):1604–1611. Zeng H , Wu H , Sloane V Flagellin/TLR5 responses in epithelia reveal intertwined activation of inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. AmJ Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006;290:G96–108. Johanns TM , Ertelt JM , Rowe JH , Way SS . Regulatory T cell suppressive potency dictates the balance between bacterial proliferationand clearance during persistent Salmonella infection. PLoS Pathog 2010;6:e1001043. Hormaeche CE . Natural resistance to Salmonella Typhimurium in different inbred mouse strains. Immunol 1979;37:311–318. Kupz A , Guarda G , Gebhardt T NLRC4 inflammasomes in dendritic cells regulate noncognate effector function by memory CD8(+) Tcells. Nat Immunol 2012;13:162–169. Vazquez-Torres A , Jones-Carson J , Mastroeni P , Ischiropoulos H , Fang FC . Antimicrobial actions of the NADPH phagocyte oxidaseand inducible nitric oxide synthase in experimental salmonellosis. I. Effects on microbial killing by activated peritoneal macrophages in vitro. J Exp Med 2000;192:227–236. Baker S , Dougan G . The genome of Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi. Clin. Infect Dis 2007;45:S29–33. Miao EA , Andersen-Nissen E , Warren SE , Aderem A . TLR5 and Ipaf: Dual sensors of bacterial flagellin in the innate immune system.Semin Immunopathol 2007;29:275–288. Fàbrega A , Vila J . Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: Virulence and regulation. Clin Microbiol Rev2013;26(2):308–4110. Crump JA , Mintz ED . Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(2):241–246. Ugboko H , De N . Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhi. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2014;3(12):461–476.

World Health Organisation . Antimicrobial resistance: Global report on surveillance. 2014http://who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112642/1/9789241564748_eng.pdf accessed January 31, 2017. Threlfall EJ . Antimicrobial drug resistance in Salmonella: Problems and perspectives in food- and water-borne infections. FEMS MicrobiolRev 2002;26:141–148. Slayton RB , Date KA , Mintz ED . Vaccination for typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013;9(4):903–906. Kariuki S , Revathi G , Kiiru J Typhoid in Kenya is associated with a dominant multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhihaplotype that is also widespread in Southeast Asia. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48:2171–2176. Wong VK , Baker S , Pickard DJ Phylogeographical analysis of the dominant multidrug-resistant H58 clade of Salmonella Typhi identifiesinter- and intracontinental transmission events. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21(4):655–659. Roumagnac P , Weill FX , Dolecek C Evolutionary history of Salmonella Typhi. Sci 2006;314:1301–1304. Holt KE , Phan MD , Baker S Emergence of a globally dominant IncHI1 plasmid type associated with multiple drug resistant typhoid. PLoSNegl Trop Dis 2011;5:e1245. Smith SI , Bamidele M , Fowora M Application of a point-of-care test for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever in Nigeria and the need forimproved diagnostics. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011;5(7):520–526. Barrett TJ , Synder JD , Blake PA Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Salmonella Typhi Vi antigen in urine from typhoidpatients. J Clin Microbiol 1982;15:235–237. Kumar G , Pratap CB , Mishra OP , Kumar K , Nath G . Use of urine with nested PCR targeting the flagellin gene (fliC) for diagnosis oftyphoid fever. J Clin Microbiol 2012;50(6):1964–1967. Tennant SM , Diallo S , Levy H Identification by PCR of non-typhoidal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4:e621. Maheshwari V , Kaore NM , Ramnani VK , Sarda S . A comparative evaluation of different diagnostic modalities in the diagnosis of typhoidfever using a composite reference standard: A tertiary hospital based study in Central India. J Clin Diagn Res 2016;10(10):DC01–4. Storey HL , Huang Y , Crudder C , Golden A , de los Santos T , Hawkins K . A meta-analysis of typhoid diagnostic accuracy studies: Arecommendation to adopt a standardized composite reference. PLoS One 2015;10(11):e0142364. Subramoney EL . Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in HIV-positive adults. S Afr Med J 2015;105(10):805–807. Mashhadani MA , Hewson R , Vivancos R Foreign travel and decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility in Salmonella enterica infections.Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17(1):123–125. World Health Organization (WHO) . The Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Typhoid Fever. WHO, Geneva, 2003. Altekruse SF , Cohen ML , Swerdlow DL . Emerging foodborne diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 1997;3(3):285–293. Linam WM , Gerber MA . Changing epidemiology and prevention of Salmonella infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007;26(8):747–748. Sheth AN , Hoekstra M , Patel N , Ewald G , Lord C , Clarke C . A national outbreak of Salmonella serotype Tennessee infections fromcontaminated peanut butter: A new food vehicle for salmonellosis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53(4):356–362. Zaki SA , Karande S . Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever—A review. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011;5(5):324–337. Mody RK , Greene SA , Gaul L National outbreak of Salmonella serotype Saintpaul infections: Importance of Texas restaurantinvestigations in implicating jalapeño peppers. PLoS ONE 2011;6(2):1–7. Verma R , Bairwa M , Chawla S , Prinja S , Rajput M . New generation typhoid vaccines: An effective preventive strategy to control typhoidfever in developing countries. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2011;7:883–885. Tennant SM , Calman AM , Simona R , Martin LB , Khan MI . Nontyphoidal salmonella disease: Current status of vaccine research anddevelopment. Vaccine 2016;34:2907–2910.

Serratia Veraldi S , Nazzaro G . Skin ulcers caused by Serratia marcescens: Three cases and a review of the literature. Eur J Dermatol2016;26:373–376. Mahlen SD . Serratia infections: From military experiments to current practice. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011;24:755–791. Sehdev PS , Donnenberg MS . Arcanum: The 19th-century Italian pharmacist pictured here was the first to characterize what are nowknown to be bacteria of the genus Serratia . Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:770–925. Elkenawy NM , Yassin AS , Elhifnawy HN , Amin MA . Optimization of prodigiosin production by Serratia marcescens using crude glyceroland enhancing production using gamma radiation. Biotechnol Rep (Amst) 2017;14:47–53. Yenkejeh RA , Sam MR , Esmaeillou M . Targeting survivin with prodigiosin isolated from cell wall of Serratia marcescens inducesapoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017;36:402–411. Zhang F , Wei Q , Tong H , Xu D , Wang W , Ran T . Crystal structure of MBP-PigG fusion protein and the essential function of PigG in theprodigiosin biosynthetic pathway in Serratia marcescens FS14. Int J Biol Macromol 2017;99:394–400. Marin L , Rowan R , Mantilla A , Olupona B , MacIntyre A . Lower-extremity infections caused by Serratia marcescens a report of threecases and a literature review. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2017;107:231–239. Hadid H , Usman M , Thapa S . Severe osteomyelitis and septic arthritis due to Serratia marcescens in an immunocompetent patient.Case Rep Infect Dis 2015;2015:347–652. Hirooka TM , Fontes RB , Diniz EM , Pinto FC , Matushita H . Cerebral abscess caused by Serratia marcescens in a premature neonate.Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2007;65:1018–1021. Nicolle LE , Committee ACG . Complicated urinary tract infection in adults. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2005;16:349–360. Wilcox MH , Finch RG , Burden RP , Morgan AG . Peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in Nottingham1983–1988. J Med Microbiol 1991;34:137–141. Carlesimo M , Pennica A , Muscianese M Multiple skin ulcers due to Serratia marcescens in a immunocompetent patient. G Ital DermatolVenereol 2014;149:367–370. Diranzo Garcia J , Villodre Jimenez J , Zarzuela Sanchez V , Castillo Ruiperez L , Bru Pomer A . Skin abscess due to Serratia marcescensin an immunocompetent patient after receiving a tattoo. Case Rep Infect Dis 2015;2015:626–917. Gutierrez-Gonzalez E , Peteiro C , Toribio J . Skin granulomatous infection caused by Serratia liquefaciens in an immunocompetentpatient. Int J Dermatol 2014;53:e217–e218.

Lakhani NA , Narsinghani U , Kumar R . Necrotizing fasciitis of the abdominal wall caused by Serratia marcescens . Infect Dis Rep2015;7:57–74. Amisano G , Fornasero S , Migliaretti G , Caramello S , Tarasco V , Savino F . Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in acute gastroenteritis ininfants in North-West Italy. New Microbiol 2011;34:45–51. Hejazi A , Falkiner FR . Serratia marcescens. J Med Microbiol 1997;46:903–912. Puthucheary SD , Ngeow YF . Serratia marcescens: Biochemical characteristics, antimicrobial sensitivity and clinical significance. MalaysJ Pathol 1981;4:35–41. Bagliniere F , Salgado RL , Salgado CA , Vanetti MC . Biochemical characterization of an extracellular heat-stable protease from Serratialiquefaciens isolated from raw milk. J Food Sci 2017;82:952–959. Bi Y , Wang YJ , Qin Y Prevalence of bovine mastitis pathogens in bulk tank milk in China. PLoS One 2016;11:e0155621. Brignardello S , Sabiu R , Tedde T Microbiological findings in ready-to-eat and precooked food distributed in public catering halls inCagliari province, Italy. Ital J Food Saf 2014;3:17–33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis in U.S. Army trainees—Texas, 1998. MMWR Morb MortalWkly Rep 1999;48:225–227. Furuhata K , Ishizaki N , Fukuyama M . Antibacterial susceptibility of enterobacteriaceae isolated from raw horsemeat isolated for humanconsumption (basashi). Biocontrol Sci 2015;20:19–25. Fougy L , Desmonts MH , Coeuret G Reducing salt in raw pork sausages increases spoilage and correlates with reduced bacterialdiversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016;82:3928–3939. Hernandez I . Bacteriophages against Serratia as fish spoilage control technology. Front Microbiol 2017;8:449. Ketola T , Mikonranta L , Laakso J , Mappes J . Different food sources elicit fast changes to bacterial virulence. Biol Lett2016;12:2015–0660. Tully MR . Contamination in expressed breast milk. J Hum Lact 1998;14:207. Wunderlichova L , Bunkova L , Koutny M , Valenta T , Bunka F . Novel touchdown-PCR method for the detection of putrescine producinggram-negative bacteria in food products. Food Microbiol 2013;34:268–276. Bortolotti U , Thiene G , Milano A , Panizzon G , Valente M , Gallucci V . Pathological study of infective endocarditis on Hancock porcinebioprostheses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1981;81:934–942. Sader HS , Farrell DJ , Flamm RK , Jones RN . Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative organisms isolated from patients hospitalizedin intensive care units in United States and European hospitals (2009–2011). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014;78:443–448. Jones RN . Microbial etiologies of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis2010;51(Suppl 1):S81–S87. Engel HJ , Collignon PJ , Whiting PT , Kennedy KJ . Serratia sp. bacteremia in Canberra, Australia: A population-based study over 10years. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;28:821–824. Maki DG , Hennekens CG , Phillips CW , Shaw WV , Bennett JV . Nosocomial urinary tract infection with Serratia marcescens: Anepidemiologic study. J Infect Dis 1973;128:579–587. Madide A , Smith J . Intracranial complications of Serratia marcescens infection in neonates. S Afr Med J 2016;106:36–38. Grimont PA , Grimont F , De Rosnay HL . Taxonomy of the genus Serratia . J Gen Microbiol 1977;98:39–66. Sedlak J , Dlabac V , Motlikova M . The taxonomy of the Serratia genus. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1965;9:45–53. Stella NA , Kalivoda EJ , O'Dee DM , Nau GJ , Shanks RM . Catabolite repression control of flagellum production by Serratia marcescens .Res Microbiol 2008;159:562–568. Thomas R , Hamat RA , Neela V . Extracellular enzyme profiling of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolates. Virulence2014;5:326–330. Williams RP , Gott CL , Qadri SM , Scott RH . Influence of temperature of incubation and type of growth medium on pigmentation inSerratia marcescens . J Bacteriol 1971;106:438–443. Potter CS , Hubert EG , Montgomerie JZ , Kalmanson GM , Guze LB . Defects in prodigiosin formation by L-forms of Serratia marcescens .J Bacteriol 1973;116:1343–1345. Valle CA , Salinas ET . Pink breast milk: Serratia marcescens colonization. AJP Rep 2014;4:e101–e104. “ Serratia .” Soil Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology BIOL/CEEE/CSES 4684. Virginia Tech. 2004. Archived from the original onApril 6, 2005. Ochieng JB , Boisen N , Lindsay B Serratia marcescens is injurious to intestinal epithelial cells. Gut Microbes 2014;5:729–736. Mizunoe Y , Matsumoto T , Haraoka M , Sakumoto M , Kubo S , Kumazawa J . Effect of pili of Serratia marcescens on superoxideproduction and phagocytosis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Urol 1995;154:1227–1230. Purushotham P , Arun PV , Prakash JS , Podile AR . Chitin binding proteins act synergistically with chitinases in Serratia proteamaculans568. PLoS One 2012;7:e36714. Gkarmiri K , Finlay RD , Alstrom S , Thomas E , Cubeta MA , Hogberg N . Transcriptomic changes in the plant pathogenic fungusRhizoctonia solani AG-3 in response to the antagonistic bacteria Serratia proteamaculans and Serratia plymuthica . BMC Genomics2015;16:630. Salisbury WA , Likos JJ . Hydrolysis of casein: A differential aid for the identification of Serratia marcescens . J Clin Pathol1972;25:1083–1085. Pinna A , Usai D , Sechi LA , Carta A , Zanetti S . Detection of virulence factors in Serratia strains isolated from contact lens-associatedcorneal ulcers. Acta Ophthalmol 2011;89:382–387. Zabransky RJ , Hall JW , Day FE , Needham GM . Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia: Biochemical differentiation and susceptibility toampicillin and three cephalosporin derivatives. Appl Microbiol 1969;18:198–203. Moles L , Gomez M , Jimenez E Bacterial diversity of the gastric content of preterm infants during their first month of life at the hospital.Front Nutr 2017;4:12. Yao CA , Wang D , Kulber DA . The story of Serratia marcescens: Pathologic risk factors in breast implant surgery. Arch Plast Surg2014;41:414–417. Ariel I , Arad I , Soffer D . Autopsy findings of Serratia meningoencephalitis in infants. Pediatr Pathol 1986;6:351–358. Nakamura Y , Nohara M , Nakashima T Meningoencephalitis due to Serratia marcescens infection in neonates. Hum Pathol1984;15:651–656.

Cohen SM , Flynn HW, Jr. , Miller D . Endophthalmitis caused by Serratia marcescens . Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997;28:195–200. Jacobs DJ , Leng T , Flynn HW, Jr. , Shi W , Miller D , Gedde SJ . Delayed-onset bleb-associated endophthalmitis: Presentation andoutcome by culture result. Clin Ophthalmol 2011;5:739–744. Jayasudha R , Narendran V , Manikandan P , Prabagaran SR . Identification of polybacterial communities in patients with postoperative,posttraumatic, and endogenous endophthalmitis through 16S rRNA gene libraries. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52:1459–1466. Kunimoto DY , Tasman W , Rapuano C Endophthalmitis after penetrating keratoplasty: Microbiologic spectrum and susceptibility ofisolates. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137:343–345. Sridhar J , Kuriyan AE , Flynn HW, Jr. , Smiddy WE , Venincasa VD , Miller D . Endophthalmitis caused by Serratia marcescens: Clinicalfeatures, antibiotic susceptibilities, and treatment outcomes. Retina 2015;35:1095–1100. Montagnani C , Cocchi P , Lega L Serratia marcescens outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit: Crucial role of implementing handhygiene among external consultants. BMC Infect Dis 2015;15:11. Auriti C , Maccallini A , Di Liso G , Di Ciommo V , Ronchetti MP , Orzalesi M . Risk factors for nosocomial infections in a neonatalintensive-care unit. J Hosp Infect 2003;53:25–30. Kovaleva J , Peters FT , van der Mei HC , Degener JE . Transmission of infection by flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy andbronchoscopy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013;26:231–254. Hertle R . Serratia type pore forming toxins. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2000;1:75–89. Hertle R . The family of Serratia type pore forming toxins. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2005;6:313–325. Joyner JL , Sutherland KP , Kemp DW Systematic analysis of White Pox disease in Acropora palmata of the Florida Keys and role ofSerratia marcescens . Appl Environ Microbiol 2015;81:4451–4457. Li B , Yu R , Liu B Characterization and comparison of Serratia marcescens isolated from edible cactus and from silkworm for virulencepotential and chitosan susceptibility. Braz J Microbiol 2011;42:96–104. Panayidou S , Ioannidou E , Apidianakis Y . Human pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses in Drosophila: Disease modeling, lessons, andshortcomings. Virulence 2014;5:253–269. Mahlen SD , Morrow SS , Abdalhamid B , Hanson ND . Analyses of ampC gene expression in Serratia marcescens reveal new regulatoryproperties. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51:791–802. Kim J , Lim YM . Prevalence of derepressed ampC mutants and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers among clinical isolates ofCitrobacter freundii, Enterobacter spp., and Serratia marcescens in Korea: Dissemination of CTX-M-3, TEM-52, and SHV-12. J ClinMicrobiol 2005;43:2452–2455. Incidence of inducible beta-lactamases in gram-negative septicemia isolates from twenty-nine European laboratories . European StudyGroup on Antibiotic Resistance. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1987;6:460–466. Raimondi A , Sisto F , Nikaido H . Mutation in Serratia marcescens AmpC beta-lactamase producing high-level resistance to ceftazidimeand cefpirome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:2331–2339. d'Azevedo PA , Goncalves AL , Musskopf MI , Ramos CG , Dias CA . Laboratory tests in the detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase production: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) screening test, the E-test, the double diskconfirmatory test, and cefoxitin susceptibility testing. Braz J Infect Dis 2004;8:372–377. Katz OT , Peled N , Yagupsky P . Evaluation of the current National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines for screeningand confirming extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species from bacteremicpatients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;23:813–817. Su PA , Wu LT , Cheng KC , Ko WC , Chuang YC , Yu WL . Screening extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in Enterobactercloacae and Serratia marcescens using antibiogram-based methods. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2010;43:26–34. Bonnet R . Growing group of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: The CTX-M enzymes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:1–14. Fairfax MR , Queenan AM , Lephart PR Detection of 2 SME-1 carbapenemase-producing Serratia marcescens in Detroit. Diagn MicrobiolInfect Dis 2011;71:325–326. Tuon FF , Cordova K , Dario TM , Nunes LS , Barth AL , Martins AF . Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Serratiamarcescens outbreak in a university hospital. Am J Infect Control 2017;45:700–702. Khalifa HO , Soliman AM , Ahmed AM High carbapenem resistance in clinical gram-negative pathogens isolated in Egypt. Microb DrugResist 2017;23(7):838–844. Su WQ , Zhu YQ , Deng NM , Li L . Imipenem-resistance in Serratia marcescens is mediated by plasmid expression of KPC-2. Eur RevMed Pharmacol Sci 2017;21:1690–1694. Stock I , Grueger T , Wiedemann B . Natural antibiotic susceptibility of strains of Serratia marcescens and the S. liquefaciens complex: S.liquefaciens sensu stricto, S. proteamaculans and S. grimesii . Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003;22:35–47. Traub WH . Antibiotic susceptibility of Serratia marcescens and Serratia liquefaciens . Chemotherapy 2000;46:315–321. Rhoney DH , Tam VH , Parker D, Jr. , McKinnon PS , Coplin WM . Disposition of cefepime in the central nervous system of patients withexternal ventricular drains. Pharmacotherapy 2003;23:310–314. Kiratisin P , Henprasert A . Resistance phenotype-genotype correlation and molecular epidemiology of Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Proteus,Providencia, Salmonella and Serratia that carry extended-spectrum beta-lactamases with or without plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase genes in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2011;105:46–51. Yang HF , Cheng J , Hu LF , Ye Y , Li JB . Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase- and AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Serratia marcescens in China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56:4529–4531. Harris PN , Ferguson JK . Antibiotic therapy for inducible AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacilli: What are the alternativesto carbapenems, quinolones and aminoglycosides? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012;40:297–305. Poulakou G , Kontopidou FV , Paramythiotou E Tigecycline in the treatment of infections from multi-drug resistant gram-negativepathogens. J Infect 2009;58:273–284. Jones BL , Gorman LJ , Simpson J An outbreak of Serratia marcescens in two neonatal intensive care units. J Hosp Infect2000;46:314–319. Cullen MM , Trail A , Robinson M , Keaney M , Chadwick PR . Serratia marcescens outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit promptingreview of decontamination of laryngoscopes. J Hosp Infect 2005;59:68–70. Call TR , Auerbach FJ , Riddell SW Nosocomial contamination of laryngoscope handles: Challenging current guidelines. Anesth Analg2009;109:479–483.

Sebert ME , Manning ML , McGowan KL , Alpern ER , Bell LM . An outbreak of Serratia marcescens bacteremia after general anesthesia.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:733–739.

Shigella: Insights into the Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies Wilson DJ . Insights from genomics into bacterial pathogen populations. PLoS Pathog 2012;8:e1002874. Bhutta ZA , Das JK , Walker N Lancet Diarrhoea and Pneumonia Interventions Study Group. Interventions to address deaths fromchildhood pneumonia and diarrhoea equitably: What works and at what cost? Lancet 2013;381(9875):1417–1429. Walker CL , Rudan I , Liu L Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. Lancet 2013;381:1405–1416. Kotloff KL , Nataro JP , Blackwelder WC Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries(the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): A prospective, case-control study. Lancet 2013;382(9888):209–222. Zaidi MB , Estrada-Garcia T , Campos FD Incidence, clinical presentation, and antimicrobial resistance trends in Salmonella and Shigellainfections from children in Yucatan, Mexico. Front Microbiol 2013;4:288. Chompook P . Shigellosis. In: Nriagu JO , ed. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. Burlington: Elsevier, 2011:26–32. Parsot C . Shigella type III secretion effectors: How, where, when, for what purposes? Curr Opin Microbiol 2009;12:110–116. Matteï PJ , Faudry E , Job V , Izoré T , Attree I , Dessen A . Membrane targeting and pore formation by the type III secretion systemtranslocon. FEBS J 2011;278(3):414–426. Phalipon A , Sansonetti PJ . Shigella's ways of manipulating the host intestinal innate and adaptive immune system: A tool box forsurvival? Immunol Cell Biol 2007;85:119–119. Ashida H , Ogawa M , Kim M Shigella deploy multiple countermeasures against host innate immune responses. Curr Opin Microbiol2011a;14(1):16–23. Ashida H , Ogawa M , Mimuro H , Kobayashi T , Sanada T , Sasakawa C . Shigella are versatile mucosal pathogens that circumvent thehost innate immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 2011b;23(4):448–455. Burton EA , Pendergast AM , Aballay A . The Caenorhabditis elegans ABL-1 tyrosine kinase is required for Shigella flexneri pathogenesis.Appl Environ Microbiol 2006;72:5043–5051. Kesika P , Pandian SK , Balamurugan K . Analysis of Shigella flexneri-mediated infections in model organism Caenorhabditis elegans .Scand J Infect Dis 2011;43(4):286–295. Kesika P , Balamurugan K . Studies on Shigella boydii infection in Caenorhabditis elegans and bioinformatics analysis of immuneregulatory protein interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012;1824(12):1449–1456. Kesika P , Prasanth MI , Balamurugan K . Modulation of Caenorhabditis elegans immune response and modification of Shigella endotoxinupon interaction. J Basic Microbiol 2015;55(4):432–450. Anderson M , Sansonetti PJ , Marteyn BS . Shigella diversity and changing landscape: Insights for the twenty-first century. Front Cell InfectMicrobiol 2016;6:45. Ye C , Lan R , Xia S Emergence of a new multidrug-resistant serotype X variant in an epidemic clone of Shigella flexneri . J Clin Microbiol2010;48(2):419–426. Kenne L , Lindberg B , Petersson K , Katzenellenbogen E , Romanowska E . Structural studies of Shigella flexneri O-antigens. Eur JBiochem 1978;91(1):279–284. Knirel YA , Lan R , Senchenkova SN Shigella flexneri serotype Yv and effect of the lpt-O gene variation on phosphoethanolaminemodification of S. flexneri O-antigens. Glycobiology 2013;23(4):475–485. Allison GE , Verma NK . Serotype-converting bacteriophages and O-antigen modification in Shigella flexneri . Trends Microbiol2000;8(1):17–23. Sun Q , Lan R , Wang Y Genesis of a novel Shigella flexneri serotype by sequential infection of serotype-converting bacteriophages SfXand SfI. BMC Microbiol 2011;11:269. Perepelov AV , Shekht ME , Liu B Shigella flexneri O-antigens revisited: Final elucidation of the O-acetylation profiles and a survey of theO-antigen structure diversity. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2012;66(2):201–210. Ray K , Marteyn B , Sansonetti PJ , Tang CM . Life on the inside: The intracellular lifestyle of cytosolic bacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol2009;7:333–340. Yates RM , Hermetter A , Russell DG . The kinetics of phagosome maturation as a function of phagosome/lysosome fusion and acquisitionof hydrolytic activity. Traffic 2005;6:413–420. Haas A . The phagosome: Compartment with a license to kill. Traffic 2007;8:311–330. Paz I , Sachse M , Dupont N Galectin-3, a marker for vacuole lysis by invasive pathogens. Cell Microbiol 2010;12(4):530–544. Ray K , Bobard A , Danckaert A Tracking the dynamic interplay between bacterial and host factors during pathogen-induced vacuolerupture in real time. Cell Microbiol 2010;12(4):545–556. Fernandez-Prada CM , Hoover DL , Tall BD , Hartman AB , Kopelowitz J , Venkatesan MM . Shigella flexneri IpaH(7.8) facilitates escapeof virulent bacteria from the endocytic vacuoles of mouse and human macrophages. Infect Immun 2000;68(6):3608–3619. Dickenson NE , Choudhari SP , Adam PR Oligomeric states of the Shigella translocator protein IpaB provide structural insights intoformation of the type III secretion translocon. Protein Sci 2013;22(5):614–627. Miao EA , Mao DP , Yudkovsky N Innate immune detection of the type III secretion apparatus through the NLRC4 inflammasome. ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:3076–3080. Chen Y , Smith MR , Thirumalai K , Zychlinsky A . A bacterial invasin induces macrophage apoptosis by binding directly to ICE. EMBO J1996;15(15):3853–3860. Kuwae A , Yoshida S , Tamano K , Mimuro H , Suzuki T , Sasakawa C . Shigella invasion of macrophage requires the insertion of IpaCinto the host plasma membrane. Functional analysis of IpaC. J Biol Chem 2001;276(34):32230–32239. Francis CL , Ryan TA , Jones BD , Smith SJ , Falkow S . Ruffles induced by Salmonella and other stimuli direct macropinocytosis ofbacteria. Nature 1993;364(6438):639–642. Menard R , Dehio C , Sansonetti PJ . Bacterial entry into epithelial cells: The paradigm of Shigella . Trends Microbiol 1996;4:220–226.

Tran Van Nhieu G , Bourdet-Sicard R , Dumenil G , Blocker A , Sansonetti PJ . Bacterial signals and cell responses during Shigella entryinto epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2000;2:187–193. Cossart P , Sansonetti PJ . Bacterial invasion: The paradigms of enteroinvasive pathogens. Science 2004;304(5668):242–248. High N , Mounier J , Prévost MC , Sansonetti PJ . IpaB of Shigella flexneri causes entry into epithelial cells and escape from thephagocytic vacuole. EMBO J 1992;11(5):1991–1999. Marquart ME , Picking WL , Picking WD . Soluble invasion plasmid antigen C (IpaC) from Shigella flexneri elicits epithelial cell responsesrelated to pathogen invasion. Infect Immun 1669;64:4182–4187. Davis R , Marquart ME , Lucius D , Picking WD . Protein-protein interactions in the assembly of Shigella flexneri invasion plasmid antigensIpaB and IpaC into protein complexes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998;1429(1):45–56. Blocker A , Gounon P , Larquet E The tripartite type III secretion of Shigella flexneri inserts IpaB and IpaC into host membranes. J Cell Biol1999;147(3):683–693. Hayward RD , Cain RJ , McGhie EJ , Phillips N , Garner MJ , Koronakis V . Cholesterol binding by the bacterial type III translocon isessential for virulence effector delivery into mammalian cells. Mol Microbiol 2005;56(3):590–603. Picking WL , Nishioka H , Hearn PD IpaD of Shigella flexneri is independently required for regulation of Ipa protein secretion and efficientinsertion of IpaB and IpaC into host membranes. Infect Immun 2005;73:1432–1440. Paetzold S , Lourido S , Raupach B , Zychlinsky A . Shigella flexneri phagosomal escape is independent of invasion. Infect Immun2007;75:4826–4830. Sansonetti PJ . Microbes and microbial toxins: Paradigms for microbial-mucosal interactions III. Shigellosis: From symptoms to molecularpathogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001a;280:G319–G323. Sansonetti PJ . Rupture, invasion and inflammatory destruction of the intestinal barrier by Shigella, making sense of prokaryote-eukaryotecross-talks. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2001b;25:3–14. Sansonetti PJ , Kopecko DJ , Formal SB . Involvement of a plasmid in the invasive ability of Shigella flexneri . Infect Immun1982;35:852–860. Maurelli AT , Baudry B , d'Hauteville H , Hale TL , Sansonetti PJ . Cloning of plasmid DNA sequences involved in invasion of HeLa cells byShigella flexneri . Infect Immun 1985;49(1):164–171. Prévost MC , Lesourd M , Arpin M Unipolar reorganization of F-actin layer at bacterial division and bundling of actin filaments by plastincorrelate with movement of Shigella flexneri within HeLa cells. Infect Immun 1992;60:4088–99. Egile C , d'Hauteville H , Parsot C , Sansonetti PJ . SopA, the outer membrane protease responsible for polar localization of IcsA inShigella flexneri . Mol Microbiol 1997;23(5):1063–1073. Sansonetti PJ , Egile C . Molecular bases of epithelial cell invasion by Shigella flexneri . Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1998;74:191–197. Watarai M , Tobe T , Yoshikawa M , Sasakawa C . Disulfide oxidoreductase activity of Shigella flexneri is required for release of Ipaproteins and invasion of epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995a;92:4927–4931. Yu J . Inactivation of DsbA, but not DsbC and DsbD, affects the intracellular survival and virulence of Shigella flexneri . Infect Immun1998;66:3909–3917. Yu J , Edwards-Jones B , Neyrolles O , Kroll JS . Key role for DsbA in cell-to-cell spread of Shigella flexneri, permitting secretion of Ipaproteins into interepithelial protrusions. Infect Immun 2000;68:6449–6456. Page AL , Ohayon H , Sansonetti PJ , Parsot C . The secreted IpaB and IpaC invasins and their cytoplasmic chaperone IpgC are requiredfor intercellular dissemination of Shigella flexneri . Cell Microbiol 1999;1:183–193. Schuch R , Sandlin RC , Maurelli AT . A system for identifying post-invasion functions of invasion genes: Requirements for the Mxi-Spatype III secretion pathway of Shigella flexneri in intercellular dissemination. Mol Microbiol 1999;34:675–689. Sansonetti PJ , Ryter A , Clerc P , Maurelli AT , Mounier J . Multiplication of Shigella flexneri within HeLa cells: Lysis of the phagocyticvacuole and plasmid-mediated contact hemolysis. Infect Immun 1986;51:461–469. Bartoleschi C , Pardini MC , Scaringi C , Martino MC , Pazzani C , Bernardini ML . Selection of Shigella flexneri candidate virulence genesspecifically induced in bacteria resident in host cell cytoplasm. Cell Microbiol 2002;4(9):613–626. Lucchini S , Liu H , Jin Q , Hinton JC , Yu J . Transcriptional adaptation of Shigella flexneri during infection of macrophages and epithelialcells: Insights into the strategies of a cytosolic bacterial pathogen. Infect Immun 2005;73:88–102. Runyen-Janecky LJ , Payne SM . Identification of chromosomal Shigella flexneri genes induced by the eukaryotic intracellularenvironment. Infect Immun 2002;70:4379–4388. Mellouk N , Weiner A , Aulner N Shigella subverts the host recycling compartment to rupture its vacuole. Cell Host Microbe2014;16(4):517–530. Gupta A , Polyak CS , Bishop RD , Sobel J , Mintz ED . Laboratory-confirmed shigellosis in the United States, 1989–2002: Epidemiologictrends and patterns. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38(10):1372–1377. Kerneis S , Guerin PJ , von Seidlein L , Legros D , Grais RF . A look back at an ongoing problem: Shigella dysenteriae type 1 epidemics inrefugee settings in Central Africa (1993–1995). PLoS One 2009;4(2):e4494. Zhang H , Si Y , Wang X , Gong P . Patterns of bacillary dysentery in China, 2005–2010. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016;13(2):164. Wang XY , Tao F , Xiao D Trend and disease burden of bacillary dysentery in China (1991–2000). Bull World Health Organ2006;84(7):561–568. Mao Y , Cui E , Bao C Changing trends and serotype distribution of Shigella species in Beijing from 1994 to 2010. Gut Pathog 2013;5:21. Qiu S , Xu X , Yang C Shift in serotype distribution of Shigella species in China, 2003–2013. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015;21(3):252.e5–8. Das SK , Ahmed S , Ferdous F Etiological diversity of diarrhoeal disease in Bangladesh. J Infect Dev Ctries 2013;7(12):900–909. Hulland KR , Leontsini E , Dreibelbis R Designing a handwashing station for infrastructure-restricted communities in Bangladesh using theintegrated behavioural model for water, sanitation and hygiene interventions (IBM-WASH). BMC Public Health 2013;13:877. Rashid H , Rahman M . Possible transfer of plasmid mediated third generation cephalosporin resistance between Escherichia coli andShigella sonnei in the human gut. Infect Genet Evol 2015;30:15–18. Bowen A , Hurd J , Hoover C Importation and domestic transmission of Shigella sonnei resistant to ciprofloxacin—United States, May2014–February 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64(12):318–320. Kim JS , Kim JJ , Kim SJ Outbreak of ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella sonnei associated with travel to Vietnam, Republic of Korea. EmergInfect Dis 2015;21(7):1247–1250. Dutta P , Bhattacharya SK , Dutta D Clinical presentation of shigellosis during the 1984 epidemic of bacillary dysentery in West Bengal. JAssoc Physicians India 1987;35(3):195–197.

Saha T , Murhekar M , Hutin YJ , Ramamurthy T . An urban, water-borne outbreak of diarrhoea and shigellosis in a district town in easternIndia. Natl Med J India 2009;22(5):237–239. Nandy S , Dutta S , Ghosh S Foodborne-associated Shigella sonnei, India, 2009 and 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17(11):2072–2074. Taneja N , Mewara A . Shigellosis: Epidemiology in India. Indian J Med Res 2016;143(5):565–576. Shakya G , Acharya J , Adhikari S , Rijal N . Shigellosis in Nepal: 13 years review of nationwide surveillance. J Health Popul Nutr2016;35(1):36. Guerin PJ , Brasher C , Baron E Case management of a multidrug-resistant Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 outbreak in a crisis context inSierra Leone, 1999–2000. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004;98(11):635–643. Penno C , Sansonetti P , Parsot C . Frameshifting by transcriptional slippage is involved in production of MxiE, the transcription activatorregulated by the activity of the type III secretion apparatus in Shigella flexneri . Mol Microbiol 2005;56:204–214. Penno C , Hachani A , Biskri L , Sansonetti P , Allaoui A , Parsot C . Transcriptional slippage controls production of type III secretionapparatus components in Shigella flexneri . Mol Microbiol 2006;62:1460–1468. Yoshida S , Handa Y , Suzuki T Microtubule-severing activity of Shigella is pivotal for intercellular spreading. Science 2006;314:985–989. Killackey SA , Sorbara MT , Girardin SE . Cellular aspects of Shigella pathogenesis: Focus on the manipulation of host cell processes.Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016;6:38. Buchrieser C , Glaser P , Rusniok C The virulence plasmid pWR100 and the repertoire of proteins secreted by the type III secretionapparatus of Shigella flexneri . Mol Microbiol 2000;38(4):760–771. Enninga J , Mounier J , Sansonetti P , Tran Van Nhieu G . Secretion of type III effectors into host cells in real time. Nat Methods2005;2(12):959–965. Marteyn B , West NP , Browning DF Modulation of Shigella virulence in response to available oxygen in vivo . Nature 2010;465:355–358. Schroeder GN , Hilbi H . Molecular pathogenesis of Shigella spp.: Controlling host cell signaling, invasion, and death by type III secretion.Clin Microbiol Rev 2008;21:134–156. West NP , Sansonetti P , Mounier J Optimization of virulence functions through glucosylation of Shigella LPS. Science2005;307(5713):1313–1317. Ashida H , Mimuro, H , Sasakawa C . Shigella manipulates host immune responses by delivering effector proteins with specific roles. FrontImmunol 2015;6:219. Winter SE , Keestra AM , Tsolis RM , Baumler AJ . The blessings and curses of intestinal inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 2010;8:36–43. Karin M , Ben-Neriah Y . Phosphorylation meets ubiquitination: The control of NF-[kappa]B activity. Annu Rev Immunol 2000;18:621–663. Kim DW , Lenzen G , Page AL , Legrain P , Sansonetti PJ , Parsot C . The Shigella flexneri effector OspG interferes with innate immuneresponses by targeting ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102(39):14046–14051. Newton HJ , Pearson JS , Badea L The type III effectors NleE and NleB from enteropathogenic E. coli and OspZ from Shigella blocknuclear translocation of NF-kappaB p65. PLoS Pathog 2010;6(5):e1000898. Strahl BD , Allis CD . The language of covalent histone modifications. Nature 2000;403:41–45. Thomson S , Clayton AL , Hazzalin CA , Rose S , Barratt MJ , Mahadevan LC . The nucleosomal response associated with immediate-early gene induction is mediated via alternative MAP kinase cascades: MSK1 as a potential histone H3/HMG-14 kinase. EMBO J1999;18:4779–4793. Clayton AL , Mahadevan LC . MAP kinase-mediated phosphoacetylation of histone H3 and inducible gene regulation. FEBS Lett2003;546(1):51–58. Saccani S , Pantano S , Natoli G . p38-Dependent marking of inflammatory genes for increased NF-kappa B recruitment. Nat Immunol2002;3:69–65. Arbibe L , Kim DW , Batsche E An injected bacterial effector targets chromatin access for transcription factor NF-kappaB to altertranscription of host genes involved in immune responses. Nat Immunol 2007;8(1):47–56. Zhu Y , Li H , Long C Structural insights into the enzymatic mechanism of the pathogenic MAPK phosphothreonine lyase. Mol Cell2007;28:899–813. Toyotome T , Suzuki T , Kuwae A Shigella protein IpaH(9.8) is secreted from bacteria within mammalian cells and transported to thenucleus. J Biol Chem 2001;276:32071–32079. Rohde JR , Breitkreutz A , Chenal A , Sansonetti PJ , Parsot C . Type III secretion effectors of the IpaH family are E3 ubiquitin ligases. CellHost Microbe 2007;1:77–73. Seyedarabi A , Sullivan JA , Sasakawa C , Pickersgill RW . A disulfide driven domain swap switches off the activity of Shigella IpaH9.8 E3ligase. FEBS Lett 2010;584:4163–4168. Suzuki T , Franchi L , Toma C Differential regulation of caspase-1 activation, pyroptosis, and autophagy via Ipaf and ASC in Shigella-infected macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2007;3:e111. Willingham SB , Bergstralh DT , O'Connor W Microbial pathogen-induced necrotic cell death mediated by the inflammasome componentsCIAS1/cryopyrin/NLRP3 and ASC. Cell Host Microbe 2007;2:147–159. Schroder K , Tschopp J . The inflammasomes. Cell 2010;140:821–832. Kufer TA , Kremmer E , Banks DJ , Philpott DJ . Role for erbin in bacterial activation of Nod2. Infect Immun 2006;74(6):3115–3124. Kufer TA , Kremmer E , Adam AC , Philpott DJ , Sansonetti PJ . The pattern-recognition molecule Nod1 is localized at the plasmamembrane at sites of bacterial interaction. Cell Microbiol 2008;10(2):477–486. Inohara N , Koseki T , Lin J An induced proximity model for NF-kappa B activation in the Nod1/RICK and RIP signaling pathways. J BiolChem 2000;275(36):27823–27831. Travassos LH , Carneiro LA , Ramjeet M Nod1 and Nod2 direct autophagy by recruiting ATG16L1 to the plasma membrane at the site ofbacterial entry. Nat Immunol 2010;11:55–62. Fukazawa A , Alonso C , Kurachi K GEF-H1 mediated control of NOD1 dependent NF-kappaB activation by Shigella effectors. PLoSPathog 2008;4(11):e1000228. Dupont N , Lacas-Gervais S , Bertout J Shigella phagocytic vacuolar membrane remnants participate in the cellular response to pathogeninvasion and are regulated by autophagy. Cell Host Microbe 2009;6(2):137–149. Klink BU , Barden S , Heidler TV Structure of Shigella IpgB2 in complex with human RhoA: Implications for the mechanism of bacterialguanine nucleotide exchange factor mimicry. J Biol Chem 2010;285(22):17197–17208. Gloire G , Legrand-Poels S , Piette J . NF-kappaB activation by reactive oxygen species: Fifteen years later. Biochem Pharmacol2006;72(11):1493–1505.

Latz E . The inflammasomes: Mechanisms of activation and function. Curr Opin Immunol 2010;22:28–33. Le-Barillec K , Magalhaes JG , Corcuff E Roles for T and NK cells in the innate immune response to Shigella flexneri . J Immunol2005;175(3):1735–1740. Konradt C , Frigimelica E , Nothelfer K The Shigella flexneri type three secretion system effector IpgD inhibits T cell migration bymanipulating host phosphoinositide metabolism. Cell Host Microbe 2011;9(4):263–272. Nothelfer K , Arena ET , Pinaud L B lymphocytes undergo TLR2-dependent apoptosis upon Shigella infection. J Exp Med2014;211(6):1215–1229. Gore AL , Payne SM . CsrA and Cra influence Shigella flexneri pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2010;78(11):4674–4682. Murphy ER , Payne SM . RyhB, an iron-responsive small RNA molecule, regulates Shigella dysenteriae virulence. Infect Immun2007;75(7):3470–3477. Africa LA , Murphy ER , Egan NR , Wigley AF , Wing HJ . The iron-responsive Fur/RyhB regulatory cascade modulates the Shigella outermembrane protease IcsP. Infect Immun 2011;79(11):4543–4549. Broach WH , Egan N , Wing HJ , Payne SM , Murphy ER . VirF-independent regulation of Shigella virB transcription is mediated by thesmall RNA RyhB. PLoS One 2012;7(6):e38592. Giangrossi M , Prosseda G , Tran CN , Brandi A , Colonna B , Falconi M . A novel antisense RNA regulates at transcriptional level thevirulence gene icsA of Shigella flexneri . Nucleic Acids Res 2010;38(10):3362–3375. Tran CN , Giangrossi M , Prosseda G A multifactor regulatory circuit involving H-NS, VirF and an antisense RNA modulates transcription ofthe virulence gene icsA of Shigella flexneri . Nucleic Acids Res 2011;39(18):8122–8134. Fris ME , Murphy ER . Riboregulators: Fine-tuning virulence in Shigella . Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016;6:2. Mills M , Payne SM . Genetics and regulation of heme iron transport in Shigella dysenteriae and detection of an analogous system inEscherichia coli O157:H7. J Bacteriol 1995;177(11):3004–3009. Mills M , Payne SM . Identification of shuA, the gene encoding the heme receptor of Shigella dysenteriae, and analysis of invasion andintracellular multiplication of a shuA mutant. Infect Immun 1997;65(12):5358–5363. Kouse AB , Righetti F , Kortmann J , Narberhaus F , Murphy ER . RNA-mediated thermoregulation of iron-acquisition genes in Shigelladysenteriae and pathogenic Escherichia coli . PLoS One 2013;8(5):e63781. Riley LW , Remis RS , Helgerson SD Hemorrhagic colitis associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype. N Engl J Med1983;308(12):681–685. Scotland SM , Smith HR , Rowe B . Two distinct toxins active on Vero cells from Escherichia coli O157. Lancet 1985;2(8460):885–886. Strockbine NA , Marques LR , Newland JW , Smith HW , Holmes RK , O'Brien AD . Two toxin-converting phages from Escherichia coliO157:H7 strain 933 encode antigenically distinct toxins with similar biologic activities. Infect Immun 1986;53(1):135–140. Gray MD , Lampel KA , Strockbine NA , Fernandez RE , Melton-Celsa AR , Maurelli AT . Clinical isolates of Shiga toxin 1a-producingShigella flexneri with an epidemiological link to recent travel to Hispaniola. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20(10):1669–1677. O'Brien AD , Holmes RK . Shiga and Shiga-like toxins. Microbiol Rev 1987;51(2):206–220. Melton-Celsa AR . Shiga toxin (Stx) classification, structure, and function. Microbiol Spectr 2014;2(4): EHEC-0024-2013. Kruger A , Lucchesi PMA . Shiga toxins and stx phages: Highly diverse entities. Microbiology 2015;161:451–462. Niyogi SK . Shigellosis. J Microbiol 2005;43(2):133–143. Barrett-Connor E , Connor JD . Extra intestinal manifestations of shigellosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1970;53:234–245. Echeverria P , Sethabutr O , Pitarangsi C . Microbiology and diagnosis of infections with Shigella and entero-invasive Escherichia coli .Rev Infect Dis 1991;13(Suppl 4):S220–S225. Kuo CY , Su LH , Perera J Antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella isolates in eight Asian countries, 2001–2004. J Microbiol Immunol Infect2008;41(2):107–111. Acheson DW , Keusch GT . Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli . In: Blaser MJ , Smith PD , Ravdin JI , Greenberg HB , GuerrantRL , eds. Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract. New York, NY: Raven Press, 1995:765. Keusch GT , Formal SB , Bennish ML . Shigellosis. In: Warren KS , Mahmoud AA , eds. Tropical and Geographical Medicine. New York,NY: McGraw-Hill, 1990:763. Sur D , Ramamurthy T , Deen J , Bhattacharya SK . Shigellosis: Challenges and management issues. Indian J Med Res2004:120:454–462. Avital A , Maayan C , Goitein KJ . Incidence of convulsions and encephalopathy in childhood Shigella infections. Clin Pediatr1982;21(11):645–648. Nataro JP , Seriwatana J , Fasano A Identification and cloning of a novel plasmid-encoded enterotoxin of enteroinvasive Escherichia coliand Shigella strains. Infect Immun 1995;63(12):4721–4728. Siegler RL . The hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Clin North Am 1995;42:1505–1529. Kabir I , Rahman MM , Haider R , Mazumder RN , Khaled MA , Mahalanabis D . Increased height gain of children fed a high-protein dietduring convalescence from shigellosis: A six-month follow-Up study. J Nutr 1998;128(10):1688–1691. Guarino A , Albano F , Ashkenazi S European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society forPaediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: Executivesummary. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008;46(5):619–621. DuPont HL , Levine MM , Hornick RB , Formal SB . Inoculum size in shigellosis and implications for expected mode of transmission. JInfect Dis 1989;159(6):1126–1128. Harris JC , Dupont HL , Hornick RB . Fecal leukocytes in diarrheal illness. Ann Intern Med 1972;76(5):697–703. Farmer JJ , Wells JG , Griffin PM . Enterobacteriaceae infections. In: Wentworth BB , ed. Diagnostic Procedures for Bacterial Infections.Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 1987:274. Vu DT , Sethabutr O , Von Seidlein L Detection of Shigella by a PCR assay targeting the ipaH gene suggests increased prevalence ofshigellosis in Nha Trang, Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42(5):2031–2035. von Seidlein L , Kim DR , Ali M A multicentre study of Shigella diarrhoea in six Asian countries: Disease burden, clinical manifestations,and microbiology. PLoS Med 2006;3(9):e353. Samosornsuk S , Chaicumpa W , von Seidlein L , Clemens JD , Sethabutr O . Using real-time PCR to detect shigellosis: IpaH detection inKaeng-Khoi District, Saraburi Province, Thailand. Thammasat Int J Sci Technol 2007;12:52–57.

Lindsay B , Ochieng JB , Ikumapayi UN Quantitative PCR for detection of Shigella improves ascertainment of Shigella burden in childrenwith moderate-to-severe diarrhea in low-income countries. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51(6):1740–1746. Nato F , Phalipon A , Nguyen TL , Diep TT , Sansonetti P , Germani Y . Dipstick for rapid diagnosis of Shigella flexneri 2a in stool. PLoSOne 2007;2(4):e361. Taneja N , Nato F , Dartevelle S Dipstick test for rapid diagnosis of Shigella dysenteriae 1 in bacterial cultures and its potential use on stoolsamples. PLoS One 2011;6(10):e24830. Phalipon A , Mulard LA , Sansonetti PJ . Vaccination against shigellosis: Is it the path that is difficult or is it the difficult that is the path?Microbes Infect 2008;10:1057–1062. Riddle MS , Kaminski RW , Williams C Safety and immunogenicity of an intranasal Shigella flexneri 2a Invaplex 50 vaccine. Vaccine2011;29:7009–7019. Theillet FX , Simenel C , Guerreiro C , Phalipon A , Mulard LA , Delepierre M . Effects of backbone substitutions on the conformationalbehavior of Shigella flexneri O-antigens: Implications for vaccine strategy. Glycobiology 2011;21:109–121. Barnoy S , Jeong KI , Helm RF Characterization of WRSs2 and WRSs3, new second-generation virG(icsA)-based Shigella sonnei vaccinecandidates with the potential for reduced reactogenicity. Vaccine 2010;28(6):1642–1654. Steele D , Riddle M , van de Verg L , Bourgeois L . Vaccines for enteric diseases: A meeting summary. Expert Rev Vaccines2012;11:407–409. Livio S , Strockbine NA , Panchalingam S Shigella isolates from the global enteric multicenter study inform vaccine development. ClinInfect Dis 2014;59(7):933–941. DuPont HL , Hornick RB . Adverse effect of lomotil therapy in shigellosis. JAMA 1973;226(13):1525–1528. Ashkenazi S , Levy I , Kazaronovski V , Samra Z . Growing antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother2003;51(2):427–429. Sivapalasingam S , Nelson JM , Joyce K , Hoekstra M , Angulo FJ , Mintz ED . High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Shigellaisolates in the United States tested by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System from 1999 to 2002. Antimicrob AgentsChemother 2006;50(1):49–54. Munshi MH , Sack DA , Haider K , Ahmed ZU , Rahaman MM , Morshed MG . Plasmid-mediated resistance to nalidixic acid in Shigelladysenteriae type 1. Lancet 1987;2(8556):419–421. Salam MA , Bennish ML . Antimicrobial therapy for shigellosis. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13(Suppl 4):S332–S341. Bennish ML , Salam MA , Hossain MA Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in Bangladesh, 1983–1990: Increasing frequency ofstrains multiply resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and nalidixic acid. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14(5):1055–1060. Cheasty T , Day M , Threlfall EJ . Increasing incidence of resistance to nalidixic acid in Shigella from humans in England and Wales:Implications for therapy. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004;10(11):1033–1035. Ashkenazi S . Shigella species. In: Yu VL , Weer R , Raoult D , eds. Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines. 2nd ed. New York, NY: AppleTree Production, 2002:615. Haltalin KC , Kusmiesz HT , Hinton LV , Nelson JD . Treatment of acute diarrhea in outpatients. Double-blind study comparing ampicillinand placebo. Am J Dis Child 1972;124(4):554–561. Garcia de Olarte D , Trujillo H , Agudelo N , Nelson JD , Haltalin KC . Treatment of diarrhea in malnourished infants and children. Adouble-blind study comparing ampicillin and placebo. Am J Dis Child 1974;127(3):379–388. Ashkenazi S , Cleary TG . Shigella species. In: Long SS , Pickering LK , Prober CG , eds. Principles and Practice of Pediatric InfectiousDiseases. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier 2008:817. Nessar R , Cambau E , Reyrat JM , Murray A , Gicquel B . Mycobacterium abscessus: A new antibiotic nightmare. J Antimicrob Chemother2012;67(4):810–818. Hossain MU , Khan MA , Hashem A Finding potential therapeutic targets against Shigella flexneri through proteome exploration. FrontMicrobiol 2016;7:1817. Khaghani S , Shamsizadeh A , Nikfar R , Hesami A . Shigella flexneri: A three-year antimicrobial resistance monitoring of isolates in aChildren Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran. Iran J Microbiol 2014;6:225–229. Cui X , Wang J , Yang C Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Shigella flexneri serotype 2 variant in China. Front Microbiol2015;6:435. Holt KE , Thieu Nga TV , Thanh DP Tracking the establishment of local endemic populations of an emergent enteric pathogen. Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 2013;110(43):17522–17527. Connor TR , Barker CR , Baker KS Species-wide whole genome sequencing reveals historical global spread and recent local persistencein Shigella flexneri . Elife 2015;4:e07335.

Vibrio Lippi D , Gotuzzo E . The greatest steps towards the discovery of Vibrio cholerae . Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20(3):191–195. Shinoda S . Sixty years from the discovery of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and some recollections Biocontrol Sci. 2011;16(4):129–137. Horseman MA , Surani S . A comprehensive review of Vibrio vulnificus: An important cause of severe sepsis and skin and soft-tissueinfection. Int J Infect Dis 2011;15(3):e157–e166. Rahaman MH , Islam T , Colwell RR , Alam M . Molecular tools in understanding the evolution of Vibrio cholerae . Front Microbiol2015;6:1040. Banerjee SK , Kearney AK , Nadon CA Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Canadian clinical isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticuscollected from 2000 to 2009. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52(4):1081–1088. Reynaud Y , Pitchford S , De Decker S , Wikfors GH , Brown CL . Molecular typing of environmental and clinical strains of Vibrio vulnificusisolated in the northeastern USA. PLoS One 2013;8(12):e83357. Kim HJ , Cho JC . Genotypic diversity and population structure of Vibrio vulnificus strains isolated in Taiwan and Korea as determined bymultilocus sequence typing. PLoS One 2015;10(11):e0142657.

Ramachandran R , Jha J , Chattoraj DK . Chromosome segregation in Vibrio cholerae . J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2014;24(5–6):360–370. Ceccarelli D , Hasan NA , Huq A , Colwell RR . Distribution and dynamics of epidemic and pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus virulencefactors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013;3:97. Espejo RT , García K , Plaza N . Insight into the origin and evolution of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus pandemic strain. Front Microbiol2017;8:1397. Dubert J , Barja JL , Romalde JL . New insights into pathogenic vibrios affecting bivalves in hatcheries: Present and future prospects. FrontMicrobiol 2017;8:762. Conner JG , Teschler JK , Jones CJ , Yildiz FH . Staying alive: Vibrio cholerae’s cycle of environmental survival, transmission, anddissemination. Microbiol Spectr 2016;4(2). Engel MF , Muijsken MA , Mooi-Kokenberg E , Kuijper EJ , van Westerloo DJ . Vibrio cholerae non-O1 bacteraemia: Description of threecases in the Netherlands and a literature review. Euro Surveill 2016;21(15). George G , Rotich J , Kigen H Notes from the field: Ongoing cholera outbreak—Kenya, 2014–2016. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep2016;65(3):68–69. Noora CL , Issah K , Kenu E Large cholera outbreak in Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana. BMC Res Notes 2017;10(1):389. Halpern M , Izhaki I . Fish as hosts of Vibrio cholerae . Front Microbiol 2017;8:282. Chowdhury FR , Nur Z , Hassan N , von Seidlein L , Dunachie S . Pandemics, pathogenicity and changing molecular epidemiology ofcholera in the era of global warming. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017;16(1):10. Velazquez-Roman J , León-Sicairos N , de Jesus Hernández-Díaz L , Canizalez-Roman A . Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 onthe American continent. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014;3:110. Huang KC , Weng HH , Yang TY , Chang TS , Huang TW , Lee MS . Distribution of fatal Vibrio vulnificus necrotizing skin and soft-tissueinfections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95(5):e2627. Heng SP , Letchumanan V , Deng CY Vibrio vulnificus: An environmental and clinical burden. Front Microbiol 2017;8:997. Hema M , Balasubramanian S , Princy SA . Meddling Vibrio cholerae murmurs: A neoteric advancement in cholera research. Indian JMicrobiol 2015;55(2):121–130. Khilwani B , Chattopadhyay K . Signaling beyond punching holes: Modulation of cellular responses by Vibrio cholerae cytolysin. Toxins(Basel) 2015;7(8):3344–3358. Teschler JK , Zamorano-Sánchez D , Utada AS Living in the matrix: Assembly and control of Vibrio cholerae biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol2015;13(5):255–268. Benitez JA , Silva AJ . Vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin (HA)/protease: An extracellular metalloprotease with multiple pathogenic activities.Toxicon 2016;115:55–62. Silva AJ , Benitez JA . Vibrio cholerae biofilms and cholera pathogenesis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016;10(2):e0004330. Das B . Mechanistic insights into filamentous phage integration in Vibrio cholerae . Front Microbiol 2014;5:650. Almagro-Moreno S , Pruss K , Taylor RK . Intestinal colonization dynamics of Vibrio cholerae . PLoS Pathog 2015;11(5):e1004787. Broberg CA , Calder TJ , Orth K . Vibrio parahaemolyticus cell biology and pathogenicity determinants. Microbes Infect2011;13(12–13):992–1001. O’Boyle N , Boyd A . Manipulation of intestinal epithelial cell function by the cell contact-dependent type III secretion systems of Vibrioparahaemolyticus . Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014;3:114. León-Sicairos N , Angulo-Zamudio UA , de la Garza M , Velázquez-Román J , Flores-Villaseñor HM , Canizalez-Román A . Strategies ofVibrio parahaemolyticus to acquire nutritional iron during host colonization. Front Microbiol 2015;6:702. Raghunath P . Roles of thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH) in Vibrio parahaemolyticus . FrontMicrobiol 2015;5:805. Jones MK , Oliver JD . Vibrio vulnificus: Disease and pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2009;77(5):1723–1733. Liu M , Crosa JH . The regulator HlyU, the repeat-in-toxin gene rtxA1, and their roles in the pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus infections.Microbiologyopen 2012;1(4):502–513. Pérez-Reytor D , Plaza N , Espejo RT , Navarrete P , Bastías R , Garcia K . Role of non-coding regulatory RNA in the virulence of humanpathogenic vibrios. Front Microbiol 2017;7:2160. FDA . Bacteriological Analytical Manual, Chapter 9 Vibrio. Available at:https://www.fda.gov/food/foodscienceresearch/laboratorymethods/ucm070830.htm Dick MH , Guillerm M , Moussy F , Chaignat CL . Review of two decades of cholera diagnostics—How far have we really come? PLoSNegl Trop Dis 2012;6(10):e1845. Givens CE , Bowers JC , DePaola A , Hollibaugh JT , Jones JL . Occurrence and distribution of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrioparahaemolyticus—Potential roles for fish, oyster, sediment and water. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014;58(6):503–510. Letchumanan V , Chan KG , Lee LH . Vibrio parahaemolyticus: A review on the pathogenesis, prevalence, and advance molecularidentification techniques. Front Microbiol 2014;5:705. Wang R , Zhong Y , Gu X , Yuan J , Saeed AF , Wang S . The pathogenesis, detection, and prevention of Vibrio parahaemolyticus . FrontMicrobiol 2015;6:144. Yu W , Shen X , Pan H , Xiao T , Shen P , Xiao Y . Clinical features and treatment of patients with Vibrio vulnificus infection. Int J Infect Dis2017;59:1–6. O'Ryan M , Vidal R , del Canto F , Salazar JC , Montero D . Vaccines for viral and bacterial pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis: Part I:Overview, vaccines for enteric viruses and Vibrio cholerae . Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015;11(3):584–600. Froelich BA , Noble RT . Factors affecting the uptake and retention of Vibrio vulnificus in oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol2014;80(24):7454–7459. Froelich BA , Noble RT . Vibrio bacteria in raw oysters: Managing risks to human health. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci2016;371(1689). pii: 20150209. Baker GL . Food safety impacts from post-harvest processing procedures of molluscan shellfish. Foods 2016;5(2). pii: E29. Odeyemi OA . Incidence and prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Springerplus2016;5:464.

Yersinia Bottone EJ . Yersinia enterocolitica: The charisma continues. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997; 10:257–276. Backhans A , Fellstrom C , Lambertz ST . Occurrence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in small wildrodents. Epidemiol Infect. 2011; 139:1230–1238. Bucher M , Meyer C , Grotzbach B , Wacheck S , Stolle A , Fredriksson-Ahomaa M . Epidemiological data on pathogenic Yersiniaenterocolitica in Southern Germany during 2000–2006. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2008; 5:273–280. Jones TF . From pig to pacifier: Chitterling-associated yersiniosis outbreak among black infants. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003; 9:1007–1009. Chakraborty A , Komatsu K , Roberts M The descriptive epidemiology of yersiniosis: A multistate study, 2005–2011. Public Health Rep.2015; 130:269–277. Fredriksson-Ahomaa M , Stolle A , Stephan R . Prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in pigs slaughtered at a Swiss abattoir. IntJ Food Microbiol. 2007; 119:207–212. Korte T , Fredriksson-Ahomaa M , Niskanen T , Korkeala H . Low prevalence of yadA-positive Yersinia enterocolitica in sows. FoodbornePathog Dis. 2004; 1:45–52. Nesbakken T , Nerbrink E , Rotterud OJ , Borch E . Reduction of Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria spp. on pig carcasses by enclosure ofthe rectum during slaughter. Int J Food Microbiol. 1994; 23:197–208. Liang J , Wang X , Xiao Y Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in pigs slaughtered in Chinese abattoirs. Appl Env Microbiol. 2012;78:2949–2956. Boghenbor KK , On SL , Kokotovic B Genotyping of human and porcine Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia intermedia, and Yersiniabercovieri strains from Switzerland by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. Appl Env Microbiol. 2006; 72:4061–4066. Drechsler-Hake D , Alamir H , Hahn J Mononuclear phagocytes contribute to intestinal invasion and dissemination of Yersiniaenterocolitica . Int J Med Microbiol. 2016; 306:357–366. Chauhan N , Wrobel A , Skurnik M , Leo JC . Yersinia adhesins: An arsenal for infection. Proteomics Clin Appl. 2016; 10:949–963. Raczkowska A , Skorek K , Bielecki J , Brzostek K . OmpR controls Yersinia enterocolitica motility by positive regulation of flhDCexpression. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 2011; 99:381–394. D'Amato RF , Tomfohrde KM . Influence of media on temperature-dependent motility test for Yersinia enterocolitica . J Clin Microbiol.1981; 14:347–348. Bottone EJ . Yersinia enterocolitica: A panoramic view of a charismatic microorganism. CRC Crit Rev Microbiol. 1977; 5:211–241. Sihvonen LM , Haukka K , Kuusi M , Virtanen MJ , Siitonen A , YE study group . Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica-like species inclinical stool specimens of humans: Identification and prevalence of bio/serotypes in Finland. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;28:757–765. Leon-Velarde CG , Kropinski AM , Chen S , Abbasifar A , Griffiths MW , Odumeru JA . Complete genome sequence of bacteriophagevB_YenP_AP5 which infects Yersinia enterocolitica of serotype O:3. Virol J. 2014; 11:188. Pajunen M , Kiljunen S , Skurnik M . Bacteriophage phiYeO3-12, specific for Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3, is related to coliphagesT3 and T7. J Bacteriol. 2000; 182:5114–5120. Kiljunen S , Vilen H , Pajunen M , Savilahti H , Skurnik M . Nonessential genes of phage phiYeO3-12 include genes involved in adaptationto growth on Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3. J Bacteriol. 2005; 187:1405–1414. Liang J , Li X , Zha T DTDP-rhamnosyl transferase RfbF, is a newfound receptor-related regulatory protein for phage phiYe-F10 specificfor Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:22905. Wauters G , Kandolo K , Janssens M . Revised biogrouping scheme of Yersinia enterocolitica . Contrib Microbiol Immunol. 1987; 9:14–21. Prentice MB , Cope D , Swann RA . The epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica infection in the British Isles 1983–1988. Contrib MicrobiolImmunol. 1991; 12:17–25. Batzilla J , Hoper D , Antonenka U , Heesemann J , Rakin A . Complete genome sequence of Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. palearcticaserogroup O:3. J Bacteriol. 2011; 193:2067. Neubauer H , Aleksic S , Hensel A , Finke EJ , Meyer H . Yersinia enterocolitica 16S rRNA gene types belong to the same genospeciesbut form three homology groups. Int J Med Microbiol. 2000; 290:61–64. Bhagat N , Virdi JS . Distribution of virulence-associated genes in Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1A correlates with clonal groups and notthe source of isolation. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2007; 266:177–183. Cornelis GR , Boland A , Boyd AP The virulence plasmid of Yersinia, an antihost genome. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998; 62:1315–1352. Revell PA , Miller VL . Yersinia virulence: More than a plasmid. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001; 205:159–164. Batzilla J , Heesemann J , Rakin A . The pathogenic potential of Yersinia enterocolitica 1A. Int J Med Microbiol. 2011; 301:556–561. Gierczynski R . [Evaluation of the usefulness of selected virulence markers for identification of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica strains. II.Genotypic markers associated with the pYV plasmid]. Med Dosw Mikrobiol. 2000; 52:35–49. Mikula KM , Kolodziejczyk R , Goldman A . Yersinia infection tools-characterization of structure and function of adhesins. Front Cell InfectMicrobiol. 2012; 2:169. Weber A , Lembke C . [Occurrence of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in cats]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1981;94:325–327. Wang X , Liang J , Xi J Canis lupus familiaris involved in the transmission of pathogenic Yersinia spp. in China. Vet Microbiol. 2014;172:339–344. Wang X , Cui Z , Wang H Pathogenic strains of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) belonging to farmersare of the same subtype as pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from humans and may be a source of human infection in JiangsuProvince, China. J Clin Microbiol. 2010; 48:1604–1610. Ostroff SM , Kapperud G , Hutwagner LC Sources of sporadic Yersinia enterocolitica infections in Norway: A prospective case-controlstudy. Epidemiol Infect. 1994; 112:133–141. Tauxe RV , Vandepitte J , Wauters G Yersinia enterocolitica infections and pork: The missing link. Lancet. 1987; 1:1129–1132. Fredriksson-Ahomaa M , Korte T , Korkeala H . Transmission of Yersinia enterocolitica 4/O:3 to pets via contaminated pork. Lettn ApplMicrobiol. 2001;32:375–378. Fredriksson-Ahomaa M , Stolle A , Korkeala H . Molecular epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica infections. FEMS Immunol MedMicrobiol. 2006; 47:315–329.

Young GM , Amid D , Miller VL . A bifunctional urease enhances survival of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica and Morganella morganii atlow pH. J Bacteriol. 1996; 178:6487–6495. Hu Y , Lu P , Wang Y , Ding L , Atkinson S , Chen S . OmpR positively regulates urease expression to enhance acid survival of Yersiniapseudotuberculosis. Microbiology. 2009; 155:2522–2531. Grutzkau A , Hanski C , Hahn H , Riecken EO . Involvement of M cells in the bacterial invasion of Peyer's patches: A common mechanismshared by Yersinia enterocolitica and other enteroinvasive bacteria. Gut. 1990; 31:1011–1015. Isberg RR , Barnes P . Subversion of integrins by enteropathogenic Yersinia . J Cell Sci. 2001; 114:21–28. Plano GV , Schesser K . The Yersinia pestis type III secretion system: Expression, assembly and role in the evasion of host defenses.Immunol Res. 2013; 57:237–245. Heroven AK , Dersch P . Coregulation of host-adapted metabolism and virulence by pathogenic yersiniae. Fronti Cell Infect Microbiol.2014; 4:146. Handley SA , Newberry RD , Miller VL . Yersinia enterocolitica invasin-dependent and invasin-independent mechanisms of systemicdissemination. Infect Immun. 2005; 73:8453–8455. Toma S , Lafleur L . Survey on the incidence of Yersinia enterocolitica infection in Canada. Appl Microbiol. 1974; 28:469–473. Gutman LT , Ottesen EA , Quan TJ , Noce PS , Katz SL . An inter-familial outbreak of Yersinia enterocolitica enteritis. N Engl J Med. 1973;288:1372–1377. Toivanen P , Toivanen A , Olkkonen L , Aantaa S . Hospital outbreak of Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Lancet. 1973; 1:801–803. Wang X , Cui Z , Jin D Distribution of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in China. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Diss. 2009; 28:1237–1244. Wang X , Qiu H , Jin D O:8 serotype Yersinia enterocolitica strains in China. Int J Food Microbiol. 2008; 125:259–266. Cannon CG , Linnemann CC Jr . Yersinia enterocolitica infections in hospitalized patients: The problem of hospital-acquired infections.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1992; 13:139–143. Fredriksson-Ahomaa M , Korkeala H . Low occurrence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in clinical, food, and environmental samples: Amethodological problem. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003; 16:220–229. Horisaka T , Fujita K , Iwata T Sensitive and specific detection of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. JClin Microbiol. 2004; 42:5349–5352. Nesbakken T , Iversen T , Lium B . Pig herds free from human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica . Emerg Infect Dis. 2007; 13:1860–1864. Rasmussen HN , Rasmussen OF , Christensen H , Olsen JE . Detection of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 in faecal samples and tonsil swabsfrom pigs using IMS and PCR. J Appl Bacteriol. 1995; 78:563–568. Fukushima H , Matsuda Y , Seki R Geographical heterogeneity between Far Eastern and Western countries in prevalence of the virulenceplasmid, the superantigen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen, and the high-pathogenicity island among Yersiniapseudotuberculosis strains. J Clin Microbiol. 2001; 39:3541–3547. Pilon J , Higgins R , Quessy S . Epidemiological study of Yersinia enterocolitica in swine herds in Quebec. Can Vet J. 2000; 41:383–387. Niskanen T , Waldenstrom J , Fredriksson-Ahomaa M , Olsen B , Korkeala H . virF-positive Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersiniaenterocolitica found in migratory birds in Sweden. Appl Env Microbiol. 2003; 69:4670–4675. de Boer E . Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from foods. Contrib Microbiol Immunol. 1995; 13:71–73. Christensen SG . Yersinia enterocolitica in Danish pigs. J Appl Bacteriol. 1980; 48:377–382. Cork SC , Marshall RB , Madie P , Fenwick SG . The role of wild birds and the environment in the epidemiology of Yersiniae in NewZealand. N Z Vet J. 1995; 43:169–174. Nesbakken T . Enumeration of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 from the porcine oral cavity, and its occurrence on cut surfaces of pig carcassesand the environment in a slaughterhouse. Int J Food Microbiol. 1988; 6:287–293. Christensen SG . The Yersinia enterocolitica situation in Denmark. Contrib Microbiol Immunol. 1987; 9:93–97. Kohbata S , Yokoyama H , Yabuuchi E . Cytopathogenic effect of Salmonella typhi GIFU 10007 on M cells of murine ileal Peyer's patchesin ligated ileal loops: An ultrastructural study. Microbiol Immunol. 1986; 30:1225–1237. Wassef JS , Keren DF , Mailloux JL . Role of M cells in initial antigen uptake and in ulcer formation in the rabbit intestinal loop model ofshigellosis. Infect Immun. 1989; 57:858–863. Black RE , Jackson RJ , Tsai T Epidemic Yersinia enterocolitica infection due to contaminated chocolate milk. N Engl J Med. 1978;298:76–79. Lee LA , Gerber AR , Lonsway DR Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 infections in infants and children, associated with the household preparationof chitterlings. N Engl J Med. 1990; 322:984–987. Guilvout I , Mercereau-Puijalon O , Bonnefoy S , Pugsley AP , Carniel E . High-molecular-weight protein 2 of Yersinia enterocolitica ishomologous to AngR of Vibrio anguillarum and belongs to a family of proteins involved in nonribosomal peptide synthesis. J Bacteriol.1993; 175:5488–5504. Vantrappen G , Ponette E , Geboes K , Bertrand P . Yersinia enteritis and enterocolitis: Gastroenterological aspects. Gastroenterology.1977; 72:220–227. Vandepitte J , Wauters G . Epidemiological and clinical aspects of human Yersinia enterocolitica infections in Belgium. Contrib MicrobiolImmunol. 1979; 5:150–158. Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA , de Koning J . [Clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy of Yersinia enterocolitica infections]. Immun Infekt. 1990;18:192–197. Bouza E , Dominguez A , Meseguer M Yersinia enterocolitica septicemia. Am J Clin Pathol. 1980; 74:404–409. Chiu S , Huang YC , Su LH , Lin TY . Yersinia enterocolitica sepsis in an adolescent with Cooley's anemia. J Formos Med Assoc. 2003;102:202–204. Bancerz-Kisiel A , Szweda W . Yersiniosis—A zoonotic foodborne disease of relevance to public health. Ann Agr Env Med. 2015;22:397–402. Szita J , Svidro A , Kubinyi M , Nyomarkay I , Mihalyfi I . Yersinia enterocolitica infection of animals and human contacts. Acta MicrobiolAcad Sci Hung. 1980; 27:103–109. Stamm I , Hailer M , Depner B , Kopp PA , Rau J . Yersinia enterocolitica in diagnostic fecal samples from European dogs and cats:Identification by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. JClin Microbiol. 2013; 51:887–893. Tertti R , Skurnik M , Vartio T , Kuusela P . Adhesion protein YadA of Yersinia species mediates binding of bacteria to fibronectin. InfectImmun. 1992; 60:3021–3024.

Simonet M , Falkow S . Invasin expression in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Infect Immun. 1992; 60:4414–4417. Huang XZ , Lindler LE . The pH 6 antigen is an antiphagocytic factor produced by Yersinia pestis independent of Yersinia outer proteinsand capsule antigen. Infect Immun. 2004; 72:7212–7219. Cornelis GR . Yersinia type III secretion: Send in the effectors. J Cell Biol. 2002; 158:401–408. Hinnebusch J , Cherepanov P , Du Y Murine toxin of Yersinia pestis shows phospholipase D activity but is not required for virulence inmice. Int J Med Microbiol. 2000; 290:483–487. Kornreich-Leshem H , Ziv C , Gumienna-Kontecka E Ferrioxamine B analogues: Targeting the FoxA uptake system in the pathogenicYersinia enterocolitica . J Am Chem Soc. 2005; 127:1137–1145. de Boer E . Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from foods. Int J Food Microbiol. 1992; 17:75–84. Fukushima H . New selective agar medium for isolation of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica . J Clin Microbiol. 1987; 25:1068–1073. Devenish JA , Schiemann DA . An abbreviated scheme for identification of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from food enrichments on CIN(cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin) agar. Can J Microbiol. 1981; 27:937–941. Linde HJ , Neubauer H , Meyer H , Aleksic S , Lehn N . Identification of Yersinia species by the Vitek GNI card. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:211–214. Neubauer H , Sauer T , Becker H , Aleksic S , Meyer H . Comparison of systems for identification and differentiation of species within thegenus Yersinia . J Clin Microbiol. 1998; 36:3366–3368. Corbel MJ . The relationship between the protective and cross-reacting antigens of Brucella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica 0:9 andSalmonella serotypes of Kauffmann-White group N. Contrib Microbiol Immunol. 1979; 5:50–63. Schlesinger M , Pollak S , Vardy PA . Cross-antigenicity between Yersinia and Rickettsia . Isr J Med Sci. 1979; 15:612–613. Shenkman L , Bottone EJ . Antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica in thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med. 1976; 85:735–739. Granfors K . Measurement of immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica by enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay: Persistence of serum antibodies during disease. J Clin Microbiol. 1979; 9:336–341. Gripenberg M , Nissinen A , Vaisanen E , Linder E . Demonstration of antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica lipopolysaccharide inhuman sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1979; 10:279–284. Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA , de Koning J , Samsom JP . Incidence of human infection with Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes O3, O8, and O9and the use of indirect immunofluorescence in diagnosis. J Infect Dis. 1986; 153:138–141. Baumler AJ , Hantke K . Ferrioxamine uptake in Yersinia enterocolitica: Characterization of the receptor protein FoxA. Mol Microbiol. 1992;6:1309–1321. Baumler AJ , Hantke K . A lipoprotein of Yersinia enterocolitica facilitates ferrioxamine uptake in Escherichia coli . J Bacteriol. 1992;174:1029–1035. Miller VL , Farmer JJ 3rd , Hill WE , Falkow S . The ail locus is found uniquely in Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes commonly associatedwith disease. Infect Immun. 1989; 57:121–131. Miller VL , Bliska JB , Falkow S . Nucleotide sequence of the Yersinia enterocolitica ail gene and characterization of the Ail protein product.J Bacteriol. 1990; 172:1062–1069. Pierson DE , Falkow S . The ail gene of Yersinia enterocolitica has a role in the ability of the organism to survive serum killing. InfectImmun. 1993; 61:1846–1852. Huang Y , Wang X , Cui Z Possible use of ail and foxA polymorphisms for detecting pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica . BMC Microbiol.2010; 10:211. Wang JZ , Duan R , Liang JR Real-time TaqMan PCR for Yersinia enterocolitica detection based on the ail and foxA genes. J ClinMicrobiol. 2014; 52:4443–4444. Savin C , Leclercq A , Carniel E . Evaluation of a single procedure allowing the isolation of enteropathogenic yersinia along with otherbacterial enteropathogens from human stools. PLoS One. 2012; 7(7):e41176.

Candida www.whale.to/a/antibiotics9.html, Antibiotics. McManus B , Coleman D . Molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of Candida albicans . Infect Genet Evol 2014;21:166–178. Global Species Databases. www.speciesfungorum.org. Han T , Cannon R , Villas-Boas S . The metabolic basis of Candida albicans morphogenesis and quorum sensing. Fungal Genet Biol2011;48:747–763. Kunicka A , Rajkowska K . Charakterystyka mikroorganizmów: drożdże. In: Libudzisz Z , Kowal K , Żakowska Z , eds. MikrobiologiaTechniczna. Tom 1 ed. Warszawa, Polska: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2012:43–59. Bennett R . Coming of age—Sexual reproduction in Candida species. PLOS Pathog 2010;6:e1001155. Si H , Hernday A , Hirakawa M , Johnson A , Bennett R . Candida albicans white and opaque cells undergo distinct programs offilamentous growth. PLOS Pathog 2013;9:e1003210. Hernandez-Santos N , Gaffen S . Th17 cells in immunity to Candida albicans . Cell Host Microbe 2012;11:425–435. Bennett R . The parasexual lifestyle of Candida albicans . Curr Opin Microbiol 2015;28:10–17. Delaloye J , Calandra T . Invasive candidiasis as a cause of sepsis in the critically ill patient. Virulence 2014;5:161–169. Papon N , Courdavault V , Clastre M , Bennett R . Emerging and emerged pathogenic Candida species: Beyond the Candida albicansparadigm. PLOS Pathog 2013;9:e1003550. Sutcu M , Salman N , Akturk H Epidemiologic and microbiologic evaluation of nosocomial infections associated with Candida spp inchildren: A multicenter study from Istanbul, Turkey. Am J Infect Control 2016;44:1139–1143. Yapar N . Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2014;10:95–105. Ng K , Kuan C , Kaur H , Na S , Atiya N , Velayuthan R . Candida species epidemiology 2000–2013: A laboratory-based report. Trop MedInt Health 2015;20:1447–1453. Cleveland A , Harrison L , Farley M . Declining incidence of candidemia and the shifting epidemiology of Candida resistance in two USmetropolitan areas, 2008–2013: Results from population-based surveillance. PLOS One 2015;10 (3) e0120452.

Laverdiere M , Labbe A , Restieri C Susceptibility patterns of Candida species recovered from Canadian intensive care units. J Crit Care2007;22:245–250. Tedeschi S , Tumietto F , Giannella M Epidemiology and outcome of candidemia in internal medicine wards: A regional study in Italy. Eur JIntern Med 2016;34:39–44. Caggiano G , Coretti C , Bartolomeo N , Lovero G , De Giglio O , Montagna M . Candida bloodstream infections in Italy: Changingepidemiology during 16 years of surveillance. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:256580. Dzierzanowska-Fangrat K , Romanowska E , Gryniewicz-Kwiatkowska O Candidaemia in a Polish tertiary paediatric hospital, 2000–2010.Mycoses 2014;57:105–109. Deorukhkar C , Saini S . Non albicans Candida species: A review of epidemiology, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. Pravara MedRev 2015;7:7–15. Pfaller M , Andes D , Diekema D Epidemiology and outcomes of invasive candidiasis due to non-albicans species of Candida in 2,496patients: Data from the Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH) registry 2004–2008. PLOS One 2014;9:e101510. Staniszewska M , Bondaryk M , Kowalska M Pathogenesis and treatment of fungal infections by Candida spp. Post Mikrobiol2014;53:229–240. Aikawa N , Rosa D , Del Negro G Systemic and localized infection by Candida species in patients with rheumatic diseases receiving anti-TNF therapy. Rev Bras Reumatol 2016;56:478–482. Kutlubay Z , Yardimci G , Kantarcioglu A , Serdaroglu S . Acral manifestations of fungal infections. Clin Dermatol 2017;35:28–39. Hay R . Superficial fungal infections. Medicine 2013;41:716–718. Leroy O , Gangneux J , Montravers P Epidemiology, management, and risk factors for death of invasive Candida infections in critical care:A multicenter, prospective, observational study in France (2005–2006). Crit Care Med 2009;37:1612–1618. Ostrosky-Zeichner L , Sable C , Sobel J Multicenter retrospective development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for nosocomialinvasive candidiasis in the intensive care setting. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;26:271–276. Shorr A , Sun X , Johannes R , Yaitanes A , Tabak Y . Validation of a novel risk score for severity of illness in acute exacerbations ofCOPD. Chest 2011;140:1177–1183. Leon C , Ruiz-Santana S , Saavedra P A bedside scoring system (“Candida score”) for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropeniccritically ill patients with Candida colonization. Crit Care Med 2006;34:730–737. Leon C , Ruiz-Santana S , Saavedra P Usefulness of the “Candida score” for discriminating between Candida colonization and invasivecandidiasis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: A prospective multicenter study. Crit Care Med 2009;37:1624–1633. Mayer F , Wilson D , Hube B . Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms. Virulence 2013;4:119–128. Sikora M , Golas M , Piskorska K , Swoboda-Kopec E . Virulence factors of Candida species important in the pathogenesis of infections inpatients with total parenteral nutrition. Post Mikrobiol 2015;54:224–234. Staniszewska M , Bondaryk M , Pilat J , Siennicka K , Magda U , Kurzatkowski W . Virulence factors of Candida albicans . PrzeglEpidemiol 2012;66:629–633. Rusu E , Radu-Popescu M , Pelinescu D , Vassu T . Treatment with some anti-inflammatory drugs reduces germ tube formation inCandida albicans strains. Braz J Microbiol 2014;45:1379–1383. Lu Y , Su C , Liu H . Candida albicans hyphal initiation and elongation. Trends Microbiol 2014;22:707–714. Tong Y , Cao C , Xie J N-acetylglucosamine-induced white-to-opaque switching in Candida albicans is independent of the Wor2transcription factor. Fungal Genet Biol 2013;62:71–77. Motaung T , Albertyn J , Pohl C , Kohler G . Candida albicans mutant construction and characterization of selected virulence determinants.J Microbiol Methods 2015;115:153–165. Chin V , Lee T , Rusliza B , Chong P . Dissecting Candida albicans infection from the perspective of C. albicans virulence and omicapproaches on host-pathogen interaction: A review. Int J Mol Sci 2016;17:1643–1659. Desai J , Cheng S , Ying T Coordination of Candida albicans invasion and infection functions by phosphoglycerol phosphatase Rhr2.Pathogens 2015;4:573–589. Kolwzan B . Analiza zjawiska biofilmu—Warunki jego powstawania i funkcjonowania. Ochr Środ 2011;33:3–14. Budzynska A , Rozalska B . Potential use of essential oils to fight infections involving biofilms of microorganisms. Zycie Wet2012;87:213–215. Nawrot U . Znaczenie biofilmu w patogenezie i leczeniu grzybic. Zakazenia 2013;4:56–59. Mazaheritehrani E , Sala A , Orsi C Human pathogenic viruses are retained in and released by Candida albicans biofilm in vitro . Virus Res2014;179:153–160. Sadowska B , Budzynska A , Wieckowska-Szakiel M New pharmacological properties of Medicago sativa and Saponaria officinalissaponin-rich fractions addressed to Candida albicans . J Med Microbiol 2014;63:1076–1086. Rosseti I , Rocha J , Costa M . Diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 inhibits biofilm formation by Candida albicans, increasing both ROSproduction and membrane permeability. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015;29:289–295. Shao J , Lu K , Tian G Lab-scale preparations of Candida albicans and dual Candida albicans-Candida glabrata biofilms on the surface ofmedical-grade polyvinyl chloride (PVC) perfusion tube using a modified gravity-supported free-flow biofilm incubator (GS-FFBI). J MicrobiolMeth 2015;109:41–48. Sanchez-Vargas L , Estrada-Barraza D , Pozos-Guillen A , Rivas-Caceres R . Biofilm formation by oral clinical isolates of Candida species.Arch Oral Biol 2013;58:1318–1326. Mnichowska-Polanowska M , Kaczala M , Gierdys-Kalemba S . Characteristic of Candida biofilm. Mikol Lek 2009;16:159–164. Pawar P , Pawar V , Aute R . Comparative study on hydrolytic enzymes produced by different morphological forms of Candida albicans .Int J Curr Pharm Res 2014;6:66–68. Pawar P , Pawar V , Aute R . Role of extracellular hydrolitic enzymes in Candida albicans virulence. IJIPSR 2014;2:1521–1532. Heizmann P , Klefisch F , Heizmann W . Basic research—Significance of detection and clinical impact of Candida albicans in non-immunosuppressed patients. Pharmacol Pharm 2011;2:354–360. Gerritsen J , Smidt H , Rijkers G , de Vos W . Intestinal microbiota in human health and disease: The impact of probiotics. Genes Nutr2011;6:209–240. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg149, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Kabir A , Ahmad Z . Candida infections and their prevention. ISRN Prevent Med 2013;2013:763628.

Dellinger R , Levy M , Rhodes A Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock:2012. Intensive Care Med 2013;39:165–228. Mikulska M , Calandra T , Sanguinetti M , Poulain D , Viscoli C , Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia Group . The use ofmannan antigen and anti-mannan antibodies in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: Recommendations from the Third EuropeanConference on Infections in Leukemia. Crit Care 2010;14:R222. www.survivingsepsis.org, Surviving Sepsis Campaign. Nguyen M , Wissel M , Shields R Performance of Candida real-time polymerase chain reaction, β-D-glucan assay, and blood cultures inthe diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:1240–1248. Neely L , Audeh M , Phung N T2 magnetic resonance enables nanoparticle-mediated rapid detection of candidemia in whole blood. SciTransl Med 2013;5:182ra54. Campoy S , Adrio J . Antifungals. Biochem Pharmacol 2017;133:86–96. Chulkov E , Ostroumova O . Phloretin modulates the rate of channel formation by polyenes. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016;1858:289–294. Bondaryk M , Kurzatkowski W , Staniszewska M . Antifungal agents commonly used in the superficial and mucosal candidiasis treatment:Mode of action and resistance development. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2013;30:293–301. Kinoshita H , Yoshioka M , Ihara F , Nihira T . Cryptic antifungal compounds active by synergism with polyene antibiotics. J Biosci Bioeng2016;121:394–398. Niemirowicz K , Durnas B , Tokajuk G Magnetic nanoparticles as a drug delivery system that enhance fungicidal activity of polyeneantibiotics. Nanomedicine 2016;12:2395–2404. Beshey B , Okasha A , Eldin M . Fluconazole and selective digestive decontamination for prevention of Candida infection in high riskcritically ill patients. Alexandria Med J 2014;50:93–98. Mahl C , Behling C , Hackenhaar F Induction of ROS generation by fluconazole in Candida glabrata: Activation of antioxidant enzymes andoxidative DNA damage. Diagn Micr Infec Dis 2015;82:203–208. Jia C , Zhang K , Yua Q Tfp1 is required for ion homeostasis, fluconazole resistance and N-Acetylglucosamine utilization in Candidaalbicans . Biochim Biophys Acta 2015;1853:2731–2744. Yoo J , Kim H , Choi C , Yoo J , Yu J , Lee J . Proteomic analysis of intracellular and membrane proteins from voriconazole-resistantCandida glabrata . Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013;4:293–300. Sanchis M , Guarro J , Sutton D , Fothergill A , Wiederhold N , Capilla J . Voriconazole and posaconazole therapy for experimentalCandida lusitaniae infection. Diag Microbiol Infect Dis 2016;84:48–51.

Debaryomyces Butinar L , Santos S , Spencer-Martins I , Oren A , Gunde-Cimerman N . Yeast diversity in hypersaline habitats. FEMS Microbiol Lett2005;244:229–234. Butinar L , Spencer-Martins I , Gunde-Cimerman N . Yeasts in high Arctic glaciers: The discovery of a new habitat for eukaryoticmicroorganisms. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2007;91:277–289. Butinar L , Strmole T , Gunde-Cimerman N . Relative incidence of ascomycetous yeasts in arctic coastal environments. Microb Ecol2011;61:832–843. Cantrell SA , Dianese JC , Fell J , Gunde-Cimerman N , Zalar P . Unusual fungal niches. Mycologia 2011;103:1161–1174. Jacques N , Zenouche A , Gunde-Cimerman NS . Increased diversity in the genus Debaryomyces from Arctic glacier samples. AntonieVan Leeuwenhoek 2015;107:487–501. Breuer U , Harms H . Debaryomyces hansenii—An extremophilic yeast with biotechnological potential. Yeast 2006;23:415–437. Jacques N , Casaregola S . Safety assessment of dairy microorganisms: The hemiascomycetous yeasts. Int J Food Microbiol2008;126:321–326. Saluja P , Prasad GS . Debaryomyces singareniensis sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from a coal mine soil in India. FEMS YeastRes 2007;7:482–488. Nguyen H-V , Gaillardin C , Neuvéglise C . Differentiation of Debaryomyces hansenii and Candida famata by rRNA gene intergenic spacerfingerprinting and reassessment of phylogenetic relationships among D. hansenii, C. famata, D. fabryi, C. flareri (=D. subglobosus) and D.prosopidis: Description of D. vietnamensis sp. nov. closely related to D. nepalensis . FEMS Yeast Res 2009;9:641–662. Lee CF , Liu YR , Young SS , Chang KS . Debaryomyces renaii sp nov., an ascomycetous yeast species isolated from soil in Taiwan. BotStud 2009;50:325–329. Lopandic K , Rentsendorj U , Prillinger H , Sterflinger K . Molecular characterization of the closely related Debaryomyces species:Proposition of D. vindobonensis sp. nov. from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. J Gen Appl Microbiol 2013;59:49–58. Jacques N , Mallet S , Casaregola S . Delimitation of the species of the Debaryomyces hansenii complex by intron sequence analysis. Int JSyst Evol Microbiol 2009;59:1242–1251. Gori K , Knudsen PB , Nielsen KF , Arneborg N , Jespersen L . Alcohol-based quorum sensing plays a role in adhesion and sliding motilityof the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii . FEMS Yeast Res 2011;11:643–652. Cruz JM , Dominguez JM , Dominguez H , Parajo JC . Dimorphic behaviour of Debaryomyces hansenii grown on barley bran acidhydrolyzates. Biotechnol Lett 2000;22:605–610. Gori K , Mortensen HD , Arneborg N , Jespersen L . Ammonia as a mediator for communication in strains of Debaryomyces hansenii andyeast species. J Dairy Sci 2007;90:5032–5041. Chen H , Fink GR . Feedback control of morphogenesis in fungi by aromatic alcohols. Genes Dev 2006;20:1150–1161. Norkrans B . Studies on marine occurring yeasts—Growth related to pH, NaCl concentration and temperature. Arch Microbiol1966;54:374–392. Gunde-Cimerman N , Ramos J , Plemenitas A . Halotolerant and halophilic fungi. Mycol Res 2009;113:1231–1241. Herrera R , Salazar A , Ramos-Moreno L , Ruiz-Roldan C , Ramos J . Vacuolar control of subcellular cation distribution is a key parameterin the adaptation of Debaryomyces hansenii to high salt concentrations. Fungal Genet Biol 2017;100:52–60.

Minhas A , Sharma A , Kaur H , Rawal Y , Ganesan K , Mondal AK . Conserved Ser/Arg-rich motif in PPZ orthologs from fungi is importantfor its role in cation tolerance. J Biol Chem 2012;287:7301–7312. Chawla S , Kundu D , Randhawa A , Mondal AK . The serine/threonine phosphatase DhSIT4 modulates cell cycle, salt tolerance and cellwall integrity in halo tolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii . Gene 2017;606:1–9. Casas E , de Ancos B , Valderrama MJ , Cano P , Peinado JM . Pentadiene production from potassium sorbate by osmotolerant yeasts.Int J Food Microbiol 2004;94:93–96. Šuranská H , Raspor P , Uroić K Characterisation of the yeast and mould biota in traditional white pickled cheeses by culture-dependentand independent molecular techniques. Folia Microbiol 2016;61:455–463. Kalamaki MS , Angelidis AS . Isolation and molecular identification of yeasts in Greek kefir. Int J Dairy Technol 2017;70:261–268. Martínez-Onandi N , Castioni A , San Martín E Microbiota of high-pressure-processed Serrano ham investigated by culture-dependent andculture-independent methods. Int J Food Microbiol 2017;241:298–307. Kanpiengjai A , Chui-Chai N , Chaikaew S , Khanongnuch C . Distribution of tannin-tolerant yeasts isolated from Miang, a traditionalfermented tea leaf (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) in northern Thailand. Int J Food Microbiol 2016;238:121–131. Tokpohozin SE , Lauterbach A , Fischer S , Behr J , Sacher B , Becker T . Phenotypical and molecular characterization of yeast content inthe starter of “Tchoukoutou,” a Beninese African sorghum beer. Eur Food Res Technol 2016;242:2147–2160. Shim JM , Lee KW , Yao Z , Kim H-J , Kim JH . Properties of doenjang (soybean paste) prepared with different types of salts. J MicrobiolBiotechnol 2016; 26:1533–1541. Arroyo-López FN , Medina E , Ruiz-Bellido MÁ , Romero-Gil V , Montes-Borrego M , Landa BB . Enhancement of the knowledge on fungalcommunities in directly brined Aloreña de Málaga green olive fermentations by metabarcoding analysis. PLOS One 2016;11(9):e0163135. Ochangco HS , Gamero A , Smith IM , Christensen JE , Jespersen L , Arneborg N . In vitro investigation of Debaryomyces hansenii strainsfor potential probiotic properties. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016;32:141. Vohra A , Syal P , Madan A . Probiotic yeasts in livestock sector. Anim Feed Sci Tech 2016;219:31–47. González Estrada RR , Ascencio Valle FDJ , Ragazzo Sánchez JA , Calderón Santoyo M . Use of a marine yeast as a biocontrol agent ofthe novel pathogen Penicillium citrinum on Persian lime. Emir J Food Agric 2017;29:114–122. Grzegorczyk M , Żarowska B , Restuccia C , Cirvilleri G . Postharvest biocontrol ability of killer yeasts against Monilinia fructigena andMonilinia fructicola on stone fruit. Food Microbiol 2017;61:93–101. Ocampo-Suarez IB , Sanchez-Salas JL , Ragazzo-Sánchez JA , Calderón-Santoyo M . Evaluation of the toxicity and pathogenicity ofbiocontrol agents in murine models, chicken embryos and dermal irritation in rabbits. Toxicol Res 2017;6:188–198. Banjara N , Nickerson KW , Suhr MJ , Hallen-Adams HE . Killer toxin from several food-derived Debaryomyces hansenii strains effectiveagainst pathogenic Candida yeasts. Int J Food Microbiol 2016;222:23–29. Tafer H , Sterflinger K , Lopandic K . Draft genome of Debaryomyces fabryi CBS 789T, isolated from a human interdigital mycotic lesion.Genome Announc 2016;4(1):e01580-15. Michán C , Martínez JL , Alvarez MC , Turk M , Sychrova H , Ramos J . Salt and oxidative stress tolerance in Debaryomyces hansenii andDebaryomyces fabryi . FEMS Yeast Res 2013;13:180–188. Nishikawa A , Tomomatsu H , Sugita T , Ikeda R , Shinoda T . Taxonomic position of clinical isolates of Candida famata . J Med Vet Mycol1996;34:411–419. Mattsson R , Haemig PD , Olsen B . Feral pigeons as carriers of Cryptococcus laurentii, Cryptococcus uniguttulatus and Debaryomyceshansenii . Med Mycol 1999;37:367–369. Yamamoto Y , Osanai S , Fujiuchi S Extrinsic allergic alveolitis induced by the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii . Eur Respir J2002;20:1351–1353. Ahmed IM , Gupta A , Gould K A fatal fungus. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;80:723–724. Pisa D , Ramos M , Garcia P Fungal infection in patients with serpiginous choroiditis or acute zonal occult outer retinopathy. J ClinMicrobiol 2008;46:130–135. Betancourt AS , Alvarez PS , Camachod RA , Espinoza EG . Candida famata mediastinitis. A rare complication of open heart surgery.Case report and brief review. IDCases 2016;5:37–39. Beyda ND , Chuang SH , Alam MJ Treatment of Candida famata bloodstream infections: Case series and review of the literature. JAntimicrob Chemother 2013;68:438–443. Wong B , Kiehn TE , Edwards F Bone infection caused by Debaryomyces hansenii in a normal host: A case report. J Clin Microbiol1982;16:545–548. Rao NA , Nerenberg AV , Forster DJ . Torulopsis candida (Candida famata) endophthalmitis simulating Propionibacterium acnessyndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:1718–1721. Quindos G , Cabrera F , Arilla MC , Burgos A , Ortiz-Vigon R , Canon JL , Pontón J . Fatal Candida famata peritonitis in a patientundergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis who was treated with fluconazole. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:658–660. Carrega G , Riccio G , Santoriello L Candida famata fungemia in a surgical patient successfully treated with fluconazole. Eur J ClinMicrobiol Infect Dis 1997;16:698–699. Prinsloo B , Weldhagen GF , Blaine RW . Candida famata central nervous system infection. S Afr Med J 2003;93:601–602. Wagner D , Sander A , Bertz H Breakthrough invasive infection due to Debaryomyces hansenii (teleomorph Candida famata) andScopulariopsis brevicaulis in a stem cell transplant patient receiving liposomal amphotericin B and caspofungin for suspected aspergillosis.Infection 2005;33:397–400. Gupta A , Mi H , Wroe C Fatal Candida famata peritonitis complicating sclerosing peritonitis in a peritoneal dialysis patient. Nephrol DialTransplant 2006;21:2036–2037. Liu CY , Huang LJ , Wang WS Candidemia in cancer patients: Impact of early removal of non-tunneled central venous catheters onoutcome. J Infect 2009;58:154–160. Turunc T , Demiroglu YZ , Aliskan H , Colakoğlu S , Arslan H . Retrospective evaluation of the cases with Candida famata fungemia in aburn unit. Mikrobiyol Bul 2009;43:71–76. Pisa D , Alonso R , Carrasco L . Fungal infection in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;30:1173–1180. De Araujo PSR , Medeiros Z , de Melo FL , Maciel MA , de Melo HRL . Candida famata-induced fulminating cholecystitis. Rev Soc BrasMed Trop 2013;46:795–796. Al-Zahraa Karam E-D , Fawzia H , Najwa A-A N , Omayma, K . Mycotic vulvovaginitis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis and profile ofantifungal agents. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2009;4:123–136.

Nawange SR , Singh K , Naidu J , Singh SM . Naturally acquired systemic dual infection caused by Candida famata (Debaryomyceshansenii) and Candida catenulata in albino rats bred for sale in the market at Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh), India. Mycoses2010;53:173–175. Benito-León J , Pisa D , Alonso R , Calleja P , Díaz-Sánchez M , Carrasco L . Association between multiple sclerosis and Candidaspecies: Evidence from a case-control study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;29:1139–1145. Shah DN , Yau R , Weston J Evaluation of antifungal therapy in patients with candidaemia based on susceptibility testing results:Implications for antimicrobial stewardship programmes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:2146–2151. Shah DN , Yau R , Lasc TM Impact of prior inappropriate fluconazole dosing on isolation of fluconazole-nonsusceptible Candida species inhospitalized patients with candidemia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56:3239–3243 . Pfaller MA , Boyken L , Hollis RJ In vitro susceptibility of invasive isolates of Candida spp. to anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin:Six years of global surveillance. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:150–156. Garcia-Effron G , Katiyar SK , Park S A naturally occurring proline-to-alanine amino acid change in Fks1p in Candida parapsilosis,Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis accounts for reduced echinocandin susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother2008;52:2305–2312. Pisa D , Ramos M , Molina S , García P , Carrasco L . Evolution of antibody response and fungal antigens in the serum of a patientinfected with Candida famata . J Med Microbiol 2007;56:571–578. Pontón J . Usefulness of biological markers in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. Rev Iberoam Micol 2009;26:8–14. Hou X , Xiao M , Chen SC-A Sequencer-based capillary gel electrophoresis (SCGE) targeting the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS)regions for accurate identification of clinically important yeast species. PLOS One 2016;11(4):e0154385. Desnos-Ollivier M , Ragon M , Robert V Debaryomyces hansenii (Candida famata), a rare human fungal pathogen often misidentified asPichia guilliermondii (Candida guilliermondii). J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:3237–3242. Wrent P , Rivas EM , Gil de Prado E , Peinado JM , de Silóniz MI . Development of species-specific primers for rapid identification ofDebaryomyces hansenii . Int J Food Microbiol 2015;193:109–113. Sacerdot C , Casaregola S , Lafontaine I , Tekaia F , Dujon B , Ozier-Kalogeropoulos O . Promiscuous DNA in the nuclear genomes ofhemiascomycetous yeasts. FEMS Yeast Res 2008;8:846–857. Jacques N , Sacerdot C , Derkaoui M , Dujon B , Ozier-Kalogeropoulos O , Casaregola S . Population polymorphism of nuclearmitochondrial DNA insertions reveals widespread diploidy associated with loss of heterozygosity in Debaryomyces hansenii . Eukaryot Cell2010;9:449–459.

Encephalitozoon Levaditi C , Nicolau S , Schoen R . L'agent étiologique de l'encéphalite épizootique du lapin (Encephalitozoon cuniculi). Comptes Rendusde l'Academie des Sciences (Paris). 1923:89:984–986. Cali A , Kotler DP , Orenstein JM . Septata intestinalis n. g., n. sp., an intestinal microsporidian associated with chronic diarrhea anddissemination in AIDS patients. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1993:40:101–112. Didier ES , Didier PJ , Friedberg DN Isolation and characterisation of a new human microsporidian, Encephalitozoon hellem (n.sp.) fromthree AIDS patients with keratoconjunctivitis. J Infect Dis 1991:163:617–621. Stentiford GD , Becnel JJ , Weiss LM Microsporidia—Emergent pathogens in the global food chain. Trends Parasitol 2016:32(4):336–348. Sprague V , Vávra J . Systematic of the microsporidia. In: Bulla LA Jr Cheng TC . (eds.): Comparative Pathology. Plenum Press, NewYork, NY. 1977:2:1–510. Sprague V . Microspora. In: S.B. Parker (ed.): Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.1982:1:589–594. Lee SC , Corradi N , Doan S Evolution of the sex-related locus and genomic features shared in microsporidia and fungi. PLOS One2010:7:5(5):e10539. Thomarat F , Vivares CP , Gouy M . Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome sequence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi supports thefungal origin of microsporidia and reveals a high frequency of fast-evolving genes. J Mol Evol 2004;59(6):780–791. Vávra J , Lukeš J . Microsporidia and “the art of living together”. Adv Parasitol 2013;82:253–319. Prigneau O , Achbarou A , Bouladoux N , Mazier D , Desportes-Livade I . Identification of proteins in Encephalitozoon intestinalis, amicrosporidian pathogen of immunocytochemical study. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2000;47:48–56. Vávra J , Larsson HR . Structure of the microsporidia. In: Wittner M , Weiss LM . (eds.): The Microsporidia and Microsporidiosis (s. 7–84).ASM Press, Washington, DC. 1999. Sprague V , Becnel JJ , Hazard EL . Taxonomy of phylum Microspora. Crit Rev Microbiol 1992:18:285–395. Keeling PJ , Fast NM . Microsporidia: Biology and evolution of highly reduced intracellular parasites. Annu Rev Microbiol 2002:56:93–116. Vossbrinck CR , Woese CR . Eukaryotic ribosomes that lack a 5.8S RNA. Nature 1986:320:287–288. Germot A , Philippe H , Le Guyader H . Evidence for loss of mitochondria in microsporidia from a mitochondrial-type HSP70 in Nosemalocustae . Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997:87:159–168. Corradi N , Pombert JF , Farinelli L , Didier ES , Keeling PJ . The complete sequence of the smallest known nuclear genome from themicrosporidian Encephalitozoon intestinalis . Nat Commun 2010:21(1):77. Bigliardi E , Riparbelli MG , Selmi MG Mechanisms of microsporidial cell division. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1998:45:347–351. Frixione E , Ruiz L , Santillan M Dynamics of polar filament discharge and sporoplasm expulsion by microsporidian spores. Cell MotilCytoskeleton. 1992:22:38–50. Wright JH , Craighead EM . Infectious motor paralysis in young rabbits. J Exp Med 1922:36:135–140. Torres CM . Sur une nouvelle maladie de l'homme, caractérisée par la présence d'un parasite intracellulaire, trés proche de Toxoplasma etde l’Encephalitozoon, dans le tissu musculaire cardique, les muscles du squelette, le tissu cellulaire sous-cutane et le tissu nerveux. C RBiol 1927:97:1178–1181. Didier ES , Stovall ME , Green LC Epidemiology of microsporidiosis: Sources and modes of transmission. Vet Parasitol2004:126:145–166.

Bornay-Llinares FJ , da Silva AJ , Moura H . Immunologic, microscopic, and molecular evidence of Encephalitozoon intestinalis (Septataintestinalis) infection in mammals others than human. J Infect Dis 1998:6:820–826. Graczyk TK , Bosco-Nizeyi J , da Silva AJ A single genotype of Encephalitozoon intestinalis infects free-ranging gorillas and peoplesharing their habitats in Uganda. Parasitol Res 2002:88:926–931 . Valenčáková A , Balent P , Húska M First report on Encephalitozoon intestinalis infection of swine in Europe. Acta Vet Hung2006:54:407–411. Murphy TM , Walochnik J , Hassi A Study on the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum and molecular evidence ofEncephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon (Septata) intestinalis infections in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in rural Ireland. Vet Parasitol2007:46:227–234. Słodkowicz-Kowalska A , Graczyk TK , Tamang L Microsporidian species known to infect humans are present in aquatic birds: Implicationsfor transmission via water? App Environ Microbiol 2006:72:4540–4544. Słodkowicz-Kowalska A , Majewska AC , Trzesowska E Occurrence of Encephalitozoon intestinalis in the red ruffed lemur (Varecia rubra)and the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) housed in the Poznan zoological garden, Poland. Ann Parasitol 2012:58:49–52. Franzen C , Müller A . Microsporidiosis: Human diseases and diagnosis. Microbes Infect 2001:3:389–400. Deplazes P , Mathis A , Baumgartner R Immunologic and molecular characteristics of Encephalitozoon-like microsporidia isolated fromhumans and rabbits indicate that Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a zoonotic parasite. Clin Infect Dis 1996:22(3):557–559. Didier ES , Vosbrinck CR , Baker MD Identification and characterization of three Encephalitozoon cuniculi strains. Parasitology1995:111:411–421. Sak B , Kváč M , Květoňová D , Albrecht T , Piálek J . The first report on natural Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp.infections in wild East-European House Mice (Mus musculus musculus) and West-European House Mice (M. m. domesticus) in a hybridzone across the Czech Republic-Germany border. Vet Parasitol 2011:178(3–4):246–250. Talabani H , Sarfati C , Pillebout E Disseminated infection with a new genovar of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in a renal transplant recipient. JClin Microbiol 2010:48:2651–2653. Nell B , Fuchs-Baumgartinger A , Fritsche J Distribution of Encephalitozoon cuniculi infections in the cat resulting in ophthalmologicalsymptoms in Europe. Annual Scientific Meeting of the European College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists, London, UK, May 15–18, 2014,Veterinary Ophthalmology 6: E24. Nell B , Csokai J , Fuchs-Baumgartinger A Encephalitozoon cuniculi causes focal anterior cataract and uveitis in dogs. Tierärztl Prax AusgK Kleintiere Heimtiere 2015:43:337–344. Hunt RD , King NW , Foster HL . Encephalitozoonosis: Evidence for vertical transmission. J Infect Dis 1972:126:221–224. Hinney B , Sak B , Joachim A More than a rabbit's tale – Encephalitozoon spp. in wild mammals and birds. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl2016:5:76–87. Mathis A , Weber R , Deplazes P . Zoonotic potential of the microsporidia. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005:18(3):423–445. Izquierdo F , Hermida JAC , Fenoy S Detection of microsporidia in drinking water, wastewater and recreational rivers. Water Res2011:45:4837–4843. Dowd S , Gerba C , Pepper I . Confirmation of the human-pathogenic microsporidia Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and Vittaforma corneae in water. App Environ Microbiol 1998:64:3332–3335. Dowd SE , Johns D , Eliopolus J Confirmed detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and Cryptosporidiumparvum in water used for drinking. J Water Health 2003:1:117–123. Thurston-Enriquez JA , Watt P , Dowd SE Detection of protozoan parasites and microsporidia in irrigation waters used for crop production.J Food Prot 2002:65:378–382. Calvo M , Carazo M , Arias ML Prevalence of Cyclospora sp., Cryptosporidium sp., microsporidia and fecal coliform determination in freshfruit and vegetables consumed in Costa Rica. Arch Latinoam Nutr 2004:54:428–432. Jedrzejewski S , Graczyk TK , Slodkowicz-Kowalska A Quantitative assessment of contamination of fresh food produce of various retailtypes by human-virulent microsporidian spores. App Environ Microbiol 2007:73(12):4071–4073. van Gool T , Dankert J . Human microsporidiosis: Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of an increasing infection. Clin MicrobiolInfect 1995:1(2):75–85. Weber R , Bryan RT , Schwartz DA Human microsporidial infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 1994:7(4):426–461. Ramanam P , Pritt BS . Extraintestinal microsporidiosis. J Clin Microbiol 2014:52(11):3839–3844. Didier ES , Weiss LM . Microsporidiosis: Current status. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006:19(5):485–492. Anane S , Attouchi H . Microsporidiosis: Epidemiology, clinical data and therapy. Gastroenterolog Clin Biol 2010:34(8–9): 450–464. Tosoni A , Nebuloni M , Ferri A Disseminated microsporidiosis caused by Encephalitozoon cuniculi III (dog type) in an Italian AIDS patient:A retrospective study. Modern Pathol 2002:15(5):577–583. Ashton N , Wirasinha PA . Encephalitozoonosis (nosematosis) of the cornea. Br J Ophthalmol 1973:57(9):669–674. Sharma S , Balne PK , Das S . Ocular microsporidiosis. In: Weiss LM , Becnel JJ . (eds.): Microsporidia: Pathogens of Opportunity. FirstEdition, Wiley, Chichester, UK. 2014:403–419. Lowder CY , Meisler DM , McMahon JT , Longworth DL , Rutherford I . Microsporidia infection of the cornea in a man seropositive forhuman immunodeficiency virus. Am J Ophthal 1990:109(2):242–244. Vemuganti GK , Garg P , Sharma S Is microsporidial keratitis an emerging cause of stromal keratitis? A case series study. BMCOphthalmol 2005:5:19. Fedorko DP , Hijazi YM . Application of molecular techniques to the diagnosis of microsporidial infection. Emerg Infect Dis1996:2(3):183–191. Weber R , Bryan RT , Owen RL Improved light-microscopical detection of microsporidia spores in stool and duodenal aspirates. TheEnteric Opportunistic Infections Working Group. N Engl J Med 1992:326(3):161–166. Franzen C , Müller A , Salzberger B Tissue diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis using a fluorescent stain with Uvitex 2B. J Clin Pathol1995:48(11):1009–1010. Valenčáková A , Bálent P , Malčeková B Comparison of mammalian microsporidia species replication in various cell lines. Biologia2002:57(6):773–776. Valenčáková A , Revajová V , Bálent P , Lešník F , Levkut M . Immunosuppressive effect of Encephalitozoon cuniculi . Bull Vet Inst Pul2003:47:113–120.

Halánová M , Čisláková L , Valenčáková A Serological screening of occurrence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in humans andanimals in eastern Slovakia. Ann Agric Environ Med 2003:10:117–120 . Chalupský J , Vávra J , Bedrník P . Detection of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits by the indirect immunofluorescentantibody test. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1973:20(4):281–284. Hollister WS , Canning EU . An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi andits use in determination of infections in man. Parasitology. 1987:97:209–219. Croppo GP , Visvesvara GS , Leitch GJ , Wallace S , de Groote MA . Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis of a human isolate ofEncephalitozoon cuniculi established in culture from the urine of a patient with AIDS. J Parasitol 1997:83(1):66–69. Mo L , Drancourt M . Antigenic diversity of Encephalitozoon hellem demonstrated by subspecies-specific monoclonal antibodies. JEukaryot Microbiol 2002:49(3):249–254. Mo L , Drancourt M . Monoclonal antibodies for specific detection of Encephalitozoon cuniculi . Clin Diagn Lab Immunol2004:11(6):1060–1063. Thellier M , Accoceberry I , Desportes I , Biligui S , Bart-Delabesse E , Ripert C , Danis M , Datry A . Simple species diagnosis of humanintestinal microsporidia by an immunofluorescence test using specific monoclonal antibodies: An evaluation study in two hospitals inFrance. First United Workshop on Microsporidia from Invertebrate and Vertebreate Hosts (NATO), July 12-15,2004, Ceské Budéjovice.http://www.bordier.ch/8100%20microsporidia/ Mittleider D , Green LC , Mann VH Sequence survey of the genome of the opportunistic microsporidian pathogen, Vittaforma corneae . JEukaryot Microbiol 2002:49:393–401. Valencakova A , Balent P , Ravaszova P Molecular identification and genotyping of Microsporidia in selected hosts. Parasitol Res2012:110:689–693. Zhu X , Wittner M , Tanowitz HB Small subunit rRNA sequence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and its potential diagnostic role with use of thepolymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 1993:68:1570–1575. Persing DH . Target selection and optimization of amplification reactions. In: Persing DH , Smith TF , Tenover FC , White TJ , (eds.):Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology: Principles and Applications. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC. 1993:88–104. Kock NP , Petersen H , Fenner T Species-specific identification of microsporidia in stool and intestinal biopsy specimens by thepolymerase chain reaction. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997:16(5):369–376. Verweij JJ , ten Hove R , Brienen EAT , van Lieshout L . Multiplex detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in fecalsamples using real-time PCR. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007:57(2):163–167. Halánová M , Valenčáková A , Malčeková B Occurrence of microsporidia as emerging pathogens in Slovak Roma children and their impactfor public health. Ann Agric Environ Med 2013:20(4):814–817. Danišová O , Valenčáková A , Stanko M , Luptáková L , Hasajová A . First report of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoonintestinalis infection of wild mice in Slovakia. Ann Agric Environ Med 2015:22(2):250–251. Menotti J , Cassinat B , Sarfati C Development of a real-time PCR assay for quantitative detection of Encephalitozoon intestinalis DNA. JClin Microbiol 2003:41(4):1410–1413. Wang Z , Orlandi PA , Stenger DA . Simultaneous detection of four human pathogenic microsporidian species from clinical samples byoligonucleotide microarray. J Clin Microbiol 2005:43(8):4121–4128. Subrungruan I , Mungthi M , Chavalitshewinkoon-Petmit P . Evaluation of DNA extraction and PCR methods for detection ofEnterocytozoon bienuesi in stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2004:42(8):3490–3494. Xiao L , Li L , Visvesvara GS Genotyping Encephalitozoon cuniculi by multilocus analyses of genes with repetitive sequences. J ClinMicrobiol 2001:39:2248–2253. Xiao L , Li L , Moura H Genotyping Encephalitozoon hellem isolates by analysis of the polar tube protein gene. J Clin Microbiol2001:39(6):2191–2196. Galvan A , Magnet A , Izquierdo F Variability in minimal genomes: Analysis of tandem repeats in the microsporidia Encephalitozoonintestinalis . Infect Genet Evol 2013:20: 26–33. Garvey MJ , Ambrose PG , Ulmer JL . Topical fumagillin in treatment of microsporidial keratoconjuctivitis in AIDS. Ann Pharmacother1995:29:872–874. Eeftinck Schattenkern JK , van Gool T . Clinical and microbiological aspects of microsporidiosis. Trop Geogr Med 1992:44:287–293. Sharpstone D , Rowbottom A , Francis N Thalidomide: A novel therapy for microsporidiosis. Gastroenterology 1997:112(6):1823–1829. Coyle C , Bucchi C , Tavlett N Polyamine metabolism as a therapeutic target from microsporidia. J Eucaryot Microbiol 1996:43(5):96–98. Malaty LI , Kuper JJ . Drug interactions of HIV protease inhibitors. Drug Safety 1999:20(2):147–169. Coquet J , Katlama C , Sarfati C Remission of AIDS-associated intestinal microsporidiosis with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS1997:11:1603–1610. Conteas CN , Berlin GW , Ash LR , Pruthis JS . Therapy for human gastrointestinalis microsporidiosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg2000:63(3–4):121–127. Huffman DE , Gennaccaro A , Rose JB , Dussert BW . Low- and medium-pressure UV inactivation of microsporidia Encephalitozoonintestinalis . Water Res. 2002:36(12):3161–3164. John DE , Nwachuku N , Pepper IL , Gerba CP . Development and optimization of a quantitative cell culture infectivity assay for themicrosporidium Encephalitozoon intestinalis and application to ultraviolet light inactivation. J Microbiol Methods 2003:52:183–196. John DE , Haas CN , Nwachuku N , Gerba CP . Chlorine and ozone disinfection of Encephalitozoon intestinalis spores. Water Res2005:39:2359–2375.

Enterocytozoon Didier ES , Weiss LM . Microsporidiosis: Current status. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006;19(5):485–492. Franzen C , Müller A . Microsporidiosis: Human diseases and diagnosis. Microbes Infect 2001;3(5):389–400. Mathis A , Weber R , Deplazes P . Zoonotic potential of the microsporidia. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005;18(3):423–445.

Weber R , Kuster H , Keller R , Bächi T , Spycher MA , Briner J . Pulmonary and intestinal microsporidiosis in a patient with the acquiredimmunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146(6):8–10. Desportes I , Le Charpentier Y , Galian A Occurrence of a new microsporidan: Enterocytozoon bieneusi n.g., n. sp., in the enterocytes of ahuman patient with AIDS. J Protozool 1985;32(2):250–254 . Santín M , Vecino JAC , Fayer R . Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in dogs in Bogota, Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg2008;79(2):215–217. Reetz J , Rinder H , Thomschke A , Manke H , Schwebs M . First detection of the microsporidium Enterocytozoon bieneusi in non-mammalian hosts (chickens). Int J Parasitol 2002;32:785–787. Luı M , Xiao L , Cama V , Magalha N , Antunes F , Matos O . Identification of potentially human-pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusigenotypes in various birds. Appl Env Microbiol 2006;72(11):7380–7382. Mathis A , Breitenmoser AC , Deplazes P Detection of new Enterocytozoon genotypes in faecal samples of farm dogs and a cat. Parasite1999;6(2):189–193. Santín M , Trout JM , Dubey JP , Fayer R . Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cats from Bogota (Colombia) andgenotyping of isolates. Vet Parasitol 2006;141(3–4):334–339. Santin M , Fayer R . Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype nomenclature based on the internal transcribed spacer sequence: A consensus. JEukaryot Microbiol 2009;56(1):34–38. Vossbrinck CR , Woese CR . Eukaryotic ribosomes that lack a 5.8S RNA. Nature 1986;320(6059):287–288. Vossbrinck CR , Maddox JV , Friedman S , Debrunner-Vossbrinck BA , Woese CR . Ribosomal RNA sequence suggests microsporidia areextremely ancient eukaryotes. Nature 1987;326(6111):411–414. Kamaishi T , Hashimoto T , Nakamura Y Protein phylogeny of translation elongation factor EF-1 alpha suggests microsporidians areextremely ancient eukaryotes. J Mol Evol 1996;42(2):257–263. Brown JR . Doolittle WF . Root of the universal tree of life based on ancient aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase gene duplications. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 1995;92(7):2441–2445. Kuhner MK , Felsenstein J . A simulation comparison of phylogeny algorithms under equal and unequal evolutionary rates. Mol Biol Evol1994;11(3):459–468. Keeling PJ , Doolittle WF . Alpha-tubulin from early-diverging eukaryotic lineages and the evolution of the tubulin family. Mol Biol Evol1996;12(10):1297–1305. Katinka ÈD , Duprat S , Cornillot E Genome sequence and gene compaction of the eukaryote parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi . Nature2001;414(6962):450–453. Hirt RP , Logsdon JM Jr , Healy B , Dorey MW , Doolittle WF , Embley TM . Microsporidia are related to Fungi: Evidence from the largestsubunit of RNA polymerase II and other proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96(2):580–585. Keeling PJ . Congruent evidence from a-tubulin and b-tubulin gene phylogenies for a zygomycete origin of microsporidia. Fungal GenetBiol 2003;38:298–309. Akiyoshi DE , Morrison HG , Lei S Genomic survey of the non-cultivatable opportunistic human pathogen, Enterocytozoon bieneusi . PLOSPathog 2009;5(1):1–10. Keeling PJ , Corradi N , Morrison HG The reduced genome of the parasitic microsporidian Enterocytozoon bieneusi lacks genes for corecarbon metabolism. Genome Biol Evol 2010;2:304–309. Xiang H , Zhang R , De Koeyer D New evidence on the relationship between microsporidia and fungi: A genome-wide analysis byDarkHorse software. Can J Microbiol 2014;12:1–12. Topley WWC , Wilson GS , Parker MT , Collier LH , Topley WWC . Topley and Wilson's Principles of Bacteriology, Virology, and Immunity.London: Arnold. 1930; (10th edition):532–545. Weiss LM , Keohane EM . Microsporidia at the turn of the millennium: Raleigh 1999. J Eukaryot Microbiol, 1999;46(5):3–5. Undeen AH , Frixione E . The role of osmotic pressure in the germination of Nosema algerae spores. J Protozool 1990;37(6):561–567. Vivarès CP , Gouy M , Thomarat F , Méténier G . Functional and evolutionary analysis of a eukaryotic parasitic genome. Curr OpinMicrobiol 2002;5:499–505. Williams BAP , Hirt RP , Lucocq JM . A mitochondrial remnant in the microsporidian Trachipleistophora hominis . Nature2002;418:865–869. Visvesvara GS . In vitro cultivation of microsporidia of clinical importance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002;15(3):401–413. van Gool T , Canning EU , Gilis H , van den Bergh Weerman MA , Eeftinck Schattenkerk JK , Dankert J . Septata intestinalis frequentlyisolated from stool of AIDS patients with a new cultivation method. Parasitology 1994;109(3):281–289. Leitch GJ , Scanlon M , Visvesvara GS , Wallace S . Calcium and hydrogen ion concentrations in the parasitophorous vacuoles ofepithelial cells infected with the microsporidian. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1995;42(5):445–451. Visvesvara GS , Leitch GJ , Wallace S , Seaba C , Erdman D , Ewing EP Jr . Adenovirus masquerading as microsporidia. J Parasitol1996;82(2):316–319. Weiss LM . Microsporidia: Emerging pathogenic protists. Acta Trop 2001;78:89–102. Omalu ICJ , Duhlinska DD , Anyanwu GI , Pam VA , Inyama P . Review human microsporidial infections. Online J Heal Allied Sci2006;5(3[2]):1–13. Gene S , Coyle CM , Wittner M Prevalence of microsporidiosis due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon (Septata) intestinalisamong patients with AIDS-related diarrhea: Determination by polymerase chain reaction to the microsporidian. Clin Infect Dis1996;23:1002–1006. Molina JM , Sarfati C , Beauvais B Intestinal microsporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with chronic unexplaineddiarrhea: Prevalence and clinical and biologic features. J Infect Dis 1993;167(1):217–221. Sobottka I , Schwartz DA , Schottelius J Prevalence and clinical significance of intestinal microsporidiosis in human immunodeficiencyvirus–infected patients with and without diarrhea in Germany: A prospective coprodiagnostic study. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:475–480. Ńestor A-A , Lorenzo-morales J , Leal-guio Y Enterocytozoon bieneusi (microsporidia) in clinical samples from immunocompetentindividuals in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain Nieves Coronado- Alvarez. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005;99:848–855. Lobo MA , Xiao L , Antunes F , Matos O . Microsporidia as emerging pathogens and the implication for public health: A 10-year study onHIV-positive and -negative patients. Int J Parasitol 2012;42:197–205. Mohandas SR , Sud A , Malla N . Prevalence of intestinal parasitic pathogens in HIV-seropositive individuals in Northern India. Jpn J InfectDis 2002;55(3):83–84 .

Bern C , Kawai V , Vargas D The epidemiology of intestinal microsporidiosis in patients with HIV/AIDS in Lima, Peru. J Infect Dis2005;191:1658–1664. Wumba R , Longo-Mebenza B , Mandina M Intestinal parasites infections in hospitalized AIDS patients in Kinshasa, Democratic Republicof Congo. Parasite 2010;17:321–328. Sarfati C , Bourgeois A , Menotti J Prevalence of intestinal parasites including microsporidia in human immunodeficiency virus–infectedadults in Cameroon: A cross-sectional study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;74(1):162–164. Nkinin SW , Asonganyi T , Didier ES , Kaneshiro ES . Microsporidian infection is prevalent in healthy people in Cameroon. J Clin Microbiol2007;45(9):2841–2846. Khanduja S , Ghoshal U , Agarwal V , Pant P , Ghoshal UC . Identification and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi among humanimmunodeficiency virus infected patients. J Infect Public Health. 2017;10(1):31–40. Saigal K , Sharma A , Sehgal R , Sharma P , Malla N , Khurana S . Intestinal microsporidiosis in India: A two year study. Parasitol Int.2017;62(1):53–56. Pagornrat W , Leelayoova S , Rangsin R , Tan-ariya P , Naaglor T , Mungthin M . Carriage rate of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in anorphanage in Bangkok, Thailand. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47(11):3739–3741. Tatiana Bachur Paschoalette R , Vale JM , Castelo I , Coêlho B . Enteric parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients before and after thehighly active antiretroviral therapy. Braz J Infect Dis 2008;12(2):115–122. Ghoshal U , Khanduja S , Pant P Intestinal microsporidiosis in renal transplant recipients: Prevalence, predictors of occurrence and geneticcharacterization. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015;33:357–363. Yazar S . Prevalence of Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cancer patients under chemotherapy. Mikrobiyol Bul2015;49(1):105–113. Didier ES , Weiss LM . Microsporidiosis: Not just in AIDS patients. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2011;24(5):490–495. Matos O , Lobo ML , Xiao L . Epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in humans. J Parasitol Res 2012;981424: 36–45. Zhao W , Zhang W , Yang F Enterocytozoon bieneusi in dairy cattle in the Northeast of China: Genetic diversity of ITS gene and evaluationof zoonotic transmission potential. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015;62:553–560. Tawanda G , Hobbs RE , Carlyn C , Hall G , Isada Carlos M . Microsporidia infection in transplant patients. AIDS 1999;13:819–821. Coupe S , Delabre K , Pouillot R , Houdart S , Santillana-hayat M , Derouin F . Detection of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoonbieneusi in surface water, including recreational areas: A one-year prospective study. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2006;47(3):351–359. Júlia M , Cristina M , Santín M . Widespread presence of human-pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in chickens. Vet Parasitol2016;217:108–112. Pomares C , Santín M , Miegeville M Case report: A new and highly divergent Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype. J Clin Microbiol2012;50(6):2176–2178. Guo Y , Alderisio KA , Yang W , Cama V , Feng Y , Xiao L . Host specificity and source of Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in a drinkingsource watershed. Appl Env Microbiol 2014;80(1):218–225. Zhang X , Wang Z , Su Y Identification and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in China. J Clin Microbiol 2011;49(5):2006–2008. Henriques-gil N , Haro M , Izquierdo F , Fenoy S , Carmen A . Phylogenetic approach to the variability of the microsporidianEnterocytozoon bieneusi and its implications for inter- and intrahost transmission. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010;76(10):3333–3342. Widmer G , Akiyoshi DE . Host specific segregation of ribosomal nucleotide sequence diversity in the microsporidian Enterocytozoonbieneusi . Infect Genet Evol 2010;10(1):1–13. Feng Y , Li N , Dearen T Development of a multilocus sequence typing tool for high-resolution genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi .Appl Environ Microbiol 2011;77(14):4822–4828. Wichro E , Hoelzl D , Krause R , Bertha G , Reinthaler F , Wenisch C . Microsporidiosis in travel-associated chronic diarrhea in immune-competent patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005;73(2):285–287. Tumwine JK , Kekitiinwa A , Bakeera-Kitaka S Cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis in Ugandan children with persistent diarrhea withand without concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005;73(5):921–925. Tumwine JK , Kekitiinwa A , Nabukeera N , Akiyoshi DE , Buckholt MA , Tzipori S . Enterocytozoon bieneusi among children with diarrheaattending Mulago hospital in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002;67(3):299–303. Beaugerie L , Teilhac M , Deluol A Cholangiopathy associated with microsporidia infection of the common bile duct mucosa in a patientwith HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:401–4012. Aguila CD , Lopez-velez R , Fenoy S Identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi spores in respiratory samples from an AIDS patient with a2-year history of intestinal microsporidiosis. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35(7):1862–1866. Pol S , Romana CA , Richard S Microsporidia infection in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus and unexplained cholangitis. NEngl J Med 1993;328(2):95–99. Kondova I , Mansfield K , Buckholt MA Transmission and serial propagation of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from humans and rhesusmacaques in gnotobiotic piglets. Infect Immun 1998;66(11):5515–5519. Tzipori S , Carville A , Widmer G , Kotler D , Mansfield K , Lackner A . Transmission and establishment of a persistent infection ofEnterocytozoon bieneusi, derived from a human with AIDS, in simian immunodeficiency virus–infected rhesus monkeys. J Infect Dis1997;174(4):1016–1020. Jedrzejewski S , Graczyk TK , Slodkowicz-kowalska A , Tamang L , Majewska AC . Quantitative assessment of contamination of freshfood produce of various retail types by human-virulent microsporidian spores. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73(12):4071–4073. Buckholt MA , Lee JH , Tzipori S . Prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in swine: An 18-month survey at a slaughterhouse inMassachusetts. Appl Env Microbiol 2002;68(5):2595–2599. Decraene V , Lebbad M , Botero-Kleiven S , Gustavsson AM , Fdahl AML . First reported foodborne outbreak associated withmicrosporidia, Sweden, October 2009. Epidemiol Infect 2012;140(3):519–527 . Weber R , Deplazes P , Schwartz D . Diagnosis and clinical aspects of human microsporidiosis. Contrib Microbiol 2000;6:166–192. Deplazes P , Mathis A , Weber R . Epidemiology and zoonotic aspects of microsporidia of mammals and birds. Contrib Microbiol2000;6:236–260. Dascomb K , Frazer T , Clark RA , Kissinger P , Didier E . Microsporidiosis and HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;24(3):290–292. Asmuth DM , DeGirolami PC , Federman M Clinical features of microsporidiosis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18(5):819–825. Lucas SB , Papadaki L , Conlon C , Sewankambo N , Goodgame R , Serwadda D . Diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis in patients withAIDS. J Clin Pathol 1989;42(8):885–887.

Didier ES . Microsporidiosis: An emerging and opportunistic infection in humans and animals. Acta Trop 2005;94:61–76. Zhang Q , Feng X , Nie W , Golenbock DT , Tzipori S , Feng H . MyD88-dependent pathway is essential for the innate immunity toEnterocytozoon bieneusi . Parasite Immunol 2011;33(4):217–225. Khan IA , Moretto M , Weiss LM . Immune response to Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. Microbes Infect 2011;3(5):401–405. Weber R , Bryan RT , Schwartz DA , Owen RL . Human microsporidial infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 1994;7(4):426–461. Weber R , Bryan RT , Owen RL Improved light-microscopical detection of microsporidia spores in stool and duodenal aspirates. TheEnteric Opportunistic Infections Working Group. N Engl J Med 1992;326(3):161–166. Kotler DP , Orenstein JM . Prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-infected individuals referred for gastroenterological evaluation.Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89(11):1998–2002. Conteas CN , Sowerby T , Berlin GW Fluorescence techniques for diagnosing intestinal microsporidiosis in stool, enteric fluid, and biopsyspecimens from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with chronic diarrhea. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1996;120(9):847–853. Thellier M , Breton J . Enterocytozoon bieneusi in human and animals, focus on laboratory identification and molecular epidemiology.Parasite 2008;15(2):349–358. Aldras AM , Orenstein JM , Kotler DP , Shadduck JA , Didier ES . Detection of microsporidia by indirect immunofluorescence antibody testusing polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32(3):608–612. Accoceberry I , Thellier M , Desportes-livage I Production of monoclonal antibodies directed against the microsporidium Enterocytozoonbieneusi . J Clin Microbiol 1999;37(12):4107–4112. Breton J , Bart-delabesse E , Biligui S New highly divergent rRNA sequence among biodiverse genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusistrains isolated from humans in Gabon and Cameroon. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45(8):2580–2589. Zhu X , Wittner M , Tanowitz HB , Kotler D , Cali A , Weiss LM . Subunit rRNA sequence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and its potentialdiagnostic role with use of the polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 1993;168(6):1570–1575. Didier ES , Stovall ME , Green LC , Brindley PJ , Sestak K , Didier PJ . Epidemiology of microsporidiosis: Sources and modes oftransmission. Vet Parasitol 2004;126:145–166. Menotti J , Cassinat B , Sarfati C , Derouin F , Molina J . Development of a real-time polymerase-chain-reaction assay for quantitativedetection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi DNA in stool specimens from immunocompromised patients with intestinal microsporidiosis. J InfectDis 2003;187(9):1469–1474. Moss JA , Snyder RA . Biofilms for monitoring presence of microsporidia in environmental water. J Eukaryot Microbiol2017;64(4):533–538. Saigal K , Khurana S , Sharma A , Sehgal R , Malla N . Comparison of staining techniques and multiplex nested PCR for diagnosis ofintestinal microsporidiosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013;77(3):248–249. Nur S , Zainudin NS , Bernadus M , Nawi AM , Hanafiah A , Osman E . Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid moleculardetection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in faecal specimens. J Med Microbiol 2015;64:1329–1334. Simon D , Weiss LM , Tanowitz HB , Cali A , Jones J , Wittmer M . Light microscopic diagnosis of human microsporidiosis and variableresponse to octreotide. Gastroenterology 1991;100(1):271–273. Eeftinck Schattenkerk JK , van Gool T , van Ketel RJ . Clinical significance of small-intestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-1-infected individuals.Lancet 1991;337(8746):895–898. Blanshard C , Ellis DS , Dowell SP , Tovey G , Gazzard BG . Electron microscopic changes in Enterocytozoon bieneusi following treatmentwith albendazole. J Clin Pathol 1993;46(10):898–902. Massip P , Linas M , Bicart-se A . Successful treatment with nitazoxanide of Enterocytozoon bieneusi microsporidiosis in a patient withAIDS. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44(1):167–168. Sharpstone DAN , Rowbottom A , Francis N Thalidomide: A novel therapy for microsporidiosis. Gastroenterology 1997;1823–1829. Molina JM , Goguel J , Sarfati C Potential efficacy of fumagillin in intestinal microsporidiosis due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi in patientswith HIV infection: Results of a drug screening study. The French Microsporidiosis Study Group. AIDS 1997;11(13):1603–1610. Audemard A , Le Bellec ML , Carluer L Fumagillin-induced aseptic meningoencephalitis in a kidney transplant recipient withmicrosporidiosis. Transpl Infect Dis 2012;14(6):E147–E149. Molina JM , Tourneur M , Sarfati C Fumagillin treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis. N Engl J Med 2002;346(25):1963–1969. Molina JM , Goguel  , Sarfati C Trial of oral fumagillin for the treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis in patients with HIV infection. AIDS2000;14(11):1341–1348. Champion L , Durrbach A , Glotz D , Molina J . Fumagillin for treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis. Am J Transplant2010;10:1925–1930. Anane S , Attouchi H . Microsporidiosis: Epidemiology, clinical data and therapy. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2010;34(8–9):450–464. Carr A , Marriott D , Field A , Vasak E , Cooper DA . Treatment of HIV-1-associated microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis withcombination antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 1998;351(9098): 256–261.

Mucor and Mucormycosis Hibbett DS , Binder M , Bischoff JF A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycol Res. 2007;111(5):509–547. Kwon-Chung KJ . Taxonomy of fungi causing mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis (Zygomycosis) and nomenclature of the disease:Molecular mycologic perspectives. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(Suppl 1):S8–S15. Yang M , Lee JH , Kim YK , Ki CS , Huh HJ , Lee NY . Identification of Mucorales from clinical specimens: A 4-year experience in a singleinstitution. Ann Lab Med. 2016;36(1):60–63. Hoffmann K , Pawłowska J , Walther G The family structure of the Mucorales: A synoptic revision based on comprehensive multigene-genealogies. Persoonia. 2013;30:57–76 . Tang X , Zhao L , Chen H Complete genome sequence of a high lipid-producing strain of Mucor circinelloides WJ11 and comparativegenome analysis with a low lipid-producing strain CBS 277.49. PLOS One. 2015;10(9):e0137543. Chibucos MC , Soliman S , Gebremariam T An integrated genomic and transcriptomic survey of mucormycosis-causing fungi. NatCommun. 2016;7:12218.

Xu W , Liang G , Peng J The influence of the mating type on virulence of Mucor irregularis . Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):10629. Kyriopoulos EJ , Kyriakopoulos A , Karonidis A Burn injuries and soft tissue traumas complicated by mucormycosis infection: A report ofsix cases and review of the literature. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2015;28(4):280–287. Noorifard M , Sekhavati E , Jalaei Khoo H , Hazraty I , Tabrizi R . Epidemiology and clinical manifestation of fungal infection related tomucormycosis in hematologic malignancies. J Med Life. 2015;8(Spec Iss 2):32–37. Kennedy KJ , Daveson K , Slavin MA Mucormycosis in Australia: Contemporary epidemiology and outcomes. Clin Microbiol Infect.2016;22(9):775–781. Pana ZD , Seidel D , Skiada A Invasive mucormycosis in children: An epidemiologic study in European and non-European countries basedon two registries. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):667. Sriperumbuduri S , Kalidindi K , Megha H , Guditi S , Taduri G . An unusual case of gastrointestinal mucormycosis in a patient withnephrotic syndrome. Indian J Nephrol. 2017;27(2):145–147. Lee SC , Billmyre RB , Li A Analysis of a food-borne fungal pathogen outbreak: Virulence and genome of a Mucor circinelloides isolatefrom yogurt. MBio. 2014;5(4):e01390–e013914. Petrikkos G , Skiada A , Lortholary O , Roilides E , Walsh TJ , Kontoyiannis DP . Epidemiology and clinical manifestations ofmucormycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(Suppl 1):S23–S34. Khan S , Waqar Elahi M , Ullah W Invasive mucormycosis induced pneumopericardium: A rare cause of pneumopericardium in animmunocompromised patient. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2017;2017:1424618. Lee SC , Li A , Calo S Calcineurin orchestrates dimorphic transitions, antifungal drug responses and host-pathogen interactions of thepathogenic mucoralean fungus Mucor circinelloides . Mol Microbiol. 2015;97(5):844–865. Nicolás FE , Vila A , Moxon S The RNAi machinery controls distinct responses to environmental signals in the basal fungus Mucorcircinelloides . BMC Genomics. 2015;16:237. Trieu TA , Navarro-Mendoza MI , Pérez-Arques C RNAi-based functional genomics identifies new virulence determinants inmucormycosis. PLOS Pathog. 2017;13(1):e1006150. Arroyo MA , Schmitt BH , Davis TE , Relich RF . Detection of the dimorphic phases of Mucor circinelloides in blood cultures from animmunosuppressed female. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2016;2016:3720549. Taj-Aldeen SJ , Almaslamani M , Theelen B , Boekhout T . Phylogenetic analysis reveals two genotypes of the emerging fungus Mucorindicus, an opportunistic human pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2017;6(7):e63. Qin L , Zhao L , Tan C , Chen XU , Yang Z , Mo W . A novel method of combining Periodic Acid Schiff staining with Wright-Giemsa stainingto identify the pathogens Penicillium marneffei, Histoplasma capsulatum, Mucor and Leishmania donovani in bone marrow smears. ExpTher Med. 2015;9(5):1950–1954. Duggal S , Rongpharpi SR . Mucor-culture/molecular analysis necessary for identification. Indian J Med Microbiol.2015;33(Suppl):163–164. Millon L , Herbrecht R , Grenouillet F Early diagnosis and monitoring of mucormycosis by detection of circulating DNA in serum:Retrospective analysis of 44 cases collected through the French Surveillance Network of Invasive Fungal Infections (RESSIF). ClinMicrobiol Infect. 2016;22(9):810.e1–8. Salehi E , Hedayati MT , Zoll J Discrimination of aspergillosis, mucormycosis, fusariosis, and scedosporiosis in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens by use of multiple real-time quantitative PCR assays. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(11):2798–2803. Ziaee A , Zia M , Bayat M , Hashemi J . Identification of Mucorales isolates from soil using morphological and molecular methods. CurrMed Mycol. 2016;2(1):13–19. Ziaee A , Zia M , Bayat M , Hashemi J . Molecular identification of Mucor and Lichtheimia species in pure cultures of zygomycetes.Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2016;9(4):e35237. Garcia A , Adedoyin G , Heitman J , Lee SC . Construction of a recyclable genetic marker and serial gene deletions in the humanpathogenic mucorales Mucor circinelloides . G3 (Bethesda). 2017;7(7):2047–2054. Kontoyiannis DP , Lewis RE . How I treat mucormycosis. Blood. 2011; 118(5):1216–1224. Vitale RG , de Hoog GS , Schwarz P Antifungal susceptibility and phylogeny of opportunistic members of the order mucorales. J ClinMicrobiol. 2012;50(1):66–75. Anderson A , McManus D , Perreault S , Lo YC , Seropian S , Topal JE . Combination liposomal amphotericin B, posaconazole and oralamphotericin B for treatment of gastrointestinal Mucorales in an immunocompromised patient. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2017;17:11–13. Donnelley MA , Zhu ES , Thompson GR 3rd . Isavuconazole in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis infections. InfectDrug Resist. 2016;9:79–86. Paterson RRM , Lima N . Filamentous fungal human pathogens from food emphasising Aspergillus, Fusarium and Mucor .Microorganisms. 2017;5(3). pii: E44.

509Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tawfik OW , Papasian CJ , Dixon AY , Potter LM . Saccharomyces cerevisiae pneumonia in a patient with acquired immune deficiencysyndrome. J Clin Microbiol 1989;27:1689–1691. Nielsen H , Stenderup J , Bruun B . Fungemia with Saccharomycetaceae. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Scand J InfectDis 1990;22:581–584. McCullough MJ , Clemons KV , Farina C , McCusker JH , Stevens DA . Epidemiological investigation of vaginal Saccharomyces cerevisiaeisolates by a genotypic method. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:557–562. Enache-Angoulvant A , Hennequin C . Invasive Saccharomyces infection: A comprehensive review. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:1559–1568. Muñoz P , Bouza E , Cuenca-Estrella M Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: An emerging infectious disease. Clin Infect Dis2005;40:1625–1634. de Llanos R , Llopis S , Molero G , Querol A , Gil C , Fernandez-Espinar MT . In vivo virulence of commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiaestrains with pathogenicity-associated phenotypical traits. Int J Food Microbiol 2011;144:393–399. Anoop V , Rotaru S , Shwed PS , Tayabali AF , Arvanitakis G . Review of current methods for characterizing virulence and pathogenicitypotential of industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains towards humans. FEMS Yeast Res 2015;15(6). pii: fov057.

Pérez-Torrado R , Querol A . Opportunistic strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A potential risk sold in food products. Front Microbiol2016;6:1522. McFarland LV . Saccharomyces boulardii is not Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:200–201. Edwards-Ingram L , Gitsham P , Burton N Genotypic and physiological characterization of Saccharomyces boulardii, the probiotic strain ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae . Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73:2458–2467. Miceli MH , Díaz JA , Lee SA . Emerging opportunistic yeast infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2011;11:142–151. Stajich JE , Berbee ML , Blackwell M The fungi. Curr Biol 2009;19:R840–R845. Diezmann S , Cox CJ , Schönian G , Vilgalys RJ , Mitchell TG . Phylogeny and evolution of medical species of Candida and related taxa: Amultigenic analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:5624–5635. Fitzpatrick DA , Logue ME , Stajich JE , Butler G . A fungal phylogeny based on 42 complete genomes derived from supertree andcombined gene analysis. BMC Evol Biol 2006;6:99. Soll DR . The evolution of alternative biofilms in an opportunistic fungal pathogen: An explanation for how new signal transductionpathways may evolve. Infect Genet Evol 2014;22:235–243. Nieuwenhuis BP , James TY . The frequency of sex in fungi. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016;371:20150540. Merlini L , Dudin O , Martin SG . Mate and fuse: How yeast cells do it. Open Biol 2013;3:130008. Hanson SJ , Wolfe KH . An evolutionary perspective on yeast mating-type switching. Genetics 2017;206:9–32. Li B . DNA double-strand breaks and telomeres play important roles in Trypanosoma brucei antigenic variation. Eukaryot Cell2015;14:196–205. Simon M , Zieg J , Silverman M , Mandel G , Doolittle R . Phase variation: Evolution of a controlling element. Science1980;209:1370–1374. Borneman AR , Pretorius IS . Genomic insights into the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex. Genetics 2015;199: 281–291. Warringer J , Zörgö E , Cubillos FA Trait variation in yeast is defined by population history. PloS Genet 2011;7:e1002111. Liti G . The fascinating and secret wild life of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae . Elife 2015;4:e05835. Hebly M , Brickwedde A , Bolat I S. cerevisiae × S. eubayanus interspecific hybrid, the best of both worlds and beyond. FEMS Yeast Res2015;15(3): pii: fov005. Liti G , Carter DM , Moses AM Population genomics of domestic and wild yeasts. Nature 2009;458:337–341. Schacherer J , Shapiro JA , Ruderfer DM , Kruglyak L . Comprehensive polymorphism survey elucidates population structure ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae . Nature 2009;458:342–345. Goffeau A , Barrell BG , Bussey H Life with 6000 genes. Science 1996;274:546, 563–7. Giaever G , Chu AM , Ni L Functional profiling of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. Nature 2002;418:387–391. Sopko R , Huang D , Preston N Mapping pathways and phenotypes by systematic gene overexpression. Mol Cell 2006;21:319–330. Boynton PJ , Greig D . The ecology and evolution of non-domesticated Saccharomyces species. Yeast 2014;31:449–462. Honigberg SM . Similar environments but diverse fates: Responses of budding yeast to nutrient deprivation. Microb Cell 2016;3:302–328. Knop M . Evolution of the hemiascomycete yeasts: On life styles and the importance of inbreeding. Bioessays 2006;28:696–708. Coluccio AE , Rodriguez RK , Kernan MJ , Neiman AM . The yeast spore wall enables spores to survive passage through the digestivetract of Drosophila . PloS One 2008;3:e2873 . Hallen-Adams HE , Suhr MJ . Fungi in the healthy human gastrointestinal tract. Virulence 2017;8:352–358. Hoffmann C , Dollive S , Grunberg S Archaea and fungi of the human gut microbiome: Correlations with diet and bacterial residents. PloSOne 2013;8:e66019. David LA , Maurice CF , Carmody RN Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 2014;505:559–563. Williams C , Ramage G . Fungal biofilms in human disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 2015;831:11–27. Mizan MF , Jahid IK , Ha SD . Microbial biofilms in seafood: A food-hygiene challenge. Food Microbiol 2015;49:41–55. Bojsen RK , Andersen KS , Regenberg B . Saccharomyces cerevisiae—A model to uncover molecular mechanisms for yeast biofilmbiology. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2012;65:169–182. Williams JS , Mufti GJ , Powell S , Salisbury JR , Higgins EM . Saccharomyces cerevisiae emboli in an immunocompromised patient withrelapsed acute myeloid leukaemia. Clin Exp Dermatol 2007;32:395–397. Lolis N , Veldekis D , Moraitou H Saccharomyces boulardii fungaemia in an intensive care unit patient treated with caspofungin. Crit Care2008;12:414. Clemons KV , Salonen JH , Issakainen J Molecular epidemiology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in an immunocompromised host unit.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;68:220–227. Jensen DP , Smith DL . Fever of unknown origin secondary to brewer's yeast ingestion. Arch Int Med 1976;136:332–333. Sobel JD , Vazquez J , Lynch M , Meriwether C , Zervos MJ . Vaginitis due to Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Epidemiology, clinical aspects,and therapy. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:93–99. Nyirjesy P , Vazquez JA , Ufberg DD , Sobel JD , Boikov DA , Buckley HR . Saccharomyces cerevisiae vaginitis: Transmission from yeastused in baking. Obstet Gynecol 1995;86:326–329. Posteraro B , Sanguinetti M , D'Amore G , Masucci L , Morace G , Fadda G . Molecular and epidemiological characterization of vaginalSaccharomyces cerevisiae isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:2230–2235. Choi G , Meijer SL , Hazenberg MD . Disseminated bread yeast fungaemia in a baker's wife with acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol2012;158:298. Thygesen JB , Glerup H , Tarp B . Saccharomyces boulardii fungemia caused by treatment with a probioticum. BMJ Case Rep 2012;2012.pii: bcr0620114412. Cohen L , Ranque S , Raoult D . Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii transient fungemia after intravenous self-inoculation. Med MycolCase Rep 2013;2:63–64. Santino I , Alari A , Bono S Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia, a possible consequence of the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitiswith a probioticum. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2014;27:143–146. Popiel KY , Wong P , Lee MJ , Langelier M , Sheppard DC , Vinh DC . Invasive Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a liver transplant patient:Case report and review of infection in transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2015;17:435–441. Seng P , Cerlier A , Cassagne C , Coulange M , Legré R , Stein A . Saccharomyces cerevisiae osteomyelitis in an immunocompetentbaker. ID Cases 2016;5:1–3.

Atıcı S , Soysal A , Karadeniz Cerit K Catheter-related Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia following Saccharomyces boulardii probiotictreatment: In a child in intensive care unit and review of the literature. Med Mycol Case Rep 2017;15:33–35. Roy U , Jessani LG , Rudramurthy SM Seven cases of Saccharomyces fungaemia related to use of probiotics. Mycoses 2017;60:375–380. Herbrecht R , Nivoix Y . Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: An adverse effect of Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic administration. ClinInfect Dis 2005;40:1635–1637. Mitterdorfer G , Mayer HK , Kneifel W , Viernstein H . Clustering of Saccharomyces boulardii strains within the species S. cerevisiae usingmolecular typing techniques. J Appl Microbiol 2002;93:521–530. Posteraro B , Sanguinetti M , Romano L , Torelli R , Novarese L , Fadda G . Molecular tools for differentiating probiotic and clinical strainsof Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Int J Food Microbiol 2005;103:295–304. Iwamoto M , Ayers T , Mahon BE , Swerdlow DL . Epidemiology of seafood-associated infections in the United States. Clin Microbiol Rev2010;23:399–411. Llopis S , Hernández-Haro C , Monteoliva L , Querol A , Molina M , Fernández-Espinar MT . Pathogenic potential of Saccharomycesstrains isolated from dietary supplements. PLoS One 2014;9:e98094. Pérez-Torrado R , Llopis S , Perrone B , Gómez-Pastor R , Hube B , Querol A . Comparative genomic analysis reveals a critical role of denovo nucleotide biosynthesis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae virulence. PloS One 2015;10:e0122382. Hsu PH , Chiang PC , Liu CH , Chang YW . Characterization of cell wall proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae clinical isolates elucidatesHsp150p in virulence. PloS One 2015;10:e0135174. Lherm T , Monet C , Nougière B Seven cases of fungemia with Saccharomyces boulardii in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med2002;28:797–801. Perfect JR . Fungal diagnosis: How do we do it and can we do better? Curr Med Res Opin 2013;29:3–11. Arvanitis M , Anagnostou T , Fuchs BB , Caliendo AM , Mylonakis E . Molecular and nonmolecular diagnostic methods for invasive fungalinfections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014;27:490–526. Posteraro B , Efremov L , Leoncini E Are the conventional commercial yeast identification methods still helpful in the era of new clinicalmicrobiology diagnostics? A meta-analysis of their accuracy. J Clin Microbiol 2015;53:2439–2450. Sanguinetti M , Posteraro B . Diagnostic of fungal infections related to biofilms. Adv Exp Med Biol 2016;931:63–82. Muñoz P , Valerio M , Vena A Advances in the management of fungal infections. Mycoses 2015;58:1. Sanguinetti M , Posteraro B . New approaches for antifungal susceptibility testing. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017;23(12):931–934. Fiori B , D'Inzeo T , Giaquinto A Optimized use of the MALDI BioTyper system and the FilmArray BCID panel for direct identification ofmicrobial pathogens from positive blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 2016;54:576–584. Posteraro B , Sanguinetti M , Masucci L , Romano L , Morace G , Fadda G . Reverse cross blot hybridization assay for rapid detection ofPCR-amplified DNA from Candida species, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol2000;38:1609–1614. Hou TY , Wang SH , Liang SX , Jiang WX , Luo DD , Huang DH . The screening performance of serum 1,3-beta-D-glucan in patients withinvasive fungal diseases: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PloS One 2015;10:e0131602 . Chang HW , Nam YD , Sung Y Quantitative real time PCR assays for the enumeration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and theSaccharomyces sensu stricto complex in human feces. J Microbiol Methods 2007;71:191–201. Arendrup MC , Boekhout T , Akova M ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of rare invasiveyeast infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20:76–98. Minea B , Nastasa V , Moraru RF Species distribution and susceptibility profile to fluconazole, voriconazole and MXP-4509 of 551 clinicalyeast isolates from a Romanian multi-centre study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015;34:367–383.

Acanthamoeba castellanii Visvesvara GS , Moura H , Schuster FL . Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris,Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea . FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007; 50:1–26. Greub G , Raoult D . Microorganisms resistant to free-living amoebae. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004; 17(2):413–433. Baig AM , Iqbal J . Khan NA . In vitro efficacy of clinically available drugs against the growth and viability of Acanthamoeba castellaniikeratitis isolate belonging to the T4 genotype. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(8):3561–3567. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00299-13. Visvesvara GS , Maguire JH . Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amebas Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleriafowleri, and Sappinia diploidea . In: Guerrant RL , Walker DH and Weller PF , (eds) Tropical Infectious Diseases, Vol. 2, pp. 1114–1125.Churchill Livingstone: Oxford University Press, UK, 2006. Khan NA . Acanthamoeba: Biology and increasing importance in human health. FEMS, Microbiol Rev. 2006; 30:564–595. Baig AM . Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: Ghost response of an immunocompromised host. J Med Microbiol. 2014; 63(12):1763–1766. Brondfield MN , Reid MJ , Rutishauser RL Disseminated Acanthamoeba infection in a heart transplant recipient treated successfully with amiltefosine-containing regimen: Case report and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis. 2017; 19(2). doi: 10.1111/tid.12661. Chavatte N , Lambrecht E , Van Damme I , Sabbe K , Houf K . Abundance, diversity and community composition of free-living protozoa onvegetable sprouts. Food Microbiol. 2016; 55:55–63. Verani JR , Lorick SA , Yoder JS National outbreak of Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with use of a contact lens solution, UnitedStates. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009; 15(8):1236–1242. Stratford MP , Griffiths AJ . Variations in the properties and morphology of cysts of Acanthamoeba castellanii . J Gen Microbiol. 1978;108:33–37. Qvarnstrom Y , Nerad TA , Visvesvara GS . Characterization of a new pathogenic Acanthamoeba species, A. byersi n. sp., isolated from ahuman with fatal amoebic encephalitis. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2013; 60(6):626–633. Byers TJ , Hugo ER , Stewart VJ . Genes of Acanthamoeba: DNA, RNA and protein sequences (a review). J Protozool. 1990;37(4):17S–25S.

Byers TJ , Kim BG , King LE , Hugo ER . Molecular aspects of the cell cycle and encystment of Acanthamoeba . Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13(Suppl 5):S373–S384. Bowers B , Korn ED . Cytochemical identification of phosphatase activity in the contractile vacuole of Acanthamoeba castellanii. J Cell Biol.1973; 59(3): 784–791. Pettit DA , Williamson J , Cabral GA , Marciano-Cabral F . In vitro destruction of nerve cell cultures by an Acanthamoeba spp.: Atransmission and scanning electron microscopy study. J Parasitol. 1996; 82(5):769–777. Weisman RA . Differentiation in Acanthamoeba castellanii . Annu Rev Microbiol. 1976; 30:189–219. Bowers B , Korn ED . The fine structure of Acanthamoeba castellanii (Neff strain). II. Encystment. J Cell Biol. 1969; 41(3):786–805. Bowers B , Korn ED . The fine structure of Acanthamoeba castellanii. I. The trophozoite. J Cell Biol. 1968; 39(1):95–111. Baig AM , Ahmad HR . Evidence of a M1-Muscarinic GPCR homolog in unicellular eukaryotes: Featuring Acanthamoeba spp.bioinformatics 3D-modelling and experimentations. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 2017; 37(3):267–275. Khan NA , Siddiqui R . Is there evidence of sexual reproduction (meiosis) in Acanthamoeba? Pathog Glob Health. 2015; 109(4):193–195. Byers TJ , Kim BG , King LE , Hugo ER . Molecular aspects of the cell cycle and encystment of Acanthamoeba . Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13(Suppl 5):S373–S384. Calderon EJ , Cushion MT , Xiao L The 13th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists (IWOP13). J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2015;62(5):701–709. Barr J . 2004 Annual Report. Contact lens spectrum, 2005. Baig AM , Khan NA . A proposed cascade of vascular events leading to granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Microb Pathog. 2015;88:48–51. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Acanthamoeba information at CDC,https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/Acanthamoeba/disease.html (Accessed on March 22, 2017). Seijo Martinez M , Gonzalez-Mediero G , Santiago P Granulomatous amebic encephalitis in a patient with AIDS: Isolation ofAcanthamoeba sp. Group II from brain tissue and successful treatment with sulfadiazine and fluconazole. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(10):3892–3895. Diaz JH , Boudreaux JP . Emerging trends in free-living amebic infections of the brain: Implications for organ transplantation. J La StateMed Soc. 2013; 165(6):314–318. Doan N , Rozansky G , Nguyen HS Granulomatous amebic encephalitis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Surg Neurol Int.2015; 6(Suppl 18):S459–S462. Nachega JB , Rombaux P , Weynand B , Thomas G , Zech F . Successful treatment of Acanthamoeba rhinosinusitis in a patient withAIDS. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2005; 19(10):621–625. Baig AM . Pathogenesis of amoebic encephalitis: Are the amoebas being credited to an “inside job” done by the host immune response?Acta Trop. 2015; 148:72–76. Heiden D , Saranchuk P , Keenan JD Eye examination for early diagnosis of disseminated tuberculosis in patients with AIDS. Lancet InfectDis. 2016; 16(4):493–499. Kumar A , Abbas AK , Fausto A , Aster J . Robbins and Cotran. Pathologic Basis of Disease’, 8th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2010. Baig AM . Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: Neurochemotaxis and neurotropic preferences of Naegleria fowleri . ACS ChemNeurosci. 2016; 7(8):1026–1029. Watanabe M , Kimura A , Akasaka K , Hayashi S . Determination of acetylcholine in the human blood. Biochem Med Metab Biol. 1986;36(3):355–362. Kawashima K , Oohata H , Fujimoto K , Suzuki T . Plasma concentration of acetylcholine in young women. Neurosci Lett. 1987;80(3):339–342. Del Chierico F , Di Cave D , Accardi C Identification and typing of free-living Acanthamoeba spp. by MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. ExpParasitol. 2016; 170:82–89. Marciano-Cabral F , Cabral G . Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2003; 16:273–307. Walia R , Montoya JG , Visvesvera GS , Booton GC , Doyle RL . A case of successful treatment of cutaneous Acanthamoeba infection in alung transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis. 2007; 9(1):51–54. Salameh A , Bello N , Becker J , Zangeneh T . Fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba in a patient withkidney transplant: A case report. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2015; 2(3):ofv104.

Balantidium coli Schuster FL , Ramirez-Avila L . Current world status of Balantidium coli . Clin Microbiol Rev 2008; 21:626–638. Thompson RCA , Smith A . Zoonotic enteric protozoa. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:70–78. Neafie RC , Andersen EM , Klassen-Fischer MK . Balantidiasis. In: Meyers WM , Firpo A , Wear DJ , eds. Topics on the Pathology ofProtozoan and Invasive Arthropod Diseases. Washington, DC, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 2011:1–6. Zaman V . Balantidium coli . In: Kreier JP , ed. Parasitic Protozoa. New York, NY, Academic Press, 1978:633–653. Barbosa AS , Bastos OMP , Uchôa CMA Avaliação da frequência de Balantidium coli em suínos, tratadores de suínos e primatas nãohumanos no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rev Patol Trop 2016; 45:285–293. Lynn DH . Intramacronucleata: Litostomatea—Simple ciliates but highly derived. In: Lyn DH , ed. The Ciliated Protozoa. New York, NY,Springer, 2010:187–208. Adl SM , Simpson AGB , Farmer MA The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. JEukaryot Microbiol 2005; 52:399–451. Solaymani-Mohammadi S , Petri, Jr WA . Zoonotic implications of the swine-transmitted protozoal infections. Vet Parasitol 2006;140:89–203. Neiva A , Marques da Cunha A , Travassos L . Contribuições Parasitológicas. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1914; 6:180–191. McDonald JD . On Balantidium coli and B. suis (sp. nov.). Univ Calif Publ Zool 1922; 20:243–246.

Hegner R . Specificity in the genus Balantidium based on size and shape of body and macronucleus, with descriptions of six new species.Am J Hyg 1934; 19:38–67. Ponce-Gordo F , Jiménez-Ruiz E , Martínez-Díaz RA . Tentative identification of Balantidium from ostriches (Struthio camelus) asBalantidium coli-like by analysis of polymorphic DNA. Vet Parasitol 2008; 157:41–49. Auerbach E . The study of Balantidium coli (Stein, 1863) in relation to cytology and behavior in culture. J Morphol 1953; 93:405–445. Levine ND . Changes in the dimensions of Balantidium from swine upon cultivation. Am J Hyg 1940; 32:1–7. Areán VM , Koppisch E . Balantidiasis. A review and report of cases. Am J Pathol 1956; 22:1089–1115. Nilles-Bije ML , Rivera WL . Ultrastructural and molecular characterization of Balantidium coli isolated in the Philippines. Parasitol Res2010; 106:387–394. Skotarczak B . Cytochemical identification of mucocysts in Balantidium coli trophozoites. Folia Biol (Kraków) 1999; 47:61–65. Skotarczak B . Ultrastructural and cytochemical identification of peroxisomes in Balantidium coli, Ciliophora. Folia Biol (Kraków) 1997;45:117–120. Benchimol M . Hydrogenosomes under microscopy. Tissue Cell 2009; 41:151–168. Little JL . A case of Balantidium dysentery in Canada. CMAJ 1931; 25:653–657. Woody NC , Woody HB . Balantidiasis in infancy: Review of the literature and report of a case. J Pediatr 1960; 56: 485–489. Geddes McC . A. Balantidiasis in South Persia. BMJ 1952; 191:629–631. Awakian A . Studies on the intestinal protozoa of rats. II. Rats as carriers of Balantidium . Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1937; 31:93–98. Yang Y , Zeng L , Li M Diarrhoea in piglets and monkey experimentally infected with Balantidium coli isolated from human faeces. J TropMed Hyg 1995; 98:69–72. Barbosa AS , Bastos OMP , Uchôa CMA Isolation and maintenance of Balantidium coli (Malmsteim, 1857) cultured from fecal samples ofpigs and non-human primates. Vet Parasitol 2015; 210:240–245. Krascheninnikow S , Wenrich DH . Some observations on the morphology and division of Balantidium coli and Balantidium caviae . JProtozool 1958; 5:196–202. Svensson R . On the resistance to heating and cooling of Balantidium coli in culture and some observations regarding conjugation. ExpParasitol 1955; 4:502–525. Carlos SM , Hilda MC . Balantidíasis presentación de un caso clínico. Rev Med Universidade de Costa Rica 2011; 5:58–62. Dhawan S , Deepali J , Mehta VS . Balantidium coli: An unrecognized cause vertebral osteomyelitis and myelopathy. J Neurosurg: Spine2013; 18:310–313. Walzer PD , Judson FN , Murphy KB Balantidiasis outbreak in Truk. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1973; 22:33–41. Esteban JG , Aguirre C , Angles R Balantidiasis in Aymara children from northern Bolivian altiplano. Am J Trop Med and Hyg 1998;59:922–927. Walzer PD , Healy GR . Balantidiasis. In: Steele JH ed. Handbook Series in Zoonoses. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1982:15–24. Cancrini G , Bartoloni A , Paradisi F Parasitological observations on three Bolivian localities including rural communities, cities andinstitutions. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83:591–594. Couvee LMJ , Rijpstra AC . The prevalence of Balantidium coli in the central highlands of Western New Guinea. Trop Geogr Med 1961;13:284–286. Solaymani-Mohammadi S , Rezaian M , Anwar MA . Human balantidiasis in Iran: An unresolved enigma? Trends in Parasitol 2005;21:160–161. Karanis P , Kourenti C , Smith H . Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: A worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt. JWater Health 2007;5:1–38. Lerman RH , Hall WT , Barret Jr ON . Balantidium coli infection in a Vietnam returnne. Calif Med 1970; 112:17–18. Bellanger A-P , Scherer E , Cazorla A Dysenteric syndrome due to Balantidium coli: A case report. New Microbiol 2013; 36:203–205. Simon-Oke IA , Afolabi OJ , Obasola OP . Parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables sold at Akure Metropolis, Ondo State, Nigeria.Researcher 2014; 6:30–35. Nomura PR , Ferreira ARM , Rafaelli RA Study of incidence of intestinal parasites in vegetables commercializes in free trade fair andsupermarket Londrina. Semina Cien Biol Saude 2015; 36:209–214. Traviezo-Valles LE , Salas A , Lozada C Enteroparasites detection in commercialized lettuce in the State of Lara, Venezuela. Rev Méd-Cient “Luz Vida” 2013; 4:7–11. Yazar S , Altuntas F , Sahin I Dysentery caused by Balantidium coli in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from Turkey. World JGastroenterol 2004; 10:458–459. Clyti E , Aznar C , Couppie P Un cãs de co-infection para Balantidium coli et VIH em Guyane Française. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1998;91:309–311. Figueiredo SM , Filippis T , Santos UMP Report on a Balantidiasis case in a person living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Rev Patol Trop 2012;41:505–509. Giacometti A , Cirioni O , Balducci M Epidemiologic features of intestinal parasitic infections in Italian mental institutions. Eur J Epidemiol1997; 13:825–830. Elliot GB , Hotson RT . Balantidial dysentery. CMAJ 1953; 69:317–318. Sobestiansky J , Wentz I , Silveira PRS Limpeza e desinfecção. In: Sobestiansky J , Wentz I , Silveira PRS , Sesti LAC , eds. Suinoculturaintensiva: produção, manejo e saúde do rebanho. Brasília, Embrapa-SPI, 1998:111–134. Morris RG , Jordan HE , Luce WG Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism in Oklahoma swine. Am J Vet Res 1984; 45:2421–2423. Weng YB , Hu YJ , Li Y Survey of intestinal parasites in pigs from intensive farms in Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. VetParasitol 2005; 127:333–336. Ismail HAHA , Jeon H , Yu Y Intestinal parasite infections in pigs and beef cattle in rural areas of Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. Korean JParasitol 2010; 48:347–349. Barbosa AS , Bastos OMP , Dib LV Gastrointestinal parasites of swine raised in different management systems in the State of Rio deJaneiro, Brazil. Pesqui Vet Bras 2015; 35:941–946. Guzmán CR , Nessi AP , Gonzáles OH Balantidium spp en cerdos y sus criadores: Prevalencia em comunidades de dos Estados deVenezuela. VITAE 2013; 54:1–10.

Solaymani-Mohammadi S , Rezaian M , Hooshyar H Intestinal protozoa in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in western Iran. J Wildl Dis 2004;40:801–803. Toft JD . The pathoparasitology of the alimentary tract and pancreas of nonhuman primates: A review. Vet Pathol 1982; 9:44–85. Barbosa AS , Pissinatti A , Dib LV Balantidium coli and other gastrointestinal parasites in captives non-human primates of the Rio deJaneiro, Brazil. J Med Primatol 2015; 44:18–26. Lee RV , Prowten AW , Anthone S Typhitis due to Balantidium coli in captive lowland gorillas. Rev Infec Dis 1990; 12:1052–1059. Hinde K . Milk composition varies in relation to the presence and abundance of Balantidium coli in the mother in captive Rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta). Am J Primatol 2007; 69:625–634. Lim YAL , Nigui R , Shukri J Intestinal parasites in various animals at a zoo in Malaysia. Vet Parasitol 2008; 57:154–159. Mul IF , Paembonan W , Singleton I Intestinal parasites of free-ranging, semicaptive, and captive Pongo abelli in Sumatra, Indonesia. Int JPrimatol 2007; 28:407–420. Santos SM , Nogueira CP , Carvalho AR Levantamento coproparasitológico em muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides hipoxanthus) daestação biológica de Caratinga, Minas Gerais. A Primatologia no Brasil 2004; j8:327–332. Dorfman S , Rangel O , Bravo LG . Balantidiaisis: Report of a fatal case with appendicular and pulmonary involvement. Trans R Soc TropMed Hyg 1984; 78:833–834. Vásquez W , Vidal J . Colitis balantidiasica: A proposito de un caso fatal en el departamento de Huancavelica. An Fac Med 1999;60:119–123. Anargyrou K , Petrikkos GL , Suller TEM Pulmonary Balantidium coli infection in leukemic patient. Am J Hematol 2003; 73:314–315. Ferry T , Bouhour D , De Monbrison F Severe peritonitis due to Balantidium coli acquired in France. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;23:393–395. Tempelis CH , Lysenko MG . The production of hyaluronidase by Balantidium coli . Exp Parasitol 1957; 6:31–36. Wenger F . Absceso hepático producido por el Balantidium coli . Kasmera 1967; 2:433–441. Ladas SD , Savva S , Frydas A Invasive balantidiasis presented as chronic colitis and lung involvement. Dig Dis Scie 1989; 34:1621–1623. Vasilakopoulou A , Dimarongona K , Samakovli A Balantidium coli pneumonia in an immunocompromised patient. Scan J Infect Dis 2003;5:144–146. Koopowitz A , Smith P , Van Rensburg N Balantidum coli–induced pulmonary haemorrhage with iron deficiency. S Afr Med J 2010;100:534–536. Sharma S , Harding G . Necrotizing lung infection caused by the protozoan Balantidium coli . Can J Infect Dis 2003;14:163–166. Sumukhi U . Balantidium coli on urine microscopy. Natl Med J India 2007;20:270. Barbosa AS , Bastos OMP , Uchôa CMA Comparison of five parasitological techniques for laboratory diagnosis of Balantidium coli cyst.Braz J Vet Parasitol 2016; 25:286–292. Baskerville L , Ahmed Y , Ramchand S . Balantidium colitis. Digest Dis 1970; 15:727–731. Zaman V . Studies on the immobilization reaction in the genus Balantidium . Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1964; 58:255–259. Clark GC , Diamond SL . Methods for cultivation of luminal parasitic protists of clinical importance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15:329–341. Cox FEG . The cultivation of Balantidium coli throughout its viable temperature range. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1961; 55:305–308. Ponce Gordo F , Salamaca FF , Martínez DR . Genetic heterogeneity in internal transcribed spacer genes of Balantidium coli(Litostomatea, Ciliophora). Protist 2011; 162:774–794. Medical Letter, Inc . The medical letter on drugs and therapeutics. In: Medical Letter, ed. Drugs for Parasitic Infections. The Medical Letter,New Rochelle, NY, 2004:5.

Blastocystis Stenzel DJ , Boreham PF . Blastocystis hominis revisited. Clin Microbiol Rev 1996;9:563–584. Tan KS . New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008;21:639–665. Arisue N , Hashimoto T , Yoshikawa H Phylogenetic position of Blastocystis hominis and of stramenopiles inferred from multiple molecularsequence data. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2002;49:42–53. Silberman JD , Sogin ML , Leipe DD , Clark CG . Human parasite finds taxonomic home. Nature 1996;380. Yarlett N , Tan KSW . Mitochondrial remnant in Blastocystis . In: Teachezy J , ed. Hydrogenesomes and Mitosomes Mitochondria ofAnaerobic Eukaryotes. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2008:257–259. Zaman V , Howe J , Ng M . Ultrastructure of Blastocystis hominis cysts. Parasitol Res 1995;81:465–469. Ajjampur SS , Png CW , Chia WN , Zhang Y , Tan KS . Ex vivo and in vivo mice models to study Blastocystis spp. adhesion, colonizationand pathology: Closer to proving Koch's postulates. PloS One 2016;11:e0160458. Parkar U , Traub RJ , Kumar S Direct characterization of Blastocystis from faeces by PCR and evidence of zoonotic potential. Parasitology2007;134:359–367. Stensvold CR , Suresh GK , Tan KS Terminology for Blastocystis subtypes—A consensus. Trends Parasitol 2007;23:93–96. Alfellani MA , Taner-Mulla D , Jacob AS Genetic diversity of Blastocystis in livestock and zoo animals. Protist 2013;164:497–509. Stensvold CR , Alfellani MA , Norskov-Lauritsen S Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates from synanthropic and zoo animals andidentification of a new subtype. Int J Parasitol 2009;39:473–479. Parkar U , Traub RJ , Vitali S Molecular characterization of Blastocystis isolates from zoo animals and their animal-keepers. Vet Parasitol2010;169:8–17. Yoshikawa H , Tokoro M , Nagamoto T Molecular survey of Blastocystis sp. from humans and associated animals in an Indonesiancommunity with poor hygiene. Parasitol Int 2016;65:780–784. Denoeud F , Roussel M , Noel B Genome sequence of the stramenopile Blastocystis, a human anaerobic parasite. Genome Biol2011;12:R29. Wawrzyniak I , Courtine D , Osman M Draft genome sequence of the intestinal parasite Blastocystis subtype 4-isolate WR1. Genom Data2015;4:22–23.

Jacob AS , Andersen LO , Bitar PP Blastocystis mitochondrial genomes appear to show multiple independent gains and losses of start andstop codons. Genome Biol Evol 2016;8:3340–3350. Fayer R , Elsasser T , Gould R , Solano G , Urban J, Jr ., Santin M . Blastocystis tropism in the pig intestine. Parasitol Res2014;113:1465–1472. Puthia MK , Lu J , Tan KS . Blastocystis ratti contains cysteine proteases that mediate interleukin-8 response from human intestinalepithelial cells in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner. Eukaryot Cell 2008;7:435–443. Parija SC . Blastocystis: Status of its pathogenicity. Trop Parasitol 2013;3:1. Zierdt CH . Blastocystis hominis—Past and future. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991;4:61–79. Anuar TS , Ghani MK , Azreen SN , Salleh FM , Moktar N . Blastocystis infection in Malaysia: Evidence of waterborne and human-to-human transmissions among the Proto-Malay, Negrito and Senoi tribes of Orang Asli. Parasit Vectors 2013;6:40. Chen XQ , Singh M , Howe J , Ho LC , Tan SW , Yap EH . In vitro encystation and excystation of Blastocystis ratti. Parasitology 1999;118(2):151–160. Stensvold CR , Arendrup MC , Nielsen HV , Molbak K . Blastocystis—An enigmatic parasite. Ugeskr Laeger 2009;171:2388–2390. Rebolla MF , Silva EM , Gomes JF , Falcao AX , Rebolla MV , Franco RM . High prevalence of Blastocystis spp. infection in children andstaff members attending public urban schools in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016;58:31. Alfellani MA , Stensvold CR , Vidal-Lapiedra A , Onuoha ES , Fagbenro-Beyioku AF , Clark CG . Variable geographic distribution ofBlastocystis subtypes and its potential implications. Acta Trop 2013;126:11–18. El Safadi D , Gaayeb L , Meloni D Children of Senegal River Basin show the highest prevalence of Blastocystis sp. ever observedworldwide. BMC Infect Dis 2014;14:164. Osman M , El Safadi D , Cian A Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal protozoan infections with Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Blastocystisand Dientamoeba among schoolchildren in Tripoli, Lebanon. PloS Negl Trop Dis 2016;10:e0004496. Abdulsalam AM , Ithoi I , Al-Mekhlafi HM , Ahmed A , Surin J , Mak JW . Drinking water is a significant predictor of Blastocystis infectionamong rural Malaysian primary schoolchildren. Parasitology 2012;139:1014–1020. Suresh K , Smith H . Comparison of methods for detecting Blastocystis hominis . Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;23:509–511. Stensvold CR . Blastocystis: Genetic diversity and molecular methods for diagnosis and epidemiology. Trop Parasitol 2013;3:26–34. Abdulsalam AM , Ithoi I , Al-Mekhlafi HM Prevalence, predictors and clinical significance of Blastocystis sp. in Sebha, Libya. ParasitVectors 2013;6:86. Khoshnood S , Rafiei A , Saki J , Alizadeh K . Prevalence and genotype characterization of Blastocystis hominis among the Baghmalekpeople in southwestern Iran in 2013—2014. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015;8:e23930. Su FH , Chu FY , Li CY Blastocystis hominis infection in long-term care facilities in Taiwan: Prevalence and associated clinical factors.Parasitol Res 2009;105:1007–1013. Lu CT , Sung YJ . Epidemiology of Blastocystis hominis and other intestinal parasites among the immigrant population in northeasternTaiwan by routine physical examination for residence approval. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2009;42:505–509. El Safadi D , Cian A , Nourrisson C Prevalence, risk factors for infection and subtype distribution of the intestinal parasite Blastocystis sp.from a large-scale multi-center study in France. BMC Infect Dis 2016;16:451. Belleza ML , Cadacio JL , Borja MP Epidemiologic study of Blastocystis infection in an urban community in the Philippines. J EnvironPublic Health 2015;2015:894297. Bart A , Wentink-Bonnema EM , Gilis H Diagnosis and subtype analysis of Blastocystis sp. in 442 patients in a hospital setting in theNetherlands. BMC Infect Dis 2013;13:389. Al-Fellani MA , Khan AH , Al-Gazoui RM , Zaid MK , Al-Ferjani MA . Prevalence and clinical features of Blastocystis hominis infectionamong patients in Sebha, Libya. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2007;7:35–40. Stensvold CR , Clark CG . Current status of Blastocystis: A personal view. Parasitol Int 2016;65:763–771. Stensvold CR , Arendrup MC , Jespersgaard C , Molbak K , Nielsen HV . Detecting Blastocystis using parasitologic and DNA-basedmethods: A comparative study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;59:303–307. Meurs L , Polderman AM , Vinkeles Melchers NVS Diagnosing polyparasitism in a high-prevalence setting in Beira, Mozambique:Detection of intestinal parasites in fecal samples by microscopy and real-time PCR. PloS Negl Trop Dis 2017;11(1):e0005310. Ramirez JD , Florez C , Olivera M , Bernal MC , Giraldo JC . Blastocystis subtyping and its association with intestinal parasites in childrenfrom different geographical regions of Colombia. PloS One 2017;12:e0172586. Dogruman-Al F , Dagci H , Yoshikawa H , Kurt O , Demirel M . A possible link between Subtype2 and asymptomatic infections ofBlastocystis hominis . Parasitol Res 2008;103:685–689. Wong KH , Ng GC , Lin RT , Yoshikawa H , Taylor MB , Tan KS . Predominance of subtype 3 among Blastocystis isolates from a majorhospital in Singapore. Parasitol Res 2008;102:663–670. Graczyk TK , Shiff CK , Tamang L , Munsaka F , Beitin AM , Moss WJ . The association of Blastocystis hominis and Endolimax nana withdiarrheal stools in Zambian school-age children. Parasitol Res 2005;98:38–43. Abu-Madi M , Aly M , Behnke JM , Clark CG , Balkhy H . The distribution of Blastocystis subtypes in isolates from Qatar. Parasit Vectors2015;8:465. Boorom KF , Smith H , Nimri L Oh my aching gut: Irritable bowel syndrome, Blastocystis, and asymptomatic infection. Parasit Vectors2008;1:40. El-Shazly AM , Abdel-Magied AA , El-Beshbishi SN , El-Nahas HA , Fouad MA , Monib MS . Blastocystis hominis among symptomatic andasymptomatic individuals in Talkha Center, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2005;35:653–666. Coyle CM , Varughese J , Weiss LM , Tanowitz HB . Blastocystis: To treat or not to treat. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:105–110. Tan KS , Mirza H , Teo JD , Wu B , Macary PA . Current views on the clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Curr Infect Dis Rep2010;12:28–35. Salvador F , Sulleiro E , Sanchez-Montalva A Epidemiological and clinical profile of adult patients with Blastocystis sp. infection inBarcelona, Spain. Parasit Vectors 2016;9:548. Rossignol JF , Kabil SM , Said M , Samir H , Younis AM . Effect of nitazoxanide in persistent diarrhea and enteritis associated withBlastocystis hominis . Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3: 987–991. Gupta R , Parsi K . Chronic urticaria due to Blastocystis hominis . Australas J Dermatol 2006;47:117–119. Levy Y , George J , Shoenfeld Y . Severe Blastocystis hominis in an elderly man. J Infect 1996;33:57–59.

Wawrzyniak I , Poirier P , Viscogliosi E Blastocystis, an unrecognized parasite: An overview of pathogenesis and diagnosis. Ther AdvInfect Dis 2013;1:167–178. Poirier P , Wawrzyniak I , Vivares CP , Delbac F , El Alaoui H . New insights into Blastocystis spp.: A potential link with irritable bowelsyndrome. PloS Pathog 2012;8:e1002545. Ok UZ , Girginkardesler N , Balcioglu C , Ertan P , Pirildar T , Kilimcioglu AA . Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole in Blastocystishominis infection. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94: 3245–3247. Mirza H , Tan KSW . Clinical aspects of Blastocystis infections: Advancements amidst controversies. In: Mehlhorn H , Tan KSW ,Yoshikawa H , eds. Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger? Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Press, 2012:66–68. Vogelberg C , Stensvold CR , Monecke S Blastocystis sp. subtype 2 detection during recurrence of gastrointestinal and urticarialsymptoms. Parasitol Int 2010;59:469–471. Hameed DM , Hassanin OM , Zuel-Fakkar NM . Association of Blastocystis hominis genetic subtypes with urticaria. Parasitol Res2011;108:553–560. Biedermann T , Hartmann K , Sing A , Przybilla B . Hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and chronic urticaria cured bytreatment of Blastocystis hominis infection. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:1113–1114. Valsecchi R , Leghissa P , Greco V . Cutaneous lesions in Blastocystis hominis infection. Acta Derm Venereol 2004;84:322–323. Micheloud D , Jensen J , Fernandez-Cruz E , Carbone J . Chronic angioedema and Blastocystis hominis infection. Rev Gastroenterol Peru2007;27:191–193. Nassir E , Awad J , Abel AB , Khoury J , Shay M , Lejbkowicz F . Blastocystis hominis as a cause of hypoalbuminemia and anasarca. Eur JClin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;23:399–402. Yakoob J , Jafri W , Beg MA Irritable bowel syndrome: Is it associated with genotypes of Blastocystis hominis . Parasitol Res2010;106:1033–1038. Scanlan PD , Stensvold CR , Rajilic-Stojanovic M The microbial eukaryote Blastocystis is a prevalent and diverse member of the healthyhuman gut microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014;90:326–330. Coskun A , Malatyali E , Ertabaklar H , Yasar MB , Karaoglu AO , Ertug S . Blastocystis in ulcerative colitis patients: Genetic diversity andanalysis of laboratory findings. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2016;9:916–919. Audebert C , Even G , Cian A Colonization with the enteric protozoa Blastocystis is associated with increased diversity of human gutbacterial microbiota. Sci Rep 2016;6:25255. Nagel R , Traub RJ , Allcock RJ , Kwan MM , Bielefeldt-Ohmann H . Comparison of faecal microbiota in Blastocystis-positive andBlastocystis-negative irritable bowel syndrome patients. Microbiome 2016;4:47. Andersen LO , Bonde I , Nielsen HB , Stensvold CR . A retrospective metagenomics approach to studying Blastocystis . FEMS MicrobiolEcol 2015;91. Roberts T , Stark D , Harkness J , Ellis J . Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp. Gut Pathog2014;6:17. Rao K , Sekar U , Iraivan KT , Abraham G , Soundararajan P . Blastocystis hominis—An emerging cause of diarrhoea in renal transplantrecipients. J Assoc Physicians India 2003;51:719–721. Yersal O , Malatyali E , Ertabaklar H , Oktay E , Barutca S , Ertug S . Blastocystis subtypes in cancer patients: Analysis of possible riskfactors and clinical characteristics. Parasitol Int 2016;65:792–796. Chandramathi S , Suresh K , Anita ZB , Kuppusamy UR . Infections of Blastocystis hominis and microsporidia in cancer patients: Are theyopportunistic? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012;106:267–269. Doyle PW , Helgason MM , Mathias RG , Proctor EM . Epidemiology and pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis . J Clin Microbiol1990;28:116–121. Stensvold CR , Nielsen HV , Molbak K , Smith HV . Pursuing the clinical significance of Blastocystis—Diagnostic limitations. TrendsParasitol 2009;25:23–29. Lucia JF , Aguilar C , Betran A . Blastocystis hominis colitis in a haemophilic patient as a cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.Haemophilia 2007;13:224–225. Parija SC , Jeremiah S . Blastocystis: Taxonomy, biology and virulence. Trop Parasitol 2013;3:17–25. Andersen LO , Stensvold CR . Blastocystis in health and disease: Are we moving from a clinical to a public health perspective? J ClinMicrobiol 2016;54:524–528. Puthia MK , Sio SW , Lu J , Tan KS . Blastocystis ratti induces contact-independent apoptosis, F-actin rearrangement, and barrier functiondisruption in IEC-6 cells. Infect Immun 2006;74:4114–4123. Wu Z , Mirza H , Teo JD , Tan KS . Strain-dependent induction of human enterocyte apoptosis by Blastocystis disrupts epithelial barrierand ZO-1 organization in a caspase 3- and 9-dependent manner. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:209163. Mirza H , Wu Z , Teo JD , Tan KS . Statin pleiotropy prevents rho kinase-mediated intestinal epithelial barrier compromise induced byBlastocystis cysteine proteases. Cell Microbiol 2012;14:1474–1484. Puthia MK , Vaithilingam A , Lu J , Tan KS . Degradation of human secretory immunoglobulin A by Blastocystis . Parasitol Res2005;97:386–389. Lim MX , Png CW , Tay CY Differential regulation of proinflammatory cytokine expression by mitogen-activated protein kinases inmacrophages in response to intestinal parasite infection. Infect Immun 2014;82(11):4789–4801. Teo JD , Macary PA , Tan KS . Pleiotropic effects of Blastocystis spp. Subtypes 4 and 7 on ligand-specific toll-like receptor signaling andNF-kappaB activation in a human monocyte cell line. PloS One 2014;9:e89036. Ragavan ND , Kumar S , Chye TT , Mahadeva S , Shiaw-Hooi H . Blastocystis sp. in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) detection in stoolaspirates during colonoscopy. PloS One 2015;10:e0121173. Zuckerman MJ , Watts MT , Ho H , Meriano FV . Blastocystis hominis infection and intestinal injury. Am J Med Sci 1994;308:96–101. Ajjampur SS , Tan KS . Pathogenic mechanisms in Blastocystis spp.—Interpreting results from in vitro and in vivo studies. Parasitol Int2016;65:772–779. Vennila GD , Suresh Kumar G , Khairul Anuar A Irregular shedding of Blastocystis hominis . Parasitol Res 1999;85:162–164. Rene BA , Stensvold CR , Badsberg JH , Nielsen HV . Subtype analysis of Blastocystis isolates from Blastocystis cyst excreting patients.Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009;80:588–592. Londono-Franco AL , Loaiza-Herrera J , Lora-Suarez FM , Gomez-Marin JE . Blastocystis sp. frequency and sources among children from0 to 5 years of age attending public day care centers in Calarca, Colombia. Biomedica 2014;34:218–227.

Roberts T , Barratt J , Harkness J , Ellis J , Stark D . Comparison of microscopy, culture, and conventional polymerase chain reaction fordetection of Blastocystis sp. in clinical stool samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011;84:308–312. Nagel R , Traub RJ , Kwan MM , Bielefeldt-Ohmann H . Blastocystis specific serum immunoglobulin in patients with irritable bowelsyndrome (IBS) versus healthy controls. Parasit Vectors 2015;8:453. Stensvold R , Brillowska-Dabrowska A , Nielsen HV , Arendrup MC . Detection of Blastocystis hominis in unpreserved stool specimens byusing polymerase chain reaction. J Parasitol 2006;92:1081–1087. Stensvold CR , Traub RJ , von Samson-Himmelstjerna G , Jespersgaard C , Nielsen HV , Thompson RC . Blastocystis: Subtyping isolatesusing pyrosequencing technology. Exp Parasitol 2007;116:111–119. Verweij JJ , Stensvold CR . Molecular testing for clinical diagnosis and epidemiological investigations of intestinal parasitic infections. ClinMicrobiol Rev 2014; 27(2):371–418. Yoshikawa H , Dogruman-Al F , Turk S , Kustimur S , Balaban N , Sultan N . Evaluation of DNA extraction kits for molecular diagnosis ofhuman Blastocystis subtypes from fecal samples. Parasitol Res 2011;109:1045–1050. Stensvold CR , Ahmed UN , Andersen LO , Nielsen HV . Development and evaluation of a genus-specific, probe-based, internal-process-controlled real-time PCR assay for sensitive and specific detection of Blastocystis spp. J Clin Microbiol 2012;50:1847–1851. Poirier P , Wawrzyniak I , Albert A , El Alaoui H , Delbac F , Livrelli V . Development and evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for detectionand quantification of Blastocystis parasites in human stool samples: Prospective study of patients with hematological malignancies. J ClinMicrobiol 2011;49:975–983. Dinleyici EC , Eren M , Dogan N , Reyhanioglu S , Yargic ZA , Vandenplas Y . Clinical efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii ormetronidazole in symptomatic children with Blastocystis hominis infection. Parasitol Res 2011;108:541–545. Stensvold CR , Smith HV , Nagel R , Olsen KE , Traub RJ . Eradication of Blastocystis carriage with antimicrobials: Reality or delusion? JClin Gastroenterol 2010;44:85–90. Roberts T , Ellis J , Harkness J , Marriott D , Stark D . Treatment failure in patients with chronic Blastocystis infection. J Med Microbiol2014;63:252–257. Sekar U , Shanthi M . Blastocystis: Consensus of treatment and controversies. Trop Parasitol 2013;3:35–39. Pasqui AL , Savini E , Saletti M , Guzzo C , Puccetti L , Auteri A . Chronic urticaria and Blastocystis hominis infection: A case report. EurRev Med Pharmacol Sci 2004;8:117–120. Heyland K , Friedt M , Buehr P , Braegger CP . No advantage for antibiotic treatment over placebo in Blastocystis hominis-positive childrenwith recurrent abdominal pain. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012;54:677–679. Moghaddam DD , Ghadirian E , Azami M . Blastocystis hominis and the evaluation of efficacy of metronidazole andtrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Parasitol Res 2005;96:273–275. van Hellemond JJ , Molhoek N , Koelewijn R , Wismans PJ , van Genderen PJ . Is paromomycin the drug of choice for eradication ofBlastocystis in adults? J Infect Chemother 2013;19:545–548. Nagel R , Bielefeldt-Ohmann H , Traub R . Clinical pilot study: Efficacy of triple antibiotic therapy in Blastocystis positive irritable bowelsyndrome patients. Gut Pathog 2014;6:34. Mirza H , Teo JD , Upcroft J , Tan KS . A rapid, high-throughput viability assay for Blastocystis spp. reveals metronidazole resistance andextensive subtype-dependent variations in drug susceptibilities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:637–648. Roberts T , Bush S , Ellis J , Harkness J , Stark D . In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Blastocystis . Antimicrob AgentsChemother 2015;59:4417–4423. Abdel-Hafeez EH , Ahmad AK , Abdelgelil NH Immunopathological assessments of human Blastocystis spp. in experimentally infectedimmunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice. Parasitol Res 2016;115:2061–2071. Palasuwan A , Palasuwan D , Mahittikorn A , Chiabchalard R , Combes V , Popruk S . Subtype distribution of Blastocystis in communitiesalong the Chao Phraya River, Thailand. Korean J Parasitol 2016;54:455–460. Lee LI , Chye TT , Karmacharya BM , Govind SK . Blastocystis sp.: Waterborne zoonotic organism, a possibility? Parasit Vectors2012;5:130.

Cryptosporidium Ryan U , Fayer R , Xiao L Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: Current understanding and research needs. Parasitology2014;141:1667–1685. Zahedi A , Paparini A , Jian F Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinkingwater management. Int J Parasitol: PAW 2016;5:88e109. Ryan U , Zahedi A , Paparini A . Cryptosporidium in humans and animals—A one health approach to prophylaxis. Parasite Immunol2016;38:535–547. Mead JR . Prospects for immunotherapy and vaccines against Cryptosporidium . Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014;10:1505–1513. Ryan U , Hijjawi N . New developments in Cryptosporidium research. Int J Parasitol 2015;45:367–373. Xiao L . Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: An update. Exp Parasitol 2010;124:80–89. Chalmers RM , Davies AP . Mini-review: Clinical cryptosporidiosis. Exp Parasitol 2010;124:138–146. Robertson L . Cryptosporidium as a Foodborne Pathogen. Springer, New York, NY, 2014. Korich DG , Mead JR , Madore MS Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum viability.Appl Environ Microbiol 1990;56:1423–1428. Painter JE , Hlavsa MC , Collier SA . Cryptosporidiosis surveillance—United States, 2011–2012. MMWR Suppl 2015;64:1–14. Kuczynska E , Shelton DR . Method for detection and enumeration of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in feces, manures and soils. ApplEnviron Microbiol 1999;65:2820–2826. Okhuysen PC , Chappell CL , Crabb JH , Sterling CR , DuPont HL . Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthyadults. J Infect Dis 1999;180:1275–1281. Chappell CL , Okhuysen PC , Langer-Curry R Cryptosporidium hominis: Experimental challenge of healthy adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg2006;75:851–857.

DuPont HL , Chappell CL , Sterling CR The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N Engl J Med 1995;332:855–859. Dixon BR , Fayer R , Santín M , Hill DE , Dubey JP . Protozoan Parasites: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Cyclospora and Toxoplasma. ASMPress, Washington, DC, 2011;349–370. Torgerson PR , Devleesschauwer B , Praet N World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 11foodborne parasitic diseases, 2010: A data synthesis. PLoS Med 2015;12:e1001920. FAO/WHO . Multicriteria-based ranking for risk management of food-borne parasites. 2014;http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112672/1/9789241564700_eng.pdf Scallan E , Griffin PM , Angulo FJ , Tauxe RV , Hoekstra RM . Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—Major pathogens. EmergInfect Dis 2011;17:7–15. Budu-Amoako E , Greenwood SJ , Dixon BR , Barkema HW , McClure JT . Foodborne illness associated with Cryptosporidium and Giardiafrom livestock. J Food Prot 2011;74:1944–1955. Iqbal A , Labib M , Muharemagic D , Sattar S , Dixon BR , Berezovski MV . Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts on fresh produceusing DNA aptamers. PLoS One 2015;10:e0137455. Macarisin D , Bauchan G , Fayer R . Spinacia oleracea L. leaf stomata harboring Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: A potential threat tofood safety. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010;76:555–559. Dixon BR . Transmission dynamics of foodborne parasites on fresh produce. In: Gajadhar AA ed. Foodborne Parasites in the Food SupplyWeb. Woodhead Publishing, Oxford, 2015;317–353. Fayer R , Xiao L . Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis Second edition. CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 2008. Jenkins MB , Eaglesham BS , Anthony LC Significance of wall structure, macromolecular composition, and surface polymers to thesurvival and transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010;76:1926–1934. Templeton TJ , Lancto CA , Vigdorovich V The Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein is a member of a multigene family and has a homologin Toxoplasma . Infect Immun. 2004;72:980–987. Fall A , Thompson RC , Hobbs RP , Morgan-Ryan U . Morphology is not a reliable tool for delineating species within Cryptosporidium . JParasitol 2003;89:399–402. Tyzzer EE . A sporozoan found in the peptic glands of the common mouse. Proceed Soc Exp Biol Med 1907;5:12–13. Tyzzer EE . An extracellular coccidium, Cryptosporidium muris (gen. et sp. nov.), of the gastric glands of the common mouse. J Med Res1910;23:487–510. Tyzzer EE . Cryptosporidium parvum (sp. nov.) a coccidian found in the small intestine of the common mouse. Arch Prtistenk1912;26:394–418. Slavin D . Cryptosporidium meleagridis (sp. nov.). J Comp Pathol 1955;65:262–266. Jezkova J , Horcickova M , Hlaskova L Cryptosporidium testudinis sp. n., Cryptosporidium ducismarci Traversa, 2010 and Cryptosporidiumtortoise genotype III (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in tortoises. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2016;63:pii:2016.035. Kváč M , Havrdová N , Hlásková L Cryptosporidium proliferans n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae): Molecular and biological evidenceof cryptic species within gastric Cryptosporidium of mammals. PloS One 2016;11:e0147090. Kváč M , Hofmannová L , Hlásková L Cryptosporidium erinacei n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in hedgehogs. Vet Parasitol2014;210:9–17. Kvác M , Kvetonová D , Sak B , Ditrich O . Cryptosporidium pig genotype II in immunocompetent man. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:982–983. Rasková V , Kvetonová D , Sak B Human cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium tyzzeri and C. parvum isolates presumablytransmitted from wild mice. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:360–362. Elwin K , Hadfield SJ , Robinson G , Chalmers RM . The epidemiology of sporadic human infections with unusual cryptosporidia detectedduring routine typing in England and Wales, 2000–2008. Epidemiol Infect 2012;140:673–683. Chalmers RM . Investigation of the taxonomy and biology of the Cryptosporidium rabbit genotype. Final Report DWI 70/2/241. DrinkingWater Inspectorate, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, United Kingdom, 2010:http://www.dwi.gov.uk/research/completed-research/reports/DWI70_2_241.pdf Chalmers RM , Robinson G , Elwin K Cryptosporidium sp. rabbit genotype, a newly identified human pathogen. Emerg Infect Dis2009;15:829–830. Chalmers RM , Elwin K , Hadfield SJ , Robinson G . Sporadic human cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium cuniculus, UnitedKingdom, 2007–2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:536–538. Koehler AV , Whipp MJ , Haydon SR , Gasser RB . Cryptosporidium cuniculus new records in human and kangaroo in Australia. ParasitVectors 2014;7:492. Li N , Xiao L , Alderisio K Subtyping Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, a zoonotic pathogen emerging in humans. Emerg Infect Dis2014;20:217–224. Adamu H , Petros B , Zhang G Distribution and clinical manifestations of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in HIV/AIDS patients inEthiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014;8:e2831. Waldron LS , Cheung-Kwok-Sang C , Power ML . Wildlife associated Cryptosporidium fayeri in human, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis2010;16:2006–2007. Khan SM , Debnath C , Pramanik AK Molecular characterization and assessment of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium from dairycattle in West Bengal, India. Vet Parasitol 2010;171:41–47. Ng JS , Eastwood K , Walker B Evidence of Cryptosporidium transmission between cattle and humans in northern New South Wales. ExpParasitol 2012;130: 437–441. Helmy YA , Krücken J , Nöckler K , von Samson-Himmelstjerna G , Zessin KH . Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in livestockanimals and humans in the Ismailia province of Egypt. Vet Parasitol 2013;193:15–24. Cama VA , Ross JM , Crawford S Differences in clinical manifestations among Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in HIV infectedpersons. J Infect Dis 2007;196:684–691. Wang L , Zhang H , Zhao X Zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in HIV-positive patients onantiretroviral therapy. Clin Microbiol 2013;2:557–563. Xiao L , Bern C , Arrowood M Identification of the Cryptosporidium pig genotype in a human patient. J Infect Diss 2002;185:1846–1848. Leoni F , Amar C , Nichols G , Pedraza-Díaz S , McLauchlin J . Genetic analysis of Cryptosporidium from 2414 humans with diarrhoea inEngland between 1985 and 2000. J Med Microbiol 2006;5:703–707.

Bodager JR , Parsons MB , Wright PC Complex epidemiology and zoonotic potential for Cryptosporidium suis in rural Madagascar. VetParasitol 2015;207:140–143. Lucio-Forster A , Griffiths JK , Cama VA , Xiao L , Bowman DD . Minimal zoonotic risk of cryptosporidiosis from pet dogs and cats. TrendsParasitol 2010;26:174–179. Morse TD , Nichols RA , Grimason AM Incidence of cryptosporidiosis species in paediatric patients in Malawi. Epidemiol Infect2007;135:1307–1315. Waldron LS , Dimeski B , Beggs PJ , Ferrari BC , Power ML . Molecular epidemiology, spatiotemporal analysis, and ecology of sporadichuman cryptosporidiosis in Australia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011;77:7757–7765. Agholi M , Hatam GR , Motazedian MH . HIV/AIDS-associated opportunistic protozoal diarrhea. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses2013;29:35–41. Jiang Y , Ren J , Yuan Z Cryptosporidium andersoni as a novel predominant Cryptosporidium species in outpatients with diarrhea inJiangsu Province, China. BMC Infect Dis 2014;14:555. Liu H , Shen Y , Yin J Prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium, Enterocytozoon, Giardia and Cyclospora in diarrhealoutpatients in China. BMC Infect Dis 2014;14:25. Guyot K , Follet-Dumoulin A , Lelièvre E Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates obtained from humans in France. J ClinMicrobiol 2001;39:3472–3480. Gatei W , Ashford RW , Beeching NJ Cryptosporidium muris infection in an HIV infected adult, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:204–206. Gatei W , Greensill J , Ashford RW Molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium parasites from patients with or withouthuman immunodeficiency virus infections living in Kenya, Malawi, Brazil, the United Kingdom, and Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol2003;41:1458–1462. Gatei W , Wamae CN , Mbae C Cryptosporidiosis: Prevalence, genotype analysis, and symptoms associated with infections in children inKenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;75:78–82. Tiangtip R , Jongwutiwes S . Molecular analysis of Cryptosporidium species isolated from HIV infected patients in Thailand. Trop Med IntHealth 2002;7:357–364. Palmer CJ , Xiao L , Terashima A , Guerra H Cryptosporidium muris, a rodent pathogen, recovered from a human in Peru. Emerg InfectDis 2003;9:1174–1176. Muthusamy D , Rao SS , Ramani S Multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium sp. isolates from human immunodeficiency virus infectedindividuals in South India. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:632–634. Azami M , Moghaddam DD , Salehi R , Salehi M . The identification of Cryptosporidium species (protozoa) in Ifsahan, Iran by PCR RFLPanalysis of the 18S rRNA gene. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2007;41:934–939. Al-Brikan FA , Salem HS , Beeching N , Hilal N . Multilocus genetic analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from Saudi Arabia. J Egypt SocParasitol 2008;38:645–658. Neira OP , Muñoz SN , Wilson LG Cryptosporidium species in immunodeficient and immunocompetent patients of Valparaíso: Adescriptive study. Rev Chilena Infectol 2012;29: 63–71. Hasajová A , Valenčáková A , Malčeková B Significantly higher occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in Roma children compared withnon-Roma children in Slovakia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014;33:1401–1406. Chappell CL , Okhuysen PC , Langer-Curry RC . Cryptosporidium muris: Infectivity and illness in healthy adult volunteers. Am J Trop MedHyg 2015;92:50–55. Petrincová A , Valenčáková A , Luptáková L Molecular characterization and first report of Cryptosporidium genotypes in human populationin the Slovak Republic. Electrophor 2015;36:2925–2930. Spanakos G , Biba A , Mavridou A , Karanis P . Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recycled waters used for irrigation and firstdescription of Cryptosporidium parvum and C. muris in Greece. Parasitol Res 2015;114:1803–1810. Ryan U , Paparini A , Monis P , Hijjawi N . It's official—Cryptosporidium is a gregarine: What are the implications for the water industry?Water Res 2016;105:305–313. Cavalier-Smith T . Gregarine site-heterogeneous 18S rDNA trees, revision of gregarine higher classification, and the evolutionarydiversification of Sporozoa. Eur J Protistol 2014;50:472–495. Fayer R , Ungar BPL . Cryptosporidium spp. and cryptosporidiosis. Microbiol Rev 1986;50:458–483. O'Donoghue PJ . Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in man and animals. Int J Parasitol 1995;25:139–195. Chappell CL , Okhuysen PC , Sterling CR , DuPont HL . Cryptosporidium parvum: Intensity of infection and oocyst excretion patterns inhealthy volunteers. J Infect Dis 1996;73:232–236. Reduker DW , Speer CA , Blixt JA . Ultrastructure of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and excysting sporozoites as revealed by highresolution scanning electron microscopy. J Protozool 1985;32:708–771. Reduker DW , Speer CA . Factors influencing excystation in Cryptosporidium oocysts from cattle. J Parasitol 1985;71:112–115. Snelling WJ , Lin Q , Moore JE Proteomics analysis and protein expression during sporozoite excystation of Cryptosporidium parvum(Coccidia, Apicomplexa). Mol Cell Proteomics 2007;6:346–355. Valigurová A , Jirků M , Koudela B Cryptosporidia: Epicellular parasites embraced by the host cell membrane. Int J Parasitol2008;38:913–922. Dumenil G . Revisiting the extracellular lifestyle. Cell Microbiol 2011;13:1114–1121. Current WL , Reese NC . A comparison of endogenous development of three isolates of Cryptosporidium in suckling mice. J Protozool1986;33:98–108. Hijjawi N , Meloni BP , Morgan UM , Thompson RC . Complete development and long-term maintenance of Cryptosporidium parvumhuman and cattle genotypes in cell culture. J Parasitol 2001;31:1048–1055. Smith HV , Nichols RAB , Grimason AM . Cryptosporidium excystation and invasion: Getting to the guts of the matter. Trends Parasitol2005;21:133–142. Borowski H , Thompson RC , Armstrong T , Clode PL . Morphological characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum life-cycle stages in anin vitro model system. Parasitol 2010;137:13–26. Hijjawi N , Estcourt A , Yang R , Monis P , Ryan U . Complete development and multiplication of Cryptosporidium hominis in cell-freeculture. Vet Parasitol 2010;169:29–36. Leitch GJ , He Q . Cryptosporidiosis—An overview. J Biomed Res 2011;25:1–16.

Hijjawi N . Cryptosporidium: New developments in cell culture. Exp Parasitol 2010;124:54–60. Morada M , Lee S , Gunther-Cummins L Continuous culture of Cryptosporidium parvum using hollow fiber technology. Int J Parasitol2016;46:21–29. DeCicco RePass MA , Chen Y , Lin Y Novel bioengineered three-dimensional human intestinal model for long-term infection ofCryptosporidium parvum . Infect Immun 2017;85:e00731–16. Hijjawi NS , Meloni BP , Ryan UM , Olson ME , Thompson RC . Successful in vitro cultivation of Cryptosporidium andersoni: Evidence forthe existence of novel extracellular stages in the life cycle and implications for the classification of Cryptosporidium . Int J Parasitol2002;32:1719–1726. Hijjawi NS , Meloni BP , Ng'anzo M Complete development of Cryptosporidium parvum in host cell-free culture. Int J Parasitol2004;34:769–777. Boxell A , Hijjawi N , Monis P , Ryan U . Comparison of various staining methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium in cell-free culture.Exp Parasitol 2008;120:67–72. Karanis P , Aldeyarbi HM . Evolution of Cryptosporidium in vitro culture. Int J Parasitol 2011;43:1231–1342. Yang R , Elankumaran Y , Hijjawi N , Ryan U . Validation of cell-free culture using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and geneexpression studies. Exp Parasitol 2015;153:55–62. Koh W , Thompson A , Edwards H , Monis P , Clode PL . Extracellular excystation and development of Cryptosporidium: Tracing the fateof oocysts within Pseudomonas aquatic biofilm systems. BMC Microbiol 2014;14:281. Barta JR , Thompson RC . What is Cryptosporidium? Reappraising its biology and phylogenetic affinities. Trends Parasitol2006;22:463–468. Sponseller JK , Griffiths JK , Tzipori S . The evolution of respiratory cryptosporidiosis: Evidence for transmission by inhalation. ClinMicrobiol Rev 2014;27:575–586. Kotloff KL , Nataro JP , Blackwelder WC Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries(the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): A prospective, case-control study. Lancet 2013;382:209–222. Sow SO , Muhsen K , Nasrin D The burden of Cryptosporidium diarrheal disease among children <24 months of age in moderate/highmortality regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, utilizing data from the global enteric multicenter study (GEMS). PLoS Negl TropDis 2016;10:e0004729. Mølbak K , Andersen M , Aaby P Cryptosporidium infection in infancy as a cause of malnutrition: A community study from Guinea-Bissau,West Africa. Am J Clin Nut 1997;65:149–152. Guerrant DI , Moore SR , Lima AA . Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness andcognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;61:707–713. Gendrel D , Treluyer JM , Richard-Lenoble D . Parasitic diarrhea in normal and malnourished children. Fundam Clin Pharmacol2003;17:189–197. Mondal D , Haque R , Sack RB , Kirkpatrick BD , Petri WA Jr . Attribution of malnutrition to cause-specific diarrheal illness: Evidence froma prospective study of preschool children in Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009;80:824–826. Mondal D , Minak J , Alam M Contribution of enteric infection, altered intestinal barrier function, and maternal malnutrition to infantmalnutrition in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:185–192. Quihui-Cota L , Lugo-Flores CM , Ponce-Martínez JA , Morales-Figueroa GG . Cryptosporidiosis: A neglected infection and its associationwith nutritional status in schoolchildren in northwestern Mexico. J Infect Dev Ctries 2015;9:878–883. Current WL , Garcia LS . Cryptosporidiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991;4:325–358. Tumwine JK , Kekitiinwa A , Bakeera-Kitaka S Cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis in Ugandan children with persistent diarrhea withand without concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005;73:921–925. Tellevik MG , Moyo SJ , Blomberg B 2015. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lambliaamong young children with and without diarrhea in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9:e0004125. Clayton F , Heller T , Kotler DP . Variation in the enteric distribution of cryptosporidia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J ClinPathol. 1994;102:420–425. De Angelis C , Mangone M , Bianchi M An update on AIDS-related cholangiopathy. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2009;55:79–82. Pantenburg B , Dann SM , Wang HC Intestinal immune response to human Cryptosporidium sp. infection. Infect Immun 2008;76:23–29. Hernandez J , Lackner A , Aye P Substance P is responsible for physiological alterations such as increased chloride ion secretion andglucose malabsorption in cryptosporidiosis. Infect Immun 2007;75:1137–1143. Costa LB , JohnBull EA , Reeves JT Cryptosporidium-malnutrition interactions: Mucosal disruption, cytokines and TLR signaling in aweaned murine model. J Parasitol 2011;97:1113–1120. Opintan JA , Newman MJ , Ayeh-Kumi PF Pediatric diarrhea in southern Ghana: Etiology and association with intestinal inflammation andmalnutrition. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010;83:936–943. Pantenburg B , Castellanos-Gonzalez A , Dann SM Human CD8(+) T cells clear Cryptosporidium parvum from infected intestinal epithelialcells. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010;82:600–607. Perez-Cordon G , Yang G , Zhou B Interaction of Cryptosporidium parvum with mouse dendritic cells leads to their activation and parasitetransportation to mesenteric lymph nodes. Pathog Dis 2014;70:17–27. Zhou R , Gong AY , Eischeid AN , Chen XM . miR-27b targets KSRP to coordinate TLR4-mediated epithelial defense againstCryptosporidium parvum infection. PLoS Pathog 2012;8:e1002702. Hu G , Gong AY , Roth AL Release of luminal exosomes contributes to TLR4-mediated epithelial antimicrobial defense. PLoS Pathog2013;9:e1003261. Xie H , Lei N , Gong AY , Chen XM , Hu G . Cryptosporidium parvum induces SIRT1 expression in host epithelial cells throughdownregulating let-7i. Hum Immunol 2014;75:760–765. Olsen L , Åkesson CP , Storset AK The early intestinal immune response in experimental neonatal ovine cryptosporidiosis is characterizedby an increased frequency of perforin expressing NCR1(+) NK cells and by NCR1(−) CD8(+) cell recruitment. Vet Res 2015;46:28. Choudhry N , Petry F , van Rooijen N , McDonald V . A protective role for interleukin 18 in interferon gamma-mediated innate immunity toCryptosporidium parvum that is independent of natural killer cells. J Infect Dis 2012;206:117–124. Fayer R , Morgan U , Upton SJ . Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: Transmission, detection and identification. Int J Parasitol2000;30:1305–1322.

McHardy IH , Wu M , Shimizu-Cohen R , Couturier MR , Humphries RM . Detection of intestinal protozoa in the clinical laboratory. J ClinMicrobiol 2014;52:712–720. Campbell AT , Robertson LJ , Smith HV . Viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: Correlation of in vitro excystation with inclusion orexclusion of fluoregenic vital dyes. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992;58:3488–3493. Chichino G , Bruno A , Cevini C , Atzori C , Gatti S , Scaglia M . New rapid staining methods of Cryptosporidium oocysts in stools. JProtozool 1991;38:S212–S214. Elliot A , Morgan UM , Thompson RC . Improved staining method for detecting Cryptosporidium oocysts using malachite green. J Gen ApplMicrobiol 1999;45:139–142. Chalmers RM , Katzer F . Looking for Cryptosporidium: The application of advances in detection and diagnosis. Trends Parasitol2013;29:237–251. Checkley W , White AC Jr , Jaganath D A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets forCryptosporidium . Lancet Infect Dis 2015;15:85–94. Chalmers RM , Campbell BM , Crouch N , Charlett A , Davies AP . Comparison of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of sevenCryptosporidium assays used in the UK. J Med Microbiol 2011;60:1598–1604. Cook N , Paton CA , Wilkinson N , Nichols RA , Barker K , Smith HV . Towards standard methods for the detection of Cryptosporidiumparvum on lettuce and raspberries. Part 1: Development and optimization of methods. Int J Food Microbiol 2006;109:215–221. Cook N , Paton CA , Wilkinson N , Nichols RA , Barker K , Smith HV . Towards standard methods for the detection of Cryptosporidiumparvum on lettuce and raspberries. Part 2: Validation. Int J Food Microbiol 2006;109:222–228. Hohweyer J , Cazeaux C , Travaillé E Simultaneous detection of the protozoan parasites Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium and Giardia infood matrices and their persistence on basil leaves. Food Microbiol 2016;57:36–44. Bohaychuk VM , Bradbury RW , Dimock R A microbiological survey of selected Alberta-grown fresh produce from farmers’ markets inAlberta, Canada. J Food Protect 2009;72:415–420. Hong S , Kim K , Yoon S 2014. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in environmental soil and vegetables. J Korean Med Sci29:1367–1371. Dixon B , Parrington L , Cook A , Pollari F , Farber J . Detection of Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia in ready-to-eat packagedleafy greens in Ontario, Canada. J Food Protect 2013;76:307–313. Frazar CD , Orlandi PA . Evaluation of two DNA template preparation methods for post-immunomagnetic separation detection ofCryptosporidium parvum in foods and beverages by PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73:7474–7476. Gallas-Lindemann C , Sotiriadou I , Plutzer J Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. dissemination during wastewater treatment andcomparative detection via immunofluorescence assay (IFA), nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) and loop mediatedisothermal amplification (LAMP). Acta Trop 2016;158:43–51. Yang R , Paparini A , Monis P , Ryan U . Comparison of next-generation droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) with quantitative PCR (qPCR) forenumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faecal samples. Int J Parasitol 2014;44:1105–1113. Miyamoto Y , Eckmann L . Drug development against the major diarrhea-causing parasites of the small intestine, Cryptosporidium andGiardia . Front Microbiol 2015;6:1208. Miao YM , Awad-El-Kariem FM , Franzen C Eradication of Cryptosporidia and Microsporidia following successful antiretroviral therapy. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;25:124–129. Carr A , Marriott D , Field A , Vasak E , Cooper DA . Treatment of HIV-1-associated microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis withcombination antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 1998;351:256–261. Mengist HM , Taye B , Tsegaye A . Intestinal parasitosis in relation to CD4+ T cells levels and anemia among HAART initiated and HAARTnaive pediatric HIV patients in a Model ART center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2015;10:e0117715. Viu M , Quílez J , Sánchez-Acedo C , del Cacho E , López-Bernad F . Field trial on the therapeutic efficacy of paromomycin on naturalCryptosporidium parvum infections in lambs. J Vet Parasitol 2000;90:163–170. Johnson EH , Windsor JJ , Muirhead DE , King GJ , Al-Busaidy R . Confirmation of the prophylactic value of paromomycin in a naturaloutbreak of caprine cryptosporidiosis. Vet Res Commun 2000;24:63–67. Nasir A , Avais M , Khan MS , Khan JA , Hameed S , Reichel MP . Treating Cryptosporidium parvum infection in calves. J Parasitol2013;99:715–717. Abrahamsen MS , Templeton TJ , Enomoto S Complete genome sequence of the apicomplexan, Cryptosporidium parvum . Science2004;304:441–445. Andrews KT , Fisher G , Skinner-Adams TS . Drug repurposing and human parasitic protozoan diseases. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist2014;4:95–111. Guo F , Zhang H , Fritzler JM Amelioration of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro and in vivo by targeting parasite fatty acyl-coenzyme A synthetases. J Infect Dis 2014;209:1279–1287. Vinayak S , Pawlowic MC , Sateriale A Genetic modification of the diarrhoeal pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum . Nature2015;523:477–480. Jefferies R , Yang R , Woh CK Target validation of the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) gene in Cryptosporidium usingPhylomer peptides. Exp Parasitol 2015;148:40–48. Adams CP , Brantner VV . Estimating the cost of new drug development: Is it really $802 million? Health Aff (Millwood) 2006;25:420–428. Bessoff K , Sateriale A , Lee KK , Huston CD . Drug repurposing screen reveals FDA-approved inhibitors of human HMG-CoA reductaseand isoprenoid synthesis that block Cryptosporidium parvum growth. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57:1804–1814. Debnath A , Ndao M , Reed SL . Reprofiled drug targets ancient protozoans: Drug discovery for parasitic diarrheal diseases. Gut Microbes2013;4:66–71. Nichols GL , Chalmers RM , Sopwith W Cryptosporidiosis: A report on the surveillance and epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection inEngland and Wales. Drinking Water Directorate Contract Number DWI 70/2/201. Drinking Water Inspectorate, UK. 2006;142. Elwin K , Hadfield SJ , Robinson G , Crouch ND , Chalmers RM . Cryptosporidium viatorum n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae)among travellers returning to Great Britain from the Indian subcontinent, 2007–2011. Int J Parasitol 2012;42:675–682. Guo Y , Cebelinski E , Matusevich C Subtyping novel zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I. J Clin Microbiol2015;53:1648–1654. Insulander M , Silverlås C , Lebbad M Molecular epidemiology and clinical manifestations of human cryptosporidiosis in Sweden.Epidemiol Infect. 2013;141:1009–1020.

Lebbad M , Beser J , Insulander M Unusual cryptosporidiosis cases in Swedish patients: Extended molecular characterization ofCryptosporidium viatorum and Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I. Parasitol 2013;140:1735–1740. Wang Y , Yang W , Cama V Population genetics of Cryptosporidium meleagridis in humans and birds: Evidence for cross-speciestransmission. Int J Parasitol 2014;44: 515–521. Stensvold CR , Elwin K , Winiecka-Krusnell J Development and application of a gp60-based typing assay for Cryptosporidium viatorum . JClin Microbiol 2015;53:1891–1897. Cama VA , Bern C , Roberts J Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and clinical manifestations in children, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis2008;14:1567–1574. Dey A , Ghoshal U , Agarwal V , Ghoshal UC . Genotyping of Cryptosporidium species and their clinical manifestations in patients withrenal transplantation and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Pathog 2016;2016:2623602. Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E , Feng Y , Xiao L . The importance of subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in epidemiologicalinvestigations of human cryptosporidiosis in Iran and other Mideast countries. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench 2012;5: 67–70. Hunter PR , Hadfield SJ , Wilkinson D Subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum in humans and disease risk. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:82–88. Chalmers RM , Smith RP , Hadfield SJ , Elwin K , Giles M . Zoonotic linkage and variation in Cryptosporidium parvum from patients in theUnited Kingdom. Parasitol Res 2011;108:1321–1325. Sharbatkhori M , Nazemalhosseini Mojarad E , Taghipour N , Pagheh AS , Mesgarian F . Prevalence and genetic characterization ofCryptosporidium spp. in diarrheic children from Gonbad Kavoos City, Iran. Iran J Parasitol 2015;10:441–447. Wang R , Zhang L , Axén C Cryptosporidium parvum IId family: Clonal population and dispersal from Western Asia to other geographicalregions. Scientific Reports 2014;4:4208. Caccio SM , Chalmers RM . Human cryptosporidiosis in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016;22:471–480. Hlavsa MC , Roberts VA , Kahler AM Outbreaks of illness associated with recreational water—United States, 2011–2012. Morb MortalWkly Rep 2015;64:668–672. Efstratiou A , Ongerth JE , Karanis P . Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks—An update2011–2016. Water Res 2017;114:14–22. Yoder JS , Beach MJ . Cryptosporidium surveillance and risk factors in the United States. Exp Parasitol 2010;124:31–39. Puleston RL , Mallaghan CM , Modha DE The first recorded outbreak of cryptosporidiosis due to Cryptosporidium cuniculus (formerlyrabbit genotype), following a water quality incident. J Water Health 2014;12:41–50. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Cryptosporidiosis outbreak at a summer camp—North Carolina, 2009. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep2011;60:918–922. Rimšelienė G , Vold L , Robertson L An outbreak of gastroenteritis among schoolchildren staying in a wildlife reserve: Thoroughinvestigation reveals Norway's largest cryptosporidiosis outbreak. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39: 287–295. Blackburn BG , Mazurek JM , Hlavsa M Cryptosporidiosis associated with ozonated apple cider. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:684–686. Ethelberg S , Lisby M , Vestergaard LS A foodborne outbreak of Cryptosporidium hominis infection. Epidemiol Infect 2009;137:348–356. Gherasim A , Lebbad M , Insulander M Two geographically separated food-borne outbreaks in Sweden linked by an unusualCryptosporidium parvum subtype, October 2010. Euro Surveill 2012;17:20318. Åberg R , Sjöman M , Hemminki K Cryptosporidium parvum caused a large outbreak linked to frisee salad in Finland, 2012. ZoonosesPublic Health 2012;62:618–624. McKerr C , Adak GK , Nichols G An outbreak of Cryptosporidium parvum across England and Scotland associated with consumption offresh pre-cut salad leaves, May 2012. PLoS One 2015;10:e0125955. Rosenthal M , Pedersen R , Leibsle S Notes from the field: Cryptosporidiosis associated with consumption of unpasteurized goatmilk—Idaho, 2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:194–195. Kuchenmüller T , Hird S , Stein C . Estimating the global burden of foodborne diseases—A collaborative effort. Euro Surveill 2009;14(18).pii: 19195. World Health Organization (WHO) . WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases. Foodborne diseases burden epidemiologyreference group 2007–2015. 2015; http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/foodborne_disease/fergreport/en/ (Accessed March 2017). MDG . The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. 2015;http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf (Accessed March 2017). Sant'Ana AS , Silva FFP , Maffei DF , Franco BDGM . Fruits and vegetables: Introduction. In: Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, eds. BattCA , Tortorello ML , Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2014;972–982. Haas CN , Rose JB , Gerba CP . Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1999. Mota A , Mena KD , Soto-Beltran M , Tarwater PM , Cháidez C . Risk assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water irrigating freshproduce in Mexico. J Food Protect 2009;72:2184–2188. Gale P . Land application of treated sewage sludge: Quantifying pathogen risks from consumption of crops. J Appl Microbiol2005;98:380–396. Freeman MC , Ogden S , Jacobson J Integration of water, sanitation, and hygiene for the prevention and control of neglected tropicaldiseases: A rationale for inter-sectoral collaboration. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013;7:e2439. UNICEF . Progress on sanitation and drinking water and sanitation: 2015 update. 2015; https://www.unicef.pt/progressos-saneamento-agua-potavel/files/progress-on-sanitation-drinking-water2015.pdf (Accessed January 24, 2017). United Nations . Target 7.C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basicsanitation. 2017; http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml (Accessed January 24, 2017). Norström M , Kristoffersen AB , Görlach FS , Nygård K , Hopp P . An adjusted likelihood ratio approach analysing distribution of foodproducts to assist the investigation of foodborne outbreaks. PLoS One 2015;10:e0134344. Semenza JC , Herbst S , Rechenburg A Climate change impact assessment of food- and waterborne diseases. Crit Rev Environ SciTechnol 2012;42:857–890. King BJ , Monis PT . Critical processes affecting Cryptosporidium oocyst survival in the environment. Parasitol 2007;134:309–323. Hofstra N , Vermeulen LC . Impacts of population growth, urbanisation and sanitation changes on global human Cryptosporidiumemissions to surface water. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016;219:599–605. Schijven J , Bouwknegt M , de Roda Husman AM A decision support tool to compare waterborne and foodborne infection and/or illnessrisks associated with climate change. Risk Anal 2013;33:2154–2167.

Holubová N , Sak B , Horčičková M Cryptosporidium avium n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in birds. Parasitol Res2016;115:2243–2251. Kirkpatrick BD , Daniels MM , Jean SS . Cryptosporidiosis stimulates an inflammatory intestinal response in malnourished Haitian children.J Infect Dis 2002;186:94–101.

Cyclospora cayetanensis: Portrait of an Intriguing and Enigmatic Protistan Parasite Broglia, A. and C. Kapel . 2011. Changing dietary habits in a changing world: Emerging drivers for the transmission of foodborne parasiticzoonoses. Vet Parasitol. 182: 2–13. Lainson, R. 2005. A genus Cyclospora (Apincomplexa; Eimeriidae), with a description of Cyclospora schneideri n.sp. in the snake Aniliusscytale (Aniliidae) from Amazonian Brazil—A review. Mern Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 100: 103–115. Ortega, Y. R. and R. Sanchez . 2010. Update on Cyclospora cayetanensis, a food-borne and waterborne parasite. Clin Microbiol Rev. 23:218–234. Chacín-Bonilla, L. 2010. Epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis: A review focusing in endemic areas. Acta Trop. 115: 181–193. Ortega, Y. R. , C. R. Sterling , R. H. Gilman , V. A. Cama and F. Diaz . 1993. Cyclospora species—A new protozoan pathogen of humans.N Engl J Med. 328: 1308–1312. Ortega, Y. R. , R. H. Gilman and C. R. Sterling . 1994. A new coccidian parasite (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from humans. J Parasitol. 80:625–629. Eberhard, M. L. , A. J. da Silva , B. G. Lilley and N. J. Pieniazek . 1999. Morphologic and molecular characterization of new Cyclosporaspecies from Ethiopian monkeys: C. cercopitheci sp.n., C. colobi sp.n., and C. papionis sp.n. Emerg Infect Dis. 5: 651–658. Li, W. , N. M. Kiulia , J. M. Mwenda 2011. Cyclospora papionis, Cryptosporidium hominis, and human-pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusiin captive baboons in Kenya. J Clin Microbiol. 49: 4326–4329. Li, N. , J. Ye , M. J. Arrowood 2015. Identification and morphologic and molecular characterization of Cyclospora macacae n. sp. fromrhesus monkeys in China. Parasitol Res. 114: 1811–1816. Ashford, R. W. 1979. Occurrence of an undescribed coccidian in man in Papua New Guinea. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 73: 497–500. Soave, R. , J. P. Dubey , L. J. Ramos and M. Tummings . 1986. A new intestinal pathogen? Clin Res. 34: 533A. Long, E. G. , A. Ebrahimzadeh , E. H. White , B. Swisher and C. S. Callaway . 1990. Alga associated with diarrhea in patients withacquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in travellers. Clin Microbiol. 28: 1101–1104. Long, E. G. , E. H. White , W. W. Carmichael 1991. Morphologic and staining characteristics of a Cyanobacterium-like organismassociated with diarrhea. J Infect Dis. 164: 199–202. Bendall, R. P. , S. Lucas , A. Moody , G. Tovey and P. L. Chiodini . 1993. Diarrhea associated with cyanobacterium-like bodies: A newcoccidian enteritis of man. Lancet. 341: 590–592. Hart, A. S. , M. T. Ridinger , R. Soundarajan , C. S. Peters , A. L. Swiatlo and F. E. Kocka . 1990. Novel organism associated with chronicdiarrihea in AIDS. Lancet. 335: 169–170. Shlim, D. R. , M. T. Cohen , M. Eaton , R. Rajah , E. G. Long and B. L. P. Unger . 1991. An alga like organism associated with an outbreakof prolonged diarrhea among foreigners in Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 45: 383–389. Wurtz, R. M. , F. E. Kocka , C. S. Peters , C. M. Weldon-Linne , A. Kuritza and P. Yungbluth . 1993. Clinical characteristics of seven casesof diarrhea associated with a novel acid-fast organism in the stool. Clin Infect Dis. 16: 136–138. Relman, D. A. , T. M. Schmidt , A. Gajadhar 1996. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Cyclospora, the human intestinal pathogen,suggests that it is closely related to Eimeria species. J Infect Dis. 173: 440–445. Sterling, C. R. and Y. R. Ortega . 1999. Cyclospora: An enigma worth unraveling. Emerg Infect Dis. 5: 48–53. Sun, T. , C. F. Ilardi , D. Asnis 1996. Light and electron microscopic identification of Cyclospora species in the small intestine. Evidence ofthe presence of asexual life cycle in human host. Am J Clin Pathol. 105: 216–220. Ortega, Y. R. , R. Nagle , R. H. Gilman 1997. Pathologic and clinical findings in patients with cyclosporiasis and a description ofintracellular parasite life-cycle stages. J Infect Dis. 176: 1584–1589. Adam, A. and Y. R. Ortega . 1999. Cyclospora . In Encyclopaedia of Food Microbiology, eds. R. K. Robinson , C. A. Batt and P. D. Patel ,502–513. London, UK, Academic Press Limited. Alfano-Sobsey, E. M. , M. L. Eberhard , J. R. Seed 2004. Human challenge pilot study with Cyclospora cayetanensis . Emerg Infect Dis.10: 726–728. Adam, R. D. , Y. R. Ortega , R. H. Gilman and C. R. Sterling . 2000. Intervening transcribed spacer region variability in Cyclosporacayetanensis . J Clin Microbiol. 38: 2339–2343. Olivier, C. , S. van de Pas , P. W. Lepp , K. Yoder and D. A. Relman . 2001. Sequence variability in the first internal transcribed spacerregion within and among Cyclospora species is consistent with polyparasitism. Int J Parasitol. 31: 1475–1487. Smith, H. V. , C. A. Paton , M. M. Mitambo and R. W. Girdwood . 1997. Sporulation of Cyclospora sp. oocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol. 63:1631–1632. Ortega, Y. R. , C. R. Sterling and R. H. Gilman . 1998. Cyclospora cayetanensis. Adv Parasitol. 40: 399–418. Sathyanarayanan, L. and Y. Ortega . 2006. Effects of temperature and different food matrices on Cyclospora cayetanensis oocystsporulation. J Parasitol. 92: 218–222. Soave, R. , B. L. Herwaldt and D. A. Relman . 1998. Cyclospora. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 12: 1–12. Sathyanarayanan, L. and Y. Ortega . 2004. Effects of pesticides on sporulation of Cyclospora cayetanensis and viability ofCryptosporidium parvum . J Food Prot. 67: 1044–1049. Chacin-Bonilla, L. 2008. Transmission of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection: A review focusing on soil-borne infection. Trans R Soc TropMed Hyg. 102: 215–216. Taşbakan, M. , A. Yolasiğmaz , H. Pullukçu 2010. A rare gastroenteritis pathogen: Cyclospora . Turk Parazitol Derg. 34: 95–97. Iqbal, J. , P. R. Hira , F. Al-Ali and N. Khalid . 2011. Cyclospora cayetanensis: First report of imported and autochthonous infections inKuwait. Infect Dev Ctries. 5: 383–390.

Doğan, N. and I. Sağlik . 2010. Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cryptosporidium parvum coinfection in a pregnant woman with prolongeddiarrhoea]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 44(1): 155–159. Tsang, O. T. , R. W. Wong , B. H. Lam , J. M. Chan , K. Y. Tsang and W. S. Leung . 2013. Cyclospora infection in a young woman withhuman immunodeficiency virus in Hong Kong: A case report. BMC Res Notes. 6: 521. Taş Cengiz, Z. , Y. E. Beyhan and H. Yılmaz . 2016. Cyclospora cayetanensis, Opportunistic protozoan parasite, in Van Province, Turkey:A report of seven cases. Turk Parazitol Derg. 40: 166–168. Visvesvara, G. S. , M. J. Arrowood , Y. Qvarnstrom 2013. Concurrent parasitic infections in a renal transplant patient. Emerg Infect Dis. 19:2044–2045. Bednarska, M. , A. Bajer , R. Welc-Faleciak and A. Pawelas . 2015. Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in transplant traveller: A case reportof outbreak. Parasit Vectors. 8: 411. Hall, R. L. , J. L. Jones and B. L. Herwaldt . 2011. Surveillance for laboratory-confirmed sporadic cases of cyclosporiasis-United States,1997–2008. MMWR Surveill Summ. 60: 1–11. Masucci, L. , R. Graffeo , R. Siciliano , A. Franceschelli , F. Bugli and G. Fadda . 2008. First Italian case of cyclosporiasis in animmunocompetent woman: Local acquired infection. New Microbiol. 31: 281–284. Maggi, P. , O. Brandonisio , A. M. Larocca 1995. Cyclospora in AIDS patients: Not always an agent of diarrhoeic syndrome. New Microbiol.18: 73–76. Kilbas, Z. G. , M. Yenicesu , E. Araz and M. Tanyüksel . 2009. Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in a patient with renal transplant. TürkHijyen Deneysel Biyol Derg. 66: 25–27. Burnstein Alva, S. 2005. Ciclosporosis: una parasitosis emergente (1) Aspectos clínicos y epidemiologicos. Rev Gastroenterol Peru. 25:328–335. Cazorla, D. , M. E. Acosta and P. Morales . 2012. Estudio clínico-epidemiológico de coccidiosis intestinales en una población rural deregión semiárida del estado Falcón, Venezuela. Invest Clin. 53: 273–288. Días Borges, J. , R. S. Rodriguez Alarcón , V. Amato Neto and E. Gakiya . 2009. Parasitoses intestinais de indígenas da comunidadeMapuera (Oriximiná, Estado do Pará, Brasil): elevada prevalência de Blastocystis hominis and finding of Cryptosporidium sp. andCyclospora cayetanensis . Rev Soc Brás Med Trop. 42: 348–350. Eberhard, M. L. , E. K. Nace , A. R. Freeman , T. G. Streit , A. J. da Silva , P. J. Lammie . 1999. Cyclospora cayetanensis infections inHaiti: A common occurrence in the absence of watery diarrhea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 60: 584–586. Dhanabal, J. , P. P. Selvadoss and K. Muthuswamy . 2014. Comparative study of the prevalence of intestinal parasites in lowsocioeconomic areas from South Chennai, India. J Parasitol Res. 2014: 630968. Turgay, N. , A. Unver-Yolasığmaz , S. Oyur , T. Bardak-Özcem and S. Töz . 2012. [Monthly distribution of intestinal parasites detected in apart of western Turkey between May 2009 and April 2010-results of acid fast and modified trichrome staining methods]. Turk ParazitolDerg. 36: 71–74. Kimura, K. , S. K. Rai , G. Rai 2005. Study on Cyclospora cayetanensis, associated with diarrheal disease in Nepal and Lao PDR.Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 36: 1371–1376. Wang, K. X. , C. P. Li , J. Wang and Y. Tian . 2002. Cyclospora cayetanensis in Anhui China. World J Gastroenterol. 15: 1144–1148. Al-Braiken, F. A. , A. Amin , N. J. Beeching , M. Hommel and C. A. Hart . 2003. Detection of Cryptosporidium amongst diarrhoeic andasymptomatic children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 97: 505–510. Babatunde, S. K. , A. K. Salami , J. P. Fabiyi , O. O. Agbede and O. O. Desalu . 2010. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestation in HIVseropositive and seronegative patients in Ilorin, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 9: 123–128. Nassef, N. E. , S. A. el-Ahl , O. K. el-Shafee and M. Nawar . 1998. Cyclospora: A newly identified protozoan pathogen of man. J Egypt SocParasitol. 28: 213–219. Salehi, L. , A. K. Lofters , S. M. Hoffmann , J. Y. Polsky and K. D. Rouleau . 2015. Health and growth status of immigrant and refugeechildren in Toronto, Ontario: A retrospective chart review. Paediatr Child Health. 20: e38–42. Jelínková, A. , D. Kašičková , and A. Valkoun 2011. [Cyclospora cayetanensis—the rare causal agent of diarrhoeal diseases]. KlinMikrobiol Infekc Lek. 17: 86–88. Paschke, C. , N. Apelt , E. Fleischmann 2011. Controlled study on enteropathogens in travellers returning from the tropics with and withoutdiarrhoea. Clin Microbiol Infect. 17: 1194–1200. Giangaspero, A. , M. Marangi , A. V. Koehler 2015. Molecular detection of Cyclospora in water, soil, vegetables and humans in southernItaly signals a need for improved monitoring by health authorities. Int J Food Microbiol. 211: 95–100. Scaglia, M. , S. Gatti , P. Bassi , P. L. Viale , S. Novati and S. Ranieri . 1994. Intestinal co-infection by Cyclospora sp. andCryptosporidium parvum: First report in an AIDS patient. Parasite. 1: 387–390. Masucci, L. , R. Graffeo , S. Bani 2011. Intestinal parasites isolated in a large teaching hospital, Italy, 1 May 2006 to 31 December 2008.Euro Surveill. 16: 19891. Giangaspero, A. , M. Marangi and E. Arace . 2015. Cyclospora cayetanensis travels in tap water on Italian trains. J Water Health. 13:210–216. Sanad, M. M. , F. A. Thagfan , E. M. Al Olayan 2014. Opportunistic coccidian parasites among Saudi cancer patients presenting withdiarrhea: Prevalence and immune status. Res J Parasitol. 9: 55–63. Raccurt, C. P. , B. Fouché , P. Agnamey 2008. Presence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi associated with intestinal coccidia in patients withchronic diarrhea visiting an HIV center in Haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 79: 579–580. Ashihabegum, M. , P. Dhanabalan , G. Sucilathangam 2012. Prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis in HIV positive individuals in atertiary care hospital. J Clin Diagn Res. 6: 382–384. Noor, R. , S. R. Saha , F. Rahman , S. K. Munshi , M. A. Uddin and M. M. Rahman . 2012. Frequency of opportunistic and other intestinalparasitic infections in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Bangladesh. Tzu Chi Med J. 24: 191e195. Kurniawan, A. , T. Karyadi , S. W. Dwintasari 2009. Intestinal parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients presenting with diarrhoea in Jakarta,Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 103: 892–898. Asma, I. , S. Johari , B. L. Sim and Y. A. Lim . 2011. How common is intestinal parasitism in HIV-infected patients in Malaysia? TropBiomed. 28: 400–410. Pandey, S. , A. L. Lo and R. B. Shrestha . 2015. Intestinal parasitic infections among school children of Northern Kathmandu, Nepal. AsianPac J Trop Dis. 5: S89–92.

Dahlal, M. , R. H. Dahal and D. K. Chaudhary . 2017. Prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis and other enteropathogen among childrenunder the age of 15 years in Biratnagar, Nepal. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 7: 75–79. Silva-Díaz, H. , H. Campos-Flores , J. P. Llagas-Linares and D. Cancino . 2016. Intestinal coccidiosis in children admitted to a hospital inPeru and comparison of two methods for detecting cryptosporidium spp. Rev Peruana De Med Expud Publica. 33: 739–744. Ghoshal, U. , A. Dey , P. Ranjan , S. Khanduja , V. Agarwal and U. C. Ghoshal . 2016. Identification of opportunistic enteric parasitesamong immunocompetent patients with diarrhoea from Northern India and genetic characterisation of Cryptosporidium and microsporidia.Indian J Med Microbiol. 34: 60–66. Kumar, P. , O. Vats , D. Kumar and S. Singh . 2017. Coccidian intestinal parasites among immunocompetent children presenting withdiarrhea: Are we missing them? Trop Parasitol. 7: 37–40. Gomez Martínez, E. , L. Figuera , D. V. Guilarte 2016. First report of Cyclospora cayetanensis in an indigenous Kariña A community inSucre state, Venezuela. B Malariol Salud Amb. 56: 19–29. Humphrey, J. M. , S. Ranbhise , E. Ibrahim 2016. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of gastrointestinal pathogens inmigrant workers in Qatar. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 95(6): 1330–1337. Agholi, M. , S. N. Shahabadi , M. H. Motazedian and G. R. Hatam . 2016. Prevalence of enteric protozoan oocysts with special referenceto Sarcocystis cruzi among fecal samples of diarrheic immunodeficient patients in Iran. Korean J Parasitol. 54: 339–344. Chacin-Bonilla, L. 2017. Cyclospora cayetanensis . In Global Water Pathogens Project, eds. J. B. Rose and B. Jiménez-Cisneros , 1–43.Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO. Frickmann, H. , N. G. Schwarz , R. Rakotozandrindrainy , J. May and R. M. Hagen . 2015. PCR for enteric pathogens in high-prevalencesettings. What does a positive signal tell us? Infect Dis (Lond). 47: 491–498. Eassa, S. M. , E. W. A. El-Wahab , S. E. Lotfi , S. A. El Masry , H. Z., Shatat and A. M. Kotkat . 2016. Risk factors associated with parasiticinfection among municipality solid-waste workers in an Egyptian community. J Parasitol 102: 214–221. Chacin-Bonilla, L. , F. Barrios and Y. Sanchez . 2007. Epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in San Carlos Island, Venezuela:Strong association between socio-economic status and infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 101: 1018–1024. Abdel-Wahab, A. M. , S. G. El-Sharkawy , H. Rayan and E. M. Hussein . 2008. Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis infections amongdiarrheal children attending Suez Canal University Hospital. PUJ. 1: 37–46. Shehata, A. I. and F. Hassanein . 2015. Intestinal parasitic infections among mentally handicapped individuals in Alexandria, Egypt. AnnParasitol. 61: 275–281. Alakpa, G. E. and A. F. Fagbenro-Beyioku . 2002. Cyclospora cayetanensis and intestinal parasitic profile in stool samples in Lagos,Nigeria. Acta Protozool. 41: 221–227. Zhou, Y. , B. Lv , Q. Wang , R. Wang 2011. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cyclospora cayetanensis, Henan, China. EmergInfect Dis. 17: 1887–1890. Bern, C. , B. Hernandez , M. B. Lopez 1999. Epidemiologic studies of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Guatemala. Emerg Infect Dis. 5:766–774. Kaminsky, R. G. 2002. Comparación epidemiológica entre apicomplexa intestinales en población hospitalaria en Honduras. Rev MedHondur. 70: 164–172. Nimri, L. F. 2003. Cyclospora cayetanensis and other intestinal parasites associated with diarrhea in rural area of Jordan. Int Microbiol. 6:131–135. Hoge, C. W. , D. R. Shlim , R. Rajah 1993. Epidemiology of diarrhoeal illness associated with coccidian-like organism among travellersand foreign residents in Nepal. Lancet. 341: 1175–1179. Hoge, C. W. , R. Echeverría Rajah , J. Jacobs 1995. Prevalence of Cyclospora species and other enteric pathogens among children lessthan 5 years of age in Nepal. J Clin Microbiol. 33: 3058–3060. Sherchan, J. B. and J. H. Cross . 2001. Emerging pathogen Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop MedPublic Health. 32: 143–150. Bhandari, D. , S. Tandukar , H. Parajuli 2015. Cyclospora infection among the school children of Kathmandu, Nepal: Prevalence andassociated risk factors. Trop Med Health. 43: 211–216. Fryauff, D. J. , R. Krippner , P. Prodjodipuro 1999. Cyclospora cayetanensis among expatriate and indigenous populations of West JavaIndonesia. Emerg Infect Dis. 5: 585–588. Orozco-Mosqueda, G. E. , O. A. Martínez-Loya and Y. R. Ortega . 2014. Cyclospora cayetanensis in a pediatric hospital in Morelia,México. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 91: 537–540. Bern, C. , Y. Ortega , W. Checkley 2002. Epidemiologic differences between cyclosporiasis and cryptosporidiosis in Peruvian children.Emerg Infect Dis. 8: 581–585. Turgay, N. , A. Yolasigmaz , D. D. Erdogan , F. Y. Zeyrek and A. Uner . 2007. Incidence of cyclosporiasis in patients with gastrointestinalsymptoms in western Turkey. Med Sci Monit. 13: 34–39. Kaminsky, R. G. , J. Lagos , G. Raudales Santos and S. Urrutia . 2016. Marked seasonality of Cyclospora cayetanensis infections: Ten-year observation of hospital cases, Honduras. BMC Infect Dis. 16: 66. Herwaldt, B. L. 2000. Cyclospora cayetanensis: A review, focusing on the outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the 1990s. Clin Infect Dis. 31:1040–1057. Shields, J. M. and B. H. Olson . 2003. Cyclospora cayetanensis: A review of an emerging parasitic coccidian. Int J Parasitol. 33: 371–391. Elshazly, A. M. , H. M. Elsheikha , D. M. Soltan , K. A. Mohammad and T. A. Morsy . 2007. Protozoal pollution of surface water sources inDakahlia Govemorate Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 37: 51–64. El-Karamany, E. M. , T. I. Zaher and M. M. El-Bahnasawy . 2005. Role of water in the transmission of cyclosporiasis in SharkiaGovemorate, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 35: 953–962. Galván, A. L. , A. Magnet , F. Izquierdo 2013. Molecular characterization of human-pathogenic microsporidia and Cyclospora cayetanensisisolated from various water sources in Spain: A year-long longitudinal study. Appl Environ Microbiol. 79: 449–459. Hussein, E. M. , A. H. Abdul-Manaem and S. L. el-Attary . 2005. Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts in sputum of a patient with activepulmonary tuberculosis, case report in Ismailia, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 35: 787–793. Quintero-Betancourt, W. , E. R. Peele and J. B. Rose . 2002. Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis: A review oflaboratory methods for detection of these waterborne parasites. J Microbiol Methods. 49: 209e224. Kitajima, M. , E. Haramoto , B. C. Iker and C. P. Gerba . 2014. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora in influent andeffluent water at wastewater treatment plants in Arizona. Sci Total Environ. 15: 129–136.

Miegeville, M. , V. Koubi , L. C. Dan , J. P. Barbier and P. D. Cam . 2003. Cyclospora cayetanensis presence in aquatic surroundings inHanoi (Vietnam). Environmental study (well water, lakes and rivers). Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 96: 149–152. Mtapuri-Zinyowera, S. , V. Ruhanya , N. Midzi 2014. Human parasitic protozoa in drinking water sources in rural Zimbabwe and their link toHIV infection. GERMS. 4: 86–91. Abdel Haleem, A. A. , S. K. Hemida and M. M. Abdellatif . 2016. Evaluation of microorganisms of drinking water of Rafha City, northernborders, Saudi Arabia. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 10: 61–71. Kwakye-Nuako, G. , P. Borketey , I. Mensah-Attipoe , R. Asmah and P. Ayeh-Kumi . 2007. Sachet drinking water in Accra: The potentialthreats of transmission of enteric pathogenic protozoan organisms. Ghana Med J. 41: 62–67. Rosado-García, F. M. , M. Guerrero-Flórez , G. Karanis , M. D. C. Hinojosa and P. Karanis . 2017. Water-borne protozoa parasites: TheLatin American perspective. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 220: 783–798. Devera, R. , Y. Blanco , H. González and L. Garcia . 2006. Parásitos intestinales en lechugas comercializadas en mercados populares ysupermercados de Ciudad Bolívar, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela. Rev Soc Venezol Microbiol. 26: 100–107. Sherchan, J. B. , J. H. Cross , M. Jimba , S. Sherchand and M. P. Shrestha . 1999. Study of Cyclospora cayetanensis in health carefacilities, sewage water and green leafy vegetables in Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 30: 58–63. Sherchan, J. B. , K. Sherpa , S. Tandukar , J. H. Cross , A. Gajadhar and J. B. Sherchand . 2010. Infection of Cyclospora cayetanensis indiarrhoeal children of Nepal. J Nepal Paediatr Soc. 30: 23–30. Calvo, M. , M. Carazo , M. L. Arias , C. Chaves , R. Monge and M. Chinchilla . 2004. Prevalence of Cyclospora sp., Cryptosporidium sp.,microsporidia and fecal coliform determination in fresh fruit and vegetables consumed in Costa Rica. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 54: 428–432. Vuong, T. A. , T. T. Nguyen , L. T. Klank , D. C. Phung and A. Dalsgaard . 2007. Faecal and protozoan parasite contamination of waterspinach (Ipomoea aquatica) cultivated in urban wastewater in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Trop Med Int Health. 12: 73–81. Tram, N. T. , L. M. Hoang , P. D. Cam 2008. Cyclospora spp. in herbs and water samples collected from markets and farms in Hanoi,Vietnam. Trop Med Int Health. 13: 1415–1420. Mossallam, S. F. 2010. Detection of some intestinal protozoa in commercial fresh juices. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 40: 135–149. El Said Said, D. 2012. Detection of parasites in commonly consumed raw vegetables. Alexandria J Med. 48: 345–352. Duedu, K. O. , E. A. Yarnie , P. B. Tetteh-Quarcoo , S. K. Attah , E. S. Donkor and P. F. Ayeh-Kumi . 2014. A comparative survey of theprevalence of human parasites found in fresh vegetables sold in supermarkets and open-aired markets in Accra Ghana. BMC Res Notes.7: 836. Sim, S. , J. Won , J. W. Kim , K. Kim , W. Y. Park and J. R. Yu . 2017. Simultaneous molecular detection of Cryptosporidium andCyclospora from raw vegetables in Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 55: 137–142. Dixon, B. , L. Parrington , A. Cook , F. Pollari and J. Farber . 2013. Detection of Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia in ready-to-eatpackaged leafy greens in Ontario, Canada. J Food Prot. 76: 307–313. Caradonna, T. , M. Marangi , F. Del Chierico 2017. Detection and prevalence of protozoan parasites in ready-to-eat packaged salads onsale in Italy. Food Microbiol. 67: 67–75. Doller, P. C. , K. Dietrich , N. Filipp 2002. Cyclosporiasis outbreak in Germany associated with the consumption of salad. Emerg Infect Dis.8: 992–994. Mansfield, L. S. and A. A. Gajadhar . 2004. Cyclospora cayetanensis, a food- and waterborne coccidian parasite. Vet Parasitol. 126:73–90. Madico, G. , J. McDonald , R. H. Gilman , L. Cabrera and C. R. Sterling . 1997. Epidemiology and treatment of Cyclospora cayetanensisinfection in Peruvian children. Clin Infect Dis. 24: 977–981. Bern, C. , B. Hernandez , M. B. Lopez , M. J. Arrowood , A. M. De Merida and R. E. Klein . 2000. The contrasting epidemiology ofCyclospora and Cryptosporidium among outpatients in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 63: 231–235. Tandukar, S. , S. Ansari , N. Adhikari 2013. Intestinal parasitosis in school children of Lalitpur district of Nepal. BMC Res Notes. 6: 449. Bern, C. , M. J. Arrowood , M. Eberhard and J. H. Maguire . 2002. Cyclospora in Guatemala: Further considerations. J Clin Microbiol. 40:731–732. Zerpa, R. , N. Uchima and L. Huicho . 1995. Cyclospora cayetanensis associated with watery diarrhoea in Peruvian patients. J Trop MedHyg. 98: 325–329. García-López, H. L. , L. E. Rodríguez-Tovar and C. E. Medina-De la Garza . 1996. Identification of Cyclospora in poultry. Emerg Infect Dis.2: 356–357. Yai, L. E. , A. R. Bauab , M. P. Hirschfeld , M. L. de Oliveira and J. T. Damaceno . 1997. The first two cases of Cyclospora in dogs, SãoPaulo, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 39: 177–179. Li, G. , S. Xiao , R. Zhou , W. Li and H. Wadeh . 2007. Molecular characterization of Cyclospora-like organism from dairy cattle. ParasitolRes. 100: 955–961. Yamada, M. , S. Hatama , Y. Ishikawa and K. Kadota . 2014. Intranuclear coccidiosis caused by Cyclospora spp. in calves. J Vet DiagnInvest. 26: 678–682. Cordón, G. P. , A. H. Prados , D. Romero 2009. Intestinal and haematic parasitism in the birds of the Almuñecar (Granada, Spain)ornithological garden. Vet Parasitol. 165: 361–366. Chamavit, P. , P. Sahaisook and N. Niamnuy . 2011. The majority of cockroaches from the Samutprakarn province of Thailand are carriersof parasitic organisms. EXCLI J. 22: 218–222. Ye, J. , L. Xiao , J. Li 2014. Occurrence of human-pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidiumgenotypes in laboratory macaques in Guangxi, China. Parasitol Int. 63: 132–137. Eberhard, M. K. , H. S. Bishop and A. J. da Silva . 2014. Cyclospora spp. in drills, Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Emerg Infect Dis. 20:510–511. Helenbrook, W. D. , S. E. Wade , W. M. Shields , S. V. Stehman and C. M. Whipps . 2015. Gastrointestinal parasites of Ecuadorianmantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata aequatorialis) based on fecal analysis. J Parasitol. 101: 341–350. Zhao, G. , M. Cong , Q. Bian 2013. Molecular characterization of Cyclospora-like organisms from golden snub-nosed monkeys in Qinlingmountain in Shaanxi province, Northwestern China. PLos One. 8: e58216. Marangi, M. , A. V. Koehler , S. A. Zanzani 2015. Detection of Cyclospora in captive chimpanzees and macaques by a quantitative PCR-based mutation scanning approach. Parasit Vectors. 15: 274. Legesse, M. and B. Erko . 2004. Zoonotic intestinal parasites in Papio anubis (baboon) and Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet) from fourlocalities in Ethiopia. Acta Trop. 90: 231–236.

Li, J. , H. Dong , R. Wang 2017. An investigation of parasitic infections and review of molecular characterization of the intestinal protozoain nonhuman primates in China from 2009 to 2015. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 6: 8–15. Alqumber, M. A. 2014. Association between Papio hamadryas populations and human gastrointestinal infectious diseases in southwesternSaudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 34: 297–301. Chu, D. M. , J. B. Sherchand , J. H. Cross and P. A. Orlandi . 2004. Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in animal fecal isolates fromNepal using an FTA filter-base polymerase chain reaction method. Am J Trop Hyg. 71: 373–379. Awadallah, M. A. and L. M. Salem . 2015. Zoonotic enteric parasites transmitted from dogs in Egypt with special concern to Toxocaracanis infection. Vet World. 8: 946–957. Eberhard, M. L. , Y. R. Ortega , D. E. Hanes 2000. Attempts to establish experimental Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in laboratoryanimals. J Parasitol. 86: 577–582. Muñoz, D. J. and R. Rodríguez . 2015. Bacterial and parasite agents in adult housefly Musca domestica collected in el Peñón, SucreState, Venezuela. Rev Cient Facultad De Ciencias Veterinarias De la Universidad Del Zulia. 25: 159–166. Giangaspero, A. , R. Cirillo , V. Lacasella 2009. Giardia and Cryptosporidium in inflowing water and harvested shellfish in a lagoon inSouthern Italy. Parasitol Int. 58: 12–17. Putignani, L. , L. Mancinelli , F. Del Chierico 2011. Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii presence in farmed shellfish by nested-PCR andreal-time PCR fluorescent amplicon generation assay (FLAG). Exp Parasitol. 127: 409–417. Aksoy, U. , M. Marangi , R. Papini , S. Ozkoc , S. Bayram Delibas and A. Giangaspero . 2014. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii andCyclospora cayetanensis in Mytilus galloprovincialis from Izmir Province coast (Turkey) by real time PCR/high resolution melting analysis(HRM). Food Microbiol. 44: 128–135. Ghozzi, K. , M. Marangi , R. Papini 2017. First report of Tunisian coastal water contamination by protozoan parasites using molluskbivalves as biological indicators. Mar Pollut Bull. 117: 197–202. Graczyk, T. K. , Y. R. Ortega and D. B. Conn . 1998. Recovery of waterborne oocysts of Cyclospora cayetanensis by Asian freshwaterclams (Corbicula fluminea). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 59: 928–931. Negm, A. Y. 2003. Human pathogenic protozoa in bivalves collected from local markets in Alexandria. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 33: 991–998. Hassan, A. , H. Farouk , F. Hassanein and R. Abdul-Ghani . 2011. Currency as a potential environmental vehicle for transmitting parasitesamong food-related workers in Alexandria, Egypt. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg. 105: 519–524. Moreno, P. M. , D. C. Perfetti , I. Antequera , P. Navas and M. E. Acosta . 2014. Contamination of banknotes with enteric parasites inCoro, Falcon state, Venezuela. Bol Malariol Salud Ambiental. 54: 38–46. Karanis, P. , C. Kourenti and H. Smith . 2007. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: A worldwide review of outbreaks andlessons learnt. J Water Health. 5: 1–38. Baldursson, S. and P. Karanis . 2011. Water trasmission of protozoan parasites: Review of woldwide outbreaks-an update 2004–2010.Water Res. 15: 6603–6614. Herwaldt, B. L. and M. J. Beach . 1999. The return of Cyclospora in 1997: Another outbreak of cyclosporiasis in North America associatedwith imported raspberries. The Cyclospora Working Group. Ann Intern Med. 130: 210–220. Hall, R. L. , J. L. Jones , S. Hurd , G. Smith , B. E. Mahonì and B. L. Herwaldt . 2012. Population-based active surveillance for Cyclosporainfection-United States, Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 1997–2009. Clin Infect Dis. 54: S411–S417. CDC . Cyclosporiasis outbreak investigations–United States, 2013 (Final Update).https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cyclosporiasis/outbreaks/investigation-2013.html (accessed July 22, 2017). CDC . 2014. Cyclosporiasis outbreak investigations-United States. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cyclosporiasis/outbreaks/2014/index.html(accessed July 22, 2017). CDC . 2015. Cyclosporiasis outbreak investigations-United States, 2015.https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cyclosporiasis/outbreaks/2015/index.html (accessed July 22, 2017). Nichols, G. L. , J. Freedman , K. G. Pollock 2015. Cyclospora infection linked to travel to Mexico, June to September 2015. Euro Surveill.20: 1–4. Insulander, M. , B. Svenungsson , M. Lebbad , L. Karlsson and B. de Jong . 2010. A foodborne outbreak of Cyclospora infection inStockholm, Sweden. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 7: 1585–1587. Marques, D. F. P. , C. L. Alexander , R. M. Chalmers 2017. Cyclosporiasis in travellers returning to the United Kingdom from Mexico insummer 2017: lessons from the recent past to inform the future. Euro Surveill. 22(32), pii: 30592. Huang, P. , J. T. Weber , D. M. Sosin 1995. The first reported outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cyclospora in the United States.Ann Intern Med. 123: 409–414. Kocka, F. , C. Peters and E. Dacumos . 1991. Outbreaks of diarrhoeal illness associated with cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)-likebodies—Chicago and Nepal, 1989 and 1990. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 40: 325–327. Aksoy, U. , C. Akisu , S. Sahin 2007. First reported waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis with Cyclospora co-infection in Turkey. EuroSurveill. 12: 3142. Brunkard, J. M. , E. Ailes and V. A. Roberts . 2011. Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks associated with drinking water – UnitedStates, 2007–2008. Morbid Mortal Wkly Report Surveill Summ. 60: 38–68. Connor, B. A. , J. Reidy and R. Soave . 1999. Cyclosporiasis: Clinical and histopathologic correlates. Clin Infect Dis. 28: 1216–1222. Connor, B. A. , D. R. Shlim and J. V. Scholes . 1993. Pathologic changes in the small bowel in nine patients with diarrhoea associated witha coccidian-like body. Ann Intern Med. 119: 377–382. Pape, J. W. , R. I. Verdier , M. Boncy , J. Boncy and W. D. Johnson . 1994. Cyclospora infection in adults infected with HIV. Clinicalmanifestations, treatment, and prophylaxis. Ann Intern Med. 121: 654–657. Sifuentes-Osornio, J. , G. Porras-Cortes , R. P. Bendall , F. Morales-Villarreal , G. Reyes-Teran and G. M. Ruiz-Palacios . 1995.Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in patients with and without AIDS: Biliary disease as another clinical manifestation. Clin Infect Dis. 21:1092–1097. Chacín-Bonilla, L. , J. Estevez , F. Monsalve and L. Quijada . 2001. Cyclospora cayetanensis infections among diarrheal patients fromVenezuela. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 65: 351–354. Sancak, B. , Y. Akyon and S. Erguven . 2006. Cyclospora infection in five immunocompetent patients in a Turkish university hospital. JMed Microbiol. 55: 459–462. Fletcher, S. M. , D. Stark , J. Harkness and J. Ellis . 2012. Enteric protozoa in the developed world: A public health perspective. ClinMicrobiol Rev. 25: 420–449.

Burrell, C. , S. Reddy , G. Haywood and R. Cunningham . 2007. Cardiac arrest associated with febrile illness due to U.K. acquiredCyclospora cayetanensis . J Infect. 54: e13–e15. Richardson, R.F. Jr. , B. F. Remler , B. Katirji and M. H. Murad . 1998. Guillain-Barre syndrome after Cyclospora infection. Muscle Nerve.21: 669–671. de Gorgolas, M. , J. Fortes and M. L. Fernandez Guerrero . 2001. Cyclospora cayetanensis cholecystitis in a patient with AIDS. Ann InternMed. 134: 166. Zar, F. A. , E. El-Bayoumi and M. M. Yungbluth . 2001. Histologic proof of acalculous cholecystitis due to Cyclospora cayetanensis . ClinInfect Dis. 33: 140–141. Connor, B. A. , E. J. Johnson and R. Soave . 2001. Reiter syndrome following protracted symptoms of Cyclospora infection. Emerg InfectDis. 7: 453–454. Agholi, M. , H. R. Heidarian , M. Moghadami and G. R. Hatam . 2014. First detection of acalculous cholecystitis associated withSarcocystis infection in a patient with AIDS. Acta Parasitol. 59: 310–315. Marcos, L. A. and E. Gotuzzo . 2013. Intestinal protozoan infections in the immunocompromised host. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 26: 295–301. Kwakye-Nuako, G. , J. N. Boampong , M. K. Dong 2016. Modulation of cyptosporidiosis by CD4 levels in chronic diarrhoea HIV/AIDSindividuals visiting Tarkwa Municipal hospital, Ghana. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 6: 770–775. Nsagha, D. S. , A. L. Njunda , N. J. Assob 2016. Intestinal parasitic infections in relation to CD4+ T cell counts and diarrhea in HIV/AIDSpatients with or without antiretroviral therapy in Cameroon. BMC Infect Dis. 16: 9. Swathirajan, C. R. , R. Vignesh , A. Pradeep , S. S. Solomon , S. Solomon and P. Balakrishnan . 2017. Occurrence of enteric parasiticinfections among HIV-infected individuals and its relation to CD4 T-cell counts with a special emphasis on coccidian parasites at a tertiarycare centre in South India. Indian J Med Microbiol. 35: 37–40. Hussein, E. M. , A. A. El-Moamly , M. A. Mahmoud and N. S. Ateek . 2016. Wide genetic variations at 18S ribosomal RNA locus ofCyclospora cayetanensis isolated from Egyptian patients using high resolution melting curve. Parasitol Res. 115: 2797–2806. Eberhard, M. L. , N. J. Pieniazek and M. J. Arrowood . 1997. Laboratory diagnosis of Cyclospora infections. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 121:792–797. Cann, K. J. , R. M. Chalmers , G. Nichols and S. J. O'Brien . 2000. Cyclospora infections in England and Wales: 1993–1998. Commun DisPublic Health. 3: 46–49. Negm, A. Y. 1998. Identification of Cyclospora cayetanensis in stool using different stains. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 28: 429–436. Kimura, K. , S. Kumar Rai , K. Takemasa , Y. Ishibashi , M. Kawabata , M. Belosevic and S. Uga . 2004. Comparison of three microscopictechniques for diagnosis of Cyclospora cayetanensis . FEMS Microbiol Lett. 238: 263–266. Riner, D. K. , A. S. Mullin , S. Y. Lucas , J. H. Cross and H. D. Lindquist . 2007. Enhanced concentration and isolation of Cyclosporacayetanensis oocysts from human fecal samples. J Microbiol Methods. 71: 75–77. Medina-De la Garza, C. E. , H. L. García-López , M. C. Salinas-Carmona and D. J. González-Spencer . 1997. Use of discontinuous Percollgradients to isolate Cyclospora oocysts. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 91: 319–321. Clarke, C. S. and M. McInyre . 1996. Modified detergent Ziehl Nelseen technique for the staining of Cyclospora cayetanensis . J ClinPathol. 49: 511–512. Visvesvara, G. S. , H. Moura , E. Kovacs-Nace , S. Wallace and M. L. Eberhard . 1997. Uniform staining of Cyclospora oocysts in fecalsmears by a modified safranin technique with microwave heating. J Clin Microbiol. 35: 730–733. Martínez Silva, I. , L. Ayllon Valdés and X. Benitez Padron . 2002. Cyclospora cayetanensis. Presentación de 20 casos. Rev Cub Pediatr.74: 178–181. Harrington, B. J. 2008. Microscopy of 4 pathogenic enteric protozoan parasites: A review. Lab Med. 39: 231–238. Berlin, O. G. , J. B. Peter and C. Gagne . 1998. Autofluorescence and the detection of Cyclospora oocysts. Emerg Infect Dis. 4: 127–128. Mundaca, C. C. , P. A. Torres-Slimming , R. V. Araujo-Castillo 2008. Use of PCR to improve diagnostic yield in an outbreak ofcyclosporiasis in Lima, Peru. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 102: 712–717. Dalton, C. , A. D. Goater , R. Pethig and H. V. Smith . 2001. Viability of Giardia intestinalis cysts and viability and sporulation state ofCyclospora cayetanensis oocysts determined by electrorotation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67: 586–590. Dalton, C. , A. D. Goater , J. P. Burt and H. V. Smith . 2004. Analysis of parasites by electrorotation. J Appl Microbiol. 96: 24–32. Nath, J. , G. Hussain , B. Singha , J. Paul and S. K. Ghosh . 2015. Burden of major diarrheagenic protozoan parasitic co-infection amongamoebic dysentery cases from North East India: A case report. Parasitology. 142: 1318–1325. Clarke, S. C. and M. McIntyre . 1997. An attempt to demonstrate a serological immune response in patients infected with Cyclosporacayetanensis . Br J Biomed Sci. 54: 73–74. McHardy, I. H. , M. Wu , R. Shimizu-Cohen , M. R. Couturier and R. M. Humphries . 2014. Detection of intestinal protozoa in the clinicallaboratory. J Clin Microbiol. 52: 712–720. Nichols, R. A. and H. V. Smith . 2004. Optimization of DNA extraction and molecular detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in naturalmineral water sources. J Food Prot. 67: 524–532. Lalonde, L. F. and A. A. Gajadhar . 2008. Highly sensitive and specific PCR assay for reliable detection of Cyclospora cayetanensisoocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol. 74: 4354–4358. Lalonde, L. F. and A. A. Gajadhar . 2011. Detection and differentiation of coccidian oocysts by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis. JParasitol. 97: 725–730. Sulaiman, I. M. , P. Torres , S. Simpson , K. Kerdahi and Y. Ortega . 2013. Sequence characterization of heat shock protein gene ofCyclospora cayetanensis isolates from Nepal, Mexico, and Peru. J Parasitol. 99: 379–382. Chalmers, R. M. 2014. Cyclospora cayetanensis in Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases (Second Edition). Elsevier Ltd. Academic Press,Cambridge, Massachusetts. Liu, H. , Y. Shen , J. Yin 2014. Prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium, Enterocytozoon, Giardia and Cyclospora indiarrheal outpatients in China. BMC Infect Dis. 14: 25. Yadav, P. , S. Khalil , B. R. Mirdha , G. K. Makharia and S. Bhatnagar . 2015. Molecular characterization of clinical isolates of Cyclosporacayetanensis from patients with diarrhea in India. Indian J Med Microbiol. 33: 351–356. Jinneman, K. C. , J. H. Wetherington , W. E. Hill 1998. Template preparation for PCR and RFLP of amplification products for the detectionand identification of Cyclospora sp. and Eimeria spp. oocysts directly from raspberries. J Food Prot. 61: 1497–1503. Shields, J. M. and B. H. Olson . 2003. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method for detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis inenvironmental waters without microscopic confirmation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 69: 4662–4669.

Orlandi, P. A. , L. Carter and A. M. Brinker . 2003. Targeting single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 18S rRNA gene to differentiateCyclospora species from Eimeria species by multiplex PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 69: 4806–4813. Varma, M. , J. D. Hester , F. W. Schaefer 3rd , M. W. Ware and H. D. Lindquist . 2003. Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis using aquantitative real-time PCR assay. J Microbiol Methods. 53: 27–36. Verweij, J. J. , D. Laeijendecker , E. A. Brienen , L. van Lieshout and A. M. Polderman . 2003. Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis intravellers returning from the tropics and subtropics using microscopy and real-time PCR. Int J Med Microbiol. 293: 199–202. Sulaiman, I. M. , Y. Ortega , S. Simpson and K. Kerdahi . 2014. Genetic characterization of human-pathogenic Cyclospora cayetanensisparasites from three endemic regions at the 18S ribosomal RNA locus. Infect Genet Evol. 22: 229–234. Abanyie, F. , R. R. Harvey , J. R. Harris 2013. multistate outbreaks of Cyclospora cayetanensis infections associated with fresh produce:Focus on the Texas investigations. Epidemiol Infect. 143: 3451–3458. FDA . Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Chapter 19a: Detection of Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium from fresh produce: Isolation andidentification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microscopic analysis.https://www.fda.gov/food/foodscienceresearch/laboratorymethods/ucm073638.htm Shields, J. M. , J. Joo , R. Kim and H. R. Murphy . 2013. Assessment of three commercial DNA extraction kits and a laboratory-developedmethod for detecting Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora in raspberry wash, basil wash and pesto. J Microbiol Methods. 92: 51–58. Murphy, H. R. , S. Lee , and A. J. da Silva . 2017. Evaluation of an improved U.S. Food and Drug Administration method for the detectionof Cyclospora cayetanensis in produce using real-time PCR. J Food Prot. 80: 1133–1144. Tang, K. , Y. Guo , L. Zhang 2015. Genetic similarities between Cyclospora cayetanensis and cecum-infecting avian Eimeria spp. inapicoplast and mitochondrial genomes. Parasit Vectors. 8: 358. Qvarnstrom, Y. , Y. Wei-Pridgeon , W. Li 2015. Draft genome sequences from Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts purified from a humanstool sample. Genome Announc. 3: e01324–e01315. Cinar, H. N. , G. K. Gopinath , K. Jarvis and H. R. Murphy . 2015. The complete mitochondrial genome of the foodborne parasitic pathogenCyclospora cayetanensis . PLos One. 10: e0128645. Cinar, H. N. , Y. Qvarnstrom , Y. Wei-Pridgeon 2016. Comparative sequence analysis of Cyclospora cayetanensis apicoplast genomesoriginating from diverse geographical regions. Parasit Vectors. 9: 611. Guo, Y. , D. M. Roellig , N. Li 2016. Multilocus sequence typing tool for Cyclospora cayetanensis . Emerg Infect Dis. 22: 1464–1467. Taniuchi, M. , J. J. Verweij , O. Sethabutr 2011. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction method to detect Cyclospora, Cystoisospora, andMicrosporidia in stool samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 71: 386–390. Shin, J. H. , S. E. Lee , T. S. Kim , D. W. Ma , J. Y. Chai and E. H. Shin . 2016. Multiplex-touchdown pcr to simultaneously detectCryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Cyclospora cayetanensis, the major causes of traveler's diarrhea. Korean J Parasitol. 54:631–636. Buss, S. N. , R. Alter , P. C. Iwen and P. D. Fey . 2013. Implications of culture-independent panel-based detection of Cyclosporacayetanensis . J Clin Microbiol. 51: 3909. Ryan, U. , A. Paparini and C. Oskam . 2017. New technologies for detection of enteric parasites. Trends Parasitol. 33: 532–546. Wright, S. G. 2012. Protozoan infections of the gastrointestinal tract. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 26: 323–339. Sturbaum, G. D. , Y. R. Ortega , R. H. Gilman , L. Cabrera and D. A. Klein . 1998. Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in wastewater.Appl Environ Microbiol. 64: 2284–2286. Almeida, J. C. , D. Cardoso , J. Ferreira 2015. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in a public water treatment system,Paranì Souther Brazil. Braz J Vet Parasitol Jabotical. 24: 303–308. Karanis, P. , H. M. Aldeyarbi , M. E. Mirhashemi and K. M. Khalil . 2013. The importance of the waterborne transmission of Toxoplasmagondii and analysis efforts for waterdetection: An overview and update. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 20: 86–99. Plutzer, J. and P. Karanis . 2016. Neglected waterborne parasitic protozoa and their detection in water. Water Res. 101: 318–332. Lora-Suarez, F. , R. Rivera , J. Trivino-Valencia and J. E. Gomez-Marin . 2016. Detection of protozoa in water samples by formalin/etherconcentration method. Water Res. 100: 377–381. Chandra, V. , M. Torres and Y. R. Ortega . 2014. Efficacy of wash solutions in recovering Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidiumparvum, and Toxoplasma gondii from basil. J Food Prot. 77: 1348–1354. Shields, J. M. , M. M. Lee and H. R. Murphy . 2012. Use of a common laboratory glassware detergent improves recovery ofCryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis from lettuce, herbs and raspberries. Int J Food Microbiol. 153: 123–128. Verdier R. I. , D. W. Fitzgerald , W. D. Johnson Jr. and J. W. Pape . 2000. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with ciprofloxacin fortreatment and prophylaxis of Isospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in HIV-infected patients. A randomized, controlled trial.Ann Intern Med. 132: 885–888. Goldberg, E. and J. Bishara . 2012. Contemporary unconventional clinical use of co-trimoxazole. Clin Microbiol Infect. 18: 8–17. Soave, R. and W. D. Johnson . 1995. Cyclospora: Conquest of an emerging pathogen. Lancet. 345: 667–668. Madico, G. , R. H. Gilman , E. Miranda , L. Cabrera and C. R. Sterling . 1993. Treatment of Cyclospora infections with co-trimoxazole.Lancet. 342: 122–123. Zimmer, S. M. , A. N. Schuetz and C. Franco-Paredes . 2007. Efficacy of nitazoxanide for cyclosporiasis in patients with sulfa allergy. ClinInfect Dis. 44: 466–467. Saremy, S. , M. E. Boroujeni , B. Bhattacharjee , V. Mittal and J. Chatterjee . 2011. Identification of potential apicoplast associatedtherapeutic targets in human and animal pathogen Toxoplasma gondii ME49. Bioinformation. 7: 379–383. Goodman, C. D. and G. I. McFadden . 2013. Targeting apicoplasts in malaria parasites. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 17: 167–177. Stocks, P. A. , V. Barton , T. Antoine , G. A. Biagini , S. A. Ward and P. M. O'Neill . 2014. Novel inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparumelectron transport chain. Parasitology. 14: 50–65. Ottoson, J. , A. Hansen , B. Bjo , H. Norder and T. A. Stenstro . 2006. Removal of viruses, parasitic protozoa and microbial indicators inconventional and membrane processes in a wastewater pilot plant. Water Res. 40: 1449–1457. Erickson, M. C. and Y. R. Ortega . 2006. Inactivation of protozoan parasites in food, water, and environmental systems. J Food Prot. 69:2786–2808. El Zawawy, L. A. , D. El-Said , S. M. Ali and F. M. Fathy . 2010. Disinfection efficacy of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NADCC) againstcommon food-borne intestinal protozoa. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 40: 165–185. Soliva-Fortuny, R. C. and O. Martin-Belloso . 2003. New advances in extending the shelflife of fresh-cut fruits: A review. Trends Food SciTechnol. 14: 341–353.

Turatti, A. 2011. Processo di lavorazione delle insalate di quarta gamma. In Le Insalate, eds. R. Angelini , M. L. Gullino and I. Ponti ,420–437. ART Servizi Editoriali S.p.A, Bologna. Dixon, B. R. 2016. Parasitic ilnessess associated with the consumption of fresh produce—An emerging issue in developed countries.Current Opinion Food Sci. 8: 104–109.

Cystoisospora belli Manwell, R.D. Coccidia. In Manwell, R.D. (ed), Introduction to Protozoology, 1st ed. St. Martin's Press, New York, NY, pp. 515–538, 1961. Wenyon, C.M. Coccidiosis of cats and dogs and the status of the Isospora of man. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 17, 231, 1923. Elsdon-Dew, R. Isospora natalensis (sp. Nov.) in man. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56, 149, 1953. Ravenel, J.M. , Suggs, J.L. , and Legerton, C.W. Human coccidiosis. Recurrent diarrhea of 26 years duration due to Isospora belli: A casereport. J. S. Carolina Med. Assoc. 72, 217, 1976. Jongwutiwes, S. , Sampatanukul, P. , and Putaporntip, C. Recurrent isosporiasis over a decade in an immunocompetent host successfullytreated with pyrimethamine. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 34, 859, 2002. Barta, J.R. The genus Atoxoplasma (Garnham 1950) as a junior objective synonym of the genus Isospora (Schneider 1881) speciesinfecting birds and resurrection of Cystoisospora (Frenkel 1977) as the correct genus for Isospora species infecting mammals. J. Parasitol.91, 726, 2005. Franzen, C. Taxonomic position of the intestinal protozoan parasite Isospora belli as based on ribosomal RNA sequences. Parasitol. Res.86, 669, 2000. Morrison, D.A. The current status of the small subunit rRNA phylogeny of the coccidia (Sporozoa). Int. J. Parasitol. 34, 501, 2004. Jongwutiwes, S. Morphologic and molecular characterization of Isospora belli oocysts from patients in Thailand. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.77, 107, 2007. Dubey, J.P. , and Frenkel, J.K. Extra-intestinal stages of Isospora felis and I. rivolta (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) in cats. J. Protozool. 19, 89,1972. Restrepo, C. , Macher, A.M. , and Radany, E.H. Disseminated extraintestinal isosporiasis in a patient with acquired immune deficiencysyndrome. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 87, 536, 1987. Michiels, J.F. Intestinal and extraintestinal Isospora belli infection in an AIDS patient. A second case report. Pathol. Res. Pract. 190, 1089,1994. Frenkel, J.K. Besnoitia wallacei of cats and rodents: With a reclassification of other cyst-forming isosporoid coccidia. J. Parasitol. 63, 611,1977. Lindsay, D.S. , Dubey, J.P. , and Blagburn, B.L. Biology of Isospora spp. from humans, nonhuman primates, and domestic animals. Clin.Microbiol. Rev. 10, 19, 1997. Tamura, K. MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30, 2725, 2013. Beaver, P.C. , Jung, R.C. , and Cupp, E.W. Coccidia, Microsporidia and Pneumocystis . In Beaver, P.C. , Jung, R.C. , and Cupp, E.W.(eds), Clinical Parasitology, 9th ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 149–173, 1984. Zaman, V. Observations on human Isospora . Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 62, 556, 1968. Matsui, T. Infectivity and sporogony of Caryospora-type oocyst of Isospora rivolta obtained by heating. Parasitol. Res. 79, 599, 1993. Dubey, J.P. Life cycle of Isospora rivolta (Grassi, 1879) in cats and mice. J. Protozool. 26, 433, 1979. Ferguson, D.J.P. Ultrastructural observations on multiplication of Cystoisospora (Isospora) felis by endodyogeny. Z. Parasitenkd. 63, 289,1980. Matuschka, F.R. Ultrastructural evidence of endodyogeny in Isospora suis from pigs. Z. Parasitenkd. 67, 27, 1982. Shah, H.L. The life cycle of Isospora felis Wenyon, 1923, a coccidium of the cat. J. Protozool. 18, 3, 1971. Fayer, R. , and Thompson, D.E. Isospora felis: Development in cultured cells with some cytological observations. J. Parasitol. 60, 160,1974. Oliveira-Silva, M.B. Cystoisospora belli: In vitro multiplication in mammalian cells. Exp. Parasitol. 114, 189, 2006. Siripanth, C. Development of Isospora belli in Hct-8, Hep-2, human fibroblast, BEK and Vero culture cells. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med.Public. Health. 35, 796, 2004. Resende, D.V. Experimental infection of murine and human macrophages with Cystoisospora belli . Acta Trop. 111, 177, 2009. Resende, D.V. Ultrastructural aspects of Cystoisospora belli (syn. Isospora belli) in continuous cell lines. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77, 472,2014. Velásquez, J.N. Isosporosis and unizoite tissue cysts in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum. Pathol. 32, 500, 2001. Frenkel, J.K. Isospora belli infection: Observation of unicellular cysts in mesenteric lymphoid tissues of a Brazilian patient with AIDS andanimal inoculation. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 50(Suppl), 682, 2003. Lindsay, D.S. Examination of extraintestinal tissue cysts of Isospora belli . J. Parasitol. 83, 620, 1997. Dubey, J.P. Experimental Isospora canis and Isospora felis infection in mice, cats, and dogs. J. Protozool. 22, 416, 1975. Houk, A.E. , and Lindsay, D.S. Cystoisospora canis (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae): Development of monozoic tissue cysts in human cells,demonstration of egress of zoites from tissue cysts, and demonstration of repeat monozoic tissue cyst formation by zoites. Vet. Parasitol.197, 455, 2013. Mitchell, S.M. , Zajac, A.M. , and Lindsay, D.S. Development and ultrastructure of Cystoisospora canis Nemeséri, 1959 (syn, Isosporacanis) monozoic cysts in two noncanine cell lines. J. Parasitol. 95, 793, 2009. Faust, E.C. Human isosporosis in the Western Hemisphere. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 10, 343, 1961. Jongwutiwes, S. Cryptosporidiosis among orphanage children in Thailand: A one year prospective study. Southeast. Asian. J. Trop. Med.Public. Health. 21, 458, 1990. Iyer, R.N. Clinical and microbiology profile and outcome of diarrhea by coccidian parasites in immunocompetent children. Pediatr. Infect.Dis. J. 34, 937, 2015. Vouking, M.Z. Prevalence of intestinal parasites among HIV patients at the Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon. Pan. African. Med. J. 18,136, 2014.

Henry, M.C. Parasitological observations of chronic diarrhoea in suspected AIDS adult patients in Kinshasa (Zaire). Trans. R. Soc. Trop.Med. Hyg. 80, 309, 1986. DeHovitz, J.A. Clinical manifestations and therapy of Isospora belli infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N.Engl. J. Med. 315, 87, 1986. Certad, G. Isosporiasis in Venezuelan adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Clinical characterization. Am. J. Trop. Med.Hyg. 69, 217, 2003. Lainson, R. , and da Silva, B.A. Intestinal parasites of some diarrhoeic HIV-seropositive individuals in North Brazil, with particular referenceto Isospora belli Wenyon, 1923 and Dientamoeba fragilis Jepps & Dobell, 1918. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo. Cruz. 94, 611, 1999. Sangani, G.S. Prevalence of intestinal coccidial infections among different groups of immunocompromised patients. Iran. J. Parasitol. 11,332, 2016. Gedle, D. Intestinal parasitic infections and its association with undernutrition and CD4 T cell levels among HIV/AIDS patients on HAARTin Butajira, Ethiopia. J. Health. Pop. Nutr. 36, 15, 2017. Vignesh, R. High proportion of isosporiasis among HIV-infected patients with diarrhea in southern India. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77, 823,2007. Kulkarni, S. Enteric pathogens in HIV infected and HIV uninfected individuals with diarrhea in Pune. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 107,648, 2013. Bachur, T.P. Enteric parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients before and after the highly active antiretroviral therapy. Braz. J. Infect. Dis.12, 115, 2008. Kiros, H. Prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections among individuals living with HIV/AIDS at Felegehiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar,Ethiopia. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 35, 80, 2015. Nsagha, D.S. Intestinal parasitic infections in relation to CD4+ T cell counts and diarrhea in HIV/AIDS patients with or without antiretroviraltherapy in Cameroon. BMC. Infect. Dis. 16, 9, 2016. Sorvillo, F.J. Epidemiology of isosporiasis among persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Los Angeles County. Am. J. Trop.Med. Hyg. 53, 656, 1995. Desai, L. Hypogammaglobulinemia-associated gastrointestinal disease—A case series. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 33, 560, 2014. Gruz, F. Isospora belli infection after isolated intestinal transplant. Transpl. Infect. Dis. 12, 69, 2010. Brandborg, L.L. , Goldberg, S.B. , and Breidenbach, W.C. Human coccidiosis—A possible cause of malabsorption. N. Engl. J. Med. 283,1306, 1970. Trier, J.S. Chronic intestinal coccidiosis in man: Intestinal morphology and response to treatment. Gastroenterology 66, 923, 1974. Walther, Z. , and Topazian, M.D. Isospora cholangiopathy: Case study with histologic characterization and molecular confirmation. Hum.Pathol. 40, 1342, 2009. Agholi, M. , Aliabadi, E. , and Hatam, G.R. Cystoisosporiasis-related human acalculous cholecystitis: The need for increased awareness.Pol. J. Pathol. 67, 270, 2016. Takahashi, H. Chronic cholecystitis with Cystoisospora belli in an immunocompetent patient. BMJ Case Rep. 2015. pii: bcr2015209966. Lai, K.K. Cystoisospora belli infection of the gallbladder in immunocompetent patients. A clinicopathologic review of 18 cases. Am. J. Surg.Pathol. 40, 1070, 2016. Matsubayashi, H. , and Nozawa, T. Experimental infection of Isospora hominis in man. Am. J. Trop. Med. 28, 633, 1948. McCracken, A.W. Natural and laboratory-acquired infection by Isospora belli . South. Med. J. 65, 800, 1972. Westerman, E.L. , and Christensen, R.P. Chronic Isospora belli infection treated with co-trimoxazole. Ann. Intern. Med. 91, 413, 1979. Syrkis, I. A case of severe human coccidiosis in Israel. Israel J. Med. Sci. 1, 373, 1975. Pape, J.W. , Verdier, R.I. , and Johnson, W.D. Jr. Treatment and prophylaxis of Isospora belli infection in patients with the acquiredimmunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 320, 1044, 1989. de Otazu, R.D. Endometrial coccidiosis. J. Clin. Pathol. 57, 1104, 2004. Velásquez, J.N. First report of Cystoisospora belli parasitemia in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Acta Parasitol. 61,172, 2016. Herwaldt, B.L. Cyclospora cayetanensis: A review, focusing on the outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the 1990s. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31, 1040,2000. Garcia, L.S. Collection, preservation, and shipment of fecal specimens. In Garcia, L.S. (ed), Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, 4th ed. ASMPress, Washington, DC, pp. 723–740, 2001. Jongwutiwes, S. Simple method for long-term copro-preservation of Cryptosporidium oocysts for morphometric and molecular analysis.Trop. Med. Int. Health 7, 257, 2002. Garcia, L.S. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of fecal specimens. In Garcia, L.S. (ed), Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, 4th ed.ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp. 741–785, 2001. Pacheco, F.T. Differences in the detection of Cryptosporidium and Isospora (Cystoisospora) oocysts according to the fecal concentrationor staining method used in a clinical laboratory. J. Parasitol. 99, 1002, 2013. Ma, P. , and Soave, R. Three-step stool examination for cryptosporidiosis in 10 homosexual men with protracted watery diarrhea. J. Infect.Dis. 147, 824, 1983. Varea, M. Fuchsin fluorescence and autofluorescence in Cryptosporidium, Isospora and Cyclospora oocysts. Int. J. Parasitol. 28, 1881,1998. Daugschies, A. Autofluorescence microscopy for the detection of nematode eggs and protozoa, in particular Isospora suis, in swine feces.Parasitol. Res. 87, 409, 2001. Bialek, R. Comparison of autofluorescence and iodine staining for detection of Isospora belli in feces. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 67, 304,2002. Garcia, L.S. Sputum, aspirates, and biopsy material. In Garcia, L.S. (ed) Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, 4th ed. ASM Press, Washington,DC, pp. 809–828, 2001. Sun, T. Light and electron microscopic identification of Cyclospora species in the small intestine. Evidence of the presence of asexual lifecycle in human host. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 105, 216, 1996. Nime, F.A. Acute enterocolitis in a human being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium . Gastroenterology 70, 592, 1976.

Meisel, J.L. Overwhelming watery diarrhea associated with a Cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient. Gastroenterology 70,1156, 1976. Lindsay, D.S. Developmental biology of Cystoisospora (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) monozoic tissue cysts. J. Parasitol. 100, 392, 2014. Müller, A. Detection of Isospora belli by polymerase chain reaction using primers based on small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequences. Eur.J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 19, 631, 2000. Taniuchi, M. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction method to detect Cyclospora, Cystoisospora, and microsporidia in stool samples. Diagn.Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 71, 386, 2011. Lalonde, L.F. , Reyes, J. , and Gajadhar, A.A. Application of a qPCR assay with melting curve analysis for detection and differentiation ofprotozoan oocysts in human fecal samples from Dominican Republic. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89, 892, 2013. Petri, W.A. Sulfonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, quinolones, and agents for urinary tract infections. In Brunton, L.L. , Chabner,B.A. , and Knollmann, B.C. (eds.) Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York,NY, pp. 1462–1503, 2011. Gangjee, A. , Kurup, S. , and Namjoshi, O. Dihydrofolate reductase as a target for chemotherapy in parasites. Curr. Pharm. Des. 13, 609,2007. Capasso, C.L. , and Supuran, C.T. Sulfa and trimethoprim-like drugs—Antimetabolites acting as carbonic anhydrase, dihydropteroatesynthase and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. J. Enzyme. Inhib. Med. Chem. 29, 379, 2014. Bushby, S.R. , and Hitchings, G.H. Trimethoprim, a sulphonamide potentiator. Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 33, 72, 1968. Dawson, D. Foodborne protozoan parasites. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 103, 207, 2005. Duedu, K.O. A comparative survey of the prevalence of human parasites found in fresh vegetables sold in supermarkets and open-airedmarkets in Acrra, Ghana. BMC Res. Notes 7, 836, 2014. Bekele, F. Parasitic contamination of raw vegetables and fruits collected from selected local markets in Arba Minch town, southernEthiopia. Infect. Dis. Poverty 6, 19, 2017. Dixon, B.R. Parasitic illnesses associated with the consumption of fresh produce—An emerging issue in developed countries. Curr. Opin.Food. Sci. 8, 104, 2016. Amorós, I. , Alonso, J.L. , and Cuesta, G. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts on salad products irrigated with contaminated water.J. Food. Prot. 73, 1138, 2010. Thurston-Enriquez, J.A. Detection of protozoan parasites and microsporidia in irrigation waters used for crop production. J. Food. Prot. 65,378, 2002. Mota, A. Risk assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water irrigating fresh produce in Mexico. J. Food. Prot. 72, 2184, 2009. Dumètre, A. , and Dardé, M. How to detect Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples? FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 27, 651, 2003. Zarlenga, D.S. , and Trout, J.M. Concentration, purifying and detecting waterborne parasites. Vet. Parasitol. 126, 195, 2004. Inoue, M. A new filter-eluting solution that facilitates improved recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts from water. J. Microbiol. Methods 55,679, 2003. Kourenti, C. Development and application of different methods for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.69, 102, 2003. Frenkel, J.K. Isospora belli infection: Observation of unicellular cysts in mesenteric lymphoid tissues of a Brazilian patient with AIDS andanimal inoculation. J. Euk. Microbiol. 50, S682, 2003.

Dientamoeba fragilis Infection Lagacé-Wiens PR , Van Caeseele PG , Koschik C . Dientamoeba fragilis: An emerging role in intestinal disease. CMAJ2006;175:468–469. Stark D , Barratt J , Roberts T , Marriott D , Harkness J , Ellis J . A review of the clinical presentation of dientamoebiasis. Am J Trop MedHyg 2010;82:614–619. Johnson E , Windsor J , Clark C , Johnson E , Windsor J . Emerging from obscurity: Biological, clinical, and diagnostic aspects ofDientamoeba fragilis . Clin Microbiol Rev 2004;17:553–570. Stark D , Barratt J , Chan D , Ellis JT . Dientamoeba fragilis, the neglected trichomonad of the human bowel. Clin Microbiol Rev.2016;29:553–580. Jepps MW , Dobell C . Dientamoeba fragilis n.g., n. sp.: A new intestinal amoeba from man. Parasitology 1918;10:352–367. Dobell C . Researches on intestinal protozoa in monkeys and man. X. The life history of Dientamoeba fragilis: Observations, experimentsand speculations. Parasitology 1940;32:417–461. Stark DJ , Beebe N , Marriott D , Ellis JT , Harkness J . Dientamoebiasis: Clinical importance and recent advances. Trends Parasitol.2006;22:92–96. Röser D , Simonsen J , Nielsen HV , Stensvold CR , Mølbak K . Dientamoeba fragilis in Denmark: Epidemiological experience derivedfrom four years of routine real-time PCR. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;32:1303–1310. Banik GR , Barratt JL , Marriott D , Harkness J , Ellis JT , Stark D . A case-controlled study of Dientamoeba fragilis infections in children.Parasitology 2011;138:819–823. Rayan HZ , Ismail OA , El Gayar EK . Prevalence and clinical features of Dientamoeba fragilis infections in patients suspected to haveintestinal parasitic infection. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2007;37:599–608. Stensvold CR , Arendrup MC , Molbak K , Nielsen HV . The prevalence of Dientamoeba fragilis in patients with suspected enteroparasiticdisease in a metropolitan area in Denmark. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007;13:839–842. Crotti D , D'Annibale ML . Role of Dientamoeba fragilis in human bowel infections. Infez Med 2007;15:30–39. Camp RR , Mattern CF , Honigberg BM . Study of Dientamoeba fragilis Jepps and Dobell. I. Electron microscopic observations of thebinucleate stages. II. Taxonomic position and revision of the genus. J Protozool 1974;21:69–82. Silberman JD , Clark CG , Sogin ML . Dientamoeba fragilis shares a recent common evolutionary history with the trichomonads. MolBiochem Parasitol 1996;76:311–314.

Delgado-Viscogliosi P , Viscogliosi E , Gerbod D , Kulda J , Sogin ML , Edgcomb VP . Molecular phylogeny of parabasalids based on smallsubunit rRNA sequences, with emphasis on the Trichomonadinae subfamily. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2000;47:70–75. Cepicka I , Hampl V , Kulda J . Critical taxonomic revision of parabasalids with description of one new genus and three new species.Protist 2010;161:400–433. Bird RG , Sargeaunt P , Upton CP . Uni- and binucleate trophozoites of Dientamoeba fragilis . Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1970;64:18. Banik GR , Birch D , Stark D , Ellis JT . A microscopic description and ultrastructural characterisation of Dientamoeba fragilis: An emergingcause of human enteric disease. Int J Parasitol 2012;42:139–153. Windsor JJ , Johnson EH . Dientamoeba fragilis the unflagellated human flagellate. Br J Biomed Sci 1999;56:293–306. Munasinghe VS , Vella NG , Ellis JT , Windsor PA , Stark D . Cyst formation and faecal-oral transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis—Themissing link in the life cycle of an emerging pathogen. Int J Parasitol 2013;43:879–883. Garcia LS . Dientamoeba fragilis, one of the neglected intestinal protozoa. J Clin Microbiol 2016;54:2243–2250. Weinrich DH . Studies on D. fragilis (protozoa). III. Binary fission with special reference to nuclear division. J Parasitol 1939;25:43–45. Stark D , Garcia LS , Barratt JL Description of Dientamoeba fragilis cyst and precystic forms from human samples. J Clin Microbiol2014;52:2680–2683. Johnson JA , Clark CG . Cryptic genetic diversity in Dientamoeba fragilis . J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:4653–4654. Barrat JL , Harkness J , Marriott D , Ellis JT , Stark D . A review of Dientamoeba fragilis carriage in humans: Several reasons why thisorganism should be considered in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal illness. Gut Microbes 2011;2:3–12. Windsor JJ , Clark CG , MacFarlane L . Molecular typing of Dientamoeba fragilis . Br J Biomed Sci 2004;61:153–155. Stark D , Beebe N , Marriott D , Ellis J , Harkness J . Detection of Dientamoeba fragilis in fresh stool specimens using PCR. Int J Parasitol2005;35:57–62. Peek R , Reedeker FR , van Gool T . Direct amplification and genotyping of Dientamoeba fragilis from human stool specimens. J ClinMicrobiol 2004;42:631–635. Stensvold CR , Clark CG , Röser D . Limited intra-genetic diversity in Dientamoeba fragilis housekeeping genes. Infect Genet Evol2013;18:284–286. Cacciò SM , Sannella AR , Bruno A Multilocus sequence typing of Dientamoeba fragilis identified a major clone with widespreadgeographical distribution. Int J Parasitol 2016;46:793–798. Hussein EM , Al-Mohammed HI , Hussein AM . Genetic diversity of Dientamoeba fragilis isolates of irritable bowel syndrome patients byhigh-resolution melting-curve (HRM) analysis. Parasitol Res 2009;105:1053–1060. Ögren J , Dienus O , Löfgren S , Iveroth P , Matussek A . Dientamoeba fragilis DNA detection in Enterobius vermicularis eggs. Pathog Dis2013;69:157–158. Clark CG , Röser D , Stensvold CR . Transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis: Pinworm or cysts? Trends Parasitol 2014;30:136–140. Girginkardeşler N , Kurt O , Kilimcioğlu AA , Ok UZ . Transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis: Evaluation of the role of Enterobiusvermicularis . Parasitol Int 2008;57:72–75. Röser D , Nejsum P , Carlsgart AJ , Nielsen HV , Stensvold CR . DNA of Dientamoeba fragilis detected within surface-sterilized eggs ofEnterobius vermicularis . Exp Parasitol 2013;133:57–61. Barratt J , Harkness J , Marriott D , Ellis J , Stark D . The ambiguous life of Dientamoeba fragilis: The need to investigate currenthypotheses on transmission. Parasitology 2011;138:557–572. Knowles R , Das Gupta BM . Some observations on the intestinal protozoa of Macaques. Ind J Med Res 1936;24:547–556. Myers BJ , Kuntz RE . Intestinal protozoa of the Baboon Papio doguer a Pucheran, 1856. J Protozool 1968;15:363–365. Chan D , Barratt J , Roberts T Detection of Dientamoeba fragilis in animal faeces using species specific real time PCR assay. Vet Parasitol2016;227:42–47. Helenbrook WD , Wade SE , Shields WM , Stehman SV , Whipps CM . Gastrointestinal parasites of Ecuadorian Mantled Howler Monkeys(Alouattapalliata aequatorialis) based on fecal analysis. J Parasitol 2015;101:341–350. Cacciò SM , Sannella AR , Manuali E Pigs as natural hosts of Dientamoeba fragilis genotypes found in humans. Emerg Infect Dis2012;18:838–841. Crotti D , Sensi M , Crotti S , Grelloni V , Manuali E . Dientamoeba fragilis in swine population: A preliminary investigation. Vet Parasitol2007;145:349–351. Ogunniyi T , Balogun H , Shasanya B . Ectoparasites and endoparasites of peridomestic house-rats in Ile-Ife, Nigeria and implication onhuman health. Iran J Parasitol 2014;9:134–140. Stark D , Phillips O , Peckett D Gorillas are a host for Dientamoeba fragilis: An update on the life cycle and host distribution. Vet Parasitol2008;151:21–26. Stark D , Roberts T , Marriott D , Harkness J , Ellis JT . Detection and transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis from environmental andhousehold samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012;86:233–236. Yang J , Scholten T . Dientamoeba fragilis: A review with notes on its epidemiology, pathogenicity, mode of transmission, and diagnosis.Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977;26:16–22. Boga JA , Rojo S , Fernández J Is the treatment of Enterobius vermicularis co-infection necessary to eradicate Dientamoeba fragilisinfection? Int J Infect Dis 2016;49:59–61. Cerva L , Schrottenbaum M , Liment V . Intestinal parasites: A study of human appendices. Folia parasitol (Praha) 1991;38:5–9. Burrows RB , Swerdlow MA . Enterobius vermicularis as a probable vector of Dientamoeba fragilis . Am J Trop Med Hyg 1956;5:258–265. Ockert G . On the epidemiology of Dientamoeba fragilis Jepps and Dobell 1918. 4th communication evidence of Dientamoeba fragilis inEnterobius eggs using isoelectric point determination. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1972;20:76–81. Millet VE , Spencer MJ , Chapin MR , Garcia LS , Yatabe JH , Stewart ME . Intestinal protozoan infection in a semicomunal group. Am JTrop Med Hyg 1983;32:54–60. Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LE , Wallinga JA , Ruijs GJ , Bruins MJ , Verweij JJ . Parasitological diagnosis combining an internallycontrolled real-time PCR assay for the detection of four protozoa in stool samples with a testing algorithm for microscopy. Clin MicrobiolInfect 2009;15:869–874. Stark D , Al-Qassab SE , Barratt JLN Evaluation of multiplex tandem real-time PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium spp., Dientamoebafragilis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia intestinalis in clinical stool samples. J Clin Microbiol 2011;49:257–262.

Calderaro A , Gorrini C , Montecchini S Evaluation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Dientamoeba fragilis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;67:239–245. Yakoob J , Jafri W , Beg MA Blastocystis hominis and Dientamoeba fragilis in patients fulfilling irritable bowel syndrome criteria. ParasitolRes 2010;107:679–684. Jokelainen P , Hebbelstrup Jensen B , Andreassen BU Dientamoeba fragilis—A commensal in children in Danish day care centers. J ClinMicrobiol 2017;55:1707–1713. Júlio C , Furtado C , Rocha R , Escobar C , Brito MJ , Oleastro M . Detection of Dientamoeba fragilis in Portuguese children with acutegastroenteritis between 2011 and 2013. Parasitology 2015;142:1398–1403. Maas L , Dorigo-Zetsma JW , de Groot CJ , Bouter S , Plötz FB , van Ewijk BE . Detection of intestinal protozoa in paediatric patients withgastrointestinal symptoms by multiplex real-time PCR. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20:545–550. Incani RN , Ferrer E , Hoek D Diagnosis of intestinal parasites in a rural community of Venezuela: Advantages and disadvantages of usingmicroscopy or RT-PCR. Acta Trop 2017;167:64–70. Ögren J , Dienus O , Löfgren S , Einemo IM , Iveroth P , Matussek A . Dientamoeba fragilis prevalence coincides with gastrointestinalsymptoms in children less than 11 years old in Sweden. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015;34:1995–1998. Ögren J , Van Nguyen S , Nguyen MK , Dimberg J , Matussek A . Prevalence of Dientamoeba fragilis, Giardia duodenalis, Entamoebahistolytica/dispar, and Cryptosporidium spp. in Da Nang, Vietnam, detected by a multiplex real-time PCR. APMIS 2016;124:529–533. Sarafraz S , Farajnia S , Jamali J , Khodabakhsh F , Khanipour F . Detection of Dientamoeba fragilis among diarrheal patients referred toTabriz health care centers by nested PCR. Trop Biomed 2013;30:113–118. Calderaro A , Montecchini S , Rossi S Intestinal parasitoses in a tertiary-care hospital located in a non-endemic setting during 2006–2010.BMC Infect Dis 2014;14:264. Gonzalez-Moreno O , Domingo L , Teixidor J , Gracenea M . Prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasitisation: A cross-sectional study among outpatients with gastrointestinal symptoms in Catalonia, Spain. Parasitol Res 2011;108:87–93. Millet V , Spencer MJ , Chapin M Dientamoeba fragilis, a protozoan parasite in adult members of a semicommunal group. Dig Dis Sci1983;28:335–339. Keystone JS , Yang J , Grisdale D , Harrington M , Pillon L , Andreychuk R . Intestinal parasites in metropolitan Toronto day-care centres.Can Med Assoc J 1984;131:733–735. Ortega HB , Borchardt KA , Hamilton R , Ortega P , Mahood J . Enteric pathogenic protozoa in homosexual men from San Francisco. SexTransm Dis 1984;11:59–63. Schuster H , Jackson RS . Prevalence of Dientamoeba fragilis among patients consulting complementary medicine practitioners in theBritish Isles. J Clin Pathol 2009;62:182–184. Crotti D , D'Annibale ML . Human intestinal parasitosis: Role of Dientamoeba fragilis in human infections. Ann Ig 2007;19:27–34. Crotti D , D'Annibale ML . Dientamoeba fragilis and dientamoebiasis: Aspects of clinical parasitology and laboratory diagnosis.Parassitologia 2001;43:135–138. Stark D , Beebe N , Marriott D , Ellis J , Harkness J . Prospective study of the prevalence, genotyping, and clinical relevance ofDientamoeba fragilis infections in an Australian population. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:2718–2723. Girginkardesler N , Coskun S , Cuneyt Balcioglu I , Ertan P , Ok UZ . Dientamoeba fragilis, a neglected cause of diarrhea, successfullytreated with secnidazole. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003;9:110–113. Sarkari B , Hosseini G , Motazedian MH , Fararouei M , Moshfe A . Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal protozoan infections: Apopulation-based study in rural areas of Boyer-Ahmad district, Southwestern Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2016;16:703. Shehata AI , Hassanein F . Intestinal parasitic infections among mentally handicapped individuals in Alexandria, Egypt. Ann Parasitol2015;61:275–281. Lainson R , da Silva BA . Intestinal parasites of some diarrhoeic HIV-seropositive individuals in North Brazil, with particular reference toIsospora belli Wenyon, 1923 and Dientamoeba fragilis Jepps and Dobell, 1918. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1999;94:611–613. Kaminsky RG . Parasitism and diarrhoea in children from two rural communities and marginal barrio in Honduras. Trans R Soc Trop MedHyg 1991;85:70–73. Preiss U , Ockert G , Bromme S , Otto A . Dientamoeba fragilis infection, a cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in childhood. Klin Padiatr1990;202:120–123. Mendez OC , Szmulewicz G , Menghi C , Torres S , Gonzalez G , Gatta C . Comparison of intestinal parasite infestation indexes amongHIV positive and negative populations. Medicina (B Aires) 1994;54:307–310. Windsor JJ , Rafay AM , Shenoy AK , Johnson EH . Incidence of Dientamoeba fragilis in faecal samples submitted for routinemicrobiological analysis. Br J Biomed Sci 1998;55:172–175. Ayadi A , Bahri I . Dientamoeba fragilis: Pathogenic flagellate? Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1999;92:299–301. Sawangjaroen N , Luke R , Prociv P . Diagnosis by faecal culture of Dientamoeba fragilis infections in Australian patients with diarrhoea.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993;87:163–165. Windsor JJ , Macfarlane L , Hughes-Thapa G , Jones SK , Whiteside TM . Detection of Dientamoeba fragilis by culture. Br J Biomed Sci2003;60:79–83. Norberg A , Nord CE , Evengård B . Dientamoeba fragilis—A protozoal infection which may cause severe bowel distress. Clin MicrobiolInfect 2003;9:65–68. Grendon JH , DiGiacomo RF , Frost FJ . Descriptive features of Dientamoeba fragilis infections. J Trop Med Hyg 1995;98:309–315. Engsbro AL , Stensvold CR , Vedel Nielsen H , Bytzer P . Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of intestinal parasites in Danish primarycare patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Infect Dis 2014;46:204–209. Schure JM , de Vries M , Weel JF , van Roon EN , Faber TE . Symptoms and treatment of Dientamoeba fragilis infection in children, aretrospective study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012;32:e148–e150. Grey TJ , Kwan YL , Phan T , Robertson G , Cheong E , Gottlieb T . Dientamoeba fragilis: A family cluster of disease associated withmarked eosinophilia. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:845–848. Osman M , El Safadi D , Cian A Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal protozoan infections with Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Blastocystisand Dientamoeba among schoolchildren in Tripoli, Lebanon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016;10:e0004496. Cuffari C , Oligny L , Seidman EG . Dientamoeba fragilis masquerading as allergic colitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998;26:16–20. Vandenberg O , Peek R , Souayah H Clinical and microbiological features of dientamoebiasis in patients suspected of suffering from aparasitic gastrointestinal illness: A comparison of Dientamoeba fragilis and Giardia lamblia infections. Int J Infect Dis 2006;10:255–261.

Stensvold CR , Nielsen SD , Badsberg JH The prevalence and clinical significance of intestinal parasites in HIV-infected patients inDenmark. Scand J Infect Dis 2011;43:129–135. Spencer MJ , Garcia LS , Chapin MR . Dientamoeba fragilis. An intestinal pathogen in children? Am J Dis Child 1979;133:390–393. Engsbro AL , Stensvold CR , Nielsen HV , Bytzer P . Treatment of Dientamoeba fragilis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am JTrop Med Hyg 2012;87:1046–1052. Shein R , Gelb A . Colitis due to Dientamoeba fragilis . Am J Gastroenterol 1983;78:634–636. Schwarzt MD , Nelson ME . Dientamoeba fragilis infection presenting to the emergency department as acute appendicitis. J Emerg Med2003;25:17–21. De Jong MJ , Korterink JJ , Benninga MA , Hilbink M , Widdershoven J , Deckers-Kocken JM . Dientamoeba fragilis and chronic abdominalpain in children: A case control-study. Arch Dis Child 2014;99:1109–1110. Burrows RB , Swerdlow MA , Frost JK , Leeper CK . Pathology of Dientamoeba fragilis infections of the appendix. Am J Trop Med Hyg1954;3:1033–1039. Eman K , El-Gayar EK , Amira B , Mokhtar AB , Hassan WA . Study of the pathogenic potential of Dientamoeba fragilis in experimentallyinfected mice. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2016;1:136–143. Ragavan AD , Govind SK . Modified fields’ stain: Ideal to differentiate Dientamoeba fragilis and Blastocystis sp. Parasitol Res2015;114:1163–1166. Barratt JL , Banik GR , Harkness J , Marriott D , Ellis JT , Stark D . Newly defined conditions for the in vitro cultivation and cryopreservationof Dientamoeba fragilis: New techniques set to fast track molecular studies on this organism. Parasitology 2010;137:1867–1878. Stark D , Barratt J , Roberts T , Marriott D , Harkness J , Ellis J . Comparison of microscopy, two xenic culture techniques, conventionaland real-time PCR for the detection of Dientamoeba fragilis in clinical stool samples. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;29:411–416. Stark D , Beebe N , Marriott D , Ellis J , Harkness J . Evaluation of three diagnostic methods, including real-time PCR, for detection ofDientamoeba fragilis in stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:232–235. Stark D , Roberts T , Ellis JT , Marriott D , Harkness J . Evaluation of the EasyScreen™ enteric parasite detection kit for the detection ofBlastocystis spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba complex, and Giardia intestinalis from clinical stool samples.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014;78:149–152. Preiss U , Ockert G , Broemme S , Otto A . On the clinical importance of Dientamoeba fragilis infections in childhood. J Hyg EpidemiolMicrobiol Immunol 1991;35:27–34. Bosman D , Benninga M , van de Berg P , Kooijman G , van Gool T . Dientamoeba fragilis: Possibly an important cause of persistentabdominal pain in children. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2004;20;148:575–579. Van Hellemond, JJ , Molhoek N , Koelewijn R , Wismans PJ , van Genderen PJJ . Is paromomycin the drug of choice for eradication ofDientamoeba fragilis in adults? Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2012;14:162–165. Kurt O , Girginkardesler N , Balcioglu IC , Ozbilgin, A , Ok UZ . A comparison of metronidazole and single-dose ornidazole for thetreatment of dientamoebiasis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008;14:601–604. Röser D , Simonsen J , Stensvold CR Metronidazole therapy for treating dientamoebiasis in children is not associated with better clinicaloutcomes: A randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:1692–1699. Vandenberg O , Souayah H , Mouchet F , Dediste A , van Gool, T . Treatment of Dientamoeba fragilis infection with paromomycin. PediatrInfect Dis J 2007;26:88–90. Dardick KR . Tetracycline treatment of Dientamoeba fragilis . Conn Med 1983;47:69–70. Butler WP . Dientamoeba fragilis. An unusual intestinal pathogen. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41:1811–1813. Nagata N , Marriott D , Harkness J , Ellis JT , Stark D . Current treatment options for Dientamoeba fragilis infections. Int J Parasitol2012;2:204–215. Chan FT , Guan MX , Mackenzie AM . Application of indirect immunofluorescence to detection of Dientamoeba fragilis trophozoites in fecalspecimens. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:1710–1714.

Entamoeba histolytica Martínez-Palomo A . The pathogenesis of amoebiasis. Parasitol Today 1987;3:111–118. Stanley SL . Amoebiasis. Lancet 2003;361:1025–1034. Brandt H , Pérez-Tamayo R . Amibiasis. México: La Prensa Médica Mexicana 1970, p. 10. Sehgal D , Bhattacharya A , Bhattacharya S . Pathogenesis of infection by Entamoeba histolytica . J Bioscience 1996;21:423–432. Pritt BS , Clark CG . Amebiasis. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83:1154–1160. Haque R , Huston CD , Hughes M , Houpt E , Petri WA, Jr. Amebiasis. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1565–1573. Ravdin JI . Amebiasis now. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989;41:40–48. Ximénez C , Morán P , Ramos F , Ramiro M . Amibiasis intestinal: Estado actual del conocimiento. Med Int Mex 2007;23:398–407. Chávez-Munguía B , Martínez-Palomo A . High-resolution electron microscopical study of cyst walls of Entamoeba spp. J EukaryotMicrobiol 2011;58:480–486. Eichinger D . A role for a galactose lectin and its ligands during encystment of Entamoeba . J Eukaryot Microbiol 2001;48:17–21. Petithory JC , Brumpt LC , Poujade F . Entamoeba histolytica (Schaudinn 1903) and Entamoeba-Dispar E-Brumpt 1925 are 2 differentspecies. B Soc Pathol Exot 1994;87:231–237. Dreyer DA . Growth of a strain of Entamoeba histolytica at room temperature. Tex Rep Biol Med 1961;19:393–396. Ali IK , Hossain MB , Roy S Entamoeba moshkovskii infections in children, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:580–584. Clark CG , Diamond LS . The Laredo strain and other “Entamoeba histolytica-like” amoebae are Entamoeba moshkovskii . Mol BiochemParasitol 1991;46:11–18. Martínez-Palomo A , González-Robles A , De la Torre M . Selective agglutination of pathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica inducedcon A. Nat New Biol 1973;245:186–187. Sargeaunt PG , Williams JE . Electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli . Trans R Soc Trop MedHyg 1978;72:164–166.

Strachan WD , Chiodini PL , Spice WM , Moody AH , Ackers JP . Immunological differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolatesof Entamoeba histolytica . Lancet 1988;1:561–563. Bracha R , Diamond LS , Ackers JP , Burchard GD , Mirelman D . Differentiation of clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica by usingspecific DNA probes. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:680–684. Ximénez C , Morán P , Rojas L Novelties on amoebiasis: A neglected tropical disease. J Glob Infect Dis 2011;3:166–174. Clark CG , Kaffashian F , Tawari B New insights into the phylogeny of Entamoeba species provided by analysis of four new small-subunitrRNA genes. Int J Syst Evol Micr 2006;56:2235–2239. Diamond LS , Clark CG . A redescription of Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903 (Emended Walker, 1911) separating it fromEntamoeba dispar Brumpt, 1925. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1993;40:340–344. Legesse M , Erko B . Zoonotic intestinal parasites in Papio anubis (baboon) and Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet) from four localities inEthiopia. Acta Trop 2004;90:231–236. Regan CS , Yon L , Hossain M , Elsheikha HM . Prevalence of Entamoeba species in captive primates in zoological gardens in the UK.Peer J 2014;2:e492. Stensvold CR , Lebbad M , Victory EL Increased sampling reveals novel lineages of Entamoeba: Consequences of genetic diversity andhost specificity for taxonomy and molecular detection. Protist 2011;162:525–541. Romero M , Cerritos R , Ximénez C . Horizontal gene transfers from bacteria to Entamoeba complex: A strategy for dating events alongspecies divergence . J Parasitol Res 2016;2016:3241027. Zermeño V , Ximénez C , Morán P Worldwide genealogy of Entamoeba histolytica: An overview to understand haplotype distribution andinfection outcome. Infect Genet Evol 2013;17:243–252. Tanyuksel M , Petri WA, Jr. Laboratory diagnosis of amebiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003;16:713–729. Marie C , Petri WA, Jr. Regulation of virulence of Entamoeba histolytica . Annu Rev Microbiol 2014;68:493–520. Mukherjee C , Majumder S , Lohia A . Inter-cellular variation in DNA content of Entamoeba histolytica originates from temporal and spatialuncoupling of cytokinesis from the nuclear cycle. Plos Neglect Trop D 2009;3:e409. Galván-Moroyoqui JM , Del Carmen Domínguez-Robles M , Meza I . Pathogenic bacteria prime the induction of Toll-like receptor signallingin human colonic cells by the Gal/GalNAc lectin carbohydrate recognition domain of Entamoeba histolytica . Int J Parasitol2011;41:1101–1112. Reeves RE . Metabolism of Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903. Adv Parasitol 1984;23:105–142. Makioka A , Kumagai M , Ohtomo H , Kobayashi S , Takeuchi T . Effect of calcium antagonists, calcium channel blockers and calmodulininhibitors on the growth and encystation of Entamoeba histolytica and E. invadens . Parasitol Res 2001;87:833–837. Jain R , Santi-Rocca J , Padhan N , Bhattacharya S , Guillen N , Bhattacharya A . Calcium-binding protein 1 of Entamoeba histolyticatransiently associates with phagocytic cups in a calcium-independent manner. Cell Microbiol 2008;10:1373–1389. Sahoo N , Bhattacharya S , Bhattacharya A . Blocking the expression of a calcium binding protein of the protozoan parasite Entamoebahistolytica by tetracycline regulatable antisense-RNA. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2003;126:281–284. Aslam S , Bhattacharya S , Bhattacharya A . The Calmodulin-like calcium binding protein EhCaBP3 of Entamoeba histolytica regulatesphagocytosis and is involved in actin dynamics. Plos Pathog 2012;8:e1003055. Muñoz M de L , Moreno MA , Pérez-García JN , Tovar GR , Hernández VI . Possible role of calmodulin in the secretion of Entamoebahistolytica electron-dense granules containing collagenase. Mol Microbiol 1991;5:1707–1714. Gilchrist CA , Moore ES , Zhang Y Regulation of virulence of Entamoeba histolytica by the URE3-BP transcription factor. MBio2010;1:e00057–10. Aguilar-Rojas A , Almaraz-Barrera MD , Krzeminski M Entamoeba histolytica: Inhibition of cellular functions by overexpression of EhGEF1,a novel Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Exp Parasitol 2005;109:150–162. Guillen N , Boquet P , Sansonetti P . The small GTP-binding protein RacG regulates uroid formation in the protozoan parasite Entamoebahistolytica . J Cell Sci 1998;111(Pt 12):1729–1739. Franco-Barraza J , Zamudio-Meza H , Franco E , Domínguez-Robles MD , Villegas-Sepúlveda N , Meza I . Rho signaling in Entamoebahistolytica modulates actomyosin-dependent activities stimulated during invasive behavior. Cell Motil Cytoskel 2006;63:117–131. Ríos A , Hernández-Ramírez VI , Moguel M Participation of Rho, ROCK-2, and GAP activities during actin microfilament rearrangementsin Entamoeba histolytica induced by fibronectin signaling. Cell Biol Int 2008;32:984–1000. Husain A , Sato D , Jeelani G Metabolome analysis revealed increase in S-methylcysteine and phosphatidylisopropanolamine synthesisupon L-cysteine deprivation in the anaerobic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica . J Biol Chem 2010;285:39160–39170. Montalvo FE , Reeves RE , Warren LG . Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in Entamoeba histolytica . Exp Parasitol 1971;30:249–256. Weinbach EC , Diamond LS . Entamoeba histolytica.1. Aerobic metabolism. Exp Parasitol 1974;35:232–243. Tovar J , Fischer A , Clark CG . The mitosome, a novel organelle related to mitochondria in the amitochondrial parasite Entamoebahistolytica . Mol Microbiol 1999;32:1013–1021. Chen J , Chen W , Zhong X . Enzyme location and metabolism in Entamoeba histolytica . Chin Med Sci J 1993;8:250–253. Pineda E , Encalada R , Rodríguez-Zavala JS , Olivos-García A , Moreno-Sánchez R , Saavedra E . Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductaseand bifunctional aldehyde-alcohol dehydrogenase are essential for energy metabolism under oxidative stress in Entamoeba histolytica .Febs J 2010;277:3382–3395. Nozaki T , Ali V , Tokoro M . Sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism in parasitic protozoa. Adv Parasit 2005;60:1–99. Morales-Vallarta M , Villarreal-Treviño L , Guerrero Medrano L Entamoeba invadens differentiation and Entamoeba histolytica cyst-likeformation induced by CO2 . Arch Med Res 1997;28 Spec No:150–151. Saraiva LM , Vicente JB , Teixeira M . The role of the flavodiiron proteins in microbial nitric oxide detoxification. Adv Microb Physiol2004;49:77–129. Sen A , Chatterjee NS , Akbar MA , Nandi N , Das P . The 29-kilodalton thiol-dependent peroxidase of Entamoeba histolytica is a factorinvolved in pathogenesis and survival of the parasite during oxidative stress. Eukaryot Cell 2007;6:664–673. Yousuf MA , Mi-ichi F , Nakada-Tsukui K , Nozaki T . Localization and targeting of an unusual pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase inEntamoeba histolytica . Eukaryot Cell 2010;9:926–933. World Health Organization . Infectious diseases of potential risk for travellers Available from: http://wwwwhoint/ith/ITH2009Chapter5pdf;2009. Molyneux DH . “Neglected” diseases but unrecognised successes—Challenges and opportunities for infectious disease control. Lancet2004;364:380–383.

Pierce KK , Kirkpatrick BD . Update on human infections caused by intestinal protozoa. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2009;25:12–17. Allasonjones E , Mindel A , Sargeaunt P , Williams P . Entamoeba histolytica as a commensal intestinal parasite in homosexual men. NewEngl J Med 1986;315:353–356. Morán P , Gómez A , Valadez A Periodicity and patterns of Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar infection in HIV+/AIDS patients in Mexico.Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2009;103:307–315. Reed SL , Wessel DW , Davis CE . Entamoeba histolytica infection and AIDS. Am J Med 1991;90:269–271. Center for Disease Control and Prevention . Summary of notifiable diseases, United States 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep1994;43:1–80. Acuña-Soto R , Maguire JH , Wirth DF . Gender distribution in asymptomatic and invasive amebiasis. Am J Gastroenterol2000;95:1277–1283. Abuabara SF , Barrett JA , Hau T , Jonasson O . Amebic liver abscess. Arch Surg 1982;117:239–244. Gathiram V , Jackson TF . A longitudinal study of asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica . S Afr Med J1987;72:669–672. Haque R , Ali IM , Sack RB , Farr BM , Ramakrishnan G , Petri WA, Jr. Amebiasis and mucosal IgA antibody against the Entamoebahistolytica adherence lectin in Bangladeshi children. J Infect Dis 2001;183:1787–1793. Adams EB , MacLeod IN . Invasive amebiasis. I. Amebic dysentery and its complications. Medicine (Baltimore) 1977;56:315–323. Lewis EA , Antia AU . Amoebic colitis: Review of 295 cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1969;63:633–638. Shirley DA , Moonah S . Fulminant amebic colitis after corticosteroid therapy: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis2016;10:e0004879. Aristizabal H , Acevedo J , Botero M . Fulminant amebic colitis. World J Surg 1991;15:216–221. Abioye AA . Fatal amoebic colitis in pregnancy and puerperium: A new clinico-pathological entity. J Trop Med Hyg 1973;76:97–100. Boonyapisit S , Chinapak O , Plengvanit U . Amoebic liver abscess in Thailand, clinical analysis of 418 cases. J Med Assoc Thai1993;76:243–246. Shandera WX , Bollam P , Hashmey RH , Athey PA , Greenberg SB , White AC . Hepatic amebiasis among patients in a public teachinghospital. Southern Med J 1998;91:829–837. Barnes PF , De Cock KM , Reynolds TN , Ralls PW . A comparison of amebic and pyogenic abscess of the liver. Medicine (Baltimore)1987;66:472–483. Thompson JE, Jr. , Forlenza S , Verma R . Amebic liver abscess: A therapeutic approach. Rev Infect Dis 1985;7:171–179. Aguirre García M , Gutiérrez-Kobeh L , López Vancell R . Entamoeba histolytica: Adhesins and lectins in the trophozoite surface.Molecules 2015;20:2802–2815. Ravdin JI , Guerrant RL . Role of adherence in cytopathogenic mechanisms of Entamoeba histolytica. Study with mammalian tissueculture cells and human erythrocytes. J Clin Invest 1981;68:1305–1313. Cheng XJ , Hughes MA , Huston CD Intermediate subunit of the Gal/GalNAc lectin of Entamoeba histolytica is a member of a gene familycontaining multiple CXXC sequence motifs. Infect Immun 2001;69:5892–5898. Petri WA, Jr. , Snodgrass TL , Jackson TF Monoclonal antibodies directed against the galactose-binding lectin of Entamoeba histolyticaenhance adherence. J Immunol 1990;144:4803–4809. Tachibana H , Cheng XJ , Tsukamoto H , Itoh J . Characterization of Entamoeba histolytica intermediate subunit lectin-specific humanmonoclonal antibodies generated in transgenic mice expressing human immunoglobulin loci. Infect Immun 2009;77:549–556. Rosales-Encina JL , Meza I , López-De-León A , Talamás-Rohana P , Rojkind M . Isolation of a 220-kilodalton protein with lectin propertiesfrom a virulent strain of Entamoeba histolytica . J Infect Dis 1987;156:790–797. Talamás-Rohana P , Schlie-Guzmán MA , Hernández-Ramírez VI , Rosales-Encina JL . T-cell suppression and selective in vivo activationof TH2 subpopulation by the Entamoeba histolytica 220-kilodalton lectin. Infect Immun 1995;63:3953–3958. Rodríguez MA , Orozco E . Isolation and characterization of phagocytosis- and virulence-deficient mutants of Entamoeba histolytica . JInfect Dis 1986;154:27–32. Ocadíz R , Orozco E , Carrillo E EhCP112 is an Entamoeba histolytica secreted cysteine protease that may be involved in the parasite-virulence. Cell Microbiol 2005;7:221–232. García-Rivera G , Rodríguez MA , Ocadíz R Entamoeba histolytica: A novel cysteine protease and an adhesin form the 112 kDa surfaceprotein. Mol Microbiol 1999;33:556–568. Ralston KS , Petri WA, Jr. Tissue destruction and invasion by Entamoeba histolytica . Trends Parasitol 2011;27:254–263. Mansuri MS , Bhattacharya S , Bhattacharya A . A novel alpha kinase EhAK1 phosphorylates actin and regulates phagocytosis inEntamoeba histolytica . Plos Pathog 2014;10:e1004411. Huston CD , Boettner DR , Miller-Sims V , Petri WA, Jr. Apoptotic killing and phagocytosis of host cells by the parasite Entamoebahistolytica . Infect Immun 2003;71:964–972. Somlata, Bhattacharya S , Bhattacharya A . A C2 domain protein kinase initiates phagocytosis in the protozoan parasite Entamoebahistolytica . Nat Commun 2011;2:230. Boettner DR , Huston CD , Linford AS Entamoeba histolytica phagocytosis of human erythrocytes involves PATMK, a member of thetransmembrane kinase family. Plos Pathog 2008;4:e8. Okada M , Nozaki T . New insights into molecular mechanisms of phagocytosis in Entamoeba histolytica by proteomic analysis. Arch MedRes 2006;37:244–252. Marion S , Guillen N . Genomic and proteomic approaches highlight phagocytosis of living and apoptotic human cells by the parasiteEntamoeba histolytica . Int J Parasitol 2006;36:131–139. Welter BH , Temesvari LA . Overexpression of a mutant form of EhRabA, a unique Rab GTPase of Entamoeba histolytica, altersendoplasmic reticulum morphology and localization of the Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin. Eukaryot Cell 2009;8:1014–1026. Javier-Reyna R , Hernández-Ramírez VI , González-Robles A , Galván-Mendoza I , Osorio-Trujillo C , Talamás-Rohana P . Rab7 andactin cytoskeleton participate during mobilization of beta1EHFNR in fibronectin-stimulated Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. MicroscRes Tech 2012;75:285–293. Voigt H , Olivo JC , Sansonetti P , Guillen N . Myosin IB from Entamoeba histolytica is involved in phagocytosis of human erythrocytes. JCell Sci 1999;112:1191–1201. Ávalos-Padilla Y , Betanzos A , Javier-Reyna R EhVps32 is a vacuole-associated protein involved in pinocytosis and phagocytosis ofEntamoeba histolytica . Plos Pathog 2015;11:e1005079.

Faust DM , Guillen N . Virulence and virulence factors in Entamoeba histolytica, the agent of human amoebiasis. Microbes Infect2012;14:1428–1441. Reed SL , Keene WE , McKerrow JH . Thiol proteinase expression and pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica . J Clin Microbiol1989;27:2772–2777. Que X , Reed SL . Cysteine proteinases and the pathogenesis of amebiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000;13:196–206. Gilchrist CA , Houpt E , Trapaidze N Impact of intestinal colonization and invasion on the Entamoeba histolytica transcriptome. MolBiochem Parasitol 2006;147:163–176. Moncada D , Keller K , Ankri S , Mirelman D , Chadee K . Antisense inhibition of Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteases inhibits colonicmucus degradation. Gastroenterology 2006;130:721–730. Hodges K , Gill R . Infectious diarrhea: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Gut Microbes 2010;1:4–21. Serrano-Luna J , Pina-Vázquez C , Reyes-López M , Ortíz-Estrada G , de la Garza M . Proteases from Entamoeba spp. and pathogenicfree-living amoebae as virulence factors. J Trop Med 2013;2013:890603. Moncada D , Keller K , Chadee K . Entamoeba histolytica secreted products degrade colonic mucin oligosaccharides. Infect Immun2005;73:3790–3793. Reed SL , Ember JA , Herdman DS , DiScipio RG , Hugli TE , Gigli I . The extracellular neutral cysteine proteinase of Entamoebahistolytica degrades anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a. J Immunol 1995;155:266–274. Que X , Kim SH , Sajid M A surface amebic cysteine proteinase inactivates interleukin-18. Infect Immun 2003;71:1274–1280. Meléndez-López SG , Herdman S , Hirata K Use of recombinant Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinase I to identify a potent inhibitor ofamebic invasion in a human colonic model. Eukaryot Cell 2007;6:1130–1136. He C , Nora GP , Schneider EL A novel Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinase, EhCP4, is key for invasive amebiasis and a therapeutictarget. J Biol Chem 2010;285:18516–18527. Bansal D , Ave P , Kerneis S An ex-vivo human intestinal model to study Entamoeba histolytica pathogenesis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis2009;3:e551. Shibayama-Hernández H , Pedroza-Gómez J , Rivero-Baños B , Shibayama M , Serrano-Luna J , Tsutsumi V . A simple stoolconcentration method for the detection and preservation of the vegetative forms of Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar . Arch MedRes 2000;31:S30–S31. Ritchie LS . An ether sedimentation technique for routine stool examinations. Bull U S Army Med Dep 1948;8:326. Mansoer TA , Laarman JJ . An effective concentration method for the detection of protozoal intestinal infections. Trop Geogr Med1959;11:361–375. Koontz F , Weinstock JV . The approach to stool examination for parasites. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1996;25:435–449. Fotedar R , Stark D , Beebe N , Marriott D , Ellis J , Harkness J . Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species. Clin MicrobiolRev 2007;20:511–532, table of contents. Tan ZN , Wong WK , Nik Zairi Z Identification of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in fresh stool sample: Comparison of three stainingtechniques and study on the viability period of the trophozoites. Trop Biomed 2010;27:79–88. Showler AJ , Boggild AK . Entamoeba histolytica. CMAJ 2013;185:1064. Haque R , Mollah NU , Ali IK Diagnosis of amebic liver abscess and intestinal infection with the TechLab Entamoeba histolytica II antigendetection and antibody tests. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:3235–3239. Singh A , Houpt E , Petri WA . Rapid diagnosis of intestinal parasitic protozoa, with a focus on Entamoeba histolytica . Interdiscip PerspectInfect Dis 2009;2009:547090. Moon JH , Cho SH , Yu JR , Lee WJ , Cheun HI . PCR diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica cysts in stool samples. Korean J Parasitol2011;49:281–284. Roy S , Kabir M , Mondal D , Ali IK , Petri WA, Jr. , Haque R . Real-time-PCR assay for diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica infection. J ClinMicrobiol 2005;43:2168–2172. Gomes Tdos S , García MC , de Souza Cunha F , Werneck de Macedo H , Peralta JM , Peralta RH . Differential diagnosis of Entamoebaspp. in clinical stool samples using SYBR green real-time polymerase chain reaction. Sci World J 2014;2014:645084. Fang D , Shu D . Entamoeba histolytica liver abscess. CMAJ 2010;182:1758. Wiwanitkit V . Amebic liver abscess. Indian J Surg 2011;73:85. Garvin KW , Willig JH . Amebic liver abscess. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010;83:961. Haque R , Kabir M , Noor Z Diagnosis of amebic liver abscess and amebic colitis by detection of Entamoeba histolytica DNA in blood,urine, and saliva by a real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48:2798–2801. Gómez JC , Cortés JA , Cuervo SI , López MC . Amibiasis intestinal. Infection 2007;11:36–45. Stanley SL, Jr. , Jackson TF , Foster L , Singh S . Longitudinal study of the antibody response to recombinant Entamoeba histolyticaantigens in patients with amebic liver abscess. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998;58:414–416. Othman N , Mohamed Z , Verweij JJ Application of real-time polymerase chain reaction in detection of Entamoeba histolytica in pusaspirates of liver abscess patients. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010;7:637–641. Blessmann J , Tannich E . Treatment of asymptomatic intestinal Entamoeba histolytica infection. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1384. Athié-Gutiérrez C , Rodea-Rosas H , Guízar-Bermúdez C , Alcántara A , Montalvo-Javé EE . Evolution of surgical treatment of amebiasis-associated colon perforation. J Gastrointest Surg 2010;14:82–87. Lubbert C , Wiegand J , Karlas T . Therapy of liver abscesses. Viszeralmedizin 2014;30:334–341. Araujo J , García ME , Díaz-Suárez O , Urdaneta H . Amebiasis: Importance of the diagnosis and treatment. Minireview . Invest Clin2008;49:265–271. Blessmann J , Van Linh P , Nu PA Epidemiology of amebiasis in a region of high incidence of amebic liver abscess in central Vietnam. AmJ Trop Med Hyg 2002;66:578–583. Marie C , Petri WA, Jr. Amoebic dysentery. BMJ Clin Evid 2013;2013:pii: 0918. Ansari MF , Siddiqui SM , Agarwal SM , Vikramdeo KS , Mondal N , Azam A . Metronidazole hydrazone conjugates: Design, synthesis,antiamoebic and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015;25:3545–3549. Kikuchi T , Koga M , Shimizu S , Miura T , Maruyama H , Kimura M . Efficacy and safety of paromomycin for treating amebiasis in Japan.Parasitol Int 2013;62:497–501.

Leitsch D , Kolarich D , Wilson IB , Altmann F , Duchene M . Nitroimidazole action in Entamoeba histolytica: A central role for thioredoxinreductase. PLoS Biol 2007;5:e211. Gonzáles ML , Dans LF , Martínez EG . Antiamoebic drugs for treating amoebic colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;2:CD006085. Blessmann J , Le Van A , Tannich E . Epidemiology and treatment of amebiasis in Hue, Vietnam. Arch Med Res 2006;37:270–272. Adagu IS , Nolder D , Warhurst DC , Rossignol JF . In vitro activity of nitazoxanide and related compounds against isolates of Giardiaintestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis . J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;49:103–111. Rossignol JF , Ayoub A , Ayers MS . Treatment of diarrhea caused by Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica or E. dispar: Arandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide. J Infect Dis 2001;184:381–384. Tamez A , Guillen N , Castorena G . Absceso hepático amibiano multiple. Revista de la Asociación Mexicana de Medicina2009;3:165–172. Pehrson P , Bengtsson E . Treatment of non-invasive amoebiasis. A comparison between tinidazole alone and in combination withdiloxanide furoate. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1983;77:845–846. Mudry MD , Carballo M , Labal de Vinuesa M , Gonzalez Cid M , Larripa I . Mutagenic bioassay of certain pharmacological drugs: III.Metronidazole (MTZ). Mutat Res 1994;305:127–132. Agarwal A , Kanekar S , Sabat S , Thamburaj K . Metronidazole-induced cerebellar toxicity. Neurol Int 2016;8:6365. Sharma P , Sharma JD . A review of plant species assessed in vitro for antiamoebic activity or both antiamoebic and antiplasmodialproperties. Phytother Res 2001;15:1–17. Herrera-Martínez M , Hernández-Ramírez VI , Hernández-Carlos B , Chávez-Munguía B , Calderón-Oropeza MA , Talamás-Rohana P .Antiamoebic activity of Adenophyllum aurantium (L.) Strother and its effect on the actin cytoskeleton of Entamoeba histolytica . FrontPharmacol 2016;7:169. Reyes-López M , Villa-Trevino S , Arriaga-Alba M The amoebicidal aqueous extract from Castela texana possesses antigenotoxic andantimutagenic properties. Toxicol In Vitro 2005;19:91–97. Preet S , Bharati S , Shukla G , Koul A , Rishi P . Evaluation of amoebicidal potential of Paneth cell cryptdin-2 against Entamoebahistolytica . PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011;5:e1386. Ordaz-Pichardo C , León-Sicairos N , Hernández-Ramírez VI , Talamás-Rohana P , de la Garza M . Effect of bovine lactoferrin in atherapeutic hamster model of hepatic amoebiasis. Biochem Cell Biol 2012;90:425–434. León-Sicairos N , Martínez-Pardo L , Sánchez-Hernández B , de la Garza M , Carrero JC . Oral lactoferrin treatment resolves amoebicintracecal infection in C3H/HeJ mice. Biochem Cell Biol 2012;90:435–441. Fernex M . Prevention of tropical diseases due to protozoa (Malaria, Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis, Amebiasis and Lambliasis). TherUmsch 1979;36:205–210. Davis A , Pawlowski ZS . Amoebiasis and its control. Bull World Health Organ 1985;63:417–426. McMillan A , Gilmour HM , McNeillage G , Scott GR . Amoebiasis in homosexual men. Gut 1984;25:356–360. Whittaker S , Jackson TF , Gathiram V , Regensberg LD . Control of an amoebiasis outbreak in the Philippi area near Cape Town. S AfrMed J 1994;84:389–393. Romia SA , Makhlouf LM , al-Shazly AM , el-Malky SA , Hegazi MM . The immune response in amoebiasis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol1988;18:335–339. Singh RS , Walia AK , Kanwar JR , Kennedy JF . Amoebiasis vaccine development: A snapshot on E. histolytica with emphasis onperspectives of Gal/GalNAc lectin. Int J Biol Macromol 2016;91:258–268. Stanley SL, Jr . Vaccines for amoebiasis: Barriers and opportunities. Parasitology 2006;133 Suppl:S81–S86. Lotter H , Tannich E . The galactose-inhibitable surface lectin of Entamoeba histolytica, a possible candidate for a subunit vaccine toprevent amoebiasis. Behring Inst Mitt 1997;112–116.

Giardia World Health Organization (WHO). The World Health Report—1996 . Fighting Disease Fostering Development. WHO: Geneva,Switzerland, 1996. Fletcher SM , Stark D , Harkness J Enteric protozoa in the developed world: A public health perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev2012;25:420–449. Robertson LJ , Hanevik K , Escobedo AA Giardiasis—Why do the symptoms sometimes never stop? Trends Parasitol 2010;26:75–82. Thompson RC , Monis P . Giardia—from genome to proteome. Adv Parasitol 2012;78:57–95. Cacciò SM , Lalle M . Giardia. In: Biology of Foodborne Parasites, ed. L. Xiao , U. Ryan , and Y. Feng . 2015;175–194. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press. Filice FP . Studies on the cytology and life history of Giardia from the laboratory rat. Univ Calif Publ Zool 1952;57:53–146. Mayrhofer G , Andrews RH , Ey PL Division of Giardia isolates from humans into two genetically distinct assemblages by electrophoreticanalysis of enzymes encoded at 27 loci and comparison with Giardia muris . Parasitology 1995;111:11–17. Monis PT , Andrews RH , Mayrhofer G Novel lineages of Giardia intestinalis identified by genetic analysis of organisms isolated from dogsin Australia. Parasitology 1998;116:7–19. Monis PT , Cacciò SM , Thompson RC . Variation in Giardia: Towards a taxonomic revision of the genus. Trends Parasitol2009;25:93–100. Heyworth MF . Giardia duodenalis genetic assemblages and hosts. Parasite 2016;23:13. Lasek-Nesselquist E , Welch DM , Sogin ML . The identification of a new Giardia duodenalis assemblage in marine vertebrates and apreliminary analysis of G. duodenalis population biology in marine systems. Int J Parasitol 2010;40:1063–1074. Ryan U , Cacciò SM . Zoonotic potential of Giardia . Int J Parasitol 2013;43:943–956. Ankarklev J , Svärd SG , Lebbad M . Allelic sequence heterozygosity in single Giardia parasites. BMC Microbiol 2012;12:65. Almeida A , Pozio E , Cacciò SM . Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis cysts by new real-time PCR assays for detection of mixed infectionsin human samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010;76:1895–1901.

Sprong H , Cacciò SM , van der Giessen JW . Identification of zoonotic genotypes of Giardia duodenalis . PLoS Negl Trop Dis2009;3:e558. Gabín-García LB , Bartolomé C , Abal-Fabeiro JL Strong genetic structure revealed by multilocus patterns of variation in Giardiaduodenalis isolates of patients from Galicia (NW-Iberian Peninsula). Infect Genet Evol 2017;48:131–141. Marti M , Rego A , Li Y An ancestral secretory apparatus in the protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis . J Bio Chem2003;278:24837–24848. Adam RD . Biology of Giardia lamblia . Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14:447–475. Ankarklev J , Jerlström-Hultqvist J , Ringqvist E Behind the smile: Cell biology and disease mechanisms of Giardia species. Nat RevMicrobiol 2010;8:413–422. Palm D , Weiland M , McArthur AG Developmental changes in the adhesive disk during Giardia differentiation. Mol Biochem Parasitol2005;141:199–207. Carranza PG , Lujan HD . New insights regarding the biology of Giardia lamblia . Microb Infect 2010;12:71–80. Svärd SG , Haglom P , Palm JE . Giardia lamblia a model organism for eukaryotic cell differentiation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003;218:3. Argüello-García R , Bazán-Tejeda ML , Ortega-Pierres G . Encystation commitment in Giardia duodenalis: A long and winding road.Parasite 2009;16:247. Einarsson E , Ma'ayeh S , Svärd SV . An update on Giardia and giardiasis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016;34:47–52. Carmena D . Waterborne transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia: Detection, surveillance and implications for public health. In:Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, ed. A. Mendez-Vilas .2010;3–14. Badajoz: Formatex. Amorós I , Alonso JL , Cuesta G . Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts on salad products irrigated with contaminated water. J FoodProt 2010;73:1138–1140. Betancourt WQ , Rose JB . Drinking water treatment processes for removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia . Vet Parasitol2004;126:219–234. McCuin RM , Clancy JL . Modifications to United States Environmental Protection Agency methods 1622 and 1623 for detection ofCryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003;69:267–274. Adam EA , Yoder JS , Gould LH Giardiasis outbreaks in the United States, 1971–2011. Epidemiol Infect 2016;144:2790–2801. Efstratiou A , Ongerth JE , Karanis P . Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks—An update2011–2016. Water Res 2017;114:14–22. Rosado-García FM , Guerrero-Flórez M , Karanis G Water-borne protozoa parasites: The Latin American perspective. Int J Hyg EnvironHealth 2017;220:783–798. Guzman-Herrador B , Carlander A , Ethelberg S Waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic countries, 1998–2012 . Euro Surveill 2015;20:21160. Cook N , Nichols RA , Wilkinson N Development of a method for detection of Giardia duodenalis cysts on lettuce and for simultaneousanalysis of salad products for the presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73:7388–7391. Robertson LJ , Gjerde B . Development and use of a pepsin digestion method for analysis of shellfish for Cryptosporidium oocysts andGiardia cysts. J Food Prot 2008;71:959–966. Smith HV , Cacciò SM , Cook N Cryptosporidium and Giardia as foodborne zoonoses. Vet Parasitol 2007;149:29–40. Dixon B , Parrington L , Cook A Detection of Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia in ready-to-eat packaged leafy greens in Ontario,Canada. J Food Prot 2013;76:307–313. Shahnazi M , Jafari-Sabet M . Prevalence of parasitic contamination of raw vegetables in villages of Qazvin Province, Iran. FoodbornePathog Dis 2010;7:1025–1030. Beiromvand M , Mirrezaie E , Mirzavand S . Foodborne giardiasis: Is there any relationship between food handlers and transmission ofGiardia duodenalis? Infect Disord Drug Targets 2017;17:72–76. Colli CM , Mizutani AS , Martins VA Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal parasites in food handlers, southern Brazil. Int J EnvironHealth Res 2014;24:450–458. Dagnew M , Tiruneh M , Moges F Survey of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and intestinal parasites among food handlersworking at Gondar University, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2012;12:837. Figgatt M , Mergen K , Kimelstein D Giardiasis outbreak associated with asymptomatic food handlers in New York State, 2015. J Food Prot2017;12:837–841. Fletcher S , Caprarelli G , Merif J Epidemiology and geographical distribution of enteric protozoan infections in Sydney, Australia. J PublicHealth Res 2014;3:298. Painter JE , Gargano JW , Collier SA Giardiasis surveillance—United States, 2011–2012. MMWR 2015;64: 15–25. WHO/UNICEF . Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done? World Health Organization/The United Nations Children'sFund Report. Geneva, Switzerland, 2009. Choy SH , Al-Mekhlafi HM , Mahdy MA Prevalence and associated risk factors of Giardia infection among indigenous communities in ruralMalaysia. Sci Rep 2014;4:6909. Daniels ME , Smith WA , Schmidt WP Modeling Cryptosporidium and Giardia in ground and surface water sources in rural India:Associations with latrines, livestock, damaged wells, and rainfall patterns. Environ Sci Technol 2016;50:7498–7507. Berkman DS , Lescano AG , Gilman RH Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in latechildhood: A follow-up study. Lancet 2002;359:564–571. Halliez MC , Buret AG . Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections. World J Gastroenterol2013;19:8974–8985. Azcona-Gutiérrez JM , de Lucio A , Hernández-de-Mingo M Molecular diversity and frequency of the diarrheagenic enteric protozoanGiardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in a hospital setting in Northern Spain. PLoS One 2017;12:e0178575. Feng Y , Xiao L . Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011;24:110–140. Squire SA , Ryan U . Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: Current and future challenges. Parasit Vectors 2017;10:195. Thompson RC , Palmer CS , O'Handley R . The public health and clinical significance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in domestic animals.Vet J 2008;177:18–25. Ballweber LR , Xiao L , Bowman DD Giardiasis in dogs and cats: Update on epidemiology and public health significance. Trends Parasitol2010;26:180–189.

Fontanarrosa MF , Vezzani D , Basabe J An epidemiological study of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs from Southern Greater BuenosAires (Argentina): Age, gender, breed, mixed infections, and seasonal and spatial patterns. Vet Parasitol 2006;136:283–295. Huber F , Bomfim TC , Gomes RS . Comparison between natural infections by Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia sp. in dogs in two livingsituations in the West Zone of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Vet Parasitol 2005;130:69–72. Ferreira JI , Pena HF , Azevedo SS Occurrences of gastrointestinal parasites in fecal samples from domestic dogs in São Paulo, SP,Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016;25:435–440. López J , Abarca K , Paredes P Intestinal parasites in dogs and cats with gastrointestinal symptoms in Santiago, Chile. Rev Med Chil2006;134:193–200. Abubakar BA , Maikai BV , Ajogi I Prevalence of Giardia cysts in household dog faeces within Zaria Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria andits public health significance. J Vet Adv 2015;5:1053–1057. Zanzani SA , Gazzonis AL , Scarpa P Intestinal parasites of owned dogs and cats from metropolitan and micropolitan areas: Prevalence,zoonotic risks, and pet owner awareness in northern Italy. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:696508. Pallant L , Barutzki D , Schaper R The epidemiology of infections with Giardia species and genotypes in well cared for dogs and cats inGermany. Parasit Vectors 2015;8:2. Gil H , Cano L , de Lucio A Detection and molecular diversity of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in sheltered dogs and cats inthe province of Álava, Northern Spain. Infect Genet Evol 2017;50:62–69. Esch KJ , Petersen CA . Transmission and epidemiology of zoonotic protozoal diseases of companion animals. Clin Microbiol Rev2013;26:58–85. Traub RJ , Monis PT , Robertson I Epidemiological and molecular evidence supports the zoonotic transmission of Giardia among humansand dogs living in the same community. Parasitology 2004;128:253–262. Cooper MA , Sterling CR , Gilman RH Molecular analysis of household transmission of Giardia lamblia in a region of high endemicity inPeru. J Infect Dis 2010;202:1713–1721. Inpankaew T , Schär F , Odermatt P Low risk for transmission of zoonotic Giardia duodenalis from dogs to humans in rural Cambodia.Parasit Vectors 2014;7:412. de Lucio A , Bailo B , Aguilera M No molecular epidemiological evidence supporting household transmission of zoonotic Giardiaduodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. from pet dogs and cats in the province of Álava, Northern Spain. Acta Trop 2017;170:48–56. Geurden T , Vercruysse J , Claerebout E . Is Giardia a significant pathogen in production animals? Exp Parasitol 2010;124:98–106. Berrilli F , D'Alfonso R , Giangaspero A Giardia duodenalis genotypes and Cryptosporidium species in humans and domestic animals inCôte d'Ivoire: Occurrence and evidence for environmental contamination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012;106:191–195. Santín M , Cortés Vecino JA , Fayer R . A large scale molecular study of Giardia duodenalis in horses from Colombia. Vet Parasitol2013;196:31–36. Zhang W , Shen Y , Wang R Cryptosporidium cuniculus and Giardia duodenalis in rabbits: Genetic diversity and possible zoonotictransmission. PLoS One 2012;7:e31262. Aloisio F , Filippini G , Antenucci P Severe weight loss in lambs infected with Giardia duodenalis assemblage B. Vet Parasitol2006;142:154–158. Geurden T , Vandenhoute E , Pohle H The effect of a fenbendazole treatment on cyst excretion and weight gain in calves experimentallyinfected with Giardia duodenalis . Vet Parasitol 2010;169:18–23. Lebbad M , Mattsson JG , Christensson B From mouse to moose: Multilocus genotyping of Giardia isolates from various animal species.Vet Parasitol 2010;168:231–239. Cardona GA , de Lucio A , Bailo B Unexpected finding of feline-specific Giardia duodenalis assemblage F and Cryptosporidium felis inasymptomatic adult cattle in Northern Spain. Vet Parasitol 2015;209:258–263. Thompson J , Yang R , Power M Identification of zoonotic Giardia genotypes in marsupials in Australia. Exp Parasitol 2008;120:88–93. Lasek-Nesselquist E , Bogomolni AL , Gast RJ Molecular characterization of Giardia intestinalis haplotypes in marine animals: Variationand zoonotic potential. Dis Aquat Organ 2008;81:39–51. Mateo M , de Mingo MH , de Lucio A Occurrence and molecular genotyping of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in wildmesocarnivores in Spain. Vet Parasitol 2017;235:86–93. Reboredo-Fernández A , Ares-Mazás E , Cacciò SM Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in wild birds in Galicia (Northwest Spain).Parasitology 2015;142:917–925. Cano L , de Lucio A , Bailo B Identification and genotyping of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. isolates in aquatic birds in theSalburua wetlands, Álava, Northern Spain. Vet Parasitol 2016;221:144–148. Thompson RC . Parasite zoonoses and wildlife: One Health, spillover and human activity. Int J Parasitol 2013;43:1079–1088. Bartelt LA , Sartor RB . Advances in understanding Giardia: Determinants and mechanisms of chronic sequelae. F1000Prime Rep2015;7:62. Cotton JA , Bhargava A , Ferraz JG Giardia duodenalis cathepsin B proteases degrade intestinal epithelial interleukin-8 and attenuateinterleukin-8-induced neutrophil chemotaxis. Infect Immun 2014;82:2772–2787. Beatty JK , Akierman SV , Motta JP Giardia duodenalis induces dysbiosis of human intestinal microbiota biofilms. Int J Parasitol2017;47:311–326. Keselman A , Li E , Maloney J The microbiota contributes to CD8+ T cell activation and nutrient malabsorption following intestinal infectionwith Giardia . Infect Immun 2016;84:2853–2860. Manser M , Granlund M , Edwards H Detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in clinical laboratories in Europe—A comparative study.Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20:O65–71. McHardy IH , Wu M , Shimizu-Cohen R Detection of intestinal protozoa in the clinical laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52:712–720. Hiatt RA , Markell EK , Ng E . How many stool examinations are necessary to detect pathogenic intestinal protozoa? Am J Trop Med Hyg1995;53:36–39. Gotfred-Rasmussen H , Lund M , Enemark HL Comparison of sensitivity and specificity of 4 methods for detection of Giardia duodenalis infeces: Immunofluorescence and PCR are superior to microscopy of concentrated iodine-stained samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis2016;84:187–190. van Lieshout L , Roestenberg M . Clinical consequences of new diagnostic tools for intestinal parasites. Clin Microbiol Infect2015;21:520–528.

Garcia LS , Shum AC , Bruckner DA . Evaluation of a new monoclonal antibody combination reagent for direct fluorescence detection ofGiardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in human fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:3255–3257. Fedorko DP , Williams EC , Nelson NA Performance of three enzyme immunoassays and two direct fluorescence assays for detection ofGiardia lamblia in stool specimens preserved in ECOFIX. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:2781–2783. Johnston SP , Ballard MM , Beach MJ Evaluation of three commercial assays for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium organisms infecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:623–626. Weitzel T , Dittrich S , Möhl I Evaluation of seven commercial antigen detection tests for Giardia and Cryptosporidium in stool samples.Clin Microbiol Infect 2006;12:656–659. van den Bossche D , Cnops L , Verschueren J Comparison of four rapid diagnostic tests, ELISA, microscopy and PCR for the detection ofGiardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp. and Entamoeba histolytica in feces. J Microbiol Methods 2015;110:78–84. Garcia LS , Shimizu RY , Novak S Commercial assay for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in humanfecal specimens by rapid solid-phase qualitative immunochromatography. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:209–212. de Lucio A , Martínez-Ruiz R , Merino FJ Molecular genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolates from symptomatic individuals attending twomajor public hospitals in Madrid, Spain. PLoS One 2015;10:e0143981. Yazdani H , Sharafi SM , Yousefi H Diagnosis of Giardia duodenalis infection using dot blot in comparison with microscopy. Infect DisordDrug Targets 2016;16:178–181. Barbosa J , Costa de Oliveira S , Rodrigues AG Optimization of a flow cytometry protocol for detection and viability assessment of Giardialamblia . Travel Med Infect Dis 2008;6:234–239. El-Nahas HA , Salem DA , El-Henawy AA Giardia diagnostic methods in human fecal samples: A comparative study. Cytometry B ClinCytom 2013;84:44–49. Verweij JJ , Stensvold CR . Molecular testing for clinical diagnosis and epidemiological investigations of intestinal parasitic infections. ClinMicrobiol Rev 2014;27:371–418. Ryan U , Paparini A , Oskam C . New technologies for detection of enteric parasites. Trends Parasitol 2017;S1471–4922:30083–30091. Paulos S , Mateo M , de Lucio A Evaluation of five commercial methods for the extraction and purification of DNA from human faecalsamples for downstream molecular detection of the enteric protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Entamoebaspp. J Microbiol Methods 2016;127:68–73. Gardner TB , Hill DR . Treatment of giardiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14:114–128. Upcroft P , Upcroft JA . Drug targets and mechanisms of resistance in the anaerobic protozoa. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14:150–164. Loo CSN , Kei Lam NSK , Yu D Artemisinin and its derivatives in treating protozoan infections beyond malaria. Pharmacol Res2017;117:192–217. . Drugs for parasitic infections. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2004;46:1189. Escobedo AA , Lalle M , Hrastnike NI Combination therapy in the management of giardiasis: What laboratory and clinical studies tell us, sofar. Acta Trop 2016;162:196–205. Solaymani-Mohammadi S , Genkinger JM , Loffredo CA A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of albendazole compared with metronidazoleas treatments for infections with Giardia duodenalis . PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4:e682. Mørch K , Hanevik K , Robertson LJ Treatment-ladder and genetic characterisation of parasites in refractory giardiasis after an outbreak inNorway. J Infect 2008;56:268–273. Muñoz-Gutiérrez J , Aldasoro E , Requena A Refractory giardiasis in Spanish travellers. Travel Med Infect Dis 2013;11:126–129. Requena-Méndez A , Goñi P , Lóbez S A family cluster of giardiasis with variable treatment responses: Refractory giardiasis in a familyafter a trip to India. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20:O135–O138. Meltzer E , Lachish T , Schwartz E . Treatment of giardiasis after nonresponse to nitroimidazole. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20:1742–1744. Nabarro LEB , Lever RA , Armstrong M Increased incidence of nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis at the hospital for tropical diseases,London: 2008–2013. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015;21:791–796. Olson ME , Hannigan CJ , Gaviller PF The use of a Giardia vaccine as an immunotherapeutic agent in dogs. Can Vet J 2001;42:865–868. Chute CG , Smith RP , Baron JA . Risk factors for endemic giardiasis. Am J Public Health 1987;77:585–587. Hoque ME , Hope VT , Scragg R Nappy handling and risk of giardiasis. Lancet 2001;357:1017–1018. Stuart JM , Orr HJ , Warburton FG Risk factors for sporadic giardiasis: A case-control study in Southwestern England. Emerg Infect Dis2003;9:229–233. Sheth M , Obrah M . Diarrhea prevention through food safety education. Indian J Pediatr 2004;71:879–882. Skovgaard N . New trends in emerging pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol 2007;120:217–224. Duffy G , Lynch OA , Cagney C . Tracking emerging zoonotic pathogens from farm to fork. Meat Sci 2008;78:34–42. Chalmers RM , Davies AP . Clinical cryptosporidiosis. Exp Parasitol 2010;124:138–146. Robertson LJ . The potential for marine bivalve shellfish to act as transmission vehicles for outbreaks of protozoan infections in humans: Areview. Int J Food Microbiol 2007;120:201–216. Ghozzi K , Marangi M , Papini R First report of Tunisian coastal water contamination by protozoan parasites using mollusk bivalves asbiological indicators. Mar Pollut Bull 2017;117:197–202. Olson ME , Ceri H , Morck DW . Giardia vaccination. Parasit Today 2000;16:213–217. Baldursson S , Karanis P . Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks—An update 2004–2010.Water Res 2011;45:6603–6614.

Sarcocystis Dubey JP , Calero-Bernal R , Rosenthal BM , Speer CA , Fayer R . Sarcocystosis of Animals and Humans, 2nd edition, pp. 1–480. CRCPress, Boca Raton, FL, 2015. Gajadhar AA , Lalonde LF , Al-Adhami B , Singh BB , Lobanov V . Chapter 6—Foodborne apicomplexan protozoa: Coccidia. In:Foodborne Parasites in Food Supply Web—Occurrence and Control. Ed. A.A. Gajadhar , pp. 101–147. Wood Head, London, 2015.

Fayer R . Sarcocystis spp. in human infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004;17(4):894–902. Dubey JP , Speer CA , Fayer R . Sarcocystis of Animals and Man. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Senaud J . Contribution a l'etude des sarcosporidies et des toxoplasmes. Toxoplasma Protistologica 1967;3:169–232. Heydorn AO , Rommel M . Beitrage zum Lebenszyklus der Sarkosporidien. II. Hund und Katze als Ubertrager der Sarkosporidien desRinde. Berl Muench Tieraerztl Wochenschr 1972;85:121–123. Rommel M , Heydorn AO , Gruber F . Beitrage zum Lebenszyklus der Sarkosporidien. I. Die Sporozyste von S. tenella in den Fazes derKatz. Berl Muench Tieraerztl Wochenschr 1972;85:101–105. Odening K . The present state of species-systematics in Sarcocystis Lankester, 1882 (Protista, Sporozoa, Coccidia). Syst Parasitol1998;41:209–233. Dubey JP , Lindsay DS . Neosporosis, toxoplasmosis, and sarcocystosis in ruminants. Vet Clin Food Anim Prac 2006;22:645–671. Dubey JP . Sarcocystosis. In: Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, Parasitology. Ed. F.E.G., Cox , D. Wakelin , S.H.Gillespie , pp. 443–450. Hodder Arnold, London, 2005. Zuo YX , Zhang YH , Yie B . A new Sarcocystis species. Sarcocystis sinensis sp. nov from water buffalo, in Symposium of the FifthChinese National Protozoan Society, Chongqing, pp. 82–83, 1990. Elsheikha HM , Mansfield LS . Molecular typing of Sarcocystis neurona: Current status and future trends. Vet Parasitol 2007;149:43–55. Tenter AM . Current research on Sarcocystis species of domestic animals. Int J Parasitol 1995;25:1311–1330. Stojecki, KJ , Sroka J , Cencek J . Molecular diagnostics of Sarcocystis spp. infections. Polish J Vet Sci 2012;15:589–596. Gjerde B . The fox as definitive host for Sarcocystis sp. from skeletal muscle of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) with a proposal forSarcocystis tarandivulpes n. sp. as replacement name. Acta Vet Scand 1984;25:403–410. Gjerde B . The fox as a definitive host for Sarcocystis rangi from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Acta Vet Scand 1985;26:140–142. Dahlgren SS , Gjerde B . Genetic characterisation of six Sarcocystis species from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Norway basedon the small subunit rRNA gene. Vet Parasitol 2007;146:204–213. Dahlgren SS , Gjerde B . The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) are definitive hosts of Sarcocystis alces andSarcocystis hjorti from moose (Alces alces). Parasitology 2010;137:1547–1557. Gjerde B . Phylogenetic relationships among Sarcocystis species in cervids, cattle and sheep inferred from the mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit I gene. Int J Parasitol 2013;43:579–591. Colwell D , Mahrt JL . Development of Sarcocystis alceslatrans Dubey, 1980, in the small intestine of dogs. Am J Vet Res1983;44:1813–1818. Gjerde B , Dahlgren SS . Corvid birds (Corvidae) act as definitive hosts for Sarcocystis ovalis in moose (Alces alces). Parasitol Res2010;107:1445–1453. Gjerde B . Morphological and molecular characterization and phylogenetic placement of Sarcocystis capreolicanis and Sarcocystis silva n.sp. from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Norway . Parasitol Res 2012;110:1225–1237. Olias P , Gruber AD , Heydorn AO A novel Sarcocystis-associated encephalitis and myositis in racing pigeons. Avian Pathol2009;38:121–128. Prakas P , Butlauskas D . Protozoan parasites from genus Sarcocystis and their investigations in Lithuania. Ekologija 2012;58(1):45–58. Colmander V , Björnerot LJ . Sarcocystis parasite in Swedish rainbow trout. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/marine/Fish-Shellfish/aquaculture/diseases/Sarcocystis; 2013. Dubey JP , Lindsay DS , Saville WJA , Reed SM , Granstrom DE , Speer CA . A review of Sarcocystis neurona and equine protozoalmyeloencephalitis (EPM). Vet Parasitol 2001;95:89–131. Abubakar S , Boon-Teong T , Sing-Sin S Outbreak of human infection with Sarcocystis nesbitti, Malaysia, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis2013;19(12):1989–1991. Mandour AM . Sarcocystis nesbitti n. sp. from the rhesus monkey. J Protozool 1969;16(2):353–354. Yang ZQ , Wei CG , Zen JS A taxonomic re-appraisal of Sarcocystis nesbitti (Protozoa: Sarcocystidae) from the monkey Macacafascicularis in Yunnan, PR China. Parasitol Int 2005;54(1):75–81. Jakel T , Khoprasert Y , Sorger I . Sarcosporidiasis in rodents from Thailand. J Wildl Dis 1997;33(4):860–867. Hu JJ , Meng Y , Guo YM , Liao JY , Song JL . Completion of the life cycle of Sarcocystis zuoi, a parasite from the Norway rat, Rattusnorvegicus . J Parasitol 2012;98(3):550–553. Dubey JP . A review of Sarcocystis of domestic animals and of other coccidian of cats and dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc1976;169(10):1061–1078. Heydorn AO . Sarkosporidien enfiziertes Fleisch als mogliche Krankheitsurache fur den Menschen. Arch Lebensmittelhyg 1977;28:27–31. Poulsen CS , Stensvold CR . Current status of epidemiology and diagnosis of human sarcocystosis. J Clin Microbiol2014;52(10):3524–3530. Fayer R , Esposito HD , Dubey JP . Human infections with Sarcocystis species. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015;28(2):295–311. Moré AG . Abrahamovicha P , Juradoc S Prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. in Argentinean cattle. Vet Parasitol 2011;177:162–165. Vangeel L , Houf K , Chiers K , Vercruysse J , D'herde K , Ducatelle R . Molecular-based identification of Sarcocystis hominis in Belgianminced beef. J Food Protec 2007;70(6):1523–1526. Domenis L , Peletto S , Sacchi L Detection of a morphogenetically novel Sarcocystis hominis-like in the context of a prevalence study insemi-intensively bred cattle in Italy. Parasitol Res 2011;109(6):1677–1687. Pandit BA , Bhatia BB , Banerjee PS . Comparative morphology of sarcocysts of three species of Sarcocystis in cattle from Tarai region ofUttar Pradesh. J Vet Parasitol 1994;8:59–63. Saito M , Shibata Y , Ohno A , Kubo M , Shimura K , Itagaki H . Sarcocystis suihominis detected for the first time from pigs in Japan. J VetMed Sci 1998;60(3):307–309. Li JH , Lin Z , Qin YX , Du J . Sarcocystis suihominis infection in human and pig population in Guangxi. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue YuJi Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2004;22(2):82. Devi PP , Sarmah PC , Saleque A . Sarcocystis spp. infection in carcasses of domestic pigs in Guwahati in Assam. J Vet Parasitol1998;12(1):56–57. Solanki PK , Srivastava HOP , Shah HL . Prevalence of Sarcocystis in naturally infected pigs in Madhya Pradesh with an epidemiologicalexplanation for the higher prevalence of Sarcocystis suihominis . Ind J Anim Sci 1991;67(8):820–821.

Avapal RS . Prevalence and immunodiagnosis of Sarcocystis spp. of public health significance in swine. M.V.Sc Thesis, PunjabAgricultural University, Ludhiana, India, 2001. Singh BB , Sharma R , Sharma JK , Juyal PD . Parasitc zoonoses in India: An overview. Rev Sci Tech OIE 2010;29(3):629–637. Saleque A , Bhatia BB . Prevalence of Sarcocystis in domestic pigs in India. Vet Parasitol 1991;40(1–2):151–153. Dubey JP , Speer CA , Charleston WA . Ultrastructural differentiation between sarcocysts of Sarcocystis hirsuta and Sarcocystis hominis .Vet Parasitol 1989b;34:153–157. Kaur M , Singh BB , Sharma R , Gill JPS . Pervasive environmental contamination with human feces results in high prevalence of zoonoticSarcocystis infection in pigs in the Punjab (India). J Parasitol 2016;102(2):229–232. Zhou Z , Li W , Lian Z , Xu C . The prevalence of S. suihominis in the natives of Yunnan province, China. Chinese Sci Bull1990;36(11):965–967. Yu S . Field survey of sarcocystis infection in the Tibet autonomous region. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 1991;13(1):29–32. Bunyaratvej S , Bunyawongwiroj P , Nitiyanant P . Human intestinal sarcosporidiosis: Report of six cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg1982;31:36–41. Nichpanit S , Ai WN , Thitima W , Choosak N . First large scale of human Sarcocystis hominis in Thailand. Trends Res Sci Tech2010;2(1):1–5. Wilairatana P , Radomyos P , Radomyos B Intestinal sarcocystosis in Thai laborers. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Pub Hlth 1996;27:43–46. Straka S , Skraciková J , Konvit I , Szilágyiová M , Michal L . Sarcocystis species in Vietnamese workers. Cesk Epidemiol MikrobiolImmunol 1991;40(4–5):204–208. Pena HF , Ogassawara S , Sinhorini, IL . Occurrence of cattle Sarcocystis species in raw kibbe from Arabian food establishments in thecity of São Paulo, Brazil, and experimental transmission to humans. J Parasitol 2001;87(6):1459–1465. Arness MK , Brown JD , Dubey JP , Neafie RC , Granstrom DE . An outbreak of acute eosinophilic myositis due to human Sarcocystisparasitism. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;1:548–553. Esposito DH , Stich A , Epelboin L Acute muscular sarcocystosis: An international investigation among ill travelers returning from TiomanIsland, Malaysia, 2011–2012. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59(10):1401–1410. Fayer R . Effects of refrigeration, cooking and freezing on Sarcocystis in beef from retail food stores. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash1975;42:138. Markus MB . Sarcocystis and sarcocystosis in domestic animals and man. In: Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine.Ed. C.A. Brandly , and S.E. Cornelius , pp. 159–193. Academic Press: New York, NY, 1978. Banerjee PS , Bhatia BB , Pandit BA . Sarcocystis suihominis infection in human beings in India. J Vet Parasitol 1994;8(1):57–58. Savini G , Robertson ID , Dunsmore JD . Viability of the sporocysts of Sarcocystis cruzi after exposure to different temperatures andrelative humidities. Vet Parasitol 1996;67:153–160. Dubey JP , Saville WJ , Sreekumar C Effects of high temperature and disinfectants on the viability of Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts. JParasitol 2002;88(6):1252–1254. Meshkov S . Sarcosporidia and sarcosporidiosis in agricultural animals II. Sarcosporidiosis in cattle. Veterinarno-meditsinski Nauki1975,12:55–61. Burger HJ , Wilkens S . The infection risk of sarcosporidia in irrigating sewage (sludge). In: Epidemiological Studies of Risks Associatedwith the Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge: Knowledge and Needs. Ed. J.C. Block , A.H. Havelaar , and P.L. Hermite , pp. 94–97.Elsevier Sciences, London, 1986. Lukesova D , Nevole M , Haidona B . The extent of the incidence of sarcocystosis in cattle and pig farms. Vet Med (Praha)1986;31:521–530. Savini G , Dunsmore JD , Robertson ID , Seneviratna P . The epidemiology of Sarcocystis spp. in cattle of Western Australia. EpidemInfect 1992;108:107–113. Jain PC , Shah HL . Prevalence and seasonal variations of Sarcocystis of cattle in Madhya Pradesh. Indian J Anim Sci 1985;55:29–31. Jensen R , Alexander AF , Dahlgren RR Eosinophilic myositis and muscular sarcocystosis in the carcasses of slaughtered cattle andlambs. Am J Vet Res 1986;47:587–593. Gajadhar AA , Yates WD , Allen JR . Association of eosinophilic myositis with an unusual species of Sarcocystis in a beef cow. Can J VetRes 1987;51:373–378. Wouda W , Snoep JJ , Dubey JP . Eosinophilic myositis due to Sarcocystis hominis in a beef cow. J Comp Pathol 2006;135:249–253. Johnson AJ , Fayer R , Hildebrandt PK . The pathology of experimental sarcosporidiosis in the bovine. Lab Invest 1974;30:377–378. Johnson AJ , Hildebrandt PK , Fayer R . Experimentally induced Sarcocystis infection in calves: Pathology. Am J Vet Res 1975;3:995–999. Leek RG , Fayer R , Johnson AJ . Sheep experimentally infected with Sarcocystis from dogs. Disease in young lambs. J Parasitol1977;63:642–650. Proctor SJ , Barnett D , Stalheim OHV , Fayer R . Pathology of Sarcocystis fusiformis in cattle, in Proceedings of the 19th AnnualConference of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 329–336, 1976. Caspari K , Grimm F , Kühn N , Caspari NC , Basso W . First report of naturally acquired clinical sarcocystosis in a pig breeding stock. VetParasitol 2011;177(1–2):175–178. Kia EB , Mirhendi H , Rezaeian M , Zahabiun F , Sharbatkhori M . First molecular identification of Sarcocystis miescheriana (Protozoa,Apicomplexa) from wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Iran. Exp Parasitol 2011;127:724–726. Aryeetey ME , Piekarski G . Serologische Sarcocystis-studien an Menschen und Ratten. Z. Parasitenkd 1976;50:109–124. Chen X , Zuo Y , Zuo W . Observation on the clinical symptoms and sporocysts excretion in human volunteers experimentally infected withSarcocystis hominis . Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 1999;17:25–27. Rommel M , Heydorn AO . Beitrage zum Lebenszyklus der Sarkosporidien. III. Isospora hominis (Railiet und Lucet, 1891) Wenyon, 1923,eine Dauerform des Sarkosporidien des Rindes und des Schweins’. Berl Muench Tieraerztl Wochenschr 1972;85:143–145. Kimmig P , Piekarski G , Heydorn AO . Zu Sarkosporidiose (Sarcocystis suihominis) des Menschen. Immunology Infekt 1979;7:170–177. Zuo YX , Chen FQ , Li WY . Two patients with Sarcocystis infection. In Malaria and other protozoal infections . In: Proceedings of theChinese Society of Protozoologists. Ed. J.B. Jiang , K. Arnols , and K.P. Chang . Zhongshan University, Guongzhou, China, pp. 52–53,1982. McLeod R , Hirabayashi RN , Rothman W , Remington JR . Necrotizing vasculitis and Sarcocystis: A cause and effect relationship? SouthMedical J 1980;73:1380–1383.

Mehrotra R , Bisht D , Singh PA , Gupta SC , Gupta RK . Diagnosis of human Sarcocystis infection from biopsies of the skeletal muscle.Pathology 1996;28:281–282. Van den Enden E , Praet M , Joos R , Van Gompel A , Gigasse P . Eosinophilic myositis resulting from sarcocystosis. J Trop Med Hyg1995;98:273–276. Lindsay DS , Blaugburn BL , Braund KG . Sarcocystis spp. and sarcocystosis. BAM 1995;5(3):249–254. Jacob L , Jack RS , Marjorie ML . The resistance of the encysted form of Toxoplasma gondii . J Parasitol 1960;8:11–21. Luna LG . Manual of Histological Staining Methods. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. 3rd edition, pp. 34–157. McGraw-Hill, New York,NY, 1968. Mehlhorn H , Hartley WJ , Heydorn AO . A comparative ultrastructure study of cyst wall of 13 Sarcocystis species. Prostologica1976;12:451–467. Rosenthal BM . Chapter 52 Sarcocystosis. In: Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogens. Ed. D. Liu , pp. 731–740. CRC Press, BocaRaton, FL, 2010. Lalonde LF , Gajadhar A . Detection and differentiation of coccidian oocysts by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis. J Parasitol2011;97(4):725–730. Tappe D , Ernestus K , Rauthe S Initial patient cluster and first positive biopsy findings in an outbreak of acute muscular Sarcocystis-likeinfection in travelers returning from Tioman island, Peninsular Malaysia, in 2011. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:725–726. Saleque A , Juyal PD , Bhatia BB . Effect of temperature on the infectivity of Sarcocystis meischeriana cysts in pork. Vet Parasitol1990;36:343–346. Leek RG , Fayer R . Infectivity of Sarcocystis in beef and beef products from a retail food store. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash1978;45:135–136.

Toxoplasma Mead PS , Slutsker L , Dietz V Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:607. Bryan FL . Diseases Transmitted by Foods: (A Classification and Summary). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1982. Sousa CPd . The impact of food manufacturing practices on food borne diseases. Braz Arch Biol Technol 2008;51:615–623. Painter JA , Hoekstra RM , Ayers T Attribution of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths to food commodities by using outbreakdata, United States, 1998–2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:407. Tenter AM . Toxoplasma gondii in animals used for human consumption. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009;104:364–369. Cenci-Goga BT , Rossitto PV , Sechi P , McCrindle CM , Cullor JS . Toxoplasma in animals, food, and humans: An old parasite of newconcern. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011;8:751–762. Splendore A . Un nuovo protozoa parassita de'conigli. incontrato nelle lesioni anatomiche d'une malattia che ricorda in molti punti il Kala-azar dell'uomo. Nota preliminare pel. Rev Soc Sci Sao Paulo 1908;3:109–112. Nicolle C , Manceaux L . Sur une infection à corps de Leishman (ou organismes voisins) du gondi. CR Acad Sci 1908;147:763–766. Dubey J . The history of Toxoplasma gondii—The first 100 years. J Eukar Microbiol 2008;55:467–475. Wolf A , Cowen D , Paige B . Human toxoplasmosis: Occurrence in infants as an encephalomyelitis verification by transmission to animals.Science (Washington) 1939;89(2306):226–227. Dubey J , Beattie C . Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Man. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1988. Innes E . A brief history and overview of Toxoplasma gondii . Zoonoses Public Health 2010;57:1–7. Saadatnia G , Golkar M . A review on human toxoplasmosis. Scand J Infect Dis 2012;44:805–814. Dubey J , Lindsay D , Speer C . Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and developmentof tissue cysts. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998;11:267–299. Miller NL , Frenkel J , Dubey J . Oral infections with Toxoplasma cysts and oocysts in felines, other mammals, and in birds. J Parasitol1972;58(5):928–937. Machala L , Kodym P , Malý M , Geleneky M , Beran O , Jilich D . Toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients. Epidemiologie,Mikrobiologie, Imunologie 2015;64:59–65. Beverley J . Congenital transmission of toxoplasmosis through successive generations of mice. Nature 1959;183:1348–1349. Singh S . Congenital toxoplasmosis: Clinical features, outcomes, treatment, and prevention. Trop Parasitol 2016;6:113. Botterel F , Ichai P , Feray C Disseminated toxoplasmosis, resulting from infection of allograft, after orthotopic liver transplantation:Usefulness of quantitative PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:1648–1650. Martina MN , Cervera C , Esforzado N Toxoplasma gondii primary infection in renal transplant recipients. Two case reports and literaturereview. Transpl Int 2011;24:e6–e12. Dodd R . Transmission of parasites by blood transfusion. Vox Sanguinis 1998;74:161–163. Foroutan-Rad M , Majidiani H , Dalvand S Toxoplasmosis in blood donors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transf Med Rev2016;30:116–122. Weinman D , Chandler AH . Toxoplasmosis in swine and rodents. Reciprocal oral infection and potential human hazard. Proc Soc Exp BiolMed 1954;87:211–216. Jacobs L , Remington JS , Melton ML . A survey of meat samples from swine, cattle, and sheep for the presence of encysted Toxoplasma. J Parasitol 1960;46:23–28. Bahia-Oliveira LMG , Jones JL , Azevedo-Silva J , Alves CC , Oréfice F , Addiss DG . Highly endemic, waterborne toxoplasmosis in North.Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:55. Uttah E , Ogban E , Okonofua C . Toxoplasmosis: A global infection, so widespread, so neglected. Int J Sci Res Publ 2013;3:1–6. Riemann H , Meyer M , Theis J , Kelso G , Behymer D . Toxoplasmosis in an infant fed unpasteurized goat milk. J Pediatr1975;87:573–576. Sacks JJ , Roberto RR , Brooks NF . Toxoplasmosis infection associated with raw goat's milk. J Am Med Ass 1982;248:1728–1732 .

NCBI Taxonomy Database . 2017. (Accessed May 2017, athttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=5811&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock.) Gould SB , Tham W-H , Cowman AF , McFadden GI , Waller RF . Alveolins, a new family of cortical proteins that define the protistInfrakingdom Alveolata. Mol Biol Evol 2008;25:1219–1230. Levine ND . The Protozoan Phylum Apicomplexa. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1988. Morisaki JH , Heuser JE , Sibley LD . Invasion of Toxoplasma gondii occurs by active penetration of the host cell. J Cell Sci1995;108:2457–2464. Gubbels M-J , Duraisingh MT . Evolution of apicomplexan secretory organelles. Int J Parasitol 2012;42:1071–1081. Dacks JB , Walker G , Field MC . Implications of the new eukaryotic systematics for parasitologists. Parasitol Int 2008;57:97–104. Ferguson DJP , Dubremetz JF . The Ultrastructure of Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasma gondii. London: Academic Press; 2007:19–48. Fernandes Rodrigues JC , Souza WD . Ultrastructural alterations in organelles of parasitic protozoa induced by different classes ofmetabolic inhibitors. Curr Pharmaceut Design 2008;14:925–938. Schreiner M , Liesenfeld O . Small intestinal inflammation following oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii does not occur exclusively inC57BL/6 mice: Review of 70 reports from the literature. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009;104:221–233. Dubremetz JF , Ferguson DJ . The role played by electron microscopy in advancing our understanding of Toxoplasma gondii and otherapicomplexans. Int J Parasitol 2009;39:883–893. Paredes-Santos TC , de Souza W , Attias M . Dynamics and 3D organization of secretory organelles of Toxoplasma gondii . J Struct Biol2012;177:420–430. Carruthers VB , Sibley L . Sequential protein secretion from three distinct organelles of Toxoplasma gondii accompanies invasion ofhuman fibroblasts. Eur J Cell Biol 1997;73:114–123. Lemgruber L , Lupetti P , De Souza W , Vommaro RC . New details on the fine structure of the rhoptry of Toxoplasma gondii . MicroscopyRes Tech 2011;74:812–818. Melo E , Attias M , De Souza W . The single mitochondrion of tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii . J Struct Biol 2000;130:27–33. Seeber F , Ferguson DJ , Gross U . Toxoplasma gondii: A paraformaldehyde-insensitive diaphorase activity acts as a specifichistochemical marker for the single mitochondrion. Exp Parasitol 1998;89:137–139. Ovciarikova J , Lemgruber L , Stilger KL , Sullivan WJ , Sheiner L . Mitochondrial behaviour throughout the lytic cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. Sci Rep 2017;7:42746. McFadden GI , Yeh E . The apicoplast: Now you see it, now you don't. Int J Parasitol 2017;47:137–144. McFadden GI , Reith ME , Munhalland J , Lan-Unnasch N . Plastid in human parasites. Nature 1996;381:482. Fichera ME , Roos DS . A plastid organelle as a drug target in apicomplexan parasites. Nature 1997;390:407. Dubey J . History of the discovery of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii . Int J Parasitol 2009;39:877–882. Hutchison W . Experimental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii . Nature 1965;206:961–962. Frenkel J , Dubey J , Miller NL . Toxoplasma gondii: Fecal forms separated from eggs of the nematode Toxocara cati . Science1969;164:432–433. Frenkel J , Dubey J , Miller N . Toxoplasma gondii in cats: Fecal stages identified as coccidian oocysts. Science 1970;167:893–896. Ferguson D , Hutchison W , Dunachie J , Siim JC . Ultrastructural study of early stages of asexual multiplication and microgametogony ofToxoplasma gondii in the small intestine of the cat. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Section B Microbiol Immunol1974;82:167–181. Dubey J . Advances in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii . Int J Parasitol 1998;28:1019–1024. Dubey J , Frenkel J . Cyst-induced toxoplasmosis in cats. J Eukar Microbiol 1972;19:155–177. Dubey J , Miller NL , Frenkel J . Characterization of the new fecal form of Toxoplasma gondii . J Parasitol 1970;56:447–456. Hill D , Dubey JP . Toxoplasma gondii: Transmission, diagnosis and prevention. Clin Microbiol Knfect 2002;8:634–640. Dubey J . Infectivity and pathogenicity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts for cats. J Parasitol 1996;82:957–961. Dubey J , Frenkel J . Feline toxoplasmosis from acutely infected mice and the development of Toxoplasma cysts. J Protozool1976;23:537–546. Black MW , Boothroyd JC . Lytic cycle of Toxoplasma gondii . Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2000;64:607–623. Zhou P , Chen Z , Li H-L Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans in China. Parasites Vectors 2011;4:165. Dhumne M , Sengupta C , Kadival G , Rathinaswamy A , Velumani A . National seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in India. J Parasitol2007;93:1520–1521. Caballero-Ortega H , Uribe-Salas FJ , Conde-Glez CJ Seroprevalence and national distribution of human toxoplasmosis in Mexico:Analysis of the 2000 and 2006 National Health Surveys. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012;106:653–659. Dubey J , Lago E , Gennari S , Su C , Jones J . Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil: High prevalence, high burden of disease,and epidemiology. Parasitology 2012;139:1375–1424. Wilking H , Thamm M , Stark K , Aebischer T , Seeber F . Prevalence, incidence estimations, and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondiiinfection in Germany: A representative, cross-sectional, serological study. Sci Rep 2016;6:22551. Joynson DH . Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in the UK. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1992;84:65–99. Fromont EG , Riche B , Rabilloud M . Toxoplasma seroprevalence in a rural population in France: Detection of a household effect. BMCInfect Dis 2009;9:76. Parasites—Toxoplasmosis: Epidemiology and Risk Factors . 2015. (Accessed May, 2017, athttps://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/epi.html.) Robert-Gangneux F , Dardé M-L . Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clinl Microbiol Rev 2012;25:264–296. Tenter AM , Heckeroth AR , Weiss LM . Toxoplasma gondii: From animals to humans. Int J Parasitol 2000;30:1217–1258. Furtado JM , Smith JR , Belfort R , Gattey D , Winthrop KL . Toxoplasmosis: A global threat. J Global Infect Dis 2011;3:281. Singh S , Munawwar A , Rao S , Mehta S , Hazarika NK . Serologic prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Indian women of child bearing ageand effects of social and environmental factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014;8:e2737 . Lykins J , Wang K , Wheeler K Understanding toxoplasmosis in the United States through “large data” analyses. Clin Infect Dis2016;63:468–475. Weiss LM , Dubey JP . Toxoplasmosis: A history of clinical observations. Int J Parasitol 2009;39:895–901.

Parasites—Toxoplasmosis: Immunocompromised Persons . 2013. (Accessed May, 2017, athttps://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/ic.html.) Gray F , Gherardi R , Wingate E Diffuse “encephalitic” cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS. J Neurol 1989;236:273–277. Renold C , Sugar A , Chave J-P Toxoplasma encephalitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Medicine1992;71:224–239. Ermak T , Peregudova A , Shakhgil'dian V , Goncharov D . Cerebral toxoplasmosis in the pattern of secondary CNS involvements in HIV-infected patients in the Russian federation: Clinical and diagnostic features. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 2013;1:3–7. Luft BJ , Brooks RG , Conley FK , McCabe RE , Remington JS . Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with acquired immune deficiencysyndrome. J Am Med Ass 1984;252:913–917. Navia BA , Petito CK , Gold JW , Cho ES , Jordan BD , Price RW . Cerebral toxoplasmosis complicating the acquired immune deficiencysyndrome: Clinical and neuropathological findings in 27 patients. Ann Neurol 1986;19:224–238. Contini C . Clinical and diagnostic management of toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised patient. Parassitologia 2008;50:45–50. de Oliveira GB , da Silva MAL , Wanderley LB Cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome in theneurological emergency department of a tertiary hospital. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2016;150:23–26. Bahia-Oliveira LM , Rangel AL , Boechat MS Immunological and immunogenetic parameters on the diversity of ocular toxoplasmosis:Evidence to support morphological criteria to classify retinal/retinochoroidal scar lesions in epidemiologic surveys. In: Djaković OD , ed.Toxoplasmosis-Recent Advances: InTech; 2012: 145–172. Butler NJ , Furtado JM , Winthrop KL , Smith JR . Ocular toxoplasmosis II: Clinical features, pathology and management. Clin ExpOphthalmol 2013;41:95–108. Bodaghi B , Touitou V , Fardeau C , Paris L , LeHoang P . Toxoplasmosis: New challenges for an old disease. Eye 2012;26:241. Ozgonul C , Besirli CG . Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthal Res 2017;57:1–12. Saffra NA , Seidman CJ , Weiss LM . Ocular toxoplasmosis: Controversies in primary and secondary prevention. J Neuroinfect Dis2013;4:pii: 235689. Wakefield D , Cunningham Jr. ET , Pavesio C , Garweg JG , Zierhut M . Controversies in ocular toxoplasmosis. Ocular Immunol Inflamm2011;19:2–9. Park Y-H , Nam H-W . Clinical features and treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Korean J Parasitol 2013;51:393–399. Eckert G , Melamed J , Menegaz B . Optic nerve changes in ocular toxoplasmosis. Eye 2007;21:746. Boyer KM , Holfels E , Roizen N Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in mothers of infants with congenital toxoplasmosis:Implications for prenatal management and screening. Am J Obstetr Gynecol 2005;192:564–571. Dunn D , Wallon M , Peyron F , Petersen E , Peckham C , Gilbert R . Mother-to-child transmission of toxoplasmosis: Risk estimates forclinical counselling. Lancet 1999;353:1829–1833. Goldstein EJ , Montoya JG , Remington JS . Management of Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis2008;47:554–566. Mets MB , Holfels E , Boyer KM Eye manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;123:1–16. Melamed J , Eckert G , Spadoni V , Lago E , Uberti F . Ocular manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis. Eye 2010;24:528. Soares JAS , Násser LS , Carvalho SFG , Caldeira AP . Achados oculares em crianças com toxoplasmose congênita. Arq Bras Oftalmol2011;74:255–257. Vutova K , Peicheva Z , Popova A , Markova V , Mincheva N , Todorov T . Congenital toxoplasmosis: Eye manifestations in infants andchildren. Ann Trop Paediatr 2002;22:213–218. Melamed J , Dornelles F , Eckert GU . Alterações tomográficas cerebrais em crianças com lesões oculares por toxoplasmose congênita. JPediatr (Rio J) 2001;77:475–480. Sáfadi MA , Berezin EN , Farhat CK , Carvalho ES . Clinical presentation and follow up of children with congenital toxoplasmosis in Brazil.Braz J Infect Dis 2003;7:325–331. Hutson SL , Wheeler KM , McLone D Patterns of hydrocephalus caused by congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection associate with parasitegenetics. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:1831–1834. Dubey J . Toxoplasma gondii. In: Baron S , ed. Medical Microbiology. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston;1996, PMID: 21413265. Lang C , Groß U , Lüder CG . Subversion of innate and adaptive immune responses by Toxoplasma gondii . Parasitol Res2007;100:191–203. Sibley LD . Invasion of vertebrate cells by Toxoplasma gondii . Trends Cell Biol 1995;5:129–132. Butcher BA , Denkers EY . Mechanism of entry determines the ability of Toxoplasma gondii to inhibit macrophage proinflammatorycytokine production. Infect Immun 2002;70:5216–5224. Carruthers VB . Host cell invasion by the opportunistic pathogen Toxoplasma gondii . Acta Trop 2002;81:111–122. de Souza W , Martins-Duarte ÉdS , Lemgruber L , Attias M , Vommaro RC . Organização estrutural do taquizoíto de Toxoplasma gondii .Sci Med 2010;20:131–143. Sibley LD , Andrews NW . Cell invasion by un-palatable parasites. Traffic 2000;1:100–106. Sibley LD , Weidner E , Krahenbuhl JL . Phagosome acidification blocked by intracellular Toxoplasma gondii . Nature 1985;315:416–419. Gopal R , Birdsell D , Monroy F . Regulation of chemokine responses in intestinal epithelial cells by stress and Toxoplasma gondiiinfection. Parasite Immunol 2011;33:12–24. Da Gama LM , Ribeiro-Gomes FL , Guimarães U , Arnholdt ACV . Reduction in adhesiveness to extracellular matrix components,modulation of adhesion molecules and in vivo migration of murine macrophages infected with Toxoplasma gondii . Microbes Infect2004;6:1287–1296. Lambert H , Barragan A . Modelling parasite dissemination: Host cell subversion and immune evasion by Toxoplasma gondii . CellMicrobiol 2010;12:292–300. Lambert H , Hitziger N , Dellacasa I , Svensson M , Barragan A . Induction of dendritic cell migration upon Toxoplasma gondii infectionpotentiates parasite dissemination. Cell Microbiol 2006;8:1611–1623 . Bliss SK , Gavrilescu LC , Alcaraz A , Denkers EY . Neutrophil depletion during Toxoplasma gondii infection leads to impaired immunityand lethal systemic pathology. Infect Immun 2001;69:4898–4905.

Gazzinelli RT , Hieny S , Wynn TA , Wolf S , Sher A . Interleukin 12 is required for the T-lymphocyte-independent induction of interferongamma by an intracellular parasite and induces resistance in T-cell-deficient hosts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:6115–6119. Pfefferkorn E . Interferon gamma blocks the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in human fibroblasts by inducing the host cells to degradetryptophan. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984;81:908–912. Suzuki Y , Orellana MA , Schreiber RD , Remington JS . Interferon-gamma: The major mediator of resistance against Toxoplasma gondii .Science 1988;240:516. Sa Q , Ochiai E , Tiwari A Cutting edge: IFN-γ Produced by brain-resident cells is crucial to control cerebral infection with Toxoplasmagondii . J Immunol 2015;195:796–800. Denkers EY , Gazzinelli RT . Regulation and function of T-cell-mediated immunity during Toxoplasma gondii infection. Clin Microbiol Rev1998;11:569–588. Denkers E , Sher A , Gazzinelli RT . CD8+ T-cell interactions with Toxoplasma gondii: Implications for processing of antigen for class-I-restricted recognition. Res Immunol 1993;144:51–57. Mordue DG , Sibley LD . Intracellular fate of vacuoles containing Toxoplasma gondii is determined at the time of formation and depends onthe mechanism of entry. J Immunol 1997;159:4452–4459. Buxton D . Experimental infection of athymic mice with Toxoplasma gondii . J Med Microbiol 1980;13:307–311. Bermudez L , Covaro G , Remington J . Infection of murine macrophages with Toxoplasma gondii is associated with release oftransforming growth factor beta and downregulation of expression of tumor necrosis factor receptors. Infect Immun 1993;61:4126–4130. Tsunawaki S , Sporn M , Ding A , Nathan C . Deactivation of macrophages by transforming growth factor-beta. Nature 1988;334:260–262. Seabra SH , de Souza W , DaMatta RA . Toxoplasma gondii exposes phosphatidylserine inducing a TGF-β 1 autocrine effect orchestratingmacrophage evasion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;324:744–752. Seabra SH , de Souza W , DaMatta RA . Toxoplasma gondii partially inhibits nitric oxide production of activated murine macrophages. ExpParasitol 2002;100:62–70. Habib S , Ali A . Biochemistry of nitric oxide. Indian J Clin Biochem 2011;26:3–17. Bohne W , Heesemann J , Gross U . Reduced replication of Toxoplasma gondii is necessary for induction of bradyzoite-specific antigens:A possible role for nitric oxide in triggering stage conversion. Infect Immun 1994;62:1761–1767. da Cruz Padrão J , de Abreu Cabral GR , da Silva MdFS , Seabra SH , DaMatta RA . Toxoplasma gondii infection of activated J774-A1macrophages causes inducible nitric oxide synthase degradation by the proteasome pathway. Parasitol Int 2014;63:659–663. Hutchins AP , Diez D , Miranda-Saavedra D . The IL-10/STAT3-mediated anti-inflammatory response: Recent developments and futurechallenges. Brief Funct Genom 2013;12:489–498. Darnell JE, Jr. STATs and gene regulation. Science 1997;277:1630–1635. Butcher BA , Kim L , Panopoulos AD , Watowich SS , Murray PJ , Denkers EY . Cutting edge: IL-10-independent STAT3 activation byToxoplasma gondii mediates suppression of IL-12 and TNF-α in host macrophages. J Immunol 2005;174:3148–3152. Butcher BA , Fox BA , Rommereim LM Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry kinase ROP16 activates STAT3 and STAT6 resulting in cytokineinhibition and arginase-1-dependent growth control. PLoS Pathog 2011;7:e1002236. Butcher BA , Kim L , Johnson PF , Denkers EY . Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites inhibit proinflammatory cytokine induction in infectedmacrophages by preventing nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-κB. J Immunol 2001;167:2193–2201. Smith JR , Franc DT , Carter NS , Zamora D , Planck SR , Rosenbaum JT . Susceptibility of retinal vascular endothelium to infection withToxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. Investig Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2004;45:1157–1161. Arevalo JF , Belfort Jr. R , Muccioli C , Espinoza JV . Ocular toxoplasmosis in the developing world. Int Ophthalmol Clinics 2010;50:57–69. Park Y-H . Toxoplasma gondii in the peripheral blood of patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. Brit J Ophthalmol 2012;96:766. Remington JS , Thulliez P , Montoya JG . Recent developments for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:941–945. Murat J-B , Fricker Hidalgo H , Brenier-Pinchart M-P , Pelloux H . Human toxoplasmosis: Which biological diagnostic tests are best suitedto which clinical situations? Exp Rev Anti-infect Ther 2013;11:943–956. Liu Q , Wang Z-D , Huang S-Y , Zhu X-Q . Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii . Parasites Vectors 2015;8:292. Sabin AB , Feldman HA . Dyes as microchemical indicators of a new immunity phenomenon affecting a protozoon parasite (Toxoplasma).Science 1948;108:660–663. Conley FK , Jenkins KA , Remington JS . Toxoplasma gondii infection of the central nervous system: Use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidasemethod to demonstrate toxoplasma in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections. Human Pathol 1981;12:690–698. Zhang K , Lin G , Han Y , Li J . Serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and standardization. Clin Chim Acta 2016;461:83–89. Hedman K , Lappalainen M , Seppäiä I , Mäkelä O . Recent primary toxoplasma infection indicated by a low avidity of specific IgG. J InfectDis 1989;159:736–740. Dard C , Fricker-Hidalgo H , Brenier-Pinchart M-P , Pelloux H . Relevance of and new developments in serology for toxoplasmosis. TrendsParasitol 2016;32:492–506. Gras L , Gilbert R , Wallon M , Peyron F , Cortina-Borja M . Duration of the IgM response in women acquiring Toxoplasma gondii duringpregnancy: Implications for clinical practice and cross-sectional incidence studies. Epidemiol Infect 2004;132:541–548. Stepick-Biek P , Thulliez P , Araujo FG , Remington JS . IgA antibodies for diagnosis of acute congenital and acquired toxoplasmosis. JInfect Dis 1990;162:270–273. Naessens A , Jenum PA , Pollak A Diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis in the neonatal period: A multicenter evaluation. J Pediatr1999;135:714–719. Remington JS , Araujo FG , Desmonts G . Recognition of different Toxoplasma antigens by IgM and IgG antibodies in mothers and theircongenitally infected newborns. J Infect Dis 1985;152:1020–1024. Fulton J . Studies on agglutination of Toxoplasma gondii . Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg 1965;59:694–704. Desmonts G , Remington JS . Direct agglutination test for diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection: Method for increasing sensitivity andspecificity. J Clin Microbiol 1980;11:562–568. Yamamoto YI , Hoshino-Shimizu S , Camargo ME . A novel igm-indirect hemagglutination test for the serodiagnosis of acutetoxoplasmosis. J Clin Lab Anal 1991;5:127–132. Desmonts G , Naot Y , Remington J . Immunoglobulin M-immunosorbent agglutination assay for diagnosis of infectious diseases:Diagnosis of acute congenital and acquired Toxoplasma infections. J Clin Microbiol 1981;14:486–491.

Fulton J , Voller A . Evaluation of immunofluorescent and direct agglutination methods for detection of specific Toxoplasma antibodies. BritMed J 1964;2:1173. Burg JL , Grover CM , Pouletty P , Boothroyd J . Direct and sensitive detection of a pathogenic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, bypolymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1989;27:1787–1792. Filisetti D , Gorcii M , Pernot-Marino E , Villard O , Candolfi E . Diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis comparison of targets for detectionof Toxoplasma gondii by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:4826–4828. Homan W , Vercammen M , De Braekeleer J , Verschueren H . Identification of a 200- to 300-fold repetitive 529 bp DNA fragment inToxoplasma gondii, and its use for diagnostic and quantitative PCR. Int J Parasitol 2000;30:69–75. Nogui FLN , Mattas S , Turcato Júnior G , Lewi DS . Neurotoxoplasmosis diagnosis for HIV-1 patients by real-time PCR of cerebrospinalfluid. Braz J Infect Dis 2009;13:18–23. Montoya JG , Parmley S , Liesenfeld O , Jaffe GJ , Remington JS . Use of the polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of oculartoxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology 1999;106:1554–1563. de Oliveira Azevedo CT , do Brasil PEA , Guida L , Moreira MEL . Performance of polymerase chain reaction analysis of the amniotic fluidof pregnant women for diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One 2016;11:e0149938. Hohlfeld P , Daffos F , Costa J-M , Thulliez P , Forestier F , Vidaud M . Prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis with a polymerase-chain-reaction test on amniotic fluid. New Engl J Med 1994;331:695–699. Romand S , Wallon M , Franck J , Thulliez P , Peyron F , Dumon H . Prenatal diagnosis using polymerase chain reaction on amniotic fluidfor congenital toxoplasmosis. Obstetr Gynecol 2001;97:296–300. Wallon M , Franck J , Thulliez P Accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction for Toxoplasma gondii in amniotic fluid. Obstetr Gynecol2010;115:727–733. Collins AT , Cromwell LD . Computed tomography in the evaluation of congenital cerebral toxoplasmosis. J CAT 1980;4:326–329. Porter SB , Sande MA . Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. New Engl J Med1992;327:1643–1648. Antczak M , Dzitko K , Długońska H . Human toxoplasmosis–Searching for novel chemotherapeutics. Biomed Pharmacother2016;82:677–684. Klaren VN , Kijlstra A . Toxoplasmosis, an overview with emphasis on ocular involvement. Ocular Immunol Inflamm 2002;10:1–26. Eyles D , Coleman N . An evaluation of the curative effects of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, alone and in combination, on experimentalmouse toxoplasmosis. Antibiot Chemother 1955;5:529–539. Engstrom RE , Holland GN , Nussenblatt RB , Jabs DA . Current practices in the management of ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol1991;111:601–610. Soheilian M , Sadoughi M-M , Ghajarnia M Prospective randomized trial of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole versus pyrimethamine andsulfadiazine in the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology 2005;112:1876–1882. Rajapakse S , Chrishan Shivanthan M , Samaranayake N , Rodrigo C , Deepika Fernando S . Antibiotics for human toxoplasmosis: Asystematic review of randomized trials. Pathog Global Health 2013;107:162–169. Luft BJ , Chua A . Central nervous system toxoplasmosis in HIV pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Curr Infect Dis Rep2000;2:358–362. Paquet C , Yudin MH , Allen VM Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: Prevention, screening, and treatment. J Obstetr Gynaecol Can2013;35:78–79. Dubey J . Long-term persistence of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of pigs inoculated with T gondii oocysts and effect of freezing on viabilityof tissue cysts in pork. Am J Vet Res 1988;49:910–913. Dubey J , Kotula A , Sharar A , Andrews C , Lindsay D . Effect of high temperature on infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in pork.J Parasitol 1990;76(2):201–204. Cook A , Holliman R , Gilbert R Sources of toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case-control study.Commentary: Congenital toxoplasmosis—Further thought for food. Brit Med J 2000;321:142–147. Parasites—Toxoplasmosis: Prevention and Control . 2013. (Accessed May 2017, athttps://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/prevent.html.) Said B , Halsby K , O'Connor C Risk factors for acute toxoplasmosis in England and Wales. Epidemiol Infect 2017;145:23. Zhang NZ , Chen J , Wang M Vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii: New developments and perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines2014;12:1287–1299. Jongert E , Roberts CW , Gargano N Vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii: Challenges and opportunities. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz2009;104:252–266.

Trypanosoma cruzi Dias JCP , Ramos Jr. AN , Gontijo ED 2nd Brazilian consensus on Chagas disease, 2015. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2016;25:7–86. Rassi A , Rassi A , Marin-Neto J . Chagas disease. Lancet 2010;375(9723):1388–1402. Zingales B , Andrade SG , Briones MR A new consensus for Trypanosoma cruzi intraspecific nomenclature: Second revision meetingrecommends TcI to TcVI. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009;104(7):1051–1054. Hernandez C , Cucunubá Z , Parra E , Toro G , Zambrano P , Ramírez JD . Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) and HIV co-infection inColombia. Int J Infect Dis 2014;26:146–148. World Health Organization 2015. Weekly epidemiological record—Chagas diseases in Latin America: An epidemiological update based on2010 estimates. Blasco-Hernández T , García-San Miguel L , Navaza B , Navarro M , Benito A . Knowledge and experiences of Chagas disease in Bolivianwomen living in Spain: A qualitative study. Global Health Action 2016;9:30201. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4789531/. Bern C , Kjos S , Yabseley MJ , Montgomery SP . Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas disease in United States. Clin Microbiol Rev2011;24(4):655–681.

Simpson AG , Stevens JR , Lukes J . The evolution and diversity of kinetoplastid flagellates. Trends Parasitol 2006;22(4):168–174. Zingales B , Miles M , Campbell D The revised Trypanosoma cruzi subspecific nomenclature: Rationale, epidemiological relevance andresearch applications. Infect Genet Evol 2012;12(2):240–253. Burgos JM , Begher SB , Freitas JM Molecular diagnosis and typing of Trypanosoma cruzi populations and lineages in cerebral Chagasdisease in a patient with AIDS. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005;73(6):1016–1018. Ramírez JD , Guhl F , Rendón LM , Rosas F , Marin-Neto JA , Morillo CA . Chagas cardiomyopathy manifestations and Trypanosomacruzi genotypes circulating in chronic Chagasic patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4(11):e899. Guhl F , Ramírez JD . Trypanosoma cruzi I diversity: Towards the need of genetic subdivision? Acta Trop 2011;119(1):1–4. Guhl F , Ramírez JD . Retrospective molecular integrated epidemiology of Chagas disease in Colombia. Infect Genet Evol2013;20:148–154. Messenger LA , Miles MA , Bern C . Between a bug and a hard place: Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity and the clinical outcomes ofChagas disease. Exp Rev Anti-Infect Ther 2015;13(8):995–1029. Teixeira DE , Benchimol M , Crepaldi PH , de Souza W . Interactive multimedia to teach the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causativeagent of Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012;6(8):e1749. Rassi A , Rassi A , Marcondes-De-Rezende J . American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Infect Dis Clin North Am2012;26(2):275–291. Bargues MD , Schofield CJ , Dujardin JP . Classification and phylogeny of the Triatominae. First Edition. American Trypanosomiasis.Elsevier 2010. p. 117–147. Gürtler RE , Kitron U , Cecere MC , Segura EL , Cohen JE . Sustainable vector control and management of Chagas disease in the GranChaco, Argentina. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104(41):16194–16199. Schmunis GA . Riesgo de la enfermedad de Chagas a través de las transfusiones en las Americas. Medicina 1999;59(3):125–134. Sanchez L , Ramirez J . Congenital and oral transmission of American trypanosomiasis: An overview of physiopathogenic aspects.Parasitology 2012;140:147–159. Altclas J , Sinagra A , Jaimovich G Reactivation of chronic Chagas’ disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation andsuccessful pre-emptive therapy with benznidazole. Transpl Infect Dis 1999;1(2):135–137. Roque AL , Xavier SC , da Rocha MG , Duarte AC , D'Andrea PS , Jansen AM . Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycle among wild anddomestic mammals in three areas of orally transmitted Chagas disease outbreaks. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008;79(5):742–749. Toso A , Vial F , Galanti N . Transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas por vía oral. Rev Méd Chile 2011;139(2):258–266. Umezawa ES , Luquetti AO , Levitus G Serodiagnosis of chronic and acute Chagas’ disease with Trypanosoma cruzi recombinantproteins: Results of a collaborative study in six Latin American countries. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42(1):449–452 . Shikanai-Yasuda MA , Carvalho NB . Oral transmission of Chagas disease. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(6):845–852. Rueda K , Trujillo JE , Carranza JC , Vallejo GA . Transmisión oral de Trypanosoma cruzi: Una nueva situación epidemiológica de laenfermedad de Chagas en Colombia y otros países suramericanos. Biomédica 2014;34(4):631–641. Coura J . The main sceneries of Chagas disease transmission. The vectors, blood and oral transmission—A comprehensive review . MemInst Oswaldo Cruz 2015;110(3):277–282. Yoshida N . Molecular mechanisms of Trypanosoma cruzi infection by oral route. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2009;104(1):101–107. Coura JR , Viñas PA , Junqueira AC . Ecoepidemiology, short history and control of Chagas disease in the endemic countries and the newchallenge for non-endemic countries. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014;109(7):856–862. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) . Estimación cuantitativa de la enfermedad de Chagas en las Américas. Quantitativeestimation of Chagas disease in the Americas. Montevideo: PAHO; 2006. Report No.: OPS/HDM/CD/425-06. Guerri-Gutternberg RA , Grana DR , Ambrosio G , Milei J . Chagas cardiomyopathy: Europe is not spared! Eur Heart J2008;29(21):2587–2591. Schmunis GA , Yadon ZE . Chagas disease: A Latin American health problem becoming a world health problem. Acta Trop2010;115(1–2):14–21. Strasen J , Williams T , Ertl G , Zoller T , Stich A , Ritter O . Epidemiology of Chagas disease in Europe: Many calculations, littleknowledge. Clinl Res Cardiol 2014;103(1):1–10. Angheben A , Boix L , Buonfrate D Chagas disease and transfusion medicine: A perspective from non-endemic countries. Blood Transf2015;13(4):540–550. Ginieniewicz J , McKenzie K . Mental health of Latin American in Canada: A literature review. Int J Soc Psychol 2014;60(3):263–273. Murillo J , Bofill LM , Bolivar H . Congenital Chagas’ disease transmission in the United States: Diagnosis in adulthood. IDCases2016;2(5):72–75. Basile L , Basile L , Jansà JM Chagas disease in European countries: The challenge of a surveillance system. Euro Surveill2011;16(37):pii=19968. Navarro M , Berens-Riha N , Hohnerlein S Cross-sectional, descriptive study of Chagas disease among citizens of Bolivian origin living inMunich, Germany. BMJ Open 2017;7(1):e013960. Urquia ML , Vang ZM , Bolumar F . Birth outcomes of Latin Americans in two countries with contrasting immigration admission policies:Canada and Spain. PLoS One 2015;10(8):e0136308. Pérez-Molina J , Martinez-Perez A , Norman FF , Monge-Maillo B , López-Vélez R . Old and new challenges in Chagas disease. Lancet2015;15(11):1347–1356. Requena-Méndez A , Moore D , Subirá C , Muñoz J . Addressing the neglect: Chagas disease in London, UK. Lancet Glob Health2016;4(4):e231–e233. Jackson Y , Pinto A , Pett S . Chagas disease in Australia and New Zealand: Risks and needs for public health interventions. Trop Med IntHealth 2014;19(2):212–218. Pinto A , Pett S , Jackson Y . Identifying Chagas disease in Australia: An emerging challenge for general practitioners. Aust Family Phys2014;43(7):440. Imai K , Maeda T , Sayama Y . Mother-to-child transmission of congenital Chagas disease, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20(1):146–148. Kuete V . Medicinal Plant Research in Africa: Pharmacology and Chemistry. First Edition. London, United Kingdom: Elsevier, 2013. p. 165. Rassi A , Rasii A , Marin-Neto JA . Chagas disease. Lancet 2015;375(9723):45–71.

Sánchez-Montalvá A , Salvador F , Rodríguez-Palomares J Chagas cardiomyopathy: Usefulness of EKG and echocardiogram in a non-endemic country. PLoS One 2016;11(6):e0157597. Teixeira A , Hecht M , Guimaro M , Sousa A , Nitz N . Pathogenesis of Chagas’ disease: Parasite persistence and autoimmunity. ClinMicrobiol Rev 2011;24(3):592–630. Tarleton R . Chagas disease: A role for autoimmunity?. Trends Parasitol 2003;19(10):447–451. Machado F , Dutra W , Esper L Current understanding on immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi infection and pathogenesis of Chagas disease.Semin Immunopathol 2013;34(6):753–770. Tarleton R . Regulation of Immunity in Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Exp Parasitol 1991;73:106–109. Feilij H , Muller L , Gonzalez Cappa SM . Direct micromethod for diagnosis of acute and congenital Chagas’ disease. J Clin Microbiol1983;18(2):327–330. Franco YB , Silva IG , Rassi A , Rocha AC , Silva HH , Rassi GG . [Correlation among the positivity of the artificial xenodiagnosis and theamount of blood and triatomines used in the exam, in chronic chagasic patients.] Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2002;35(1):29–33.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11873258 Britto C , Cardoso MA , Monteiro Vanni MC Polymerase chain reaction detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in human blood samples as a toolfor diagnosis and treatment evaluation. Parasitology 1995;110(3):241–247. Da Silveira, JF , Umezawa ES , Luquetti AO . Chagas disease: Recombinant Trypanosoma cruzi antigens for serological diagnosis.Trends Parasitol 2001;17(6):286–291. Umezawa ES , Bastos SF , Coura JR An improved serodiagnostic test for Chagas’ disease employing a mixture of Trypanosoma cruzirecombinant antigens. Transfusion 2003;43(1):91–97. Malchiodi EL , Chiaramonte MG , Taranto NJ , Zwirner NW , Margni RA . Cross-reactivity studies and differential serodiagnosis of humaninfections caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp; use of immunoblotting and ELISA with a purified antigen (Ag163B6). ClinExp Immunol 1994;97(3):417–423. Caballero ZC , Sousa OE , Marques WP , Saez-Alquezar A , Umezawa ES . Evaluation of serological tests to identify Trypanosoma cruziinfection in humans and determine cross-reactivity with Trypanosoma rangeli and Leishmania spp. Clin Vaccine Immunol2007;14(8):1045–1049. Brasil PE , De Castro L , Hasslocher-Moreno AM , Sangenis LH , Braga JU . ELISA versus PCR for diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease:Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2010;10:337. Ramírez JD , Guhl F , Umezawa ES Evaluation of adult chronic Chagas’ heart disease diagnosis by molecular and serological methods. JClin Microbiol 2009;47(12):3945–3951 . Umezawa ES , Nascimento MS , Stolf AM . Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with Trypanosoma cruzi excreted-secreted antigens(TESA-ELISA) for serodiagnosis of acute and chronic Chagas’ disease. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2001;39(3):169–176. Ministerio de la Protección Social, Organización Mundial de la Salud and Instituto Nacional de Salud . Guia Para La Atención ClínicaIntegral Del Paciente Con Enfermedad De Chagas. Instituto Nacional de Salud 2010;256(09):82. Flores MA , Trejos A , Paredes AR , Ramos AY . Strout's concentration method in the diagnosis of acute Chagas's disease. BoletinChileno de Parasitologia 1966;21(2):38–39. Portela-Lindoso AAB , Shikanai-Yasuda MA . Chronic Chagas’ disease: From xenodiagnosis and hemoculture to polymerase chainreaction. Revista de Saúde Pública 2003;37(1):107–115. Schijman AG , Bisio M , Orellana L International study to evaluate PCR methods for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in blood samplesfrom Chagas disease patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011;5(1):e931. Chiari E . Chagas disease diagnosis using polymerase chain reaction, hemoculture and serologic methods. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Riode Janeiro 1999;94(113):299–300. Umezawa ES , Nascimento MS , Kesper N Immunoblot assay using excreted-secreted antigens of Trypanosoma cruzi in serodiagnosis ofcongenital, acute, and chronic Chagas’ disease. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34(9):2143–2147. Umezawa ES , Souza AI , Pinedo-Cancino V TESA-blot for the diagnosis of Chagas disease in dogs from co-endemic regions forTrypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma evansi and Leishmania chagasi . Acta Trop 2009;111(1):15–20. Guhl F , Jaramillo C , Carranza JC , Vallejo GA . Molecular characterization and diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi and T. rangeli . Arch MedRes 2002;33(4):362–370. Duarte AMV , Andrade HM , Monte SJH , Toledo VPCP , Guimaraes TMPD . Assessment of chemiluminescence and PCR effectiveness inrelation to conventional serological tests for the diagnosis of Chagas’ disease. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006;39(4):385–387. Bern C . Chagas disease: Antitrypanosomal drug therapy. In: UpToDate, Post TW ed. (Jan 2017), UpToDate, McKenna, WJ. (Accessedon January 23, 2017). https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chagas-disease-antitrypanosomal-drug-therapy Santalla J , Carrasco P , Espinoza E , Rios T , Brutus L . First reported outbreak of Chagas disease in the Bolivian amazonean zone: Areport of 14 cases of oral transmission of acute Trypanosoma cruzi in Guayamerín, Beni-Bolivia. Biofar 2011;19:52–58. Bianchi F , Cucunubá Z , Guhl F Follow-up of an asymptomatic Chagas disease population of children after treatment with Nifurtimox(Lampit) in a Sylvatic endemic transmission area of Colombia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9(2):e0003465. Morillo CA , Marin-Neto JA , Avezum A Randomized trial of benznidazole for chronic Chagaś cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med2015;373(14):1295–1306. Marin-Neto J , Simões M , Scmidt A , Rassi A . Chagas heart disease: Treatment and prognosis. In: UpToDate, Post TW ed. (Jan 2017),UpToDate, McKenna, WJ. (Accessed on August 4, 2016.) https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chagas-heart-disease-treatment-and-prognosis Gurtler R , Yadon Z . Eco-bio-social research on community-based approaches for Chagas disease vector control in Latin America. TransR Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015;109:91–98. Zarate-Blades CR , Bladés N , Nascimento MS , da Silveira JF , Umezawa ES . Diagnostic performance of tests based on Trypanosomacruzi excreted–secreted antigens in an endemic area for Chagas’ disease in Bolivia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;57(2):229–232. Gomes ML , Galvao LM , Macedo AM , Pena SD , Chiari E . Chagas’ disease diagnosis: Comparative analysis of parasitologic, molecular,and serologic methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;60(2):205–210. Requena-Méndez A , Bussion S , Aldasoro E Cost-effectiveness of Chagas disease screening in Latin American migrants at primaryhealth-care centres in Europe: A Markov model analysis. Lancet Global Health 2017;5(4):e439–e447. Requena-Méndez A , Aldasoro E , de Lazzari E Prevalence of Chagas disease in Latin-American migrants living in Europe: A systematicreview and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9(2):e0003540.

Seid CA , Jones KM , Pollet J Cysteine mutagenesis improves the production without abrogating antigenicity of a recombinant proteinvaccine candidate for human Chagas disease. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017;13(3):621–633. Beaumier CM , Gillespie PM , Strych U , Hayward T , Hotez PJ , Bottazzi ME . Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines forChagas disease. Vaccine 2016;34:2996–3000. Basso B , Marini V , Gauna D , Frias M . Vaccination of dogs with Trypanosoma rangeli induces antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi in arural area of Córdoba, Argentina. Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2016;111(4):271–274. Torres-Vargas J , Jiménez-Coello M , Guzmán-Marín E Quantitative and histological assessment of maternal-fetal transmission ofTrypanosoma cruzi in guinea pigs: An experimental model of congenital Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(1):e0006222.

Diphyllobothrium, Adenocephalus, and Diplogonoporus Chai, J.Y. Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues. Int. J. Parasitol., 35:1233,2005. Dick, T.A. Diphyllobothriasis: The Diphyllobothrium latum human infection conundrum and reconciliation with worldwide zoonoses. InFood-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses: Fish and Plant-Borne Parasites, ed. K.D. Murrell and B. Fried , 151–184. 2007. New York, NY: SpringerScience. Scholtz, T. Update on the human broad tapeworm (Genus Diphyllobothium), including clinical relevance. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.,22:146,2009. Kuchta, R. Diphyllobothrium, Diplogonoporus, and Spirometra . In Biology of Foodborne Parasites, ed. L. Xiao , U. Ryan , and Y. Feng ,299. 2015. CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL. Kuchta, R. Pacific broad tapeworm Adenocephalus pacificus as a causative agent of globally reemerging diphyllobothriosis. Emerg. Infect.Dis., 21:1697,2015. Le Bailley, M. and Bouchet, F. Diphyllobothrium in the past: Review and new records. Int. J. Palaeopathol., 3:182,2013. Dupouy-Camet, J. and Peduzzi, R. Current situation of human diphyllobothriosis in Europe. Euro. Surveill., 9:31,2004. Robertson, L.J. Impacts of globalization on foodborne parasites. Trends Parasitol., 30:37,2014. Kamo, H. Guide to Identification of Diphyllobothriid Cestodes. 1999. Tokyo: Gendai Kikaku. (In Japanese). Scholz, T. and Kuchta, R. Fish-borne zoonotic cestodes (Diphyllobothrium and relatives) in cold climates: A never-ending story ofneglected and (re)-emergent parasites. Food Waterborne Parasitol., 4:23,2016. Cobbold, T.S. XII . Observations on Entozoa, with notices of several new species, including an account of two experiments in regard to thebreeding of Taenia serrata and T . cucumerina. Trans. Linnean Soc., 22:155,1858. www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxadetails&id=105012 Rausch, R.L. Diphyllobothrium fayi n. sp. (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) from the Pacific walrus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens . Comp.Parasitol., 72:129,2005. Yamasaki, H. First confirmed human case of Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum infection and molecular verification of the synonymy ofDiphyllobothrium yonagoense with D. stemmacephalum (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea). Parasitol. Int., 65:412,2016. Kuchta, R. Tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda)—Neglected or emerging human parasites? PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis.,7:e2535,2013. Rausch, R.L. Helminths in Eskimos in western Alaska with particular reference to Diphyllobothrium infection and anaemia. Trans. R. Soc.Trop. Med. Hyg., 61:351,1967. Kamo, H. The first record of human infection with Diphyllobothrium cameroni Rausch, 1969. Jpn. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 9:199,1981. Kamo, H. Two unknown marine species of the genus Diphyllobothrium from human cases. Jpn. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 14:79,1986. Okamura, I. A case of Diphyllobothrium cordatum (R. Luekart, 1863) Faust, 1929. J. Kumamoto Med. Soc., 46:119,1972. (In Japanese). Kamo, H. The first human case infected with Diphyllobothrium hians (Diesing, 1850). Jpn. J. Parasitol., 37:29,1988. Rausch, R.L. and Hilliard, D.K. Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska. XLIX. The occurrence of Diphyllobothrium latum (Linnaeus, 1758)(Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in Alaska, with notes on the other species. Can. J. Zool., 48:1201,1970. Nakazawa, M. The first record of human infection with Diphyllobothrium orcini Hatsushika and Shirouzu, 1990. Jpn. J. Parasitol.,41:306,1992. Kifune, T. A case study of human infection with diphyllobothriid tapeworm (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) found from a man in FukuokaPrefecture, Japan. Med. Bull. Fukuoka Univ., 27:93,2000. Fukumoto, S. The first report of human infection with Diphyllobothrium scoticum (Rennie et Reid, 1912). Jpn. J. Parasitol., 37:84,1988. Margolis, L. Diphyllobothrium ursi from man in British Columbia—First report of this tapeworm in Canada. Can. J. Public Health,64:588,1973. Ching, H.L. Fish tapeworm infections (Diphyllobothriasis) in Canada, particularly in British Columbia. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 130:1125,1984. Yamane, Y. and Shiwaku, K. Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense and other marine-origin cestodes. In Progress of Medical Parasitology inJapan, eds. M. Otsuru , S. Kamegai , S. Hayashi , Vol. 8, 245. 2003. Tokyo: Meguro Parasitological Museum. Yamasaki, H. Foodborne helminthiases in Japan. Cestode infection. IASR, 38:74,2017. (In Japanese)https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/ja/allarticles/surveillance/2406-iasr/related-articles/related-articles-446/7213-446r04.html Lee, E.B. A case of Diphyllobothrium latum infection with a brief review of diphyllobothriosis in the Republic of Korea. Korean J. Parasitol.,45:219,2007. Iijima, I. The source of Bothriocephalus latus in Japan. J. Coll. Sci. Tokyo Imp. Univ., 2:49,1889. (In Japanese). Eguchi, S. Diphyllobothrium latum. In Progress of Medical Parasitology in Japan. ed. K. Morishita , Vol. 4, 345,1964. Tokyo: MeguroParasitological Museum. (In Japanese). von Bonsdorff, B. Diphyllobothriasis in Man. 1977. London and New York: Academic Press. Dick, T.A. Diphyllobothriasis: Update on human cases, foci, patterns and sources of human infections and future considerations. SoutheastAsian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 32(Suppl 2):59,2001. Yamane, Y. Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense sp. nov, (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae)—Revised identification of Japanese broad tapeworm.Shimane J. Med. Sci., 10:29,1986.

Nakao, M. Mitochondrial genomes of the human broad tapeworms Diphyllobothrium latum and Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense (Cestoda:Diphyllobothriidae). Parasitol. Res., 101:233,2007. Kim, K.H. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense (Diphyllobothriidae: Cestoda), anddevelopment of molecular markers for differentiating fish tapeworms. Mol. Cells, 23:379,2007. Park, J.K. Characterization of the mitochondrial genome of Diphyllobothrium latum (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)—Implications for thephylogeny of eucestodes. Parasitology, 134:749,2007. Vik, R. Studies of the helminth fauna of Norway. V. Plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium spp. from the Rössága water system, Nordlandcounty. Nytt. Mag. Zool. (Oslo), 12:1,1964. Torres, P. Visceral diphyllobothriosis in a cultured rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in Chile. J. Fish Dis., 25:375,2002. Torres, P. Endohelminth parasites from salmonids in intensive culture from southern Chile. J. Parasitol., 96:669,2010. Hernandez-Orts, J.S. High morphological plasticity and global geographical distribution of the Pacific broad tapeworm Adenocephaluspacificus (syn. Diphyllobothrium pacificum): Molecular and morphological survey. Acta Trop., 149:168,2015. Markowski, S. The cestodes of pinnipeds in the Arctic and other regions. J. Helminthol., 26:171,1952. Margolis, L. Parasitic helminths and arthropods from pinnipedia of the Canadian Pacific coast. J. Fish Res. Bd. Can., 13:489,1956. Rausch, R.L. Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska. XLI. Observations on cestodes of the genus Diplogonoporus Lönnberg, 1892(Diphyllobothriidae). Can. J. Zool., 42:1049,1964. Iwata, S. Diplogonoporus grandis (Blanchard, 1894) Lühe, 1889 in the synonym of D. balaenopterae Lönnberg, 1892. Proc. Jpn. Syst.Zool., 3:20,1967. (In Japanese). Delyamure, S.L. and Skriabin, A.S. Identification of species of Diplogonoporus balaenopterae and D. grandis (Cestoda,Diphyllobothriidae). Parazitologiya, 20:69,1986. (In Russian). Arizono, N. Diplogonoporiasis in Japan: Genetic analysis of five clinical isolates. Parasitol. Int., 57:212,2008. Yamasaki, H Complete mitochondrial genomes of Diplogonoporus balaenopterae and Diplogonoporus grandis (Cestoda:Diphyllobothriidae) and clarification of their taxonomic relationships. Parasitol. Int., 61:260,2012. Wardle, R.A. Lühe's “Diphyllobothrium” (Cestoda). J. Parasitol., 33:319,1947. Stunkard, H.W. Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum Cobbold, 1858 and D. latum (Linn, 1758). J. Parasitol., 35:613,1949. Yamasaki, H. Complete sequence and characterization of the mitochondrial genome of Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum, the typespecies of genus Diphyllobothrium (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae), using next generation sequencing. Parasitol. Int., 66(5):573,2017. Arizono, N. Mitochondrial DNA divergence in populations of the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense and its phylogenetic relationshipwith Diphyllobothrium klebanovskii . Parasitol. Int., 58:22,2009. Yamasaki, H. Validity of the bear tapeworm Diphyllobothrium ursi (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) based on morphological and molecularmarkers. J. Parasitol., 98:1243,2012. Banzai-Umehara, A. Invalidation of Diphyllobothrium hottai (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) based on morphological and molecularphylogenetic analyses. Parasitol. Int., 65:459,2016. Yamane, Y. On a new marine species of the genus Diphyllobothrium (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) found from a man in Japan. Jpn. J.Parasitol., 30:101,1981. Yanagida, T. Anomalous segmentation of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense . Parasitol. Int., 59:268,2010. Hirai, K. Variations in the morphology of Diplogonoporus balaenopterae Lönnberg, 1892, with special reference to the specimens fromAntarctic sei whale. J. Yonago Med. Assoc., 22:46,1982. (In Japanese). Hiraga, M. Morphological and taxonomical study on dwarf form of diplogonadic cestode found from minke whale. J. Yonago Med. Assoc.,33:240,1982. (In Japanese). Leštinová K. Eggs as a suitable tool for species diagnosis of causative agents of human diphyllobothriosis (Cestoda). PLOS Negl. Trop.Dis., 10:e0004721,2016. Guttowa, A. Experimental investigations on the systems, procercoids of Diphyllobothrium latum (L.)—Copepoda. Acta Parasitol. Pol.,9:371,1961. Torres, P. Identification of the copepod intermediate host of the introduced broad fish tapeworm, Diphyllobothrium latum, in southern Chile.J. Parasitol., 90:1190,2004. Torres, P. Experimental infection of copepods from four lakes in southern Chile with Diphyllobothrium latum (Linnaeus, 1758) coracidia.Comp. Parasitol., 74:167,2007. Halvorsen, O. Studies on the helminth fauna of Norway. VIII. An experimental ingestion of copepods as first intermediate hosts forDiphyllobothrium norvegicum Vik. Nytt. Mag. Zool., 13:83,1966. Oshima, T. and Wakai, Y. The epidemiology of Diphyllobothrium latum infection with special reference to the plerocercoid infection in masusalmon. Jpn. J. Antibiot., 38:565,1983. (In Japanese). Awakura, T. The plerocercoid infection of salmonid fishes with special references to Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense . Jpn. Soc. Sys.Parasitol. Circular, 10:1,1992. (In Japanese). Suzuki, J. Detection and identification of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense plerocercoids from wild Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) inJapan. J. Helminthol., 84:434,2010. Watanabe, T. Investigation of the infection with Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense plerocercoids and Metagonimus metacercariae infreshwater salmonids cultured in Japan. Fish Pathol., 49:198,2014. (In Japanese). Ando, K. Five cases of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection with discovery of plerocercoids from an infective source, Oncorhynchusmasou ishikawae . J. Parasitol., 87:96,2001. Arizono, N. Diphyllobothriasis associated with eating raw Pacific salmon, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 15:866,2009. Muratov, I.V. and Posokhov, P.S. Diphyllobothrium klebanovskii sp. n., a parasite of a man. Parazitologiya, 22:165,1988. (In Russian). Muratov, I.V. Features of the epidemiology of diphyllobothriasis caused by Diphyllobothrium klebanovskii in the Amur basin. Med.Parazitol. Parazit. Bolez., 1992:46,1992. (In Russian). Amano, T. A case report of diphyllobothriosis which was suspected to be infected with Hucho perryi . Jpn. J. Parasitol., 45:514,1995. (InJapanese). Wicht, B. First record of human infection with the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense in North America. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.,78:235,2008.

Kuchta, R. Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense tapeworm larvae in salmon from North America. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 23:351,2017. Andersen, K. , Ching, H.L. , Vik, R. A review of freshwater species of Diphyllobothrium with redescriptions and the distribution ofDiphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) and D. ditremum (Creplin, 1825) from North America. Can. J. Zool., 65:2216–2228,1987. Andersen, K. and Gibson, D.I. A key to three species of larval Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858 (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) occurring inEuropean and North American freshwater fishes. Syst. Parasitol., 13:3,1989. Dick, T.A. and Poole B.C. Identification of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum and Diphyllobothrium latum from some freshwater fishes of centralCanada. Can. J. Zool., 63:196,1985. Chubb, J.C. A key to the species of cestodes (tapeworms) parasitic in British and Irish freshwater fishes. J. Fish Biol., 31:517,1987. Holland, C.V. and Kennedy, C.R. A checklist of parasitic helminth and crustacean species recorded in freshwater fish from Ireland. Biol.Environ., 97B:225,1997. Valtonen, E.T. The structure of parasite component communities in brackish water fishes of the northeastern Baltic Sea. Parasitology,122:471,2001. Valtonen, E.T. A survey of parasites of coregonids from three water bodies in Finland. Finn. Fish. Res., 9:313,1988. Andersen, K.I. and Valtonen, E.T. Segregation and co-occurrence of larval cestodes in freshwater fishes in the Bothnian Bay, Finland.Parasitology, 104:161,1992. Torres, P. Researches on Pseudophyllidea (Carus, 1813) in the south of Chile. X. Experimental observations on the coexistence ofDiphyllobothrium latum (L.) and D. dendriticum (Nitzsch) in salmonids from Valdívia river basin. Arch. Med. Vet., 21:51,1989. (In Spanish). Torres, P. Difilobotriasis en salmónidos introducidos en lagos del sur de Chile. Aspectos patológicos, relación con infección humana,animales domésticos y aves piscívoras. Arch. Med. Vet., 23:165,1991. (In Spanish). Torres, P. Diphyllobothriasis in man and fishes from Lake Riñihue, Chile: Effect of health education, seasonal distribution and its relationwith sex, length and diet of the fish. Arch. Med. Vet., 30:31,1998. (In Spanish). Torres, P. Introduced and native fishes as infection foci of Diphyllobothrium spp. in humans and dogs from two localities at LakePanguipulli in Southern Chile. Comp. Parasitol., 71:111,2004. Torres, P. Prevalence, intensity, and abundance of infection and pathogenesis caused by diphyllobothriosis in vulnerable, native fish andintroduced trout in Lake Panguipulli, Chile. J. Wildl. Dis., 48:937,2012. Alves, P.V. Annotated checklist of fish cestodes from South America. ZooKeys, 650:1,2017. Torres, P. Epidemiología de la difilobotriasis en la Cuenca del río Valdivia, Chile. Rev. Saúde Pública, 23:45,1989. (In Spanish). Revenga, J. Diphyllobothriasis of introduced salmonids in the Nahuel Huapi national Park and reserve, Argentina: Morphology ofplerocercoids. Arch. Med. Vet., 23:157,1991. (In Spanish). Revenga, J. Difilobotriasis en salmónidos introducidos en el Parque y la Reserva Nacional Nahuel Huapí, Argentina: Histopatología de laslesiones producidas por Diphyllobothrium spp. en salmónidos. Arch. Med. Vet., 27:115,1995. (In Spanish). Ali, N.M. Parasitic fauna of some freshwater fishes from Tigris river, Bagdad, Iraq. III. Cestoda. J. Biol. Sci. Res., 18:25,1987. Uddin, M. Occurrence of Diphyllobothrium latum larvae (plerocercoid) in lotiya (Harpodon nehereus) fish. Bangladesh Vet. J., 14:33,1980. Adewole, S.O. Prevalence of Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) in Fish I\in Ekiti State, Nigeria. J. Environ. Earth Sci., 4:23,2014. Sunagawa, K. Treatment of diphyllobothriosis latum with filmaron oil administered intraduodenally. Okinawa Med. J., 1:42,1965. (InJapanese). Hatsushika, R. and Okino, T. Marine diphyllobothriids: Morphological variation of strobila due to fixation. Kawasaki Med. J., 25:29,1999. Lee, S.H. A case of Diphyllobothrium yonagoense infection. Seoul J. Med., 29:391,1988. Wicht, B. Imported diphyllobothriosis in Switzerland: Molecular evidence of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824). Parasitol. Res.,102:201,2008. Bristow G. Parasites of Norwegian freshwater salmonids and interactions with farmed salmon—A review. Fish. Res., 17:219,1993. Nagasawa, K. A checklist of the cestodes of freshwater fishes of Japan. Bull. Hiroshima Univ. Museum, 7:89,2015. Muzzall, P.M. and Whelan, G. Parasites of fish from the Great Lakes: A synopsis and review of the literature 1871–2010. Great LakesFishery Commission, Ann Arbor, MI, 2011. Torres, P. Researches on Pseudophyllidea (Carus, 1813) in the south of Chile. IV. Occurrence of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch).J. Helminthol., 55:173,1981. Rozas, M. First molecular identification of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum plerocercoids from feral rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) inChile. J. Parasitol., 98:1220,2012. Miranda, H. Diphyllobothriasis, estado actual en el Perú. Descripción de Nuevo casos. Arch. Peru. Pathol. Clin., 21:53,1967. (In Spanish). Talantaleán, M.V. The finding of plerocercoid larvae of Diphyllobothriidae Lühe, 1910 (Cestoda) in Peruvian sea fush. Bol. Chil. Parasitol.,30:18,1975. (In Spanish). Escalante, H. Plerocercoid larvae of Diphyllobothriidae Lühe, 1910: Finding in Peruvian sea fish for human consumption. Bol. Chil.Parasitol., 38:50,1983. (In Spanish). Escalante, H. and Miranda, H. Diphyllobothrium pacificum: The finding of plerocercoid larvae in marine fish of Peru and development ofadult forms of the parasite in Canis familiaris . Bol. Chil. Parasitol., 41:7,1986. (In Spanish). Tanaka, T. The fifth case of Diplogonoporus grandis in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. J. Jpn. Assoc. Infect. Dis., 62:1197,1988. (InJapanese). Kino, H. A mass occurrence of human infection with Diplogonoporus grandis (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in Shizuoka Prefecture, centralJapan. Parasitol. Int., 51:73,2002. Kawai, S. A case of cestode infection caused by Diplogonoporus balaenopterae most likely due to the consumption of raw whitebait.Dokkyo J. Med. Sci., 40:189,2013. (In Japanese). Clavel, A. Diplogonoporiasis presumably introduced into Spain: First confirmed case of human infection acquired outside the Far East. Am.J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 57:317,1997. Revenga, J.E. Diphyllobothrium dendriticum and Diphyllobothrium latum in fishes from southern Argentina: Association, abundance,distribution, pathological effects, and risk of human infection. J. Parasitol., 79:379,1993. Semenas, L. and Kreiter, A. Epidemiología de la difilobotriasis en la región Andino Patagónica. Rev. Aso. Bioquímica Argentina,59:203,1995. (In Spanish). Vik, R. Studies of the helminth fauna of Norway. I. Taxonomy and ecology of Diphyllobothrium novergicum n. sp. and the plerocercoids ofDiphyllobothrium latum (L.). Nytt. Mag. Zool., 5:25,1957.

von Bonsdorff, B. and Bylund, G. The ecology of Diphyllobothrium latum . Ecol. Dis., 1:21,1982. Bylund, B.G. Diphyllobothrium latum. In Parasites of the Colder Climates, ed. H. Akuffo , 169,2003. New York, NY: CRC Press/Taylor andFrancis Group. Wright, M. and Curtis, M. Temperature effects on embryonic development and the life cycle of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum . Int. J.Parasitol., 30:849,2000. Naumkin, D.V. Parasite fauna of the chum salmon. Parazitologiya, 34:25,2000. (In Russian). Okazaki, T. Genetic differences and possible origins of maturing and immature chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in autumn collectionsnear the southern Kuril Islands. Bull. Seas Fish. Res. Lab., 17:141,1979. Yazaki, S. Experimental infection to Japanese men with Diphyllobothrium latum (Linne, 1758) from Finland. Yonago Acta Med.,27:19,1984. Kuhlow, F. Studies on the development of Diphyllobothrium latum . Z. Tropmed. Parasitol., 6:213,1955. Kamo, H. Experimental studies on the life-cycle of Diplogonoporus grandis II. Experimental infection of marine copepods with coracidia.Jpn. J. Parasitol., 22:79,1973. (In Japanese). Pastor-Valle, J. Molecular diagnosis of diphyllobothriosis in Spain, most presumably acquired via imported fish, or sojourn abroad. NewMicrobe New Infect., 2:1,2014. Chen, S.H. Molecular detection of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense in humans, China. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 20:315, 2014. Muratov, I.V. Diphyllobothriosis in the Far East of the USSR. Med. Parazitol, 1993:54,1993. (In Russian). Dudarev, A.A. Food and water security issues in Russia III: Food- and waterborne diseases in the Russian Arctic, Siberia and the FarEast, 2000–2011. Int. J. Circumpolar Health, 72:21856,2013. Chou, H.F. Diphyllobothriasis latum: The first child case report in Taiwan. Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci, 22:346,2006. Lou, H.Y. A case of human diphyllobothriasis in northern Taiwan after eating raw fish fillets. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect., 40:452,2007. Margono, S.S. Diphyllobothriasis and sparganosis in Indonesia. Trop. Med. Health, 35:301,2007. http://10minus6cosm.tumblr.com/post/147636850371/tapeworm-origins Waloch, M. Evaluation of epidemiological situation of cestode infections in Poland in the years 1997-2006 on the basis of data from San-Epid Stations. Przegl. Epidemiol., 64:533,2010. (In Polish). Waloch, M. Cestode infections in Poland in 2009. Przegl. Epidemiol., 65:285,2011. (In Polish). Harland, J.C. Diphyllobothrium infestation and anemia in Great Britain. British Med. J., 2:188,1950. Čatár, G. The first non-imported case of diphyllobothriosis in Czechoslovakia. Bratisl. Lek. Listy, 47:241,1967. Lal, S. and Steinhart, A.H. Diphyllobothrium latum: A case of an incidental finding. World J. Gastroenterol., 13:1875,2007. Stadlbauer, V. Annoying vacation souvenir: Fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium sp.) infestation in an Austrian fisherman. Wein. Klin.Wochenschr., 117:776,2005. Gil-Setas, A. Helminthiasis in a 71-year-old man, an infrequent condition in our setting. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin., 22:553,2004. (InSpanish). Sánchez, F.M. Dolor abdominal en una mujer guineana de 21 años. Rev. Clin. Esp., 205:459,2005. (In Spanish). Esteban, J.G. Human infection by a “fish tapeworm,” Diphyllobothrium latum, in a non-endemic country. Infection, 42:191,2014. Myadagsuren, N. Taeniasis in Mongolia, 2002–2006. Am. J.Trop. Med. Hyg., 77:342,2007. Li H. A human case report of Diphyllobothrium latum at Shanghai, China. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 11:3073,2012. Yamada, M. Occurrence of clinical cases diagnosed as Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense and an imported case of Diphyllobothrium latuminfection. Clin. Parasitol., 22:79,2011. (In Japanese). Rohela, M. Diphyllobothriasis: The first case report from Malaysia. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 33:229,2002. Rohela, M. A second case of diphyllobothriasis in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 37:896,2006. Pancharatnam, S. Human diphyllobothriosis: First report from India. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 92:179,1998. Devi, C.S. A rare case of diphyllobothriosis from Pondicherry, South India. Indian J. Med. Microbiol., 25:152, 2007. Ramana, K.V. Diphyllobothriasis in a nine-year-old child in India: A case report. J. Med. Case Rep., 5:332,2011. Bilqees, F.M. Diphyllobothrium latum infestation in Karachi—A case report. Pakistan J. Med. Res., 23:55,1984. Al-Marjan, K.S. Occurrence of diphyllobothriosis in human from Kurdistan region, Iraq. Mesopotamia J. Agric., 42:2014. (http://epu.edu.krd/emit/files/OCCURRENCE OFDIPHYLLOBOTHRIASISINHUMANFROM KURDISTANREGION.IRAq/pdf) Alkhalife, I.S. Diphyllobothriasis in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med. J., 27:1901–1904,2006. Sandars, D.F. Diphyllobothrium latum (Linné) in Australia. Med. J. Aust., 2:533,1951. Ruttenber, A.J. Diphyllobothriasis associated with salmon consumption in Pacific Coast states. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 33:455,1984. Schantz, P.M. and McAuley J. Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in the United States. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. PublicHealth, 22(Suppl):65,1991. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/UCM297627.pdf Hutchinson, J.W. Diphyllobothriasis after eating raw salmon. Hawaii Med. J., 56:176,1997. Kaneko, J.J. and Medina, L.B. Risk of parasitic worm infection from eating raw fish in Hawaii: A physician's survey. Hawaii Med. J.,68:227,2009. Suárez, M.B. Primer caso de certeza de Diphyllobothrium latum en Cuba. Rev. Cubana Med. Trop., 42:9,1990. (In Spanish). Neghme, A. Diphyllobothrium latum en Chile. II. Primera encuesta en el Lago Colico. Bol. Inform. Parasitol., Chile, 5:16,1950. (In Spanish). Semenas, L. and Úbeda, C. Human diphyllobothriosis in Patagonia, Argentina. Rev. Saúde Pública, 31:302,1997. (In Spanish). Semenas, L. New cases of human diphyllobothriosis in Patagonia, Argentina. Rev. Saúde Pública, 35:214,2001. (In Spanish). Menghi, C.I. Acquired parasitosis due to sushi ingestion. Rev. Argent. Microbiol., 39:106,2007. (In Spanish). Cargnelutti, D.E. and Salmon, M.C. Human diphyllobothriosis. A case in non-endemic area of Argentina. Medicina, (B. Aires), 72:40,2012.(In Spanish). Santos, F.L. and de Faro, L.G. The first confirmed case of Diphyllobothrium latum in Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro,100:585,2005. Tavares, L.E.R. Human diphyllobothriosis: Reports from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., 14:85,2005. Sampaio, J.L. Diphyllobothriasis, Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 11:1598,2005.

Emmel, V.E. Diphyllobothrium latum: Case report in Brazil. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 39:82,2006. (In Portuguese). Eduardo, M.B.P. Investigação epidemiológica do surto de difilobotríase, São Paulo, BEPA. Bol. Epidemiol. Paulista, 2:1,2005. (InPortoguese). Llaguno, M.M. Diphyllobothrium latum infection in a non-endemic country: Case report. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 41:301,2008. van Doorn, H.R. Infestation with the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum after eating raw fish. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd, 149:2470,2005. (InDutch). Atias, A. and Cattan, P.E. First case of human infection with Diphyllobothrium pacificum in Chile. Rev. Med. Chil., 104:216,1976. (InSpanish). Bouchet, F. Identification of parasitoses in a child burial from Adak Island (Central Aleitian Islands, Alaska). C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, LifeSci., 324:123,2001. Sanders, D.F. Another record of a human diphyllobothriid in Australia. Med. J. Aust., 2:55,1953. Iijima, I. and Kurimoto, T. On a new human tape-worm (Bothriocephalus sp.). J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 6:372,1894. Yamane, Y. Paleoparasitology of archaeological soils in Japan (1) Parasitological analysis of latrine soils of the ancient Metropolis,Fujiwara-kyo (Nara Prefecture). Clin. Parasitol., 5:199,1994. Isobe, A. Paleoparasitology of archaeological soils in Japan (2). Parasitological analysis of latrine soils of Hiraizumi in Iwate Prefecture.Clin. Parasitol., 5:202,1994. Matsui, A. Palaeoparasitology in Japan—Discovery of toilet features. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 98:127,2003. Jeon, H.K. Morphologic and genetic identification of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense in Korea. Korean J. Parasitol., 47:369,2009. Park, S.H. A case of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection as confirmed by mitochondrial COX1 gene sequence analysis. Korean J.Parasitol., 51:471,2013. Song, S.M. Two human cases of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection in Korea. Korean J. Parasitol., 52:197,2014. Kim, H.J. Three cases of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection in Korea. Korean J. Parasitol., 52:673,2014. Shin, H.K. Extracorporeal worm extraction of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense with amidotrizoic acid in a child. Korean J. Parasitol.,52:677,2014. Park, S.H. Four additional cases of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection confirmed by analysis of COX1 gene in Korea. Korean J.Parasitol., 53:105,2015. Go, Y.B. Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infections in a family. Korean J. Parasitol., 53:109,2015. Choi, S. Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense: Wide egg size variation in 32 molecular confirmed adult specimens from Korea. Parasitol. Res.,114:2129,2015. Zhang, X. Molecular identification of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense from 3 human cases in Heilongjiang Province with a brief literaturereview in China. Korean J. Parasitol., 53:683,2015. Cho, S.Y. One case report of Diphyllobothrium latum infection in Korea. Seoul J. Med., 12:157,1971. Choi H.J. Four human cases of Diphyllobothrium latum infection. Korean J. Parasitol., 50:143,2012. Li, Y.H. A human case caused by Diphyllobothrium latum in Heilongjiang Province. Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis., 27:296,302,2009. (InChinese). Guo, A.J. Molecular identification of Diphyllobothrium latum and a brief review of diphyllobothriosis in China. Acta Parasitol., 57:293,2012. Fang, F.C. Human Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection in Washington State. J. Clin. Microbiol., 53:1355,2015. de Marval, F. Imported diphyllobothriosis in Switzerland: Molecular methods to define a clinical case of Diphyllobothrium infection asDiphyllobothrium dendriticum, August 2010. Euro Surveill., 18:31,2013. Yera, H. Putative Diphyllobothium nihonkaiense acquired from a Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) eaten in France; genomicidentification and cases report. Parasitol. Int., 55:45,2006. Paugam, A. Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection: A new risk in relation with the consumption of salmon. Presse Med., 38:675,2009. (InFrench). Wicht, B. Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense (Yamane et al., 1986) in Switzerland: First molecular evidence and case reports. Parasitol. Int.,56:195,2007. Shimizu, H. Diphyllobothriasis nihonkaiense: Possibly acquired in Switzerland from imported Pacific salmon. Inter. Med., 47:1359,2008. Yamasaki, H. and Kuramochi, T. A case of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection possibly linked to salmon consumption in NewZealand. Parasitol. Int., 105:583,2009. https://www.slideshare.net/Canterbury_Health_Laboratories/diphyllobothrium-homegrown-or-a-foreigntraveler Slepchenko S.M. Traditional living habits of the Taz Tundra population: A paleoparasitological study. Korean J. Parasitol., 54:617,2016. Cavalcanti, P. A case of diphyllobothriasis: Description and diagnosis. Infez. Med., 12:266,2004. (In Italian). Terramocci, R. Reappearance of human diphyllobothriasis in a limited area of Lake Como, Italy. Infection, 29:93,2001. Jackson, Y. Diphyllobothrium latum outbreak from marinated raw perch, Lake Geneve, Switzerland. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 13:1957,2007. Wicht, B. Diphyllobothrium latum (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) in perch (Perca fluviatilis) in three sub-alpine lakes: Influence of biotic andabiotic factors on prevalence. J. Limnol., 68:167,2009. Gustinelli, A. Prevalence of D. latum (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) plerocercoids in fish species from four Italian lakes and risk for theconsumers. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 235:109,2016. Chin-Garcia, C. Just passing through. J. Gen. Intern. Med., 25:92,2009. Targeon, E.W.T. Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) in the Sioux Lookout zone. CMA J., 111:507,1974. Ho, P.W.L. Diphyllobothrium latum infection in a Hawaiian male. Hawaii Med. J., 38:401,1979. Torres, P. Pseudophyllidea in south of Chile. IX Plerocercoids in trouts from five lakes and new cases of Diphyllobothrium latum in manand D. pacificum in a dog. Int. J. Zoonoses, 10:15,1983. Torres, P. Registro de nuevo casos de difolobotriasis humana en Chile (1981–1992), uncluído un caso de infección múltiple porDiphyllobothrium latum . Bol. Chil. Parasitol., 48:39,1993. (In Spanish). Mercado, R. Molecular identification of the Diphyllobothrium species causing diphyllobothriosis in Chilean patients. Parasitol. Res.,106:995,2010. Baer, J.G. Human diphyllobothriasis in Peru. Z. Parasitenkd., 28:277,1967. Medina, F.D.J. Diphyllobothrium pacificum en niños del Perú. Diagnostico, 41:1,2002. (In Spanish).

Sagua, H. Diphyllobothrium pacificum (Nybelin, 1931), Margolis 1956. First two cases of infection in northern Chile. Bol. Chil. Parasitol.,31:33,1976. (In Spanish). Mercado, R. Infection by Diphyllobothrium pacificum, probably acquired in the south of Chile, in a 3-year-old child. Bol. Chil. Parasitol.,43:54,1988. (In Spanish). González, A. Human diphyllobothriasis by Diphyllobothrium pacificum. A new case in Antofagasta, Chile. Rev. Med. Chil., 127:75,1999. (InSpanish). Sagua, H. New cases of Diphyllobothrium pacificum (Nybelin, 1931) Margolis, 1956 human infection in North of Chile, probably relatedwith El Niño, 1975–2000. Bol. Chil. Parasitol., 56:22,2001. (In Spanish). Gallegos, R. and Brousselle, C. Intestinal parasitosis of inhabitants living in an Ecuatorian archipelago. Bull. Soc. Fr. Parasitol.,9:219,1991. (In French). Kamo, H. Occurrence of human infection with Diphyllobothrium pacificum (Nybelin, 1931) Margolis, 1956 in Japan. Jpn. J. Parasitol.,31:165,1982. (In Japanese). Makiya, K. Diphyllobothrium pacificum, a cestode of marine mammals, expelled from a Japanese seaman. Jpn. J. Parasitol., 36:145,1987.(In Japanese). Yazaki, S. A case of human infection with Diphyllobothrium pacificum . Jpn. J. Parasitol., 39:118,1990. Yamane, Y. The third case of human infection with Diphyllobothrium pacificum (Nybelin, 1931) Margolis, 1956 in Japan. Jpn. J. Parasitol.,40(Suppl):67,1991. (In Japanese). Tsuboi, T. Light and scanning electron microcopy of Diphyllobothrium pacificum expelled from a man. Jpn. J. Parasitol., 42:422,1993. Colomina, J. A symptomatic infection by Diphyllobothrium latum in a Spanish 3-year-old child. Med. Clin. (Barc), 118:279,2002. Moore, C.V. Rare human infection with Pacific broad tapeworm, Adenocephalus pacificus, Australia. Emerge. Infect. Dis., 22:1510,2016. Wilhelm, O. Pseudophyllidea (Diphyllobothrium and Diplogonoporus) in Chile. Bol. Sci. Biol., 33:125,1958. (In Spanish). Chung, D.I. The first human case of of Diplogonoporus balaenopterae (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) infection in Korea. Korean J.Parasitol., 33:225,1995. Soga, K. Long fish tapeworm in the intestine: An in situ observation by capsule endoscopy. Intern. Med., 50:325,2011. Fujita, M. The diagnostic yield of colonoscopy and the therapeutic value of intraduodenal amidotrizoic acid injection in intestinalDiphyllobothrium latum infection: Report of a case. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 97:2468,2002. Hirata, M. A case of Diphyllobothrium latum/nihonkaiense infection identified by capsule endoscopy in small intestine. Gastrointest.Endosc., 64:129,2006. Iizuka, H. Diagnostic value of colonoscopy in intestinal Diphyllobothrium latum infection. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 7:e62,2009. Nomura, Y. Capsule endoscopy is a feasible procedure for identifying a Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection and determining theindications for vermifuge treatment. BMJ Case Rep., 2010:3023,2010. Kim, J.H. and Lee, J.H. Images in clinical medicine. Diphyllobothrium latum during colonoscopy. N. Engl. J. Med., 362:e40,2010. Park, S.C. Diphyllobothrium latum accidentally detected by colonoscopy. Dig. Liver Dis., 43:664,2011. Fujita, K. A case of childhood diphyllobothriosis associated by muscle spasmus during physical exercise. J. Kanazawa Med. Univ.,5:173,1980. (In Japanese). Taya, T. Treatment of heavy infection by Diphyllobothrium latum . Clin. Parasitol., 1:122,1990. (In Japanese). Attipoe, A. An unexpected finding of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense in a patient with inflammatory bowel disease. La Med., 44:e124,2013. Bjorkenheim, B. Optic neuropathy caused by vitamin-B12 deficiency in carriers of the fish tapeworm, Diphyllobothrium latum . Lancet,1:688,1966. Osorio, G. Severe megaloblastic anemia due to Diphyllobothrium latum. First case identified in Chile. Rev. Med. Chil., 102:700,1974. (InSpanish). Cristoffanini, A.P. Diphyllobothrium latum induced megaloblastic anemia. Rev. Med. Chil., 104:921,1976. (In Spanish). Donoso-Scroppo, M Megaloblastic anemia secondary to infection by Diphyllobothrium latum . Rev. Med. Chil., 114:1171,1986. (InSpanish). Vuylsteke, P. Case of megaloblastic anemia caused by intestinal taeniosis. Ann. Hematol., 83:487,2004. Marty, A.M. and Neafie, R.C. Diphyllobothiasis and sparganosis. In Pathology of Infectious Diseases, ed. W.M. Meyers , Washington, DC:Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 2000. Stanciu, C. Diphyllobothrium latum identified by capsule endoscopy—An unusual cause of iron-deficiency anemia. J. Gastrointestin. LiverDis., 18:142,2009. Byun, T.J. Multiple colonic aphthoid ulcers caused by Diphyllobothrium latum infection. Endoscopy, 41:E181–E182, 2009. Detrait, M. Diphyllobothriasis, a rare cause of profuse diarrhea following autologous transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant.,44:131,2009. Lumbreras, H. Single dose treatment with praziquantel (Cesol R, EmBay 8440) of human cestodiosis caused by Diphyllobothriumpacificum . Tropmed. Parasitol., 33:5,1982. Jiménez, J.A. Diphyllobothrium pacificum infection seldom associated with megaloblastic anemia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 87:897,2012. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/diagnosticprocedures/stool/specimenproc.html Yamasaki, H. Significance of molecular diagnosis using histopathological specimens in cestode zoonoses. Trop. Med. Health,35:307,2007. Yera, H. Use of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA PCR and sequencing for molecular identification of Diphyllobothrium isolates potentiallyinfective for humans. Parasite, 15:402,2008. Wicht, B. Multiplex PCR for differential identification of broad tapeworms (Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium) infecting humans. J. Clin. Microbiol.,48:3111,2010. Wicht, B. Inter- and intra-specific characterization of tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) fromSwitzerland, using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA targets. Parasitol. Int., 59:35,2010. Wicht, B. Diphyllobothrium . In Molecular Detection of Human Parasitic Pathogens, ed. D.Y. Liu , 237. 2013. New York: CRC Press/Taylorand Francis Group. Yamasaki, H. A simple method for identifying the diphyllobothriids based on mitochondrial DNA analysis. In ParasitologicalResearch—Materials and Methods, ed. S. Takamiya , 47. 2014. Nagoya: Sankeisha. (In Japanese).

Bianchi, A.B. Detection of loss of heterozygosity in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor specimens by polymerase chain reaction. Am.J. Pathol., 138:279,1991. Matsuura, T. Comparison of restriction fragment length polymorphisms of ribosomal DNA between Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense and D.latum . J. Helminthol., 66:261,1992. Thanchomnang, T. Rapid identification of nine species of diphyllobothriidean tapeworms by pyrosequencing. Sci. Rep., 6:37228,2016. Andrews, P. Praziquantel. Med. Res. Rev., 3:147,1983. Bylund, G. Tests with a new compound (Praziquantel) against Diphyllobothrium latum . J. Helminthol., 51:115,1977. Chai, J.Y. Praziquantel treatment in trematode and cestode infections: An update. Infect. Chemother., 45:32,2013. Chan, J.D. Ca2+ channels and praziquantel: A review from the free world. Parasitol. Int., 62:619,2013. Jeziorski, M.C. and Greenberg, R.M. Voltage-gated calcium channel subunits from platyhelminths: Potential role in praziquantel action. Int.J. Parasitol., 36:625,2006. Geary, T.G. Unresolved issues in anthelmintic pharmacology for helminthiases of humans. Int. J. Parasitol., 40:1,2012. WHO Model Formulary 2008 (PDF) . World Health Organization. 81, 87, 591. 2009. Groll, E. Praziquantel for cestode infections in man. Acta Trop., 37:293,1980. Ohnishi, K. and Kato, Y. Single low-dose treatment with praziquantel for Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infections. Intern. Med.,42:41,2003. Adam, I. Is praziquantel therapy safe during pregnancy? Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 98:540,2004. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/diphyllobothriosis/tx.htm Weinbach, E.C. and Garbus, J. Mechanism of action of reagents that uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. Nature, 221:1016,1969. Oi, H. Method for ejecting cestodes: Duodenal tube injection of gastrografin. AJR. Am. J. Roentogenol., 143:111,1984. Waki, K. Successful treatment of Diphyllobothrium latum and Taenia saginata infection by intraduodenal “Gastrografin” injection. Lancet,2:1124,1986. Yoshida, M. A case of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection successfully treated by oral administration of Gastrografin. Parasitol. Int.,48:151,1999. Ko, S.B.H. Observation of deworming process in infested Diphyllobothrium latum parasitism by gastrografin injection into jejunum throughdouble-balloon enteroscope. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 103:2149,2008. Koide, T. Two infant cases of diphyllobothriosis nihonkaiense diagnosed definitely by DNA analysis of causative tapeworms. J. Jpn.Pediatr. Soc., 114:1065,2010. (In Japanese). Xiao, P.G. and Fu, S.L. Traditional antiparasitic drugs in China. Parasitol. Today, 2:353,1986. Peng, W. Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae): A review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. J.Ethnopharmacol., 164:340,2015. Nakamura, I. A case of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection indicating an importance of repeated stool examination. Clin. Parasitol.,18:64,2007. (In Japanese). Kamo, H. Evidence of egg discharging periodicity in experimental human infection with Diphyllobothrium latum . Jpn. J. Parasitol.,35:53,1986. (In Japanese). World Health Organization (WHO) . Food safety issues associated with products from aquaculture. WHO Technol. Rep. Ser., 883:1999. World Health Organization (WHO) . Report of the Joint WHO/FAO Workshop on Foodborne Trematode Infections in Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam,Nov 26–28, 2002. WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines. August 2004. Tanowitz, H.B. Tapeworms. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep., 3:77,2001. Salminen, K. The effect of high and low temperature treatments on the infectiveness of Diphyllobothrium latum with regards to publichealth. Acta Vet. Scan., 32(Suppl):1,1970. Løvdal, T. The microbiology of cold smoked salmon. Food Control, 54:360,2015. Cabello, F.C. Salmon aquaculture and transmission of the fish tapeworm. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 13:169,2007. Buschmann, A.H. A review of the impacts of salmonid farming on marine coastal ecosystems in the southern Pacific. ICES J. Marine Sci.,63:1338,2006. Lima dos Santos, C.A.M. and Howgate, P. Fishborne zoonotic parasites and aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture, 318:253,2011. Ayer, N.W. and Tyedmers, P.H. Assessing alternative aquaculture technologies: Life cycle assessment of salmonid culture systems inCanada. J. Clean. Prod., 17:362,2009. Rozas, M.A. Parasitological study of Diphyllobothrium spp. in salmonid species intensively reared in Chile. Rev. AquaTIC, 25:1,2006. (InSpanish). https://www.mitsui.com/jp/en/releae/2017/1223277_10832.html Kamo, H. Reconsideration on taxonomic status of Diphyllobothrium latum (Linnaeus, 1758) in Japan with special regard to species specificcharacters. Jpn. J. Parasitol., 27:135,1978. (In Japanese). Rahkonen, R. Cestode larvae Diphyllobothrium dendriticum as a cause of heart disease leading to mortality in hatchery-reared sea troutand brown trout. Dis. Aquat. Org., 5:15,1996.

Echinococcus and Echinococcosis McManus DP , Gray DJ , Zhang W , Yang Y . Diagnosis, treatment, and management of echinococcosis. Brit Med J 2012;344:e3866. Budke CM , Deplazes P , Torgerson PR . Global socioeconomic impact of cystic echinococcosis. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:296–303. Deplazes P . Ecology and epidemiology of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe. Parassitologia 2006;48:37–39. Eckert J , Conraths FJ , Tackmann K . Echinococcosis: An emerging or re-emerging zoonosis? Int J Parasitol 2000;30:1283–1294. Romig T . Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe—State of the art. Vet Res Commun 2009;33(Suppl. 1):31–34. Hegglin D , Bontadina F , Gloor S , Romig T , Deplazes P , Kern P . Survey of public knowledge about Echinococcus multilocularis in fourEuropean countries: Need for proactive information. BMC Public Health 2008;8:247.

Feng X , Qi X , Yang L Human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China. J Helminthol2015;89:671–679. Li T , Ito A , Chen X Specific IgG responses to recombinant antigen B and em18 in cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in china. ClinVaccine Immunol 2010;17:470–475. Li T , Chen X , Zhen R Widespread co-endemicity of human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, northwestSichuan/southeast Qinghai, China. Acta Trop 2010;113:248–256. Feng X , Wen H , Zhang Z Dot immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA) with multiple native antigens for rapid serodiagnosis of human cysticand alveolar echinococcosis. Acta Trop 2010;113:114–120. Pagnozzi D , Tamarozzi F , Roggio AM Structural and immunodiagnostic characterization of aynthetic antigen B subunits fromEchinococcus granulosus and their evaluation as target antigens for cyst viability assessment. Clin Infect Dis 2018;66(9):1342–1351. Pleydell DR , Yang YR , Danson FM Landscape composition and spatial prediction of alveolar echinococcosis in southern ningxia, china.PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008;2:e287. Yang YR , Sun T , Li Z Community surveys and risk factor analysis of human alveolar and cystic echinococcosis in Ningxia HuiAutonomous Region, China. Bull World Health Organ 2006;84:714–721. Yang YR , Liu XZ , Vuitton DA Simultaneous alveolar and cystic echinococcosis of the liver. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg2006;100:597–600. Wang Q , Qiu J , Yang W Socioeconomic and behavior risk factors of human alveolar echinococcosis in Tibetan communities in Sichuan,People's Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;74:856–862. Craig PS . Epidemiology of human alveolar echinococcosis in China. Parasitol Int 2006;55(Suppl.):S221–S225. Zhang W , Zhang Z , Wu W Epidemiology and control of echinococcosis in central Asia, with particular reference to the People's Republicof China. Acta Trop 2015;141:235–243. Craig PS , Larrieu E . Control of cystic echinococcosis/hydatidosis: 1863–2002. Adv Parasitol 2006;61:443–508. Craig PS , McManus DP , Lightowlers MW Prevention and control of cystic echinococcosis. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7:385–394. McManus DP , Zhang W , Li J , Bartley PB . Echinococcosis. Lancet 2003;362:1295–1304. Torgerson PR , Schweiger A , Deplazes P Alveolar echinococcosis: From a deadly disease to a well-controlled infection. Relative survivaland economic analysis in Switzerland over the last 35 years. J Hepatol 2008;49:72–77. Brunetti E , Kern P , Vuitton DA . Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. ActaTrop 2010;114:1–16. Budke CM , Carabin H , Ndimubanzi PC A systematic review of the literature on cystic echinococcosis frequency worldwide and itsassociated clinical manifestations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013;88:1011–1027. Torgerson PR , Keller K , Magnotta M , Ragland N . The global burden of alveolar echinococcosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4:e722. Wang Q , Yu WJ , Zhong B Seasonal pattern of Echinococcus re-infection in owned dogs in Tibetan communities of Sichuan, China and itsimplications for control. Infect Dis Poverty 2016;5:60. Eckert J , Deplazes P , Craig PS Echinococcosis in Animals: Clinical Aspects, Diagnosis And treatment. Paris, France: World Organisationfor Animal Health and World Health Organisation; 2001. Eckert J , Thompson RC . Historical aspects of echinococcosis. Adv Parasitol 2017;95:1–64. Romig T , Ebi D , Wassermann M . Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Vet Parasitol2015;213:76–84. Xiao N , Qiu J , Nakao M Echinococcus shiquicus n. sp., a taeniid cestode from Tibetan fox and plateau pika in China. Int J Parasitol2005;35:693–701. Nakao M , McManus DP , Schantz PM , Craig PS , Ito A . A molecular phylogeny of the genus Echinococcus inferred from completemitochondrial genomes. Parasitology 2007;134:713–722. Saarma U , Jogisalu I , Moks E A novel phylogeny for the genus Echinococcus, based on nuclear data, challenges relationships based onmitochondrial evidence. Parasitology 2009;136:317–328. Alvarez Rojas CA , Romig T , Lightowlers MW . Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes infecting humans--review of currentknowledge. Int J Parasitol 2014;44:9–18. Thompson RC . The taxonomy, phylogeny and transmission of Echinococcus . Exp Parasitol 2008;119:439–446. Romig T , Dinkel A , Mackenstedt U . The present situation of echinococcosis in Europe. Parasitol Int 2006;55(Suppl):S187–S191. Nakao M , Lavikainen A , Yanagida T , Ito A . Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda: Taeniidae). Int J Parasitol2013;43:1017–1029. Boufana B , Qiu J , Chen X , Budke CM , Campos-Ponce M , Craig PS . First report of Echinococcus shiquicus in dogs from easternQinghai-Tibet plateau region, China. Acta Trop 2013;127:21–24. Carmena D , Cardona GA . Echinococcosis in wild carnivorous species: Epidemiology, genotypic diversity, and implications for veterinarypublic health. Vet Parasitol 2014;202:69–94. Fan YL , Lou ZZ , Li L Genetic diversity in Echinococcus shiquicus from the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) in Darlag County, Qinghai,China. Infect Genet Evol 2016;45:408–414. Raoul F , Hegglin D , Giraudoux P . Trophic ecology, behaviour and host population dynamics in Echinococcus multilocularis transmission.Vet Parasitol 2015;213:162–171. Liccioli S , Duignan PJ , Lejeune M , Deunk J , Majid S , Massolo A . A new intermediate host for Echinococcus multilocularis: Thesouthern red-backed vole (Myodes gapperi) in urban landscape in Calgary, Canada. Parasitol Int 2013;62:355–357. Liu CN , Lou ZZ , Li L Discrimination between E. granulosus sensu stricto, E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus using a multiplex PCR assay.PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9:e0004084. Bowles J , Blair D , McManus DP . A molecular phylogeny of the genus Echinococcus . Parasitology 1995;110:317–328. Bowles J , Blair D , McManus DP . Genetic variants within the genus Echinococcus identified by mitochondrial DNA sequencing. MolBiochem Parasitol 1992;54:165–173. Jenkins EJ , Peregrine AS , Hill JE Detection of European Strain of Echinococcus multilocularis in North America. Emerg Infect Dis2012;18:1010–1012. Yilmaz G , Halil Akpinar S . Imaging findings of an unusually located hydatid cyst presented as a sacrococcygeal mass. Iran J Radiol2015;12:e20228.

Ito A , Chuluunbaatar G , Yanagida T Echinococcus species from red foxes, corsac foxes, and wolves in Mongolia. Parasitology2013;140:1648–1654. Casulli A , Szell Z , Pozio E , Sreter T . Spatial distribution and genetic diversity of Echinococcus multilocularis in Hungary. Vet Parasitol2010;174:241–246. Casulli A , Bart JM , Knapp J Multilocus microsatellite analysis supports the hypothesis of an autochthonous focus of Echinococcusmultilocularis in northern Italy. Int J Parasitol 2009;39:837–842. Deplazes P , Eckert J . Veterinary aspects of alveolar echinococcosis--a zoonosis of public health significance. Vet Parasitol2001;98:65–87. Thompson CRA , McManus DP . Aetiology: Parasites and Life-Cycles. Paris, France: World Organisation for Animal Health and Worldhealth Organisation; 2001. el Khamlichi A , el Ouahabi A , Amrani F , Assamti O . [Development of intracerebral hydatid cyst evaluated with x-ray computedtomography. A case report]. Neurochirurgie 1990;36:312–314. Sierra J , Oviedo J , Berthier M , Leiguarda R . Growth rate of secondary hydatid cysts of the brain. Case report. J Neurosurg1985;62:781–782. Evliyaoglu C , Yuksel M , Gul B , Kaptanoglu E , Yaman M . Growth rate of multiple intracranial hydatid cysts assessed by CT from thetime of embolisation. Neuroradiology 1998;40:387–389. Vuitton DA , Zhang SL , Yang Y Survival strategy of Echinococcus multilocularis in the human host. Parasitol Int2006;55(Suppl.):S51–S55. Thompson RCA . Biology and Systimatics of Echinococcus. Wallingford, UK: CAB International; 1995. Deplazes P , Rinaldi L , Alvarez Rojas CA Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Adv Parasitol 2017;95:315–493. Torgerson PR . The emergence of echinococcosis in central Asia. Parasitology 2013;140:1667–1673. Schweiger A , Ammann RW , Candinas D Human alveolar echinococcosis after fox population increase, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis2007;13:878–882. Craig PS , Li T , Qiu J Echinococcosis and Tibetan communities. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1674–1675. Craig P . Echinococcus multilocularis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003;16:437–444. Altintas N . Past to present: Echinococcosis in Turkey. Acta Trop 2003;85:105–112. Moro PL , McDonald J , Gilman RH Epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus infection in the central Peruvian Andes. Bull World HealthOrgan 1997;75:553–561. Ito A , Urbani C , Jiamin Q Control of echinococcosis and cysticercosis: A public health challenge to international cooperation in China.Acta Trop 2003;86:3–17. China-collaboration-groups . A national survey on current status of the important parasitic diseases in human population. Zhongguo JiSheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2005;23:332–340. Li TY , Qiu JM , Yang W Echinococcosis in Tibetan populations, western Sichuan Province, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:1866–1873. Chi PS , Fan YL , Zhang WB , Zhang ZZ , Alili H , Zhang YL . [The epidemic situations of cystic echinococcosis in China]. Xinjiang AgricSci 1989;1989:35–38 (in Chinese). Vuitton DA , Zhou H , Bresson-Hadni S Epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis with particular reference to China and Europe.Parasitology 2003;127(Suppl.):S87–107. Vuitton DA , Gottstein B . Echinococcus multilocularis and its intermediate host: A model of parasite-host interplay. J Biomed Biotechnol2010;2010:923193. Vuitton DA , Demonmerot F , Knapp J Clinical epidemiology of human AE in Europe. Vet Parasitol 2015;213:110–120. Marcinkute A , Sarkunas M , Moks E Echinococcus infections in the Baltic region. Vet Parasitol 2015;213:121–131. Catalano S , Lejeune M , Liccioli S Echinococcus multilocularis in urban coyotes, Alberta, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2012;18:1625–1628. Massolo A , Liccioli S , Budke C , Klein C . Echinococcus multilocularis in North America: The great unknown. Parasite 2014;21:73. Bresson-Hadni S , Delabrousse E , Blagosklonov O Imaging aspects and non-surgical interventional treatment in human alveolarechinococcosis. Parasitol Int 2006;55(Suppl.):S267–S272. Macpherson CN , Kachani M , Lyagoubi M Cystic echinococcosis in the Berber of the Mid Atlas mountains, Morocco: New insights into thenatural history of the disease in humans. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2004;98:481–490. Macpherson CN , Bartholomot B , Frider B . Application of ultrasound in diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, public health and control ofEchinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis . Parasitology 2003;127(Suppl.):S21–35. Gavidia CM , Gonzalez AE , Zhang W Diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis, central Peruvian Highlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:260–266. WHO-Informal-Working-Group . International classification of ultrasound images in cystic echinococcosis for application in clinical and fieldepidemiological settings. Acta Trop 2003;85:253–261. Kern P , Wen H , Sato N WHO classification of alveolar echinococcosis: Principles and application. Parasitol Int2006;55(Suppl.):S283–S287. Zhang W , Wen H , Li J , Lin R , McManus DP . Immunology and immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis: An update. Clin Dev Immunol2012;2012:101895. Zhang W , Li J , McManus DP . Concepts in immunology and diagnosis of hydatid disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003;16:18–36. Deonarain J , Ramdial PK , Sing Y , Calonje E , Singh B . Subcutaneous palisading granulomatous pseudocysts of Echinococcusgranulosus origin. J Cutan Pathol 2009;36:240–245. Ambo M , Adachi K , Ohkawara A . Postoperative alveolar hydatid disease with cutaneous-subcutaneous involvement. J Dermatol1999;26:343–347. Watanabe N , Seto H , Kamei T Colloid liver SPECT of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Ann Nucl Med 1993;7:277–279. Sakalar C , Kuk S , Erensoy A Molecular discrimination of Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis by sequencing and anew PCR-RFLP method with the potential use for other Echinococcus species. Turk J Med Sci 2014;44:741–748. Kul O , Yildiz K . Multivesicular cysts in cattle: Characterisation of unusual hydatid cyst morphology caused by Echinococcus granulosus .Vet Parasitol 2010;170:162–166. Barth TF , Herrmann TS , Tappe D Sensitive and specific immunohistochemical diagnosis of human alveolar echinococcosis with themonoclonal antibody Em2G11. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012;6:e1877.

Bresson-Hadni S , Miguet J , Mantion G , Vuitton D . Echinococcosis of the Liver. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2007. das Neves LB , Teixeira PE , Silva S First molecular identification of Echinococcus vogeli and Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) G1revealed in feces of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) from Acre, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2017;10:28. Abbasi I , Branzburg A , Campos-Ponce M Copro-diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection in dogs by amplification of a newlyidentified repeated DNA sequence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003;69:324–330. Knapp J , Umhang G , Poulle ML , Millon L . Development of a real-time PCR for a sensitive one-step coprodiagnosis allowing both theidentification of carnivore feces and the detection of Toxocara spp. and Echinococcus multilocularis . Appl Environ Microbiol2016;82:2950–2958. McManus DP . Immunodiagnosis of sheep infections with Echinococcus granulosus: In 35 years where have we come? Parasite Immunol2014;36:125–130. Lightowlers MW , Gottstein B . Echinococcosis/Hydatidosis: Antigens, Immunological and Molecular Diagnosis. Wallingford, Oxon, UK:CAB International; 1995. Craig PS , Rogan MT , Allan JC . Detection, screening and community epidemiology of taeniid cestode zoonoses: Cystic echinococcosis,alveolar echinococcosis and neurocysticercosis. Adv Parasitol 1996;38:169–250. Pawlowski ZS , Eckert J , Vuitton DA Echinococcosis in Humans: Clinical Aspects, Diagnosis and Treatment. Paris, France: WorldOrganisation for Animal Health and World Health Organisation; 2001. Vuitton DA , Azizi A , Richou C Current interventional strategy for the treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Expert Rev Anti InfectTher 2016;14:1179–1194. Ran B , Shao Y , Yimiti Y Surgical procedure choice for removing hepatic cysts of Echinococcus granulosus in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg2016;26:363–367. Ormeci N . PAIR vs Ormeci technique for the treatment of hydatid cyst. Turk J Gastroenterol 2014;25:358–364. El-On J . Benzimidazole treatment of cystic echinococcosis. Acta Trop 2003;85:243–252. Shahait M , Saoud R , El Hajj A . Laparoscopic treatment of giant renal cystic echinococcosis. Int J Infect Dis 2016;42:58–60. Tuxun T , Zhang JH , Zhao JM World review of laparoscopic treatment of liver cystic echinococcosis--914 patients. Int J Infect Dis2014;24:43–50. Belli L , Aseni P , Rondinara GF , Bertini M . Improved results with pericystectomy in normothermic ischemia for hepatic hydatidosis. SurgGynecol Obstet 1986;163:127–132. Belli L , del Favero E , Marni A , Romani F . Resection versus pericystectomy in the treatment of hydatidosis of the liver. Am J Surg1983;145:239–242. Vasilescu C , Tudor S , Popa M , Tiron A , Lupescu I . Robotic partial splenectomy for hydatid cyst of the spleen. Langenbecks Arch Surg2010;395:1169–1174. Graeter T , Ehing F , Oeztuerk S Hepatobiliary complications of alveolar echinococcosis: A long-term follow-up study. World JGastroenterol 2015;21:4925–4932. Cicek B , Parlak E , Disibeyaz S , Oguz D , Cengiz C , Sahin B . Endoscopic therapy of hepatic hydatid cyst disease in preoperative andpostoperative settings. Digest Dis Sci 2007;52:931–935. Giouleme O , Nikolaidis N , Zezos P Treatment of complications of hepatic hydatid disease by ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc2001;54:508–510. Horton RJ . Albendazole in treatment of human cystic echinococcosis: 12 years of experience. Acta Trop 1997;64:79–93. Liu YH , Wang XG , Gao JS , Qingyao Y , Horton J . Continuous albendazole therapy in alveolar echinococcosis: Long-term follow-upobservation of 20 cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009;103:768–778. Wilson JF , Rausch RL , McMahon BJ , Schantz PM . Parasiticidal effect of chemotherapy in alveolar hydatid disease: Review ofexperience with mebendazole and albendazole in Alaskan Eskimos. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:234–249. Ammann RW , Hoffmann AF , Eckert J . [Swiss study of chemotherapy of alveolar echinococcosis--review of a 20- year clinical researchproject]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1999;129:323–332. Ammann RW , Ilitsch N , Marincek B , Freiburghaus AU . Effect of chemotherapy on the larval mass and the long-term course of alveolarechinococcosis. Swiss Echinococcosis Study Group. Hepatology 1994;19:735–742. Caoduro C , Porot C , Vuitton DA The role of delayed 18F-FDG PET imaging in the follow-up of patients with alveolar echinococcosis. JNucl Med 2013;54:358–363. Reuter S , Jensen B , Buttenschoen K , Kratzer W , Kern P . Benzimidazoles in the treatment of alveolar echinococcosis: A comparativestudy and review of the literature. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;46:451–456. Davis A , Dixon H , Pawlowski ZS . Multicentre clinical trials of benzimidazole-carbamates in human cystic echinococcosis (phase 2). BullWorld Health Organ 1989;67:503–508. Keshmiri M , Baharvahdat H , Fattahi SH Albendazole versus placebo in treatment of echinococcosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg2001;95:190–194. Davis A , Pawlowski ZS , Dixon H . Multicentre clinical trials of benzimidazolecarbamates in human echinococcosis. Bull World HealthOrgan 1986;64:383–388. Daniel-Mwambete K , Torrado S , Cuesta-Bandera C , Ponce-Gordo F , Torrado JJ . The effect of solubilization on the oral bioavailabilityof three benzimidazole carbamate drugs. Int J Pharm 2004;272:29–36. Ingold K , Bigler P , Thormann W , Cavaliero T , Gottstein B , Hemphill A . Efficacies of albendazole sulfoxide and albendazole sulfoneagainst In vitro-cultivated Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:1052–1061. Kern P . Echinococcus granulosus infection: Clinical presentation, medical treatment and outcome. Langenbecks Arch Surg2003;388:413–420. Kern P , Bardonnet K , Renner E European echinococcosis registry: Human alveolar echinococcosis, Europe, 1982-2000. Emerg InfectDis 2003;9:343–349. Gemmell MA , Roberts MG , Beard TC , Campano Diaz S , Lawson JR , Nonnemaker JM . Control of Echinococcus Granulosus. Paris:World Organisation for Animal Health; 2001. Minagawa T . The reconsideration of natural history of echinococcosis at Rebun Island. Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi 1999;74:113–134. Yamashita J . Echinococcus and echinococcosis. Progr Med Parasitol (Japan) 1973;5:65–123. Raoul F , Michelat D , Ordinaire M Echinococcus multilocularis: Secondary poisoning of fox population during a vole outbreak reducesenvironmental contamination in a high endemicity area. Int J Parasitol 2003;33:945–954.

Comte S , Umhang G , Raton V Echinococcus multilocularis management by fox culling: An inappropriate paradigm. Prev Vet Med2017;147:178–185. Cucher MA , Macchiaroli N , Baldi G Cystic echinococcosis in South America: Systematic review of species and genotypes ofEchinococcus granulosus sensu lato in humans and natural domestic hosts. Trop Med Int Health 2016;21:166–175. Larrieu E , Zanini F . Critical analysis of cystic echinococcosis control programs and praziquantel use in South America, 1974–2010. RevPanam Salud Publica 2012;31:81–87. Zhang ZZ , Shi BX , Wang JC Monthly dog treatment with praziquantel for controlling hydatid disease in two counties in Xnjiang, China.Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis 2008;26:253–257. Comte S , Raton V , Raoul F Fox baiting against Echinococcus multilocularis: Contrasted achievements among two medium size cities.Prev Vet Med 2013;111:147–155. Nonaka N , Kamiya M , Oku Y . Towards the control of Echinococcus multilocularis in the definitive host in Japan. Parasitol Int2006;55(Suppl.):S263–S266. Takahashi K , Uraguchi K , Hatakeyama H , Giraudoux P , Romig T . Efficacy of anthelmintic baiting of foxes against Echinococcusmultilocularis in northern Japan. Vet Parasitol 2013;198:122–126. Hegglin D , Deplazes P . Control of Echinococcus multilocularis: Strategies, feasibility and cost-benefit analyses. Int J Parasitol2013;43:327–337. Eckert J , Deplazes P . Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern. Clin MicrobiolRev 2004;17:107–135. Romig T , Bilger B , Dinkel A Impact of praziquantel baiting on intestinal helminths of foxes in southwestern Germany. Helminthologia2007;44:137–144. Lightowlers MW , Lawrence SB , Gauci CG Vaccination against hydatidosis using a defined recombinant antigen. Parasite Immunol1996;18:457–462. Gauci C , Heath D , Chow C , Lightowlers MW . Hydatid disease: Vaccinology and development of the EG95 recombinant vaccine. ExpertRev Vaccines 2005;4:103–112. Lightowlers MW . Cestode vaccines: Origins, current status and future prospects. Parasitology 2006;133(Suppl.):S27–42. Heath DD , Robinson C , Lightowlers MW . Maternal antibody parameters of cattle and calves receiving EG95 vaccine to protect againstEchinococcus granulosus . Vaccine 2012;30:7321–7326. Heath DD , Robinson C , Shakes T Vaccination of bovines against Echinococcus granulosus (cystic echinococcosis). Vaccine2012;30:3076–3081. Larrieu E , Herrero E , Mujica G Pilot field trial of the EG95 vaccine against ovine cystic echinococcosis in Rio Negro, Argentina: Earlyimpact and preliminary data. Acta Trop 2013;127:143–151. Larrieu E , Mujica G , Gauci CG Pilot field trial of the EG95 vaccine against ovine cystic echinococcosis in Rio Negro, Argentina: Secondstudy of impact. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9:e0004134. Gottstein B , Stojkovic M , Vuitton DA , Millon L , Marcinkute A , Deplazes P . Threat of alveolar echinococcosis to public health—Achallenge for Europe. Trends Parasitol 2015;31:407–412. Dang Z , Yagi K , Oku Y A pilot study on developing mucosal vaccine against alveolar echinococcosis (AE) using recombinant tetraspanin3: Vaccine efficacy and immunology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012;6:e1570. Zhang W , Ross AG , McManus DP . Mechanisms of immunity in hydatid disease: Implications for vaccine development. J Immunol2008;181:6679–6685. Zhang W , McManus DP . Vaccination of dogs against Echinococcus granulosus: A means to control hydatid disease? Trends Parasitol2008;24:419–424. Zhang W , Zhang Z , Shi B Vaccination of dogs against Echinococcus granulosus, the cause of cystic hydatid disease in humans. J InfectDis 2006;194:966–974. Kouguchi H , Matsumoto J , Nakao R , Yamano K , Oku Y , Yagi K . Characterization of a surface glycoprotein from Echinococcusmultilocularis and its mucosal vaccine potential in dogs. PLoS One 2013;8:e69821. Torgerson PR . Dogs, vaccines and Echinococcus . Trends Parasitol 2009;25:57–58. McManus DP . Current status of the genetics and molecular taxonomy of Echinococcus species. Parasitology. 2013;140(13):1617–1623.

Hymenolepis Rozario T , Newmark PA . A confocal microscopy-based atlas of tissue architecture in the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta . Exp Parasitol.2015;158:31–41. McKenney EA , Williamson L , Yoder AD , Rawls JF , Bilbo SD , Parker W . Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization withthe helminth Hymenolepis diminuta . Gut Microbes. 2015;6(3):182–193. Tena D , Pérez Simón M , Gimeno C Human infection with Hymenolepis diminuta: Case report from Spain. J Clin Microbiol.1998;36:2375–2376. Mowlavi GH , Mobedi I , Mamishi S Hymenolepis diminuta (Rodolphi, 1819) infection in a child from Iran. Iran J Public Health.2008;37:120–122. Karuna T , Khadanga S . A case of Hymenolepis diminuta in a young male from Odisha. Trop Parasitol. 2013;3(2):145–147. Kalaivani R , Nandhini L , Seetha KS . Hymenolepis diminuta infection in a school-going child: A rare case report. Australas Med J.2014;7(9):379–381. Kim BJ , Song KS , Kong HH , Cha HJ , Ock M . Heavy Hymenolepis nana infection possibly through organic foods: Report of a case.Korean J Parasitol. 2014;52(1):85–87. Kołodziej P , Rzymowska J , Stępień-Rukasz H , Lorencowicz R , Lucińska M , Dzióbek M . Analysis of a child infected with Hymenolepisdiminuta in Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2014;21(3):510–511. Abrar Ul Haq K , Gul NA , Hammad HM , Bibi Y , Bibi A , Mohsan J . Prevalence of Giardia intestinalis and Hymenolepis nana in Afghanrefugee population of Mianwali district, Pakistan. Afr Health Sci. 2015;15(2):394–400.

Thompson RC . Neglected zoonotic helminths: Hymenolepis nana, Echinococcus canadensis and Ancylostoma ceylanicum . Clin MicrobiolInfect. 2015;21(5):426–432. Gupta P , Gupta P , Bhakri BK , Kaistha N , Omar BJ . Hymenolepis diminuta infection in a school going child: First case report fromUttarakhand. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(9):DD04–5. Mane P , Sangwan J . Hymenolepis diminuta infection in young boy from rural part of Northern India. J Family Med Prim Care.2016;5:166–167. Yang D , Zhao W , Zhang Y , Liu A . Prevalence of Hymenolepis nana and H. diminuta from brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Heilongjiangprovince, China. Korean J Parasitol. 2017;55(3):351–355. Tsai IJ , Zarowiecki M , Holroyd N The genomes of four tapeworm species reveal adaptations to parasitism. Nature2013;496(7443):57–63. Johnston MJ , Wang A , Catarino ME Extracts of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, suppress macrophage activation in vitro andalleviate chemically induced colitis in mice. Infect Immun. 2010;78(3):1364–1375. Melon A , Wang A , Phan V , McKay DM . Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta is more effective than daily corticosteroids in blockingchemically induced colitis in mice. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010:384523. Wegener Parfrey L , Jirků M , Šíma R A benign helminth alters the host immune system and the gut microbiota in a rat model system.PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182205. Zawistowska-Deniziak A , Basałaj K , Strojny B , Młocicki D . New data on human macrophages polarization by Hymenolepis diminutatapeworm: An in vitro study. Front Immunol. 2017;8:148. Koneman EW , Allen SD , Janda WM Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott; 2006,p. 1285–1286. Singh YD , Arya RS . Clinico-pathology, diagnosis and management of Cysticercus fasciolaris and Hymenolepis diminuta co-infection inwistar rats. Vet World. 2015;8(1):116–120. Sharma S , Lyngdoh D , Roy B , Tandon V . Differential diagnosis and molecular characterization of Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepisdiminuta (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea: Hymenolepididae) based on nuclear rDNA ITS2 gene marker. Parasitol Res. 2016;115(11):4293–4298. von Nickisch-Rosenegk M , Brown WM , Boore JL . Complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the tapeworm Hymenolepisdiminuta: Gene arrangements indicate that Platyhelminths are Eutrochozoans. Mol Biol Evol. 2001;18(5):721–730. Macnish MG , Morgan-Ryan UM , Monis PT , Behnke JM , Thompson RC . A molecular phylogeny of nuclear and mitochondrialsequences in Hymenolepis nana (Cestoda) supports the existence of a cryptic species. Parasitology. 2002;125(6):567–575. Cheng T , Liu GH , Song HQ , Lin RQ , Zhu XQ . The complete mitochondrial genome of the dwarf tapeworm Hymenolepis nana—Aneglected zoonotic helminth. Parasitol Res. 2016;115(3):1253–1262. Soares Magalhães RJ , Fançony C , Gamboa D Extending helminth control beyond STH and schistosomiasis: The case of humanhymenolepiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(10):e2321. Juan JO , Lopez Chegne N , Gargala G , Favennec L . Comparative clinical studies of nitazoxanide, albendazole and praziquantel in thetreatment of ascariasis, trichuriasis and hymenolepiasis in children from Peru. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002;96(2):193–196. Li B , Zhao B , Yang GY Mebendazole in the treatment of Hymenolepis nana infections in the captive ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta),China. Parasitol Res. 2012;111(2):935–937. Patamia I , Cappello E , Castellano-Chiodo D , Greco F , Nigro L , Cacopardo B . A human case of Hymenolepis diminuta in a child fromeastern Sicily. Korean J Parasitol. 2010;48(2):167–169.

Spirometra Liu DY , Chen JS , Fang WH . Spirometra. In Liu DY , ed. Molecular Detection of Human Parasitic Pathogens. London: CRC Press, 2013,pp. 287–295. Jeon HK , Park HS , Lee DM Genetic identification of Spirometra decipiens plerocercoids in terrestrial snakes from Korea and China.Korean J Parasitol 2016; 53:181–185. Faust EC , Campbell HE , Kellogg CR . Morphological and biological studies on the species of Diphyllobothrium in China. Am J Hyg 1929;9:560–583. Mueller JF . New host records for Diphyllobothrium mansonoides Mueller 1935. J Parasitol 1937; 23:313–315. Bonne C . Over sparganosis in Nederlandsch-Indie (Sparganosis in Netherlands Indies). Geneeskundig T Ned. Ind. 1937; 77:1119–1121. Anantaphruti MT , Nawa Y , Vanvanitchai Y . Human sparganosis in Thailand: An overview. Acta Trop 2011; 118:171–176. Wardle RA , McLeod JA . The Zoology of Tapeworms. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1952, pp. 559–615. Yamaguti S . Systema helminthum . Vol. II. The Cestodes of Vertebrates. New York, NY: Interscience, 1959, pp. 358–361. Kamo H . Guide to Identification of Diphyllobothriid Cestodes. In K. Hirai ed. Gendai Kikaku, Tokyo, Japan. 1999, pp. 1–146. (inJapanese). Iwata S . Experimental and morphological studies of Manson's tapeworm, Diphyllobothrium erinacei (Rudolphi) special reference with itsscientific name and relationship with Sparganum proliferum, Ijima. Progress Med Parasitol Jpn 1972; 4:536–590. Eom KS , Park HS , Lee DM , Choe SJ , Kim KH , Jeon HK . Mitochondrial genome sequences of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei and S.decipiens (Cestoidea: Diphyllobothriidae). Korean J Parasitol 2015; 53:455–463. Mueller JF . Potential longevity of life history stages of Spirometra spp. J Parasitol 1974; 60:376–377. Lee KJ , Myung NH , Park HW . A case of sparganosis in the leg. Korean J Parasitol 2010; 48:309–312. Wang H , Tang Y , Yang Y A case of concurrent infection with Spirometra adult and sparagana. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis 2012;30:40.(in Chinese). Nakamura T , Hara M , Matsuoka M , Kawabata M , Tsuji M . Human proliferative sparganosis: A new Japanese case. Am J Clin Pathol1990; 94:224–228. Liu Q , Li MW , Wang ZD , Zhao GH , Zhu XQ . Human sparganosis, a neglected food borne zoonosis. Lancet Infect Dis 2015;15:1226–1235.

Li MW , Song HQ , Li C Sparganosis in mainland China. Int J Inf Dis 2011; 15:154–156. Ho TH , Lin MC , Yu WW , Lai PH , Sheu SJ , Bee YS . Ocular sparganosis mimicking and orbital idiopathic inflammatory syndrome. Orbit2013; 32:395–398. Chiu CH , Chiou TL , Hsu YH , Yen PS . MR spectroscopy and MR perfusion character of cerebral sparganosis: A case report. Br J Radiol2010; 83:31–34. Tung CC , Lin JW , Chou FF . Sparganosis in male breast. J Formos Med Assoc 2005; 104:127–128. Chang JH , Lin OS , Yeh KT . Subcutaneous sparganosis—A case report and a review of human sparganosis in Taiwan. Kaohsiung J MedSci 1999; 15:567–571. Kim JI , Kim TW , Hong SM Intramuscular sparganosis in the gastrocnemius muscle: A case report. Korean J Parasitol 2014; 52:69–73. Park WH , Shin TY , Yoon SM A case report of testicular sparganosis misdiagnosed as testicular tumor. J Korean Med Sci 2014;29:1018–1020. Cho SY , Bae JH , Seo BS . Some aspects of human sparganosis in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1975; 13:60–77. (in Korean). Huang YY , Ikeuchi H , Yuda K . Case of Sparganum mansoni infection in man and distribution of Diphyllobothrium erinacei in cats anddogs in Miyagi Prefecture. Med Biol 1970; 80:121–124. (in Japanese). Chiba T , Yasukochi Y , Moroi Y , Furue M . A case of Sparganosis mansoni in the thigh: Serological validation of cure following surgery.Iran J Parasitol 2012; 7:103–106. Alibhoy AT , Fernando R , Perera F . A case of cerebral sparganosis. Ceylon Med J 2007; 52:93–94. Wijesundera MS , Ratnatunga N , Kumarasinghe MP , Dissanaike AS . First reports of subcutaneous sparganosis in Sri Lanka. CeylonMed J 1997; 42:30–32. Margono SS , Sutjahyono RW , Kuruniawan A Diphyllobothriasis and sparganosis in Indonesia. Trop Med Heal 2007; 35:301–305. Wang H , Tang Y , Yang Y A case of concurrent infection with Spirometra adult and sparagana. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis 2012; 30:40.(in Chinese). Chang KH , Chi JG , Cho SY , Han MH , Han DH , Han MC . Cerebral sparganosis: Analysis of 34 cases with emphasis on CT features.Neuroradiology 1992; 34:1–8. Hong D , Xie H , Zhu M , Wan H , Xu R , Wu Y . Cerebral sparganosis in mainland Chinese patients. J Clin Neurosci 2013; 20:1514–1519. Song T , Wang WS , Zhou BR CT and MR characteristics of cerebral sparganosis. Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28:1700–1705. Jeong SC , Bae JC , Hwang SH Cerebral sparganosis with intracerebral hemorrhage: A case report. Neurology 1998; 50:503–506. Liu YJ . Two cases of intraspinal sparganosis. Chin J Spine Spinal Cord 2006; 16:137. (in Chinese). Lee JH , Kim GH , Kim SM A case of sparganosis that presented as a recurrent pericardial effusion. Korean Circ J 2011; 41:38–42. Cho KJ , Lee HS , Chi JG . Intramural sparganosis manifested as intestinal obstruction a case report. J Korean Med Sci 1987; 2:137–139. Koo M , Kim JH , Kim JS , Lee JE , Nam SJ , Yang JH . Cases and literature review of breast sparganosis. World J Surg 2011;35:573–579. Iwatani K , Kubota I , Hirotsu Y Sparganum mansoni parasitic infection in the lung showing a nodule. Pathol Int 2006; 56:674–677. Lee JH , Yu JS , Park MS , Lee SI , Yang SW . Abdominal sparganosis presenting as an abscess with fistulous communication to thebowel. Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185:1084–1085. Fukatsu T , Tajima K , Saitou K . Two cases of abdominal masses caused by foreign bodies which were preoperatively diagnosed asurachal abscess. Acta Urol Jpn 2000; 46:341–344. (in Japanese). Cheng KB , Gao BL , Liu JM , Xu JF . Pulmonary Sparganosis mansoni: A case report from a non-endemic region. J Thorac Dis 2014;6:120–124. Liu W , Liu GH , Li F Sequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA regions of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei spargana of human andanimal health significance. J Helminthol 2012; 86:271–275. Moulinier R , Martinez E , Torres J Human proliferative sparganosis in Venezuela: Report of a case. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1982;31:358–363. Lo YK , Chao D , Yan SH Spinal cord proliferative sparganosis in Taiwan: A case report. Neurosurgery 1987; 21:235–238. Yeo IS , Yong TS , Im K . Serodiagnosis of human sparganosis by a monoclonal antibody-based competition ELISA. Yonsei Med J 1994;35:43–48. Miyadera H , Kokaze A , Kuramochi T Phylogenetic identification of Sparganum proliferum as a pseudophyllidean cestode by thesequence analyses on mitochondrial COI and nuclear sdhB genes. Parasitol Int 2001; 50:93–104. Liu W , Liu GH , Li F Sequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA regions of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei spargana of human andanimal health significance. J Helminthol 2012; 86:271–275. Dai RS , Liu GH , Song HQ Sequence variability in two mitochondrial DNA regions and internal transcribed spacer among three cestodesinfecting animals and humans from China. J Helminthol 2012; 86:245–251. Boonyasiri A , Cheunsuchon P , Srirabheebhat P , Yamasaki H , Maleewong W , Intapan PM . Sparganosis presenting as cauda equinasyndrome with molecular identification of the parasite in tissue sections. Korean J Parasitol 2013; 51:739–742. Zhu XQ , Beveridge I , Berger L , Barton D , Gasser RB . Single-strand conformation polymorphism-based analysis reveals geneticvariation within Spirometra erinacei (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) from Australia. Mol Cell Probe 2002; 16:159–165. Liu W , Zhao GH , Tan MY Survey of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei spargana infection in the frog Rana nigromaculata of the HunanProvince of China. Vet Parasitol 2010; 173:152–156. Liu W , Liu GH , Li F Sequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA regions of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei spargana of human andanimal health significance. J Helminthol 2012; 86:271–275. Zhang X , Cui J , Wei T Survey and genetic variation of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei sparganum in frogs and snakes from Guangxi ofsouthern China. Trop Biomed 2014; 31:862–870. Zhang X , Wang H , Cui J Characterization of the relationship between Spirometra erinaceieuropaei and Diphyllobothrium species usingcomplete cytb and cox1 genes. Inf Gen Evol 2015; 35:1–8. Zhang X , Wang H , Cui J The phylogenetic diversity of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei isolates from southwest China revealed by multigenes. Acta Trop 2016; 156:108–114. Jeon HK , Park HS , Lee DM , Choe SJ , Sohn WM , Eom KS . Molecular detection of Spirometra decipiens in the United States. Korean JParasitol 2016; 54:503–507.

Chiba T , Yasukochi Y , Moroi Y , Furue M . A case of Sparganosis mansoni in the thigh: Serological validation of cure following surgery.Iran J Parasitol 2012; 7:103–106. Duggal S , Mahajan RK , Duggal N , Hans C . Case of sparganosis: A diagnostic dilemma. Indian J Med Microbiol 2011; 29:183–186. Sarukawa S , Kawanabe T , Yagasaki A , Shimizu A , Shimada S . Case of subcutaneous sparganosis: Use of imaging in definitivepreoperative diagnosis. J Dermatol 2007; 34:654–657. Wong CW , Ho YS . Intraventricular haemorrhage and hydrocephalus caused by intraventicular parasitic granuloma cerebral sparganosis.Acta Neurochir Wien 1994; 129:205–208.

Taenia Ale A , Victor B , Praet N Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Taenia asiatica: A systematic review. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:45. Wang S , Wang S , Luo Y Comparative genomics reveals adaptive evolution of Asian tapeworm in switching to a new intermediate host.Nat Commun. 2016;7:12845. Galán-Puchades MT , Fuentes MV . Taenia asiatica: The most neglected human Taenia and the possibility of cysticercosis. Korean JParasitol. 2013;51(1):51–54. Chawhan P , Singh BB , Sharma R , Gill JP . Morphological characterization of cysticercus cellulosae in naturally infected pigs in Punjab(India). J Parasit Dis. 2016;40(2):237–239. Anantaphruti M , Thaenkham U , Kusolsuk T Genetic variation and population genetics of Taenia saginata in North and Northeast Thailandin relation to Taenia asiatica . J Parasitol Res. 2013;2013:310605. Bobes RJ , Fragoso G , Fleury A Evolution, molecular epidemiology and perspectives on the research of taeniid parasites with specialemphasis on Taenia solium . Infect Genet Evol. 2014;23:150–160. Aung AK , Spelman DW . Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in Southeast Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94(5):947–954. Donadeu M , Lightowlers MW , Fahrion AS , Kessels J , Abela-Ridder B . Taenia solium: WHO endemicity map update. Wkly EpidemiolRec. 2016;91(49–50):595–599. Yeh HY , Mitchell PD . Ancient human parasites in ethnic Chinese populations. Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54(5):565–572. Pray IW , Ayvar V , Gamboa R Spatial relationship between Taenia solium tapeworm carriers and necropsy cyst burden in pigs. PLoS NeglTrop Dis. 2017;11(4):e0005536. Laranjo-González M , Devleesschauwer B , Trevisan C Epidemiology of taeniosis/cysticercosis in Europe, a systematic review: WesternEurope. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):349. Ooi HK , Ho CM , Chung WC . Historical overview of Taenia asiatica in Taiwan. Korean J Parasitol. 2013;51(1):31–36. Ng-Nguyen D , Stevenson MA , Traub RJ . A systematic review of taeniasis, cysticercosis and trichinellosis in Vietnam. Parasit Vectors.2017;10(1):150. Najih M , Laraqui H , Njoumi N Taenia saginata: An unusual cause of post-appendectomy faecal fistula. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;25:200. Meng Q , Liu L . Disseminated cysticercosis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(26):e52. Mahale RR , Mehta A , Rangasetty S . Extraparenchymal (Racemose) neurocysticercosis and its multitude manifestations: Acomprehensive review. J Clin Neurol. 2015;11(3):203–211. Marcin Sierra M , Arroyo M , Cadena Torres M Extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis: Demographic, clinicoradiological, and inflammatoryfeatures. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(6):e0005646. Carpio A , Romo ML . The relationship between neurocysticercosis and epilepsy: An endless debate. Arq Neuropsiquiatr.2014;72(5):383–390. Moyano LM , O'Neal SE , Ayvar V High prevalence of asymptomatic neurocysticercosis in an endemic rural community in Peru. PLoS NeglTrop Dis. 2016;10(12):e0005130. Gripper LB , Welburn SC . The causal relationship between neurocysticercosis infection and the development of epilepsy—A systematicreview. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017;6(1):31. Gripper LB , Welburn SC . Neurocysticercosis infection and disease—A review. Acta Trop. 2017;166:218–224. Hamamoto Filho PT Development of an experimental model of neurocysticercosis-induced hydrocephalus. Pilot study. Acta Cir Bras.2015;30(12):819–823. Nash TE , Mahanty S , Loeb JA Neurocysticercosis: A natural human model of epileptogenesis. Epilepsia. 2015;56(2):177–183. Minciullo PL , Cascio A , Isola S , Gangemi S . Different clinical allergological features of Taenia solium infestation. Clin Mol Allergy.2016;14:18. Navarrete-Perea J , Isasa M , Paulo JA Quantitative multiplexed proteomics of Taenia solium cysts obtained from the skeletal muscle andcentral nervous system of pigs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(9):e0005962. Silva HM , Vinaud MC , Lino RS Jr . Experimental neurocysticercosis: Absence of IL-4 induces lower encephalitis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr.2017;75(2):96–102. Parija SC , Ponnambath DK . Laboratory diagnosis of Taenia asiatica in humans and animals. Trop Parasitol. 2013;3(2):120–124. Croker C . Challenges and opportunities in detecting Taenia solium tapeworm carriers in Los Angeles County California, 2009–2014. JEpidemiol Glob Health. 2015;5(4):359–363. Kim HU , Chung YB . A case of Taenia asiatica infection diagnosed by colonoscopy. Korean J Parasitol. 2017;55(1):65–69. Coral-Almeida M , Gabriël S , Abatih EN , Praet N , Benitez W , Dorny P . Taenia solium human cysticercosis: A systematic review of sero-epidemiological data from endemic zones around the world. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(7):e0003919. Del Brutto OH , Nash TE , White AC Jr Revised diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis. J Neurol Sci. 2017;372:202–210. Donadeu M , Fahrion AS , Olliaro PL , Abela-Ridder B . Target product profiles for the diagnosis of Taenia solium taeniasis,neurocysticercosis and porcine cysticercosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(9):e0005875. Uysal E , Dokur M . The helminths causing surgical or endoscopic abdominal intervention: A review article. Iran J Parasitol.2017;12(2):156–158. Jeon HK , Eom KS . Molecular approaches to Taenia asiatica . Korean J Parasitol. 2013;51(1):1–8.

Yan H The nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene as a source of phylogenetic information in the genus Taenia . Parasitol Res.2013;112(3):1343–1347. Pajuelo MJ , Eguiluz M , Dahlstrom E Identification and characterization of microsatellite markers derived from the whole genome analysisof Taenia solium . PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(12):e0004316. Ng-Nguyen D , Stevenson MA , Dorny P Comparison of a new multiplex real-time PCR with the Kato Katz thick smear and copro-antigenELISA for the detection and differentiation of Taenia spp. in human stools. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(7):e0005743. Sanpool O , Rodpai R , Intapan PM Genetic diversity of Taenia saginata (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) from Lao People's Democratic Republicand northeastern Thailand based on mitochondrial DNA. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):141. Shamsaddini S , Mohammadi MA , Mirbadie SR A conventional PCR for differentiating common taeniid species of dogs based on in silicomicrosatellite analysis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2017;59:e66. Ohnishi K , Sakamoto N , Kobayashi K , Iwabuchi S , Nakamura-Uchiyama F . Therapeutic effect of praziquantel against Taeniasis asiatica. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(8):e656–e657. Fogang YF , Savadogo AA , Camara M Managing neurocysticercosis: Challenges and solutions. Int J Gen Med. 2015;8:333–344. Rajshekhar V . Neurocysticercosis: Diagnostic problems and current therapeutic strategies. Indian J Med Res. 2016;144(3):319–326. Sahu PS , Lim YAL , Mahmud R , Somanath SD , Tan CT , Ramachandran CP . Needs of exploring the burden of recent onset seizuresdue to neurocysticercosis and challenges in southeast Asia focusing on scenario in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2017;10(4):332–340. Purvey S , Lu K , Mukkamalla SK , Anandi P Conservative management of neurocysticercosis in a patient with hematopoietic stem celltransplantation: A case report and review. Transpl Infect Dis. 2015;17(3):456–462. Okello AL , Thomas LF . Human taeniasis: Current insights into prevention and management strategies in endemic countries. Risk ManagHealth Policy. 2017;10:107–116. Winskill P , Harrison WE , French MD , Dixon MA , Abela-Ridder B , Basáñez MG . Assessing the impact of intervention strategies againstTaenia solium cysticercosis using the EPICYST transmission model. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):73. Wandra T , Swastika K , Dharmawan NS The present situation and towards the prevention and control of neurocysticercosis on thetropical island, Bali, Indonesia. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:148. Lightowlers MW , Donadeu M . Designing a minimal intervention strategy to control Taenia solium . Trends Parasitol. 2017;33(6):426–434. Salazar AM Genotoxicity induced by Taenia solium and its reduction by immunization with calreticulin in a hamster model of taeniosis.Environ Mol Mutagen. 2013;54(5):347–353. Chowdhury N , Saleque A , Sood NK , Singla LD . Induced neurocysticercosis in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) produces clinical signsand lesions similar to natural disease in man. Sci World J. 2014;2014:248049. Salazar Noguera EM , Pineda Sic R , Escoto Solis F . Intramedullary spinal cord neurocysticercosis presenting as Brown-Séquardsyndrome. BMC Neurol. 2015;15:1.

Clonorchis Cobbold TS . The new human fluke. Lancet 1875;106:423. Skrjabin KI . Trematodes of Animals and Humans. Basics of Trematodology. Moscow-Leningrad, USSR Science Academy, 1950. Beer SA . The biology aspects of Opisthorchis felineus Rivolta (1884) which are needed in additional investigations. In: Beer SA , ed.Biodiversity and Ecology of Parasites. Moscow, Nauka, 2010, pp. 48–61. (in Russian). Lun ZR , Gasser RB , Lai DH Clonorchiasis: A key foodborne zoonosis in China. Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5:31–41. Qian MB , Utzinger J , Keiser J , Zhou XN . Clonorchiasis. Lancet 2016;387:800–810. Posokhov PS . Clonorchiasis in Amur River region. Khabarovsk, Far Eastern State Medicine University, 2004. (in Russian). Young ND , Jex AR , Cantacessi C Progress on the transcriptomics of carcinogenic liver flukes of humans—Unique biological andbiotechnological prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2010;28: 859–870. Fürst T , Keiser J , Utzinger J . Global burden of human food-borne trematodiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet InfectDis 2012;12:210–221. Hong ST , Fang Y . Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis, an update. Parasitol Int 2012;61:17–24. Bouvard V , Baan R , Straif K A review of human carcinogens—Part B: Biological agents. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321–322. Scholz, T . Family Opisthorchiidae Looss, 1899. In: Bray RA , Gibson DI , and Jones A , eds. Keys to the Trematoda. London, CABInternational and Natural History Museum, 2008, pp. 509–522. Dawes B . The Trematoda with Special Reference to British and Other European Forms. London, Cambridge University, 1956. Filimonova LV . A taxonomic review of two subfamilies (Opisthorchiinae Looss, 1899 and Plotnikoviinae Skrjabin, 1945) of the familyOpisthorchiidae (Looss, 1899) of the Russian fauna. In: Freze VI , ed. Topical Problems in Parasitology. Moscow, Nauka, 2000, pp.303–322. (in Russian). Chelomina GN . Clonorchiasis: Epidemiology and Genetics. Vladivostok, Dalnauka, 2015. (in Russian). Bray RA . Superfamily Opisthorchioidae Looss, 1899. In: Bray RA , Gibson DI , and Jones A , eds. London, CAB International and NaturalHistory Museum UK, 2008, pp. 7–8. Saijuntha W , Sithithaworn P , Kaitsopit N , Andrews RH , Petney TN . Liver Flukes: Clonorchis and Opisthorchis. Adv Exp Med Biol2014;766:153–199. Besprozvannykh VV , Ermolenko AV , Rumyantseva EE , Voronok VM , Bartkova AD . Clonorchis and Clonorhiasis in Primorsky Krai.Vladivostok, Dalnauka, 2013. (in Russian). Lai DH , Hong XK , Su BX Current status of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis in China. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2016;110:21–27. Yoo WG , Kim DW , Ju JW Developmental transcriptomic features of the carcinogenic liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis . PLOS Negl TropDis 2011;5(6):e1208. World Health Organization . Control of foodborne trematode infections: Report of a WHO study group. In: Control of Foodborne TrematodeInfections: Report of a WHO Study Group. Geneva, WHO, 1995, pp. 1–157. Kim TL , Yoo WG , Kwak BK , Seok JW , Hong SJ . Tracing of the bile-chemotactic migration of juvenile Clonorchis sinensis in rabbits byPET-CT. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2011;5(12):e1414.

Kim TI , Na BK , Hong SJ . Functional genes and proteins of Clonorchis sinensis. Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(suppl):S59–S68. Doanh PN , Nawa Y . Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis spp. in Vietnam: Current status and prospects. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg2016;110:13–20. Hung NM , Madsen H , Fried B . Global status of fish-borne zoonotic trematodiasis in humans. Acta Parasitol 2013;58:231–258. Petney TN , Andrews RH , Saijuntha W , Wenz-Mücke A , Sithithaworn P . The zoonotic, fish-borne liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis,Opisthorchis felineus and Opisthorchis viverrini . Int J Parasitol 2013;43:1031–1046. Tang Z , Shang M , Chen T The immunological characteristics and probiotic function of recombinant Bacillus subtilis spore expressingClonorchis sinensis cysteine protease. Parasit Vectors 2016;991:648. Fattakhov RG , Ushakov AV , Stepanova TF , Ianovich VA , Kopylov PV . Epizootiological characteristics of clonorchiasis foci in the AmurRiver ecosystem in the Jewish autonomic region. Med Parazitol 2012;4:15–18. (in Russian). Sohn WM . Fish-borne zoonotic trematode metacercariae in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(Suppl):S103–S113. Rim HJ . Clonorchiasis: An update. J Helminthol 2005;79:269–281. Choi D , Lim JH , Lee KT Cholangiocarcinoma and Clonorchis sinensis infection: A case-control study in Korea. J Hepatol2006;44:1066–1073. Sohn WM , Zhang H , Choi MH , Hong ST . Susceptibility of experimental animals to reinfection with C. sinensis. Korean J Parasitol 2006;44:163–166. Traub RJ , Macaranas J , Mungthin M A new PCR-based approach indicates the range of Clonorchis sinensis now extends to centralThailand. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2009;3(1):e367. Rohela M , Johari S , Jamaiah I , Init I , Lee SH . Acute cholecystitis caused by Clonorchis sinensis . Southeast Asian J Trop Med PublicHealth 2006;37:648–651. Stunell H , Buckley O , Geoghegan T , Torreggiani WC . Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis due to chronic infestation with Clonorchis sinensis. Eur Radiol 2006;16:2612–2614. Fried B , Abruzzi A . Food-borne trematode infections of humans in the United States of America. Parasitol Res 2010;106:1263–1280. Morsy AT , Al-Mathal EM . Clonorchis sinensis a new report in Egyptian employees returning back from Saudi Arabia. J Egypt SocParasitol 2011;41:221–225. Keiser J , Utzinger J . Emerging foodborne trematodiasis. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11(10):1507–1514. Kim TS , Pak JH , Kim JB , Young YB . Clonorchis sinensis, an oriental liver fluke, as a human biological agent of cholangiocarcinoma: Abrief review. BMB Rep 2016;49: 590–597. Qian MB , Chen YD , Liang S , Yang GJ , Zhou XN . The global epidemiology of clonorchiasis and its relation with cholangiocarcinoma.Infect Dis Poverty 2012;1:4–15. Han S , Zhang X , Chen R Trends in prevalence of clonorchiasis among patients in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China (2009–2012):Implications for monitoring and control. PLOS One 2013;8(11):e80173. Shin HR , Oh JK , Lim MK Descriptive epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma and clonorchiasis in Korea. J Korean Med Sci2010;25:1011–1016. Shen C , Li S , Zheng S , Choi MH , Bae YM , Hong ST . Tissue parasitic helminthiases are prevalent at Cheongjin, North Korea. Korean JParasitol 2007;45:139–144. Cam TDT , Yajima A , Viet KN , Montresor A . Prevalence, intensity and risk factors for clonorchiasis and possible use of questionnaires todetect individuals at risk in northern Vietnam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008;102:1263–1268. Sithithaworn P , Andrews RH , Nguyen VD The current status of opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis in the Mekong Basin. Parasitol Int2012;61:10–16. Choi D , Lim JH , Hong ST . Relation of cholangiocarcinomas to clonorchiasis and bile duct stones. Abdom Imaging 2004;29:590–597. Qian MB , Chen YD , Yan F . Time to tackle clonorchiasis in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2013;2:4–7. Li W , Dong H , Huang Y Clonorchis sinensis co-infection could affect the disease state and treatment response of HBV patients. PLOSNegl Trop Dis 2016;10(6):e0004806. Dung DT , De NV , Waikagul J Fish borne zoonotic intestinal trematodes, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:1828–1833. Tinga N , De N , Vien HV Little effect of praziquantel or artemisinin on clonorchiasis in Northern Vietnam. A pilot study. Trop Med Int Health1999;4:814–818. Qian MB , Chen YD , Fang YY Epidemiological profile of Clonorchis sinensis infection in one community, Guangdong, People's Republic ofChina. Parasit Vectors 2013;6:194–200. Tan WB , Shelat VG , Diddapur RK . Oriental liver fluke infestation presenting more than 50 years after immigration. Ann Acad MedSingapore 2009;38:735–736. Kaewkes S . Taxonomy and biology of liver flukes. Acta Trop 2003;88:177–186. Clausen JH , Madsen H , Murrel D Prevention and control of fish-borne zoonotic trematodes in fish nurseries, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis2012;18:1438–1444. Phan VT , Ersboll AK , Nguyen KV , Madsen H , Dalsgaard A . Farm-level risk factors for fish-borne zoonotic trematode infection inintegrated small-scale fish farms in Northern Vietnam. PlOS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4(7):e742. Chen D , Chen J , Huang J Epidemiological investigation of Clonorchis sinensis infection in freshwater fishes in the Pearl River Delta.Parasitol Res 2010;107: 835–839. Patz JA , Graczykb TK , Gellera N , Vittor AY . Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases. Int J Parasitol2000;30:1395–1405. Poulin R . Global warming and temperature-mediated increases in cercarial emergence in trematode parasites. Parasitology2006;132:143–151. Polley L , Thompson RCA . Parasite zoonoses and climate change: Molecular tools for tracking shifting boundaries. Trends Parasitol2009;25:285–291. Conlan JV , Sripa B , Attwood S , Newton PN . A review of parasitic zoonoses in a changing Southeast Asia. Vet Parasitol2011;182:22–40. Redshaw CH , Stahl-Timmins WM , Fleming LE , Davidson I , Depledge MH . Potential changes in disease patterns and pharmaceuticaluse in response to climate change. J Toxicol Environ Health Part B. 2013;16:285–320.

Qian MB , Chen YD , Fang YY Disability weight of Clonorchis sinensis infection: Captured from community study and model simulation.PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2011;5(12):e1377. Woo PCY , Lie AKW , Yuen KY , Wong SSY , Lee CK , Liang RHS . Clonorchiasis in bone marrow transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis1998;27:382–384. Lee HK , Jin SL , Lee HP , Choi SJ , Yum HK . Loffler's syndrome associated with Clonorchis sinensis infestation. Korean J Int Med2003;18:255–259. Khaustov AF , Autukhov VA , Dyk LM The importance of clonorchosis in the development of gastroduodenal pathology in the Amur region.Far East Med J 1998;2:71–73. (in Russian). Zhu SH , Zhong XS , Luo ZY . Clonorchiasis and developmental disorder in the children (dwarfism). Xin Yi Xue 1983;14:71–72. (inChinese). Sripa B , Kaewkes S , Intapan PM , Maleewong W , Brindley PJ . Food-borne trematodiases in Southeast Asia: Epidemiology, pathology,clinical manifestation and control. Adv Parasitol 2010;72:305–350. Nam JH , Moon JH , Kim IK Free radicals enzymatically triggered by Clonorchis sinensis excretory-secretory products cause NF-κB-mediated inflammation in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Int J Parasitol 2012;42:103–113. Porta C , Riboldi E , Sica A . Mechanisms linking pathogens-associated inflammation and cancer. Cancer Letters 2011;305:250–262. Sripa B , Kaewkes S , Sithithaworn P Liver fluke induces cholangiocarcinoma. Negl Dis 2007;4:1148–1155. Dechakhamphu S , Pinlaor S , Sitthithaworn P , Nair J , Bartsch H , Yongvanit P . Lipid peroxidation and etheno DNA adducts in whiteblood cells of liver fluke-infected patients: Protection by plasma-tocopherol and praziquantel. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2010;19:310–318. Uddin MH , Li S , Bae YM , Choi MH , Hong ST . Strain variation in the susceptibility and immune response to C. sinensis infection in mice.Parasitol Int 2012;61:118–123. Guo L , Wei G , Zhu J IL-1 family members and STAT activators induce cytokine production by Th2, Th17, and Th1 cells. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 2009;106:13463–13468. Jin Y , Wi HJ , Choi MH , Hong ST , Bae YM . Differential regulation of pathogenesis and immune reactions in C57BL/6 and CBA/N miceinfected with Clonorchis sinensis . J Immunol 2012;188(1 Supplement):164–122. Johnson C , Han Y , Hughart N , McCarra J , Alpini G , Meng F . Interleukin-6 and its receptor, key players in hepatobiliary inflammationand cancer. Transl Gastrointest Cancer 2012;1:58–70. Chen W , Wang X , Lv X Characterization of the secreted cathepsin B cysteine proteases family of the carcinogenic liver fluke Clonorchissinensis. Parasitol Res 2014;113:3409–3418. Hu F , Chen W , Li L Cloning, characterization, and expression of a novel secretory lipase-like gene from C. sinensis . Parasitol Res2009;105:1661–1666. Liang P , Sun J , Huang Y Biochemical characterization and functional analysis of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from Clonorchis sinensis.Mol Biol Rep 2013;40:4371–4382. Mao Q , Xie Z , Wang X Clonorchis sinensis ferritin heavy chain triggers free radicals and mediates inflammation signaling in humanhepatic stellate cells. Parasitol Res 2015;114:659–670. Zheng M , Hu K , Liu W , Yu X . Characterization of a Clonorchis sinensis antigen, calmodulin, and its relationship with liver fibrosis. JSouthern Med Univ 2015;35:659–664. (in Chinese). Bian M , Xu Q , Xu Y Investigation on oxidative stress of nitric oxide synthase interacting protein from Clonorchis sinensis . Parasitol Res2016;115:77–83. Chen X , Li S , He L Molecular characterization of severin from Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory products and its potential anti-apoptotic role in hepatocarcinoma PLC cells. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2013;7(12):e2606. Pak JH , Kim DW , Moon JH Differential gene expression profiling in human cholangiocarcinoma cells treated with Clonorchis sinensisexcretory-secretory products. Parasitol Res 2009;104:1035–1046. Pak JH , Moon JH , Hwang SJ , Cho SH , Seo SB , Kim TS . Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in humancholangiocarcinoma cells treated with Clonorchis sinensis excretory-secretory products. J Cell Biochem 2009;108:1376–1388. Uddin MH , Choi MH , Kim WH , Jang JJ , Hong ST . Involvement of PSMD10, CDK4, and tumor suppressors in development ofintrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma of syrian golden hamsters induced by Clonorchis sinensis and N-Nitrosodimethylamine. PLOS Negl TropDis 2015;9(8):e0004008. Kim DW , Kim JY , Moon JH Transcriptional induction of minichromosome maintenance protein 7 (Mcm7) in human cholangiocarcinomacells treated with Clonorchis sinensis excretory-secretory products. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010;173:10–16. Pak JH , Kim IK , Kim SM Induction of cancer-related microRNA expression profiling using excretory-secretory products of Clonorchissinensis . Parasitol Res 2014;113:4447–4455. Choi D , Hong ST . Imaging diagnosis of clonorchiasis. Korean J Parasitol 2007;45: 77–85. Choi MH , Park IC , Li S , Hong ST . Excretory-secretory antigen is better than crude antigen for the serodiagnosis of clonorchiasis byELISA. Korean J Parasitol 2003;41:35–39. Lee MK , Hong SJ , Kim HR . Seroprevalence of tissue invading parasitic infections diagnosed by ELISA in Korea. J Korean Med Sci2010;25:1272–1276. Chen J , Xu H , Zhang Z Cloning and expression of 21.1-kDa tegumental protein of C. sinensis and human antibody response to it as atrematode-nematode pan-specific serodiagnosis antigen. Parasitol Res 2011;108:161–168. Shen C , Lee JA , Allam SR Serodiagnostic applicability of recombinant antigens of Clonorchis sinensis expressed by wheat germ cell-freeprotein synthesis system. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;64:334–339. Rahman SMM , Choi MH , Bae YM , Hong ST . Coproantigen capture ELISA for detection of C. sinensis infection in experimentallyinfected rats. Parasitol Int 2012;61:203–207. Nie G , Wang T , Lu S , Liu W , Li Y , Lei J . Detection of Clonorchis sinensis circulating antigen in sera from Chinese patients byimmunomagnetic bead ELISA based on IgY. PLOS One 2014;9(12):e113208. Wang X , Chen W , Tian Y Surface display of Clonorchis sinensis enolase on Bacillus subtilis spores potentializes an oral vaccinecandidate. Vaccine 2014;32:1338–1345. Silakit R , Loilome W , Yongvanit P Circulating miR-192 in liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma patients: A prospective prognosticindicator. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2015;21:864–872.

Zhi FC , Liu XM , Liu ZQ , Lin Y , Chen SJ . Treatment of severe Clonorchiasis sinensis by endoscopic nasobiliary drainage and oralpraziquantel. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10: 2150–2152. Hong ST , Yoon K , Lee M Control of clonorchiasis by repeated praziquantel treatment and low diagnostic efficacy of sonography. KoreanJ Parasitol 1998;36(4):249–254. Pinlaor S , Prakobwong S , Hiraku Y Oxidative and nitrative stress in Opisthorchis viverrini-infected hamsters: An inderect effect afterpraziquantel treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008;78:564–573. Keiser J , Xiao SH , Smith TA , Utzinger J . Combination chemotherapy against Clonorchis sinensis: Experiments with artemether,artesunate, OZ78, praziquantel, and tribendimidine in a rat model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:3770–3776. Onsurathum S , Pinlaor S , Boonmars T , Srisawangwong T , Yongvanit P . Effect of curcumin on opisthorchiasis and cholangiocarcinomain animal models. Srinagarind Med J 2012;27:389–396. Lee JS , Kim IS , Sohn WM Vaccination with DNA encoding cysteine proteinase confers protective immune response to rats infected withClonorchis sinensis . Vaccine 2006; 24:2358–2366. Lee JS , Kim IS , Sohn WM A DNA vaccine encoding a fatty acid-binding protein of Clonorchis sinensis induces protective immuneresponse in Sprague-Dawley rats. Scand J Immunol 2006; 63:169–176. Zhou Z , Xia H , Hu X Oral administration of a Bacillus subtilis spore-based vaccine expressing Clonorchis sinensis tegumental protein22.3 kDa confers protection against Clonorchis sinensis . Vaccine 2008;26:1817–1825. Zhang B , Pan X , Cobb GP , Anderson TA . microRNAs as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Devel Biol 2007;302:1–12. Han S , Tang Q , Lu X Dysregulation of hepatic microRNA expression profiles with Clonorchis sinensis infection. BMC Infect Dis2016;16:724–731. Yan C , Shen LP , Ma R Characterization and identification of differentially expressed microRNAs during the process of the peribiliaryfibrosis induced by Clonorchis sinensis . Infect Genet Evol 2016;43:321–328. Devaney E , Winter AD , Britton C . microRNA: A role in drug resistance in parasitic nematodes? Trends Parasitol 2010;26:428–433. Chen Y , Huang B , Huang S Coinfection with Clonorchis sinensis modulates murine host response against Trichinella spiralis infection.Parasitol Res 2013;112:3167–3179. Uddin MH , Li S , Bae YM , Choi MH , Hong S . In vitro maintenance of Clonorchis sinensis adult worms. Korean J Parasitol2012;50:309–315. Liu Q , Tuo W , Gao H , Zhu XQ . MicroRNAs of parasites: Current status and future perspectives. Parasitol Res 2010;107:501–507. Wang X , Chen W , Tian Y , Huang Y , Li X , Yu X . RNAi-mediated silencing of enolase confirms its biological importance in Clonorchissinensis . Parasitol Res 2014;113:1451–1458. Jeong YI , Kim SH , Ju JW Clonorchis sinensis-derived total protein attenuates airway inflamation in murine asthma model by inducingregulatory T cells and modulating dendritic cell functions. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 2011;407:793–800. Uddin MH , Bae YM , Choi MH , Hong ST . Production and deformation of Clonorchis sinensis eggs during in vitro maintenance. PLoS One2012;7(12):e52676. Kim EM , Kwak YS , Yi MH , Kim JY , Sohn WM , Yong TS . PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017;11(5):e0005614.

Echinostoma Keiser J , Utzinger J . Artemisinins and synthetic trioxolanes in the treatment of helminth infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2007;20:605–612. Graczyk TK , Fried B . Echinostomiasis: A common but forgotten food-borne disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998;58:501–504. Chai J . Echinostomes in humans. In: Fried B and Toledo R . (Eds). The Biology of Echinostomes: From the Molecule to the Community.New York, NY: Springer, 2009:147–183. Maldonado A , Coura R , Garcia JS , Lanfredi RM , Rey L . Changes on Schistosoma mansoni (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) worm load inNectomys squamipes (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) concurrently infected with Echinostoma paraensei (Digenea: Echinostomatidae). MemInst Oswaldo Cruz 2001;96(Suppl):193–198. Kanev I , Sterner M , Radev V , Fried B . An overview of the biology of echinostomes. In: Fried B and Graczyk, T . (Eds). Echinostomes asExperimental Models for Biological Research. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 2000:1–30. Kostadinova A , Gibson DI . The systematics of the echinostomes. In: Fried B and Graczyk, TK . (Eds). Echinostomes as ExperimentalModels for Biological Research. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 2000:31–57. Beaver PC . Experimental studies on Echinostoma revolutum (Frölich) a fluke from birds and mammals. Ill Biol Monogr 1937;15:7–96. Kanev I . Life-cycle, delimitation and redescription of Echinostoma revolutum (Frölich, 1802) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). SystParasitol 1994;28:125–144. Cort WW . Larval trematodes from North American freshwater snails (Preliminary report). J Parasitol 1914;1:65–84. Georgieva S , Faltynková A , Brown R Echinostoma “revolutum” (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) species complex revisited: Speciesdelimitation based on novel molecular and morphological data gathered in Europe. Parasit Vectors 2014;7:520. Faltynková A , Georgieva S , Soldánová M , Kostadinova A . A re-assessment of species diversity within the “revolutum” group ofEchinostoma Rudolphi, 1809 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in Europe. Syst Parasitol 2015;1:1–25. Kanev I , Fried B , Radev V . Collar spine models in the genus Echinostoma (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Parasitol Res2009;105:605–608. Fried B . Infectivity, growth and development of Echinostoma revolution (Trematoda) in the domestic chick. J Helmintol 1984;58:241–244. Franco J , Huffman JE , Fried B . Infectivity, growth, and development of Echinostoma revolutum (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in thegolden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus . J Parasitol 1986;72:142–147. Gonçalves JP , Oliveira-Menezes A , Maldonado Junior A , Carvalho TM , de Souza, W . Evaluation of praziquantel effects onEchinostoma paraensei ultrastructure. Vet Parasitol 2013;194:16–25. Gonçalves JP , Oliveira-Menezes A , Maldonado Junior A , Carvalho TM , de Souza W . Ultrastructural and cytochemical characterizationof T1 and T2 secretory bodies from the tegument of Echinostoma paraensei . Micron 2016;80:59–65. Huffman JE , Fried B . Echinostoma and echinostomiasis. Adv Parasitol 1990;29:215–269.

Toledo R . Echinostomes in the definitive host: A model for the study of host-parasite relationships. In: Fried B and Toledo R . (Eds). TheBiology of Echinostomes: From the Molecule to the Community. New York, NY: Springer, 2009:1–34. Coustau C , Gourbal B , Mitta G , Adema C . Echinostomes and snails: Exploring complex interactions. In: Fried B and Toledo R . (Eds).The Biology of Echinostomes: From the Molecule to the Community. New York, NY: Springer, 2009:35–59. Maldonado A , Vieira GO , Garcia JS , Rey L , Lanfredi RM . Biological aspects of a new isolate of Echinostoma paraensei (Trematoda:Echinostomatidae): Susceptibility of sympatric snails and the natural vertebrate host. Parasitol Res 2001;87:853–859. Muñoz-Antolí C , Trelis M , Toledo R , Esteban JG . Infectivity of Echinostoma friedi miracidia to different snail species under experimentalconditions. J Helminthol 2006;80:323–325. Maldonado A , Locker ES , Morgan JTA , Rey L , Lanfredi RM . Description of the adult worms of a new Brazilian isolate of Echinostomaparaensei (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) from its natural vertebrate host Nectomys squamipes by light and scanning electron microscopy andmolecular analysis. Parasitol Res 2001;87:840–848. Lie JK , Basch PF . The life history of Echinostoma paraensei sp. n. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). J Parasitol 1967;53:1192–1199. Hsu KC , Lie KJ , Basch PF . The life history of Echinostoma rodriguesi sp. n. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). J Parasitol1968;54:333–339. Joe LK , Nasemary S , Impand P . Five echinostome species from Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1973;4:96–101. Lo CT . Echinostoma macrorchis: Life history, population dynamics of intra-molluscan stages, and the first and second intermediate hosts.J Parasitol 1995;81:569–576. Fried B , Huffman JE . The biology of the intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni . Adv Parasitol 1996;38:311–368. Toledo R , Muñoz-Antolí C , Esteban JG . The life cycle of Echinostoma friedi n. sp. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in Spain and adiscussion on the relationships within the “revolutum” group based on cercarial chaetotaxy. Syst Parasitol 2000;45:199–217. Ford DM , Nollen PM , Romano MA . The effects of salinity, pH and temperature on the half-life and longevity of Echinostoma capronimiracidia. J Helminthol 1998;72:325–330. Haas W . Parasitic worms: Strategies of host finding, recognition and invasion. Zoology 2003;106:349–364. Esteban JG , Muñoz-Antolí C . Echinostomes: Systematics and life cycles. In: Fried B and Toledo R . (Eds). The Biology of Echinostomes:From the Molecule to the Community. New York, NY: Springer, 2009:1–34. Zimmermann MR , Luth KE , Esch GW . Tranmission pattern differences of miracidia and cercariae larval stages of digenetic trematodeparasites. Acta Parasitol 2016;61:680–688. Haas W , Korner M , Hutterer E , Wegner M , Haberl B . Finding and recognition of the snail intermediate hosts by 3 species ofechinostome cercariae. Parasitology 1995;110: 133–142. Evans NA , Whitfield PJ , Dobson AP . Parasite utilization of a host community: The distribution and occurrence of metacercarial cysts ofEchinoparyphium recurvatum (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in seven species of molluscs at Harting Pond, Sussex. Parasitology1981;83:1–12. Evans NA , Gordon DM . Experimental observations on the specificity of Echinoparyphium recurvatum toward second intermediate hosts.Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 1983;69:217–222. McCarthy AM . Speciation of echinostomes: Evidence for the existence of two sympatric sibling species in the complex Echinoparyphiumrecurvatum (von Linstow t873) (Digenea: Ecbinstomatidae). Parasitology 1990;101:35–42. Fried B . Metacercarial excystment of trematodes. Adv Parasitol 1994;33:91–144. Jeyarassasingam U , Heyneman D , Lim HK , Mansour N . Life cycle of a new echinostome from Egypt, Echinostoma liei sp.nov.(Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Parasitology 1972;65:203–222. Mohandas A . Studies on the life history of Echinostoma ivaniosi n. sp. J Helminthol 1973;47:421–438. Richard J , Brygoo ER . Life cycle of the trematode Echinostoma caproni Richard, 1964 (Echinostomatoidea) (author's transl). AnnParasitol Hum Comp 1978;53:265–275. Nasincová V . The life cycle of Echinostoma bolschewense (Kotova, 1939) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Folia Parasitologica1991;38:143–154. Fried B , Nanni TJ , Reddy A , Fujino T . Maintenance of the life cycle of Echinostoma trivolvis (Trematoda) in dexamethasone-treated ICRmice and laboratory-raised Helisoma trivolvis (Gastropoda). Parasitol Res 1997;83:16–19. Lie KJ , Basch PF . Life history of Echinostoma barbosai sp. n. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). J Parasitol 1966;52:1052–1057. World Health Organization (WHO) . Control of foodborne trematode infections. Report of a WHO study group. WHO Tech Rep Ser1995;849:1–157. Fürst T , Keiser J , Utzinger J . Global burden of human food-borne trematodiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet InfectDis 2012;12:210–221. Beaver PC , Jung RC , Cupp EW . Clinical Parasitology, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger, 1984:733–764. Maldonado A , Lanfredi RM . Echinostomes in the wild. In: Fried B and Toledo R . (Eds). The Biology of Echinostomes: From the Moleculeto the Community. New York, NY: Springer, 2009:129–145. Yu SH , Mott KE . Epidemiology and morbidity of food-borne intestinal trematode infections. Trop Dis Bull 1994;91:R125–R152. Belizario VY , Geronilla GG , Anastacio MB Echinostoma malayanum infection, the Philippines. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:1130–1131. Cross JH , Bassaca-Sevilla V . Intestinal parasitic infections in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health1981;12:262–274. Eduardo SL . Food-borne parasitic zoonoses in the Philippines. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1991;22(Suppl):16–22. Cross JH , Bassaca-Sevilla V . Studies on Echinostoma ilocanum in the Philippines. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health1986;17:23–26. Cross JH . Diagnostic methods in intestinal fluke infections: A review. SEAMEO-TROMED Technical meeting: Diagnostic methods forimportant helminthiasis and amoebiasis in Southeast Asia and the Far East. Tokyo 1974;5–8:87–108. Carney WP . Echinostomiasis—A snail-borne intestinal trematode zoonosis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1991;22:206–211. Radomyos P , Bunnag D , Harinasuta T . Echinostoma ilocanum (Garrison, 1908) Odhner, 1911, infection in man in Thailand. SoutheastAsian J Trop Med Public Health 1982;13:265–269. Harinasuta T , Bunnag D , Radomyos P . Intestinal fluke infections. In: Bailliere's Clinical Tropical Medicine and Communicable Diseases.England: Bailliere Tindall, 1987;2:695–721.

Chai JY , Lee HS , Hong SJ Intestinal histopathology and in situ postures of Gymnophalloides seoi in experimentally infected mice. KoreanJ Parasitol 2001;39:31–41. Lee SH , Sohn WM , Chai JY . Echinostoma revolutum and Echinoparyphium recurvatum recovered from house rats in Yangyang-gun,Kangwon-do. Korean J Parasitol 1990;28:235–240. Seo BS , Cho SY , Chai JY . Studies on intestinal trematodes in Korea I. A human case of Echinostoma cinetorchis infection with anepidemiological investigation. Seoul J Med 1980;21:21–29. Seo BS , Hong ST , Chai JY , Lee SH . Studies on intestinal trematodes in Korea VII. A human case of Echinostoma hortense infection.Korean J Parasitol 1983;21:219–223. Chai JY , Lee SH . Food-borne intestinal trematode infections in the Republic of Korea. Parasitol Int 2002;51:129–154. Seo BS , Chun KS , Chai JY , Hong SJ , Lee SH . Studies on intestinal trematodes in Korea XVII. Development and egg laying capacity ofEchinostoma hortense in albino rats and human experimental infection. Korean J Parasitol 1985;23:24–32. Kim YK , Yu JE , Chung EY , Chung PR . Acanthoparyphium tyosenense (Digenea: Echinostomatidae): Experimental confirmation of thecercaria and its complete life history in Korea. J Parasitol 2004;90:97–102. Takahashi S , Ishii T , Ueno N . A human case of Echinostoma cinetorchis . Tokyo Iji Shinshi 1930;2757:141–144. Kawahara S , Yamamoto E . Human cases of Echinostoma cinetorchis . Tokyo Iji Shinshi 1933;2840:1794–1796. Chai JY , Park JH , Jung BK Echinostome infections in the striped-field mouse, Apodemus agrarius, and the Ussuri white-toothed shrew,Crocidura lasiura, caught near the demilitarized zone, Gyonggi-do (province), Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2009;47:311–314. Toledo R , Esteban JG . An update on human echinostomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2016;110:37–45. Maji AK , Bera DK , Manna B , Nandy A , Addy M , Bandyopadhyay AK . First record of human infection with Echinostoma malayanum inIndia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993;87:673. Bandyopadhyay AK , Nandy A . A preliminary observation on the prevalence of echinostomes in a tribal community near Calcutta. AnnTrop Med Parasitol 1986;80: 373–375. Bandyopadhyay AK , Manna B , Nandy A . Human infection of Artyfechinostomum oraoni n. sp. (Paryphostominae: Echinostomatidae) in atribal community, “Oraons” in West Bengal, India. Indian J Parasitol 1989;13:191–196. Fried B , Graczyk TK . Recent advances in the biology of Echinostoma species in the “revolutum” group. Adv Parasitol 2004;58:139–195. Polland GA , Navin TR , Sarosi GA . Outbreak of parasitic gastroenteritis among travelers returning from Africa. Arch Intern Med1985;145:2220–2221. Dare OK , Forbes MR . Do invasive bullfrogs in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, show evidence of parasite release? J Helminthol2013;87:195–202. Detwiler JT , Zajac AM , Minchella DJ , Belden LK . Revealing cryptic parasite diversity in a definitive host: Echinostomes in muskrats. JParasitol 2012;98:1148–1155. Farias JD , Canaris AG . Gastrointestinal helminths of the Mexican duck, Anas platyrhynchos diazi Ridgway, from north central Mexico andsouthwestern United States. J Wildl Dis 1986;22:51–54. Gaines GD , Warren RJ , Pence DB . Helminth fauna of sandhill crane populations in Texas. J Wildl Dis 1984;20:207–211. Canaris G , Mena AC , Bristol JR . Parasites of waterfowl from Southwest Texas: 111. The green-winged teal, Anas mecca. J Wildl Dis1981;17:57–64. Leyva T , Canaris AG , Bristol JR . Helminths and ectoparasites of the common snipe (Capella gallinago L.) from Southwest Texas andMonte Vista National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado. J Wildl Dis 1980;16:549–557. Zimmermann MR , Luth KE , Esch GW . Differences in snail ecology lead to infection pattern variation of Echinostoma spp. larval stages.Acta Parasitol 2014;59:502–509. Sorensen RE , Kanev I , Fried B , Minchella DJ . The occurrence and identification of Echinostoma revolutum from North AmericanLymnaea elodes snails. J Parasitol 1997;83:169–170. Haseeb MA , Eveland LK . Human echinostomiasis: Mechanisms of pathogenesis and host resistance. In: Fried B and Toledo R . (Eds).Echinostomes as Experimental Models for Biological Research. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 2000:83–98. Sianto L , Reinhard KJ , Chame M The Finding of Echinostoma sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) and hookworm eggs in coprolites collected froma Brazilian mummified body dated of 600–1200 years before present . J Parasitol 2005;91:972–975. Toledo R , Esteban JG , Fried B . Immunology and pathology of intestinal trematodes in their definitive hosts. Adv Parasitol2006a;63:285–365. Bindseil E , Christensen NO . Thymus-independent crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy in the small intestine of mice infected with thetrematode Echinostoma revolutum . Parasitology 1984;88:431–438. Huffman IE , Michos C , Fried B . Clinical and pathological effects of Echinostoma revolutum (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in the goldenhamster, Mesocricetus auratus . Parasitology 1986;93:505–515. Kim S , Fried B . Pathological effects of Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda) in the domestic chick. J Helminthol 1989;63:227–230. Toledo R , Monteagudo C , Espert A , Fried B , Esteban JG , Marcilla A . Echinostoma caproni: Intestinal pathology in the golden hamster,a highly compatible host, and the Wistar rat, a less compatible host. Exp Parasitol 2006;112:164–171. Fujino T , Fried B , Tada I . The expulsion of Echinostoma trivolvis: Worm kinetics and intestinal cytopathology in conventional andcongenitally athymic BALB/c mice. Parasitology 1993;106:297–304. Chang YD , Sohn WM , Ryu JH , Kang SY , Hong SJ . A human infection of Echinostoma hortense in duodenal bulb diagnosed byendoscopy. Korean J Parasitol 2005;43:57–60. Esteban JG , Muñoz-Antolí C , Toledo R , Ash LR . Diagnosis of human trematode infections. Adv Exp Med Biol 2014;766:293–327. Chai JY , Hong ST , Lee SH , Lee GC , Min YI . A case of echinostomiasis with ulcerative lesions in the duodenum. Korean J Parasitol1994;32:201–204. Lee SJ , Hong SJ . Gastric echinostomiasis diagnosed by endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:440–442. Cho CM , Tak WY , Kweon YO A human case of Echinostoma hortense (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) infection diagnosed bygastroduodenal endoscopy in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2003;41:117–120. Park CJ , Kim J . A human case of Echinostoma hortense infection diagnosed by endoscopy in area of southwestern Korea. Korean J Med2006;71:229–234. Jung WT , Lee KJ , Kim HJ , Kim TH , Na BK , Sohn WM . A case of Echinostoma cinetorchis (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) infectiondiagnosed by colonoscopy. Korean J Parasitol 2014;52:287–290.

Tantrawatpan C , Saijuntha W , Manochantr S A singleplex real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer PCR with melting curveanalysis for the differential detection of Paragonimus heterotremus, Echinostoma malayanum and Fasciola gigantica eggs in faeces. TransR Soc Trop Med Hyg 2016;110:74–83. Saric J , Li JV , Wang Y Metabolic profiling of an Echinostoma caproni infection in the mouse for biomarker discovery. PLOS Negl Trop Dis2008;2:e254. World Health Organization (WHO) . The control of schistosomiasis: Report of a WHO expert committee. Geneva: WHO Tech Rep Ser1985;728:1–113. Keiser J , Utzinger J . Chemotherapy for major food-borne trematodes: A review. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2004;5:1711–1716. Keiser J , Utzinger J . Emerging foodborne trematodiasis. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11: 1507–1514. van den Enden E . Pharmacotherapy of helminth infection. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10:435–451. Wegner DH . The profile of the trematodicidal compound praziquantel. Arzneimittelforschung 1984;34:1132–1136. Cross JH , Clarke MD , Cole WC . Parasitic infection in humans in West Kalimantan (Borneo) Indonesia. Trop Geogr Med1976;28:121–130. Cross JH . Changing patterns of some trematode infections in Asia. Arzneimittelforschung 1984;34:1224–1226. Anonymous . Control of foodborne trematode infection. WHO Tech Rep Ser 1995: 849:1–157. Keiser J , Brun R , Fried B , Utzinger J . Trematocidal activity of praziquantel and artemisinin derivatives: In vitro and in vivo investigationswith adult Echinostoma caproni . Ant Agents and Chem 2006;50:803–805. Ferraz J , Souza J , Costa-Silva M Effect of praziquantel on adult Echinostoma paraensei worms in experimentally infected mice. ParasitolRes 2012;111:143–148. Cioli D , Pica-Mattoccia L . Praziquantel. Parasitol Res 2003;90:S3–9. Pax R , Bennet JL , Fetterer R . A benzodiazepine derivate and praziquantel: Effects on musculature of Schistosoma mansoni andSchistosoma japonicum. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol 1978;304:309–315. Becker B , Mehlhorn H , Andrews P , Thomas H , Eckert J . Light and electron microscopic studies on the effect of praziquantel onSchistosoma mansoni, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, and Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) in vitro . Z Parasitenkd 1980;63:113–128. Mehlhorn H , Becker B , Andrews P , Thomas H , Frenkel JK . In vivo and in vitro experiments on the effects of praziquantel onSchistosoma mansoni . Arzneimittelforschung 1981;31:544–554. Jiraungkoorskul W , Sahaphong S , Sobhon P , Riengrojpitak S , Kangwanrangsan N . Effects of praziquantel and artesunate on thetegument of adult Schistosoma mekongi harboured in mice. Parasitol Int 2005;54:177–183. Awadalla HN , el Azzouni MZ , Khalil AI , el Mansoury ST . Scanning electron microscopy of normal and praziquantel treated S.haematobium worms (Egyptian strain). J Egypt Soc Parasitol 1991;21:715–722. Mehlhorn H , Kojima S , Rim HJ Ultrastructural investigations on the effects of praziquantel on human trematodes from Asia: Clonorchissinensis, Metagonimus yokogawai, Opisthorchis viverrini, Paragonimus westermani and Schistosoma japonicum . Arzneimittelforschung1983;33:91–98. Wang W , Wang L , Liang YS . Susceptibility or resistance of praziquantel in human schistosomiasis: A review. Parasitol Res2012;111:1871–1877. Doenhoff MJ , Cioli D , Utzinger J . Praziquantel: Mechanisms of action, resistance and new derivatives for schistosomiasis. Curr OpinInfect Dis 2008;21:659–667. Saric J , Li JV , Wang Y , Holmes E , Utzinger J , Keiser J . Use of Echinostoma spp. in studies on chemotherapy and metabolic profiling.In: Fried B and Toledo R . (Eds). The Biology of Echinostomes: From the Molecule to the Community. New York, NY: Springer,2009:295–324. Keiser J , Utzinger J , Tanner M , Dong Y , Vennerstrom JL . The synthetic peroxide OZ78 is effective against Echinostoma caproni andFasciola hepatica . J Antimicrob Chemother 2006b;58:1193–1197. Maurer K , Decere M , Fried B . Effects of the anthelmintics clorsulon, rafoxanide, mebendazole and arprinocid on Echinostoma caproni inICR mice. J Helminthol 1995;70:95–96. Schmidt J . Effects of benzimidazole anthelmintics asmicrotubule-active drugs on the synthesis and transport of surface glycoconjugates inHymenolepis microstoma, Echinostoma caproni, and Schistosoma mansoni . Parasitol Res 1998;84:362–368. Fried B , Graczyk TK , Tamang L . Food-borne intestinal trematodiases in humans. Parasitol Res 2004;93:159–170. World Health Organization (WHO) . The World Health Report 2004: Changing History. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Montresor, 2004. Montresor A , Cong DT , Sinuon M Large-scale preventive chemotherapy for the control of helminth infection in Western Pacific countries:Six years later. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2008;2:e278. Keiser J , Utzinger J . Food-borne trematodiases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009;22:466–483. Wiwanitkit V . Motility of intestinal fluke, Echinostoma spp., metacercariae in fish dishes prepared by different uncooked methods. InternetJ Infect Dis 2004;4:10875. Fried B , Peoples RC . Effects of various physical and chemical factors on excystation of the encysted metacercariae of Echinostomacaproni . J Parasitol 2007;93:1388–1391. Sohn WM . Fish-borne zoonotic trematode metacercariae in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2009;47:S103–S113.

Fasciola Keiser J , Utzinger J . Food-borne trematodiases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22(3):466–483. Heneberg P . Phylogenetic data suggest the reclassification of Fasciola jacksoni (Digenea: Fasciolidae) as Fascioloides jacksoni comb.nov. Parasitol Res. 2013;112(4):1679–1689. Shafiei R , Sarkari B , Sadjjadi SM , Mowlavi GR , Moshfe A . Molecular and morphological characterization of Fasciola spp. isolated fromdifferent host species in a newly emerging focus of human fascioliasis in Iran. Vet Med Int. 2014;2014:405740. Cwiklinski K , Dalton JP , Dufresne PJ The Fasciola hepatica genome: Gene duplication and polymorphism reveals adaptation to the hostenvironment and the capacity for rapid evolution. Genome Biol. 2015;16:71.

Beesley NJ , Williams DJ , Paterson S , Hodgkinson J . Fasciola hepatica demonstrates high levels of genetic diversity, a lack ofpopulation structure and high gene flow: Possible implications for drug resistance. Int J Parasitol. 2017;47(1):11–20. McNulty SN , Tort JF , Rinaldi G Genomes of Fasciola hepatica from the Americas reveal colonization with Neorickettsia endobacteriarelated to the agents of Potomac horse and human Sennetsu fevers. PLOS Genet. 2017;13(1):e1006537. Liu GH , Gasser RB , Young ND , Song HQ , Ai L , Zhu XQ . Complete mitochondrial genomes of the “intermediate form” of Fasciola andFasciola gigantica, and their comparison with F. hepatica . Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:150. Cwiklinski K , O'Neill SM , Donnelly S , Dalton JP . A prospective view of animal and human fasciolosis. Parasite Immunol.2016;38(9):558–568. Salzer HJ , Schmiedel S . Fasciola hepatica in a German traveler returning from Thailand. J Travel Med. 2015;22(4):285–286. Sah R , Khadka S , Khadka M Human fascioliasis by Fasciola hepatica: The first case report in Nepal. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):439. Mekky MA , Tolba M , Abdel-Malek MO , Abbas WA , Zidan M . Human fascioliasis: A re-emerging disease in upper Egypt. Am J Trop MedHyg. 2015;93(1):76–79. Ai L , Cai YC , Lu Y , Chen JX , Chen SH . Human cases of fascioliasis in Fujian Province, China. Korean J Parasitol. 2017;55(1):55–60. Badirzadeh A , Sabzevari S . Hepatic fascioliasis in Mashhad, Northeast Iran: First report. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2017;50(4):571–574. Lee JH , Quan JH , Choi IW Fasciola hepatica: Infection status of freshwater snails collected from Gangwon-do (Province), Korea. KoreanJ Parasitol. 2017;55(1):95–98. Bargues MD , Malandrini JB , Artigas P Human fascioliasis endemic areas in Argentina: Multigene characterisation of the lymnaeid vectorsand climatic-environmental assessment of the transmission pattern. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(1):306. Bargues MD , Gayo V , Sanchis J DNA multigene characterization of Fasciola hepatica and Lymnaea neotropica and its fascioliasistransmission capacity in Uruguay, with historical correlation, human report review and infection risk analysis. PLOS Negl Trop Dis.2017;11(2):e0005352. Beştaş R , Yalçin K , Çiçek M . Cholestasis caused by Fasciola gigantica . Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2014;38(3):201–204. Cruz Y , López OR , Gómez de la Vega E , Cárdenas-Perea ME , Gutiérrez-Dávila A , Tamariz-Cruz OJ . Human fasciolosis diagnosed inthe acute phase: A first clinical report in Mexico. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2016;81(2):111–113. Kim AJ , Choi CH , Choi SK Ectopic human Fasciola hepatica infection by an adult worm in the mesocolon. Korean J Parasitol.2015;53(6):725–730. Haçarız O , Akgün M , Kavak P , Yüksel B , Sağıroğlu MŞ . Comparative transcriptome profiling approach to glean virulence andimmunomodulation-related genes of Fasciola hepatica . BMC Genomics. 2015;16:366. Alvarez Rojas CA , Scheerlinck JP , Ansell BR , Hall RS , Gasser RB , Jex AR . Time-course study of the transcriptome of peripheral bloodmononuclear cells (PBMCs) from sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica . PLOS One. 2016;11(7): e0159194. Ruiz-Campillo MT , Molina Hernandez V , Escamilla A Immune signatures of pathogenesis in the peritoneal compartment during earlyinfection of sheep with Fasciola hepatica . Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):2782. Valero MA , Perez-Crespo I , Chillón-Marinas C Fasciola hepatica reinfection potentiates a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg response andcorrelates with the clinical phenotypes of anemia. PLOS One. 2017;12(3):e0173456. Figueroa-Santiago O , Espino AM . Fasciola hepatica fatty acid binding protein induces the alternative activation of human macrophages.Infect Immun. 2014;82(12):5005–5012. Ravidà A , Cwiklinski K , Aldridge AM Fasciola hepatica surface tegument: Glycoproteins at the interface of parasite and host. Mol CellProteomics. 2016;15(10):3139–3153. Rojas-Caraballo J , López-Abán J , Fernández-Soto P , Vicente B , Collía F , Muro A . Time-course investigation of the gene expressionprofile during Fasciola hepatica infection: A microarray-based study. Genom Data. 2015;6:89–91. Rojas-Caraballo J , López-Abán J , Fernández-Soto P , Vicente B , Collía F , Muro A . Gene expression profile in the liver of BALB/c miceinfected with Fasciola hepatica . PLOS One. 2015;10(8):e0134910. Falcón CR , Masih D , Gatti G , Sanchez MC , Motrán CC , Cervi L . Fasciola hepatica Kunitz type molecule decreases dendritic cellactivation and their ability to induce inflammatory responses. PLOS One. 2014;9(12):e114505. Japa O , Hodgkinson JE , Emes RD , Flynn RJ . TGF-β superfamily members from the helminth Fasciola hepatica show intrinsic effects onviability and development. Vet Res. 2015;46:29. Di Maggio LS , Tirloni L , Pinto AF Across intra-mammalian stages of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica: A proteomic study. Sci Rep.2016;6:32796. Carasi P , Rodríguez E , da Costa V Heme-oxygenase-1 expression contributes to the immunoregulation induced by Fasciola hepaticaand promotes infection. Front Immunol. 2017;8:883. Ishikawa T , Meier-Stephenson V , Heitman SJ . Biliary obstruction caused by the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica . CMAJ.2016;188(7):524–526. Machicado C , Machicado JD , Maco V , Terashima A , Marcos LA . Association of Fasciola hepatica infection with liver fibrosis, cirrhosis,and cancer: A systematic review. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(9):e0004962. Uysal E , Dokur M . The helminths causing surgical or endoscopic abdominal intervention: A review article. Iran J Parasitol.2017;12(2):156–168. Losada H , Hirsch M , Guzmán P , Fonseca F , Hofmann E , Alanís M . Fascioliasis simulating an intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma—Casereport with imaging and pathology correlation. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2015;4(1):E1–7. Bayhan Gİ , Batur A , Taylan-Özkan A , Demirören K , Beyhan YE . A pediatric case of fascioliasis with eosinophilic pneumonia. Turk JPediatr. 2016;58(1):109–112. Martínez-Sernández V , Orbegozo-Medina RA , González-Warleta M , Mezo M , Ubeira FM . Rapid enhanced MM3-COPRO ELISA fordetection of Fasciola coproantigens. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(7):e0004872. Hernández Alvarez L , Naranjo Feliciano D , Hernández González JE , Soares RO , Barreto Gomes DE , Pascutti PG . Insights into theinteractions of Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L3 with a substrate and potential novel inhibitors through in silico approaches. PLOS Negl TropDis. 2015;9(5):e0003759. Ferraro F , Merlino A , Dell Oca N Identification of chalcones as Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L inhibitors using a comprehensiveexperimental and computational approach. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(7):e0004834. Sarkari B , Khabisi SA . Immunodiagnosis of human fascioliasis: An update of concepts and performances of the serological assays. J ClinDiagn Res. 2017;11(6):OE05–10.

Gottstein B , Schneeberger M , Boubaker G Comparative assessment of ELISAs using recombinant saposin-like protein 2 andrecombinant cathepsin L-1 from Fasciola hepatica for the serodiagnosis of human Fasciolosis. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(6):e2860. Shafiei R , Sarkari B , Sadjjadi SM . Performance of a 27 kDa Fasciola hepatica antigen in the diagnosis of human fascioliasis. J LabPhysicians. 2015;7(1):17–20. Alba A , Vázquez AA , Sánchez J Assessment of the FasciMol-ELISA in the detection of the trematode Fasciola hepatica in field-collectedGalba cubensis: A novel tool for the malacological survey of fasciolosis transmission. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:22. Shin SH , Hsu A , Chastain HM Development of two FhSAP2 recombinant-based assays for immunodiagnosis of human chronicfascioliasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95(4):852–855. Ai L , Chen MX , Alasaad S Genetic characterization, species differentiation and detection of Fasciola spp. by molecular approaches.Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:101. Yakhchali M , Malekzadeh-Viayeh R , Imani-Baran A . PCR-RFLP analysis of 28S rDNA for specification of Fasciola gigantica (Cobbold,1855) in the infected Lymnaea auricularia (Linnaeus, 1785) snails from northwestern Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2014;9(3):358–364. Choi IW , Kim HY , Quan JH , Ryu JG , Sun R , Lee YH . Monitoring of Fasciola species contamination in water dropwort by cox1mitochondrial and ITS-2 rDNA sequencing analysis. Korean J Parasitol. 2015;53(5):641–645. Tadayon S , Sharifiyazdi H , Moazeni M , Divar MR . Molecular differentiation of Fasciola species and characterization of genetic diversityof F. gigantica using NADH dehydrogenase I (ND1) gene in the endemic areas of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2015;10(1):9–18. Calvani NED , Windsor PA , Bush RD , Šlapeta J . Scrambled eggs: A highly sensitive molecular diagnostic workflow for Fasciola speciesspecific detection from faecal samples. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(9):e0005931. Cabada MM , Lopez M , Cruz M , Delgado JR , Hill V , White AC Jr. Treatment failure after multiple courses of triclabendazole amongpatients with fascioliasis in Cusco, Peru: A Case Series. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(1):e0004361. Hanna R . Fasciola hepatica: Histology of the reproductive organs and differential effects of triclabendazole on drug-sensitive and drug-resistant fluke isolates and on flukes from selected field cases. Pathogens. 2015;4(3):431–456. Rojas-Caraballo J , López-Abán J , Moreno-Pérez DA Transcriptome profiling of gene expression during immunisation trial againstFasciola hepatica: Identification of genes and pathways involved in conferring immunoprotection in a murine model. BMC Infect Dis.2017;17(1):94. Hawramy TAH , Saeed KA , Qaradaghy SHS Sporadic incidence of Fascioliasis detected during Hepatobiliary procedures: A study of 18patients from Sulaimaniyah governorate. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:691.

Fasciolopsis Ma J , Sun M-M , He J-J Fasciolopsis buski (Digenea: Fasciolidae) from China and India may represent distinct taxa based onmitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Parasit Vectors 2017;10(1):101. Graczyk TK , Gilman RH , Fried B . Fasciolopsiasis: Is it a controllable food-borne disease? Parasitol Res 2001;87(1):80–83. Ward HB . Fasciolopsis buski, F. rathouisi, and related species in China. Trans Am Microsc Soc 1909;29(1):5–16. Goddard FW . Fasciolopsis buski a parasite of man as seen in Shaohing, China. J Parasitol 1919;5(4):41–63. Keiser J , Utzinger J . Food-borne trematodiases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009;22(3):466–483. Looss W . Weitere Beiträgezur Kenntnis der Trematodenfauna Aegyptens, zugleich Versucheinernatürlichen Gliederung des GenusDistomum Retzius. Zoologischer Jahrbücher 1899; 12:521–784. Kumar V . The digenetic trematodes, Fasciolopsis buski, Gastrodiscoides hominis and Artyfechinostomum malayanum, as zoonoticinfections in South Asian countries. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop (1920) 1980;60(4):331–339. Roy B and Tandon V . Morphological and microtopographical strain variations among Fasciolopsis buski originating from differentgeographical areas. Acta Parasitol 1993;38(2):72–77. Barlow CH . The life cycle of human intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski . Am J Hyg Monoger 1925: p. 98. Weng YL , Zhuang ZL , Jiang HP , Lin GR , Lin JJ . [Studies on ecology of Fasciolopsis buski and control strategy of fasciolopsiasis].Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 1989;7(2):108–111. Lo CT . Life history of the snail, Segmentina hemisphaerula (Benson), and its experimental infection with Fasciolopsis buski (Lankester). JParasitol 1967;53(4):735–738. WHO . Foodborne Trematodiases. Fact Sheet no 378. Uga S , Hoa NT V , Noda S Parasite egg contamination of vegetables from a suburban market in Hanoi, Vietnam. Nepal Med Coll J2009;11(2):75–78. Le TH , Nguyen V De , Phan BU , Blair D , McManus DP . Case report: unusual presentation of Fasciolopsis buski in a Vietnamese child.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004;98(3):193–194. Fiamma M , Longoni SS , Ngo TMC Fasciolopsis buski infection in a Vietnamese pregnant woman with systemic lupus erythematosus. JInfect Dev Ctries 2015;9(6):670–673. World Health Organization . Research priority for helminths infection. Technical Report Series No 972. 2012. Chandra SS . Epidemiology of Fasciolopsis buski in Uttar Pradesh. Indian J Med Res 1984;79:55–59. World Health Organization (WHO) . Control of foodborne trematode infections. Report of a WHO Study Group. 1995. Mas-Coma S , Bargues MD , Valero MA . Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses. Int J Parasitol2005;35(11–12):1255–1278. Wakelin Derek . Chapter 87 Helminths: Pathogenesis and Defenses. Medical Microbiology . 4th edition. 1996. ISBN-10: 0-9631172-1-1 Periago MV , Diniz RC , Pinto SA The right tool for the job: Detection of soil- transmitted helminths in areas co-endemic for otherhelminths. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9(8):e0003967. Le TH , Nguyen KT , Nguyen NTB Development and evaluation of a single-step duplex PCR for simultaneous detection of Fasciolahepatica and Fasciola gigantica (family Fasciolidae, class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes). J Clin Microbiol 2012;50(8):2720–2726. Keiser J , Utzinger J . The drugs we have and the drugs we need against major helminth infections. Adv Parasitol. 2010;73:197–230. World Health Organization . Global burden of foodborne diseases. 2015.

Heterophyes Khurana S , Malla N . Water- and food-borne trematodiases in humans. In: Singh PP , Sharma V , eds. Water and Health. India: Springer,2014, pp. 219–227. Taraschewski H . Investigations on the prevalence of Heterophyes species in twelve populations of the first intermediate host in Egypt andSudan. J Trop Med Hyg 1985; 88: 265–271. Chai JY , Park JH , Han ET Prevalence of Heterophyes nocens and Pygydiopsis summa infections among residents of the western andsouthern coastal islands of the Republic of Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 71: 617–622. Witenberg G . Studies on the trematode—Family Heterophyidae. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1929; 23: 131–239. Bowman DD , Hendrix CM , Lindsay DS In: Toledo R , Fried B , (eds). Feline Clinical Parasitology. Ames: Iowa State University Press:2002. Chai JY . Epidemiology of trematode infections. In: Digenetic Trematodes. New York, NY: Springer, 2014, pp. 241–292. Chai JY . Helminth-trematode (vol. 2): Heterophyes heterophyes. In: Motarjemi Y , May GG , Todd ECD , eds. Encyclopedia of FoodSafety, New York, NY: Elsevier. 2014, pp. 158–163. Chai JY , Lee SH . Food-borne intestinal trematode infections in the Republic of Korea. Parasitol Int 2002; 51: 129–154. El-Azazy OME , Abdou NMI , Khalil AI Potential zoonotic trematodes recorded in stray cats from Kuwait municipality, Kuwait. Korean JParasitol 2015; 53: 279–287. Sohn WM . Fish-borne zoonotic trematode metacercariae in the Republic of Korea. Korean J. Parasitol 2009; 47: S103–S113. Elsheikha HM , Elshazly AM . Preliminary observations on infection of brackish water fish by heterophyid encysted metacercariae in Egypt.Parasitol Res 2008; 103: 971–977. Elsheikha HM , Elshazly AM . Host-dependent variations in the seasonal prevalence and intensity of heterophyid encysted metacercariae(Digenea: Hetrerophyidae) in brackish water fish in Egypt. Vet. Parasitol 2008; 153: 65–72. Masala S , Piras MC , Sanna D Epidemiological and molecular data on heterophyid trematode metacercariae found in the muscle of greymullets (Osteichthyes: Mugilidae) from Sardinia (western Mediterranean Sea). Parasitol Res 2016; 115: 3409–3417. Elshazly AM , Soltan DM , Elsheikha HM Host-induced phenotypic differences in Egyptian Heterophyes heterophyes (Digenea:Heterophyidae). J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2007; 37: 815–824. Esch GW , Fernández JC . A Functional Biology of Parasites: Ecological and Evolutionary Implications. The Netherlands: Springer Scienceand Business Media, 1993, pp. 49–90. Chai JY , Seo BS , Lee SH Human infections by Heterophyes heterophyes and H. dispar imported from Saudi Arabia. Korean J Parasitol1986; 24: 82–88. Uga S , Morimoto M , Saito T , Rai SK . Surface ultrastructure of Heterphyes heterophyes (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) collected from aman. J Helminth Soc Wash 1998; 65: 119–122. Kuntz RE , Chandler AC . Studies on Egyptian trematodes with special reference to the heterophyids of mammals. I. Adult flukes, withdescriptions of Phagicola longicollis n.sp., Cynodiplostomum namrui n.sp., and a Stephanoprora from cats. J Parasitol 1956; 42: 445–459. Taraschewski H . Die Trematoden der Gattung Heterophyes. Taxonomie, Biologie, Epidemiologie. Dissertation. University of Hohenheim,1984: 169 pp. Chai JY , Lee SH . Intestinal trematodes of humans in Korea: Metagonimus, Heterophyids and Echinostomes. Korean J Parasitol 1990;28: 103–122. Ozaki Y , Asada J . A new human trematode, Heterophyes katsuradai n.sp. J Parasitol 1926; 12: 215–218. Chai JY , Chung HL , Choi MH Surface ultrastructure of Heterophyes nocens (Trematoda: Heterophyidae). Koran J Parasitol 1992; 30:72–82. Thaenkham U , Blair D , Nawa Y , Waikagul J . Families Opisthorchiidae and Heterophyidae: Are they distinct? Parasitol Int 2012; 61:90–93. Paperna I , Overstreet RM . Parasites and diseases of mullets (Mugilidae). In: Aquaculture of Grey Mullets, Oren OH , ed. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1981, pp. 411–493. Chai JY , Murrell KD , Lymbery AJ . Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues. Int J Parasitol 2005; 35: 1233–1254. Hung NM , Madsen H , Fried B . Global status of fish-borne zoonotic trematodiasis in humans. Acta Parasitol 2013; 58: 231–258. Waikagul J , Thaenkham U . Approaches to Research on the Systematics of Fish-Borne Trematodes. London: Elsevier, 2014. Berger S . Miscellaneous Intestinal Trematodes: Global Status. Los Angeles, CA: GIDEON Informatics, 2016. Keiser J , Utzinger J . Food-borne trematodiases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009; 22: 466–483. Yu SH , Mott KE . Epidemiology and morbidity of food-borne intestinal trematode infections. Trop Dis Bull 1994; 91: R125–R152. Taraschewski H , Nicolaidou A . Heterophyes species in Greece: Record of H. heterophyes, H. aequalis and H. dispar from the firstintermediate host, Pirenella conica . J Helminth 1987; 61: 28–32. Taraschewski H . Heterophyiasis, an intestinal fluke infection of man and vertebrates transmitted by euryhaline gastropods and fish. HelgolMar Res 1984; 37: 463–478. Taraschewski H , Paperna I . Distribution of the snail Pirenella conica in Sinai and Israel and its infection by Heterophyidae and othertrematodes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 1981; 5: 193–205. Abu El-Ezz NMT , Tantawy EA , Mahdy OA Studies on Heterophyid infections among some fishes in Egypt. Egypt J Vet Sci 2000; 34:11–29. Wells WH , Randall BH . New hosts for trematodes of the genus Hetereophyes in Egypt. J Parasitol 1956; 42: 287–292. Rifaat MA , Salem SA , El-Kholy SJ Studies on the incidence of Heterophyes heterophyes in Dakahlia Governorate. J Egypt Soc Parasitol1980; 10: 369–373. Ghobashy MA , Soliman MFM , Hassan EA . Responses of the Mullet, Liza auratus and the Cichlid, Oreochromis niloticus from LakeManzala (Egypt) to Heterophyid infection. Int J Zool Res 2010; 6: 13–23. Lobna SMA , Metawea YF , Elsheikha HM . Prevalence of heterophyiosis in Tilapia fish and humans in Northern Egypt. Parasitol Res2010; 107: 1029–1034. Echi PC , Ezeala VC . The occurrence of heterophyid metacercariae in a stream linked aquatic reservoirs, Southeast Nigeria. Braz J BiolSci 2016; 3: 105–112. Mohamed AA , Amin MA , Amer OH Studies on the role of shellfish as a source for transmitting some parasites of zoonotic importance.Mansoura Vet Med J 2005; 7: 1–25.

Amer OH , El-Ashram AM . The occurrence of Prohemistomatidae metacercariae among cultured Tilapia in El-Abbassa fish farm, withspecial reference to its control. J Vet Med Res 2000; 11: 15–23. El Sayad MH , Abou-Holw SA , Yassine OG , El-Taweel HA . Heterophyid metacercariae in free living and farmed fish of El-Max Bay, westof Alexandria, Egypt. PUJ 2014; 7: 110–115. Abou-Eisha AM , Saleh RE , Fadel HM Role of fresh water fishes in the epidemiology of some zoonotic trematodes in Ismailia Province.SCVMJ 2008; 13: 653–656. Saleh RS , Abou-Eisha AM , Fadel HM Occurrence of encysted metacercariae of some zoonotic trematodes in freshwater fishes and theirpublic health significance in Port Said Province. In: Proceedings of the Global Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Conference, CairoInternational Convention Center, 24–26 October 2009, Massive Conferences and Trade Fairs, Venue of Conference is Cairo Governorate,Egypt. 2009, pp. 341–351. Yousef MM , Mansour NS , Hommouda NA Heterophyid parasites of man from Edku, Mariyat and Manzala lakes areas in Egypt. J EgyptSoc Parasitol 1987; 17: 475–479. Abou-Basha LM , Abdel-Fattah M , Orecchia P Epidemiological study of heterophyiasis among humans in an area of Egypt. East MediterrHealth J 2000; 6: 932–938. Khalil MB . The life-history of the human trematode parasite Heterophyes heterophyes . Int Congr Zool 1937; 12: 1989–2002. Elamie M.M.M.T. . Studies on the diseases resulting from encysted metacercariosis in some freshwater fishes. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Faculty ofVeterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, 2001. Badr JM , Badawy BA , El-Sawy AM . Aeromonas salmonicida associated with Heterophyes heterophyes infection in a Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopica): A case report. Nat Sci 2016; 14: 134–139. Kim DG , Kim TS , Cho SH Heterophyid metacercarial infections in brackish water fishes form Jinju-man (bay), Kyongsangnam-do, Korea.Korean J Parasitol 2006; 44: 7–13. Park JH , Kim JL , Shin EH , Guk SM , Park YK , Chai JY . A new endemic focus of Heterophyes nocens and other heterophyid infectionsin a coastal area of Gangjin-gun, Jeollanam-do. Korean J Parasitol 2007; 45: 33–38. Chai JY , Kim IM , Seo M A new endemic focus of Heterophyes nocens, Pygidiopsis summa, and other intestinal flukes in a coastal area ofMuan-gun, Chollanam-do. Korean J Parasitol 1997; 35: 233–238. Chai JY , Jung BK , Kim DG . Heterophyid trematodes recovered from people residing along the Boseong River, South Korea. Acta Trop2015; 148: 142–146. Lamy C , Duhamel C , Morel C , Valla A . Un cas de distomatose intestinale. Nouv Presse Med 1976; 5: 1005–1006. Massoud J , Jalali H , Reza M . Studies on trematodes of the family Heterophyidae (Odhner, 1914) in Iran: 1. Preliminary epidemiologicalsurveys in man and carnivores in Khuzestan. J Helminthol 1981; 55: 255–260. Rousset JJ , Pasticier A . A pros de deux cas de distomatose a Heterophyides. Aspects epidemiologiques et cliniques. Importance de lanotion d'opsopathologie. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 1972; 47: 465–474. Dixon BR , Flohr RB . Fish- and shellfish-borne trematode infections in Canada. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997; 28(Suppl1): 58–64. Kang SY , Cho SY , Chai JY A study on intestinal lesions of experimentally infected dogs with Metagonimus yokogawai . Korean JParasitol 1983; 21: 58–73. Toledo R , Esteban JG , Fried B . Immunology and pathology of intestinal trematodes in their defensive hosts. Adv Parasitol 2006; 63:285–365. Elsheikha HM . Heterophyosis: Risk of ectopic infection. Vet Parasitol 2007; 147: 341–342. Africa CM , Leon WD , Garcia EY . Visceral complications in intestinal heterophyidiasis of man. In: International Congress (3rd) forMicrobiology, New York, NY, 1939. Report of Proceedings, 1940, pp. 447–449. Gallais P , Paillas P , Collomb P , Luigi DM , Demarchi J , Deschiens E . Anatomo-pathological study of a cerebral parasitic cyst in man.Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 1955; 48: 830–832. Zhang S , Fan G . Case report: Brain abscess caused by heterophyid eggs. Chinese J Parasitol Parasit Dis 1990; 8: 178. Belizario JVY , Bersabe M , Leon WD Intestinal heterophyidiasis: An emerging food-borne parasitic zoonosis in southern Philippines.Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2000; 32: 36–42. Daoud AA , El-Kowrany SI , Deyab FA , Eliwa KF . Experimental heterophyiasis: Histopathological and immunological study. Intern Med J.2012; 42: 7. Youssef AI , Uga S . Review of parasitic zoonoses in Egypt. Trop Med Health 2014; 42: 3–14. Sohn WM , Chai JY . Infection status with helminthes in feral cats purchased from a market in Busan, Republic of Korea. Korean JParasitol 2005; 43: 93–100. Hong SJ , Han JH , Park CK , Kang SY . Intestinal pathologic findings at early stage infection by Centrocestus armatus in albino rats.Korean J Parasitol 1997; 35: 135–138. Ghosh S , Karin M . Missing pieces in the NF-kappaB puzzle. Cell 2002; 109: S81–96. Ashour DS , Othman AA , Radi DA . Insights into regulatory molecules of intestinal epithelial cell turnover during experimental infection byHeterophyes heterophyes . Exp Parasitol 2014; 143: 48–54. Chai JY , Kim J , Lee SH . Invasion of Metagonimus yokogawai into the submucosal layer of the small intestine of immunosuppressedmice. Korean J Parasitol 1995; 33: 313–322. Lee JJ , Jung BK , Lim H , Lee MY Comparative morphology of minute intestinal fluke eggs that can occur in human stools in the Republicof Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2012; 50: 207–213. Henedi AA , El-Azazy OM . A simple technique for staining of Platyhelminths with the lactophnol cotton blue stain. J Egypt Soc Parasitol2013; 43: 419–423. Leck A . Preparation of lactophenol cotton blue slide mounts. Community Eye Health 1999; 12: 24. Khalil MI , El-Shahawy IS , Abdelkader HS . Studies on some fish parasites of public health importance in the southern area of SaudiArabia. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2014; 23: 435–442. Elshazly AM , Elsheikha HM , Rahbar MH , Awad SI . Comparison of three immunodiagnostic tests for experimental Heterophyesheterophyes infection in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2008; 151: 196–202. Taraschewski H , Mehlhorn H , Bunnag D , Andrews P , Thomas H . Effects of praziquantel on human intestinal flukes (Fasciolopsis buskiand Heterophyes heterophyes). Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A 1986; 262: 542–550.

Fathy FM , Salama O , Massoud AM . Effect of Mirazid (Commiphora molmol) on experimental heterophyidiasis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol2005;35: 1037–1050. Fathy FM . Anthelmintic effect of artesunate in experimental heterophyid infection. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2011; 41: 469–483. Mahmoud LH , Basiouny SO , Dawoud HA . Treatment of experimental heterophyiasis with two plant extracts, areca nut and pumpkinseed. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2002; 32: 501–506. Massoud AM , El-Shazly AM , Morsy TA . Mirazid (Commiphora molmol) in treatment of human heterophyiasis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol2007; 37: 395–410. Massoud AM , El-Sherbini ET , Mos N , Saleh NM , Abouel-Nour MF , Morsy AT . Mirazid in treatment of three zoonotic trematodes inBeni-Sweif and Dakhalia Governorates. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2010; 40: 119–134. Grant FS . Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 4th ed. Washington,DC: Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration, 2011. Butt AA , Aldridge KE , Sanders CV . Infections related to the ingestion of seafood Part I: Viral and bacterial infections. Lancet Infect Dis2004; 4: 201–212.

Metagonimus Katsurada F . On the genus Heterophyes in Japan. Okayama Igakkai Zasshi 1912;(268):373–380 (in Japanese). Katsurada F . On a new trematode, Metagonimus yokogawai . Tokyo Iji Shinshi 1912;(1796):3483–3489 (in Japanese). Yokogawa S . On a new trematode which takes Plecoglossus altivelis as second intermediate host-Metagonimus . Tokyo Igakkai Zashii1913;27:685–709 (in Japanese). Yokogawa S . On a new species of the genus Metagonimus, Metagonimus ovatus n. sp. Tokyo Igakkai Zasshi 1913;27:1705–1709 (inJapanese). Suzuki S . Yokogawa's Metagonimus. List of publications on special animals in Okayama prefecture. Okayama Prefectural Report1930;146. Katsuta I . Studies on the metacercariae of Formosan brackish water fishes (2) On a new species, Metagonimus minutus n. sp. parasitic inMugil cephalus . Taiwan Iggakai Zasshi 1932;31:26–39 (in Japanese). Izumi M . Studies on a new species of Metagonimus and its life cycle. Tokyo Iji Shinshi 1935;2929:1224–1236 (in Japanese). Saito S , Shimizu T . A new trematode, Metagonimus otsurui sp. nov. from the fresh-water fishes (Trematoda: Heterophyidae). Jpn JParasitol 1968;17:167–174. Saito S , Chai JY , Kim KH Metagonimus miyatai sp. nov. (Digenea: Heterophyidae), a new intestinal trematode transmitted by freshwaterfishes in Japan and Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1997;35:223–232. Shimazu T . Metagonimus hakubaensis sp. n. (Digenea, heterophyidae) from Nagano, Japan: Morphology and life cycle. Bull Nat Sci Mus,Tokyo Series A 1999;25:87–99. Shumenko PG , Tatonova YV , Besprozvannkh VV . Metagonimus suifunensis sp. n. (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from the RussianSouthern Far East: Morphology, life cycle, and molecular data. Parasitol Int 2017;66:982–991. Ransom BH . Synopsis of the trematode family Heterophyidae with descriptions of a new genus and five new species. Proc US Nat Mus1920;57(2322):527–573. Morozov FN . Superfamily heterophyoidea Faust, 1929. In: Trematodes of Animals and Man, Skrjabin KI (ed.). Moscow, Russia, 1952; pp.153–412 (in Russian). Akademiya Nauk. Yamaguti S . Systema Helminthum. Vol. I. The Digenetic Trematodes of Vertebrates (Part I), New York, NY: Interscience Publishers, 1958;pp. 1–979. Shimazu T , Kino. Metagonimus yokogawai (Trematoda: Heterophyidae): From discovery to designation of a neotype. Korean J Parasitol2015;53:627–639. Takahashi S . On the life-history of Metagonimus yokogawai, a new species of Metagonimus and Exorchis major . Okayama IgakkaiZasshi 1929;41:2687–2755 (in Japanese). Yu SH , Mott KE . Epidemiology and morbidity of food-borne intestinal trematode infections. Trop Dis Bull 1994;91:125–152. Chai JY , Murrell KD , Lymbery AJ . Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues. Int J Parasitol 2005;35:1233–1254. Chai JY , Shin EH , Lee SH Foodborne intestinal flukes in Southeast Asia. Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(suppl):S69–102. Chai JY , Jung BK , Kim DG Heterophyid trematodes recovered from people residing along the Boseong River, South Korea. Acta Trop2015;148:142–146. Shimazu T , Urabe M . Morphology and life cycle of Metagonimus otsurui (Digenea: Heterophyidae) from Nara, Japan. Bull Nat Sci Mus,Tokyo Series A 2002;28:21–28. Chai JY . Metagonimus. In: Biology of Foodborne Parasites, Xiao L , Ryan U and Feng Y (eds). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor andFrancis Group, 2015; pp. 427–443. Lee SH , Hwang SW , Chai JY Comparative morphology of eggs of heterophyids and Clonorchis sinensis causing human infections inKorea. Korean J Parasitol 1984;22:171–180. Lee JJ , Jung BK , Lim H Comparative morphology of minute intestinal fluke eggs that can occur in human stools in the Republic of Korea.Korean J Parasitol 2012;50:207–213. Chai JY , Lee SH . Food-borne intestinal trematode infections in the Republic of Korea. Parasitol Int 2002;51:129–154. Chai JY , Yu JR , Lee SH An egg-negative patient of acute metagonimiasis diagnosed serologically by ELISA. Seoul J Med1989;30:139–142. Yang HJ , Guk SM , Han ET Molecular differentiation of three species of Metagonimus by simple sequence repeat anchored polymerasechain reaction (SSR-PCR) amplification. J Parasitol 2000;86:1170–1172. Yu JR , Chai JY . Chapter 59. Metagonimus. In Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogens, Liu D (ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press,Taylor and Francis Group, 2010; pp. 805–811. Yu JR , Chai JY . Metagonimus. In: Molecular Detection of Human Parasitic Pathogens, Liu D (ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylorand Francis Group, 2013; pp. 389–398.

Pornruseetairatn S , Kino H , Shimazu T A molecular phylogeny of Asian species of the genus Metagonimus (Digenea)-small intestinalflukes-based on representative Japanese population. Parasitol Res 2016;115:1123–1130. Chai JY , Sohn WM , Kim MH Three morphological types of the genus Metagonimus encysted in the dace, Tribolodon taczanowskii,caught from the Sumjin River. Korean J Parasitol 1991;29:217–225. Kobayashi H . On a new genus of trematode (a preliminary report). Dobutsugaku Zasshi 1912;24(289):603–608 (in Japanese). Kobayashi H . On the scientific name of Metagonimus yokogawai . Chosen Igakkai Zasshi 1925;(55):404 (in Japanese). Faust EC , Nishigori M . The life cycles of two new species of Heterophyidae parasitic in mammals and birds. J Parasitol 1926;13:91–131. Ito J . Metagonimus and other human heterophyid trematodes. Progr Med Parasitol Japan 1964;1:314–393. Chai JY , Huh S , Yu JR An epidemiological study of metagonimiasis along the upper reaches of the Namhan River. Korean J Parasitol1993;31:99–108. Lee SH , Seo BS , Chai JY Study on Metagonimus yokogawai (Katsurada, 1912) in Korea. VII. Electron microscopic observation of thetegumental structure. Korean J Parasitol 1984;22:1–10 (in Korean). Fujino T , Higo H , Ishii Y Comparative studies on two similar species of Haplorchis and Metagonimus (Trematoda:Heterophyidae)—Surface ultrastructure of adults and eggs. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 1989;56:35–41. Chai JY , Kang YJ , Choi SY Surface ultrastructure of Metagonimus miyatai metacercariae and adults. Korean J Parasitol1998;36:217–225. Chai JY , Guk SM , Han ET Surface ultrastructure of Metagonimus takahashii metacercariae and adults. Korean J Parasitol 2000;38:9–15. Inatomi S , Tongu Y , Sakumoto D The ultrastructure of helminth 2) The body wall of Metagonimus takahashii Suzuki, 1930. Jpn JParasitol 1968;17:455–460 (in Japanese). Yamaguti S . Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Part 3. Avian trematodes, II. Jpn J Zool 1934;5:543–583. Asada J . On Metagonimus yokogawai and its related species. Rinsho Igaku (Clinical Medicine) 1934;22:43–56 (in Japanese). Kogame Y . On Metagonimus yokogawai ovatus (Kobayashi, 1913) found from Tribolodon hakonensis in Daiseiji River, IshikawaPrefecture, Japan. Tokyo Iji Shinshi 1939;(3127):793–796 (in Japanese). Miyata I . Comments on the classification of trematodes of the genus Metagonimus. Dobutsugaku Zasshi 1944;l56:16–19 (in Japanese). Takahashi S . Studies on the genus Metagonimus . Okayama Igakkai Zasshi 1967;79:43–49 (in Japanese). Ochi G . Studies on the genus Metagonimus in Japan. Tokyo Iji Shinshi 1957; 74:591–599. Komiya Y . Metacercariae in Japan and adjacent territories. Progress Med Parasitol Japan 1965;2:1–328. Saito S . On the differences between Metagonimus yokogawai and Metagonimus takahashii I. The morphological comparisons . Jpn JParasitol 1972;21:449–458 (in Japanese). Saito S . On the differences between Metagonimus yokogawai and Metagonimus takahashii II. The experimental infections to the secondintermediate hosts. Jpn J Parasitol 1973;22:39–44 (in Japanese). Kamiya H , Seki N , Tada Y Helminths of stray dogs in Sapporo. II. Jpn J Parasitol 1975;24:41–47 (in Japanese). Miyamoto K , Kutsumi H . Studies on zoonoses in Hokkaido, Japan 2. On the second intermediate hosts of Metagonimus yokogawai inAsahikawa City, Kamikawa District. Jpn J Parasitol 1978;27:445–452 (in Japanese). Saito S . On the synonymy of the trematodes of the genus Metagonimus . Report of Parasite Classification and Morphology Seminar(Japan) 1984;2:1–5 (in Japanese). Koga G . Studies on the genus Metagonimus . Igaku Kenkyu 1938;12:3471–3528 (in Japanese). Katsurada F . Heterophyes in Japan. II. Creation of a new genus Metagonimus . Okayama Igakkai Zasshi 1912;(273):768–778 (inJapanese). Miyata I . I. Supplements to the taxonomic knowledge of trematodes of the genus Metagonimus . Shokubutsu Oyobi Dobutsu1941;9:533–534 (in Japanese). Kim CH . Study on the Metagonimus sp. in Gum River basin, Chungchung-nam Do, Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1980;18:215–228 (inJapanese). Kim CH , Kim NM , Lee CH Studies on the Metagonimus fluke in the Daecheong reservoir and the upper stream of Geum River, Korea.Korean J Parasitol 1987;25:69–82 (in Japanese). Yu JR , Chung JS , Huh S PCR-RFLP pattern of three kinds of Metagonimus in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1997;35:271–276. Yu JR , Chung JS , Chai JY . Different RAPD patterns between Metagonimus yokogawai and Metagonimus Miyata type. Korean JParasitol 1997;35:295–298. Lee SU , Huh S , Park GM A cytogenetic study on human intestinal trematodes of the genus Metagonimus (Digenea: Heterophyidae) inKorea. Korean J Parasitol 1999;37:237–241. Beaver PC , Jung RC , Cupp EW . Clinical Parasitology, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger, 1984. Ito J . A monograph of cercariae in Japan and adjacent territories. Progr Med Parasitol Japan 1964;1:395–550. Cho SY , Kang SY , Lee JB . Metagonimiasis in Korea. Arzneimittelforschung 1984;34(9B):1211–1213. Sohn WM . Fish-borne zoonotic trematode metacercariae in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):103–113. Chai JY . Intestinal flukes. In: Murrell KD and Fried B (eds). Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses. Fish and Plant-Borne Parasites. New York,NY: Springer, 2007; pp. 53–115. Ahn YK . Lateolaborax japonicus, a role of the second intermediate host of Metagonimus yokogawai . New Med J 1983;26:135–139 (inKorean). Hong NT , Seo BS . Study on Metagonimus yokogawai (Katsurada, 1912) in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1969;7:129–142. Chai JY . Chapter 46. Metagonimus. In: Liu D (ed.). Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections. Food Microbiology Series. Boca Raton,FL, NY: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2017; pp. 743–763. Cho SY , Kang SY , Ryang YS . Helminthes infections in the small intestine of stray dogs in Ejungbu City, Kyunggi Do, Korea. Korean JParasitol 1981;19:55–59. Seo BS , Cho SY , Hong ST Studies on parasitic helminths of Korea V. Survey on intestinal trematodes of house rats. Korean J Parasitol1981;19:131–136. Huh S , Sohn WM , Chai JY . Intestinal parasites of cats purchased in Seoul. Korean J Parasitol 1993;371–373. Miyamoto K . Studies on zoonoses in Hokkaido 7. Survey of natural definitive hosts of Metagonimus yokogawai . Jpn J Parasitol1985;34:371–376 (in Japanese).

Kagei N , Kihata M . On the development of Metagonimus yokogawai (Katsurada, 1912) (Heterophyidae, Trematoda) in laboratoryanimals. Rep Natl Inst Publ Hygiene (Japan) 1970;19:48–63 (in Japanese). Guk SM , Park JY , Seo M Susceptibility of inbred mouse strains to infection with three species of Metagonimus prevalent in the Republicof Korea. J Parasitol 2005;91:12–16. Li MH , Liao CW , Lee YL Infectivity and development of Metagonimus yokogawai in experimentally infected domestic ducks (Cairinamuschata). Vet Parasitol 2010;168:45–50. Li MH , Juang HI , Chen PL Metagonimus yokogawai: Metacercariae survey in fishes and its development to adult worms in variousrodents. Parasitol Res 2013;112:1647–53. Gushima M . Studies on the immunity of Metagonimus yokogawai . Igaku Kenkyu 1939;13:1713–1796 (in Japanese). Komiya Y , Ito J , Yamamoto S . Studies on Metagonimus yokogawai infected in a brackish water fish Salangichthys microdon from thelake Kasumigaura. Jpn J Parasitol 1958;7:7–11 (in Japanese). Yokogawa M , Sano M . Studies on the intestinal flukes IV. On the development of the worm in the experimentally infected animals withmetacercariae of Metagonimus yokogawai . Jpn J Parasitol 1968;17:540–545 (in Japanese). Yasuraoka K , Kojima K . In vitro cultivation of the heterophyid trematode, Metagonimus yokogawai, from the metacercaria to adult. Jpn JParasitol 1970;23:199–210. Ahn YK . Intestinal flukes of genus Metagonimus and their second intermediate hosts in Kangwon-do. Korean J Parasitol 1993;31:331–340(in Korean). Kim DG , Kim TS , Cho SH Heterophyid metacercarial infections in brackish water fishes from Jinju-man (Bay), Kyongsangnam-do, Korea.Korean J Parasitol 2006;44:7–13. Rim HJ , Kim KH , Joo KH . Classification of host specificity of Metagonimus spp. from Korean freshwater fish. Korean J Parasitol1996;34:7–14. Sohn WM , Eom KS , Min DY Fishborne trematode metacercariae in freshwater fish from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.Korean J Parasitol 2009;47:249–257. Ahn YK , Ryang YS . Growth, egg-laying and life span of Miyata type of genus Metagonimus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) in the finalhosts. J Wonju Med Coll 1995;8:1–12 (in Korean). Kurokawa T . Studies on the genus Metagonimus, especially on the life history of M. katsuradai Izumi, 1935 and determination of its firstintermediate host. Tokyo Iji Shinshi 1939;3161:2877–2885 (in Japanese). Besprozvannykh VV , Ermolenko AV , Dvoryadkin VA . Occurrence of Metagonimus katsuradai Izumi, 1935 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) inthe southern Primor'e region. In: Mamaev YL (ed.). Vladivostock, Russia: Gel'minty I vyzyvaemye imi zabollevaniya. 1987; pp. 47–52. Shimazu T . Morphology of metacercariae and adults of Metagonimus katsuradai Izumi (Digenea, Heterophyidae) from Shiga, Japan. BullNat Sci Mus Tokyo (Series A) 2003;29:47–51. Yoshikawa M , Miyata I , Uesugi S . Contributions to the knowledge of dog parasites in Kobe City. Nippon Juigakkai Zasshi1940;2:450–464 (in Japanese). Chun SK . A study on Metagonimus yokogawai from Plecoglossus altivelis in the Miryang River. Bull Pusan Fish Coll 1960;3:24–33 (inKorean). Yeo TO , Seo BS . Studies on Metagonimus yokogawai (Katsurada, 1912) in Korea III. Epidemiological observation of humanMetagonimus infection in Hadong area, South Kyongsang Do. Seoul J Med 1971;12:259–268. Ahn YK . Epidemiological studies on Metagonimus yokogawai infection in Samcheok-gun, Kangwon-do, Korea. Korean J Parasitol1984;22:161–170 (in Korean). Chai JY , Han ET , Park YK High endemicity of Metagonimus yokogawai infection along residents of Samcheok-shi, Kangwon-do. KoreanJ Parasitol 2000;38(1):33–36. Lee JJ , Kim HJ , Kim MJ Decrease of Metagonimus yokogawai endemicity along the Tamjin River basin. Korean J Parasitol2008;46:289–291. Kim TS , Cho SH , Huh S A nationwide survey on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the Republic of Korea, 2004. Korean JParasitol 2009;47:37–47. Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . National Statistics of Intestinal Parasitic Infections (the 8th Report). Osong, Korea.2013;1–210. Kang SY , Loh IK , Park YH Studies on Metagonimus yokogawai infected in Plecoglossus altivelis collected in Cheju Province. J KoreaMed Ass 1964;7:470–476 (in Korean). Choi DW , Lee JT , Hwang HK Studies on the larval trematodes from brackish water fishes. 2. Observation on Metagonimus yokogawaiKatsurada, 1912. Korean J Parasitol 1966;4:33–37 (in Korean). Chai JY , Cho SY , Seo BS . Study on Metagonimus yokogawai (Katsurada, 1912) in Korea. IV. An epidemiological investigation alongTamjin River basin, South Cholla Do. Korean J Parasitol 1977;15:115–120. Soh CT , Ahn YK . Epidemiological study on Metagonimus yokogawai infection along Boseong River in Jeonra Nam Do, Korea. Korean JParasitol 1978;16:1–13 (in Korean). Seo BS , Hong ST , Chai JY Study on Metagonimus yokogawai Katsurada, 1912) in Korea. IV. Geographical distribution of metacercarialinfection in sweetfish along the east and south coast. Korean J Parasitol 1982;29:28–32 (in Korean). Song CY , Lee SH , Jeon SR . Studies on the intestinal fluke, Metagonimus yokogawai Katsurada, 1912 in Korea. IV. Geographicaldistribution of sweetfish and infection status with Metagonimus metacercariae in South-Eastern area of Korea. Korean J Parasitol1985;23:123–138. Sohn WM , Hong ST , Chai JY Infection status of sweetfish from Kwangjung-stream and Namdae-stream in Yangyang-gun, Kangwon-dowith the metacercariae of Metagonimus yokogawai . Korean J Parasitol 1990;28:253–255 (in Korean). Cho SH , Lee WJ , Kim TS Prevalence of zoonotic trematode metacercariae in freshwater fish from Gangwon-do, Korea. Korean JParasitol 2014;52:399–412. Cho SH , Kim TS , Na BK Prevalence of Metagonimus metacercariae in sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis, from eastern and southerncoastal areas in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2011;49:161–165. Sohn WM , Chai JY . Infection status with helminthes in feral cats purchased from a market in Busan, Republic of Korea. Korean JParasitol 2005;43:93–100. Shin SS , Oh DS , Ahn KS Zoonotic intestinal trematodes in stray cats (Felis catus) from riverside areas of the Republic of Korea. Korean JParasitol 2015;53:209–213.

Seo M , Shin DH , Guk SM Gymnophalloides seoi eggs from the stool of a 17th century female mummy found in Hadong, Republic ofKorea. J Parasitol 2008;94:467–472. Shin DH , Lim DS , Choi KJ Scanning electron microscope study of ancient parasite eggs recovered from Korean mummies of the JoseonDynastry. J Parasitol 2009;95:137–145. Yokogawa M , Sano M , Takahashi T Studies on Metagonimus yokogawai Katsurada, 1913 in Ohama-machi, Shizuoka Prefecture. Jpn JParasitol 1962;11:157–164 (in Japanese). Kagei N . Epidemiological studies of metagonimiasis in Japan. I. Epidemiological survey of metagonimiasis among the Takatsu River,Shimane Prefecture. Bull Inst Public Health Japan 1965;14:213–227 (in Japanese). Yoshimura H , Ohmori Y , Tani S Epidemiological studies of metagonmiasis in Chokai village, Akita Prefecture. Jpn J Parasitol1972;21:400–407 (in Japanese). Kagei N, Kihata . Epidemiological studies on metagonimiasis – Correlation between the metacercaria-incidence in “ayu” Plecoglossusaltivelis, and egg-positive rates in the residents. Jpn J Parasitol 1973;22:218–221 (in Japanese). Ito J , Mochizuki H , Ohno Y On the prevalence of Metagonimus sp. among the inhabitants at Hamamatsu basin in Shizuoka prefecture,Japan. Jpn J Parasitol 1991;40:274–278. Kagei N , Sasa M , Mitsui G Metagonimiasis in Amami Islands, South Japan. Bull Inst Public Health Japan 1966;15:142–146 (inJapanese). Kagei N , Oshima T . Nationwide epidemiological surveys on the metacercariae of Metagonimus yokogawai in "ayu", Plecoglossus altivelis, in Japan. Jpn J Parasitol 1968;17:461–470 (in Japanese). Kagei N , Kihata M , Hirayama T Epidemiological study on Metagonimus yokogawai infection of Salangichthys microdon Bleeker fromJapan. Bull Inst Public Health Japan 1975;24:7–17 (in Japanese). Kino H , Suzuki T , Oishi H Geographical distribution of Metagonimus yokogawai and M. miyatai in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, and theirsite preferences in the sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis, and hamsters. Parasitol Int 2006;55:201–206. Wang CR , Qiu JH , Zhao JP Prevalence of helminthes in adult dogs in Heilongjiang Province, the People's Republic of China. ParasitolRes 2006;99:627–630. Chen Y , Zhang W , Tian M Investigation of snails transmitting parasitic diseases in Yunnan Province. J Pathogen Biol (China)2009;4:211–214 (in Chinese). Jeon HK , Lee D , Park H Human infections with liver and minute intestinal flukes in Guangxi, China: Analysis by DNA sequencing,ultrasonography, and immunoaffinity chromatography. Korean J Parasitol 2012;50:391–394. Chen ER . Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Taiwan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1991;22(suppl):62–64. Li T , He S , Zhao H Major trends in human parasitic diseases in China. Trends Parasitol 2010;26:264–270. Mahanta J , Narain K , Srivastava VK Heterophyid eggs in human stool samples in Assam: First report for India. Indian J Commun Dis1995;27:142–145. Uppal B , Wadhwa V . Rare case of Metagonimus yokogawai . Indian J Med Microbiol 2005;23:61–62. Davydov ON , Lysenko VN , Kurovskaya LY Species diversity of carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), parasites in somecultivation regions. Vestnik Zoologii 2011;45:e9. Cakiç P , Paunovic M , Stojanovic B Metagonimus yokogawai, a new parasitic trematoda species in ichthyoparasitofauna of the Serbia.Acta Veterinaria (Beograd) 2007;57:537–543. Djikanovic V , Paunovic M , Nikolic V Parasitofauna of freshwater fishes in the Serbian open waters: A checklist of parasites of freshwaterfishes in Serbian open waters. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 2012;22:297–324. Nachev N , Sures B . The endohelminth fauna of barbel (Barbus barbus) correlates with water quality of the Danube River in Bugaria.Parasitology 2009;136:545–552. Ondračkova M , Slovačkova I , Trichkova T Shoreline distribution and parasitic infection of black-striped pipefish Syngnathus abasterRisso, 1827 in the low River Danube. J Appl Ichthyol 2012;28:590–596. Francová K , Ondračková M , Polačik M Parasite fauna of native and non-native populations of Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814)(Gobiidae) in the longitudinal profile of the Danube River. J Appl Ichthyol 2011;27:879–886. Chun SK . A study on the metacercaria of Metagonimus takahashii and Exorchis oviformis from Carassius carassius . Bull Pusan Fish Coll.1960b;3:31–39. Chun SK . A study on the metacercaria of Metagonimus takahashii and Exorchis oviformis from Carassius carassius . Bull Pusan Fish Coll1960;3:31–39 (in Korean). Ahn YK , Ryang YS . Epidemiological studies on Metagonimus infection along the Hongcheon river, Kangwon Province. Korean J Parasitol1988;26:207–213 (in Korean). Asada J , Kaji F , Ochi G On the prevalent occurrence of metagonimiasis caused by Plecoglossus altivelis of the Ashida River, HiroshimaPrefecture. Tokyo Iji Shinshi 1957;74:325–330 (in Japanese). Urabe M . Trematode fauna of prosobranch snails of the genus Semisulcospira in Lake Biwa and the connected drainage system.Parasitol Int 2003;52:21–34. Park MS , Kim SW , Yang YS Intestinal parasite infections in the inhabitants along the Hantan River, Chorwon-gun. Korean J Parasitol1993;31:375–378. Yu JR , Kwon SO , Lee SH . Clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis in the inhabitants along Talchongang (River), Chungwon-gun. Korean JParasitol 1994;32:267–269. Son WY , Huh S , Lee SU Intestinal trematode infections in the villagers in Koje-myon, Kochang-gun, Kyongsangnam-do, Korea. Korean JParasitol 1994;32:149–155. Nam HS . The Metagonimus sp. in a stream of Yeonchun Ri, Buk Myeon, Chunan City, Korea. J Soonchunhyang Med Coll1997;3:485–490. Shimazu T . Life cycle and morphology of Metagonimus miyatai (Digenea: Heterophyidae) from Nagano, Japan. Parasitol Int2002;51:271–280. Emolenko AV , Bespozvannykh VV , Rumyantseva EE Pathogens of human trematodiases in the Primorye Terrotory. Med Parazitol(Mosk) 2015;(2):6–10 (in Russian). Besprozvannykh VV . The epizootiological problems of trematodiases in the Maritime Territory. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1994;(3):28–31 (inRussian).

Seo BS , Lee SH , Chai JY Intensity of Metagonimus yokogawai infection among inhabitants in Tamjin River basin with reference to its egglaying capacity in human host. Seoul J Med 1985;26:207–212. Hong ST , Yu JR , Myong NH Activities of brush border membrane bound enzymes of the small intestine in Metagonimus yokogawaiinfection in mice. Korean J Parasitol 1991;29:9–20. Africa CM , de Leon W , Garcia EY . Visceral complications in intestinal heterophyidiasis of man. Acta Med Philippina, Monogr Series No.1, 1940;1–132. Yamada SM , Yamada S , Takada H , Hoshiai YC , Yamada S . A case of metagonimiasis complicated with multiple intracerebralhemorrhages and diabetes mellitus. J Nippon Med Sch 2008;75:32–35. Ohnishi Y , Taufen M . Increase of permeability in the intestinal mucosa of mice infected with Metagonimus yokogawai . Jpn J Vet Sci1984;46:885–887. Cho SY , Kim SI , Earm YE A preliminary observation on water content of small intestine in Metagonimus yokogawai infected dog. KoreanJ Parasitol 1985;23:175–177. Chai JY . Study on Metagonimus yokogawai (Katsurada, 1912) in Korea V. Intestinal pathology in experimentally infected albino rats.Seoul J Med 1979;20:104–117. Lee JB , Chi JG , Lee SK Study on pathology of metagonimiasis in experimentally infected cat intestine. Korean J Parasitol1981;19:109–129. Kang SY , Cho SY , Chai JY A study on intestinal lesions of experimentally reinfected dogs with Metagonimus yokogawai . Korean JParasitol 1983;21:58–73. Chai JY , Kim J , Lee SH . Invasion of Metagonimus yokogawai into the submucosal layer of the small intestine of immunosuppressedmice. Korean J Parasitol 1995;33:313–321. Chai JY , Kim TH , Kho WG Mucosal mast cell responses to experimental Metagonimus yokogawai infection in rats. Korean J Parasitol1993;31:129–134. Chi JG , Kim CW , Kim JR Intestinal histopathology in human metagonimiasis with ultrastructural observations of parasites. J Korean MedSci 1988;3:171–177. Rho IH , Kim SI , Kang SY Observation on the pathogenesis of villous changes in early phase of experimental metagonimiasis. Chung-AngJ Med 1984;9:67–77 (in Korean). Jang YK , Kang SY , Kim SI In situ posture of anterior body of Metagonimus yokogawai in experimentally infected dog. Korean J Parasitol1985;23:203–213. Chai JY , Seo BS , Lee SH . Study on Metagonimus yokogawai (Katsurada, 1912) in Korea VII. Susceptibility of various strains of mice toMetagonimus infection and effect of prednisolone. Korean J Parasitol 1984;22:153–160. Yu JR , Myong N , Chai JY . Expression patterns of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the small intestine of mice infected withMetagonimus yokogawai and Metagonimus Miyata type. Korean J Parasitol 1997;35:239–244. Yokogawa S . On the visceral heterophyidiasis, especially on the etiology of heart, brain and spinal cord heterophyidiasis. Taiwan IgakkaiZasshi 1940;39:1729–1730 (in Japanese). Castro GA . Immunophysiology of enteric parasitism. Parasitol Today 1989;5:11–19. Chai JY , Yun TY , Kim J Chronological observation on intestinal histopathology and intraepithelial lymphocytes in the intestine of ratsinfected with Metagonimus yokogawai . Korean J Parasitol 1994;32:215–221 (in Korean). Ohnishi Y . Eosinophil responses in the mice infected with Metagonimus yokogawai . Jpn J Parasitol 1987;36:271–275. Ahn YK , Soh CT , Lee SK . Egg laying capacity of Metagonimus yokogawai . Yonsei Reports Trop Med 1981;12:11–16. Cho SY , Kim SY , Kang SY . Specific IgG antibody response in experimental cat metagonimiasis. Korean J Parasitol 1987;25:149–153. Pyo KH , Kang EY , Hwang YS Species identification of medically important trematodes in aquatic food samples using PCR-RFLPtargeting 18S rRNA. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013;10:1–3. Lee SH , Chai JY , Hong SJ Anthelmintic effect of praziquantel (Distocide) against Metagonimus yokogawai infection. J Korean SocChemother 1984;2:167–171 (in Korean). Rim HJ , Chu DS , Lee JS Anthelmintic effects of various drugs against metagonimiasis. Korean J Parasitol 1984;16:117–122 (in Korean). Chai JY . Praziquantel in treatment of trematode and cestode infections. Infect Chemother 2013;45:32–43. Hamajima F , Fujino T , Yamagami K Studies on the in vitro effects of bithionol and menichlopholan on flukes of Clonorchis sinensis,Metagonimus takahashii and Paragonimus miyazakii . Int J Parasitol 1979;9:241–249. Mehlhorn H , Kojima S , Rim HJ Ultrastructural investigations on the effects of praziquantel on human trematodes from Asia: Clonorchissinensis, Metagonimus yokogawai, Opisthorchis viverrini, Paragonimus westermani and Schistosoma japonicum . Arzneimit-Forsch/DrugRes 1983;33:91–98. Chai JY , Kim SJ , Kook J Effects of gamma-irradiation on the survival and development of Metagonimus yokogawai metacercariae in rats.Korean J Parasitol 1995;33:297–303.

Metorchis Behr MA , Gyorkos TW , Kokoskin E North American liver fluke (Metorchis conjunctus) in a Canadian Aboriginal population: A submerginghuman pathogen? Can J Public Health 1998;89:258–259. Lin CH , Yeh SH , Lin CH A role for the PI-3 kinase signaling pathway in fear conditioning and synaptic plasticity in the amygdala. Neuron2001;31:841–851. Mordvinov VA , Yurlova NI , Ogorodova LM Opisthorchis felineus and Metorchis bilis are the main agents of liver fluke infection of humansin Russia. Parasitol Int 2012;61:25–31. Olson PD , Cribb TH , Tkach VV Phylogeny and classification of the Digenea (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda). Int J Parasitol2003;33:733–755. Scholz T . Family opisthorchiidae looss, 1899. In: Bray RA , Gibson DI , Jones A , eds. Keys to the Trematoda. Vol. 3. Wallingford, CABInternational; 2008:509–522.

Filimonova LV . A taxonomic review of two subfamilies (Metorchiinae Luhe, 1909 and Pseudamphistominae Yamaguti, 1958) of the familyOpisthorchiidae Faust 1929 of the Russian fauna. In: Topical Problems in Parasitology. Moscow, Science, 1998:244–253. [in Russian]. King S , Scholz T . Trematodes of the family Opisthorchiidae: A minireview. Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(3):209–221. Sitko J , Bizos J , Sherrard-Smith E Integrative taxonomy of European parasitic flatworms of the genus Metorchis Looss, 1899 (Trematoda:Opisthorchiidae). Parasitol Int 2016;65(3):258–267. Odening K . Trematoden aus einheimischen Vögeln des Berliner Tierparks und der Umgebung von Berlin. Biol. Zbl 1962;81:419–468. Brusentsov II , Katokhin AV , Sakharovskaya ZV DNA diagnosis of mixed invasions of Opisthorchis felineus and Metorchis bilis bypolymerase chain reaction. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 2010;2:10–13. [in Russian]. Sidorov EG . Natural Foci of Opisthorchiasis. Alma-Ata, Nauka Kaz SSR, 1983:1–240. [in Russian]. Skryabin K . Trematodes of Animals and Humans. Bases of Trematodology. Vol. 3. Nauka, Moskow-Leningrad, 1949:1–623. [in Russian]. Hung NM , Madsen H , Fried B . Global status of fish-borne zoonotic trematodiasis in humans. Acta Parasitol 2013;8(3):231–258. Romashov BV , Romashov VA , Semenov VA Opisthorchiasis in the Upper Don Basin (Voronezh Oblast): The Liver Fluke Fauna,Ecological and Biological Patterns of Circulation and Foci of Opisthorchiases. Voronezh, Voronezh State University, 2005:1–210. [inRussian]. Filimonova LV . Nekotorye Aspekty izucenija morfologiceskoj izmencivosti marit Metorchis bilis (Braun, 1790) (Trematoda:Opisthorchiidae). Tr Instit Parazitol RAN 1995;40:95–104. [in Russian]. Razmashkin DA . Species affiliation of metacercaria of the genus Metorchis (Trematoda, Opisthorchidae) from fishes in Western Siberia.Parazitologiia 1978;12:68–78. [in Russian]. Axelson RD . Metorchis conjunctus liver fluke infestation in a cat. Can Vet J 1962;3(11):359–360. Price EW . Two new species of trematodes of the genus Parametorchis from fur-bearing animals. Proceedings of the United StatesNational Museum 1929;76(2809):1–5. Sohn WM , Eom KS , Min DY Fishborne trematode metacercariae in freshwater fish from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3): 249–257. Komiya Y . Clonorchis and clonorchiasis. In: Dawes B , editor. Advances in parasitology 4. New York, NY, Academic Press, 1966:53–106. Tao CS . Notes on the study of life-cycle of Metorchis orientalis and M. taiwanensis . Chin Rev Trop Med 1948;1(1):9–14. Fedorov KP . The ecology of liver flukes in Novosibirsk oblast. In: Sudarikov BE , editor. Ecology and Morphology of Helminths in WesternSiberia. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1979:5–55. [in Russian]. Serbina EN , Iurlova NI . Participation of Codiella troscheli (Mollusca: Prosobranchia) in the Metorchis albidus (Trematoda; Opisthorchidae)life cycle. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 2002;3:21–23. [in Russian]. Bonina OM , Fedorov KP . Local foci of opisthorchiidoses in basin of Novosibirsk reservoir. Sib Vestnik SelKhoz Nauki 2010;4:62–68. [inRussian]. Karpenko SV , Chechulin AI , Yurlova NI Characteristics of opisthorchiasis foci in southern west Siberia. Contemp Probl Ecol2008;1:517–521. Fattakhov RG . The rate of cyprinid fish infection with metacercariae of the agents causing opisthorchiasis and metorchiasis. In:Razmashkin DA , Litvinenko AI , editors. Problems in Parasitology and Toxicology in Commercial Fishing in Aquatic Bodies. Tyumen,Gosrybtsentr, 2004:81–102. [in Russian]. Segovia JM , Torres J , Miquel J . Helminth parasites of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes L., 1758) in the Iberian Peninsula: An ecological study.Acta Parasitol 2004;49:67–79. Segovia JM , Torres J , Miquel J . The red fox, Vulpes vulpes L., as a potential reservoir of zoonotic flukes in the Iberian Peninsula. ActaParasitol 2002;47:163–166. Rajkovic-Janje R , Marinculic A , Bosnic S Prevalence and seasonal distribution of helminth parasites in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from theZagreb County (Croatia). Z Jagdwiss 2002;48:151–160. Shimalov VV , Shimalov VT , Shimalov AV . Helminth fauna of otter (Lutra lutra Linnaeus, 1758) in Belorussian Polesie. Parasitol Res2000;86:528. Shimalov VV , Shimalov VT . Helminth fauna of the American mink (Mustela vison Schreber, 1777) in Belorussion Polesie. Parasitol Res2001;87:886–887. Shimalov VV , Shimalov VT . Helminth fauna of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758) in southern Belarus. Parasitol Res2003;89:77–78. Fedorov KP , Naumov VA , Kuznetsova VG Some real problems of human opisthorchiasis. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 2002;3:7–9. [in Russian]. Pakharukova MY and Mordvinov VA . The liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus: Biology, epidemiology, and carcinogenic potential. Trans R SocTrop Med Hyg 2016;110: 28–36. Fattakhov RG . Fish infection with Opisthorchis larvae in Russia and some contiguous countries (by the materials of the “Cadaster ofOpisthorchis infection foci in Russia in 1994”). Med Parazitol (Mosk) 2002;1:25–27. [in Russian]. Beer SA . The Biology of Opisthorchiasis Agent. Moscow, KMK, 2005:1–336. [in Russian]. Nikolsky GV . Ecology of Fishes. Moscow, Vysshaya SHKOLA, 1963:1–368. [in Russian]. Yadrenkina EN . Distribution and intraseasonal migration of fishes during early ontogenesis in the basin of Chany Lake (Western Siberia).Sib Biol J 1992;2:55–63. [in Russian]. Yadrenkina EN . On the causes of the space-time differentiation of the spawning school of Leuciscus idus in the river system. J Ichthyol2000;40(7):514–522. Romanova EA . Types of marshes and their natural distribution in Western Siberia. In: Abramova TG , editor. The Marshes Types of theUSSR and Principles of Their Classification. Leningrad, Nauka, 1974:167–173. [in Russian]. Savchenko NV . The Lakes of Southern Plains of Western Siberia. Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk State University of Consumer Cooperatives,1997:1–296. [in Russian]. Krone O , Schuster R . The liver fluke Metorchis bilis—A new threat for the whitetailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in middle Europe?EAZWV 4th Scientific Meeting Joint with the 5th Meeting of the EWDA Heidelberg. 2002 May 8–12: 47–48. Sherrard-Smith E , Stanton DWG , Cable J Distribution and molecular phylogeny of biliary trematodes (Opisthorchiidae) infecting nativeLutra lutra and alien Neovison vison across Europe. Parasitol Int 2016;65:163–170. Krone O , Stjernberg T , Kenntner N Mortality factors, helminth burden, and contaminant residues in white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetusalbicilla) from Finland. AMBIO 2006;35:98–104.

Ilyinskikh EN , Nowisci VV , Iliinski NN Infestations Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884) and Metorchis bilis (Braun, 1890) a person indifferent regions of the Ob-Irtysh river basin. Parasitology (Mosc) 2007;41(1):55–64. [in Russian]. Kuznetsova VG , Naumov VA , Belov GF . Methorchiasis in the residents of Novosibirsk area, Russia. Cytobios 2000;102:33–34. [inRussian]. MacLean JD , Arthur JR , Ward BJ Commonsource outbreak of acute infection due to the North American liver fluke Metorchis conjunctus .Lancet 1996;347:154–158. Chai J-Y , Murrell KD , Lymbery AJ . Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues. Int J Parasitol 2005;35:1233–1254. Watson TG , Freeman RS , Staszak M . Parasites in native people of the Sioux Lookout zone, northwestern Ontario. Can J Public Health1979;70:179–182. Watson TG , Croll NA . Clinical changes caused by the liver fluke Metorchis conjunctus in cats. Vet Pathol 1981;18(6):778–785. Waikagul J , Thaekham U . Approaches to Research on the Systematics of Fish-Borne Trematodes. Elsevier Inc., 2014:1–130. Cameron TWM . Fish-carried parasites in Canada (1) parasites carried by fresh-water fish. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 1945;9(10):283–286. Goreglyad HS . Bolezhi dikih zhivotnueh. Minsk, Nauka i Technika, 1971:166–167. [in Russian]. Mongeau N . Hepatic distomatosis and infectious canine hepatitis in northern Manitoba. Can Vet J 1961;2:33–38. Allen JA , Wardle RA . Fluke disease in northern Manitoba sledge dogs. Can J Res (Sect D) 1934;10:404–408. Lemetayer JD , Snead EC , Starrak GS , Wagner BA . Multiple liver abscesses in a dog secondary to the liver fluke Metorchis conjunctustreated by percutaneous transhepatic drainage and alcoholization. Can Vet J 2016;57(6):605–609. Brassard P , Hoey J , Ismail J The prevalence of intestinal parasites and enteropathogenic bacteria in James Bay Cree Indians, Quebec.Can J Public Health 1985;76:322–325. Hou PC . The pathology of Clonorchis sinensis infestation of the liver. J Pathol Bacteriol 1955;70(1):53–64. Harinasuta T , Riganti M , Bunnag D . Opisthorchis viverrini infection: Pathogenesis and clinical features. Arzneimittelforschung1984;34(9B):1167–1169. Hutadilok N , Thamavit W , Upatham ES Liver procollagen prolyl hydroxylase in Opisthorchis viverrini infected hamsters after praziquanteladministration. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1983;9(4):289–295. Changbumrung S , Ratarasarn S , Hongtong K Lipid composition of serum lipoprotein in opisthorchiasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol1988;82(3):263–269. Mills JHL , Hirth RS . Lesions caused by hepatic trematode, Metorchis conjunctus, Cobbold, 1860. A comparative study in carnivora. JSmall Anim Pract 1968;9:1–6. Essex HE , Bollman JL . Parasitic cirrhosis of the liver in a cat infected with Opisthorchis pseudofelineus and Metorchis complexus . Am JTrop Med 1930;10:65–70. Schuster R , Dell K , Nöckler K Liver enzyme activity and histological changes in the liver of silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes fulva)experimentally infected with opisthorchiid liver flukes. A contribution to the pathogenesis of opisthorchiidosis. Parasitol Res2003;89:414–418. Schuster RK , Heidrich J , Pauly A Liver flukes in dogs and treatment with praziquantel. Vet Parasitol 2007;150:362–365. Müller B , Schmidt J , Mehlhorn H . Sensitive and species-specific detection of Clonorchis sinensis by PCR in infected snails and fishes.Parasitol Res 2007;100(4):911–914. Pauly A , Schuster R , Steuber S . Molecular characterization and differentiation of opisthorchiid trematodes of the species Opisthorchisfelineus (Rivolta, 1884) and Metorchis bilis (Braun, 1790) using polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol Res 2003;90:409–414. Shekhovtsov SV , Katokhin AV , Romanov KV A novel nuclear marker, Pm-int9, for phylogenetic studies of Opisthorchis felineus,Opisthorchis viverrini, and Clonorchis sinensis (Opisthorchiidae, Trematoda). Parasitol Res 2009;106:293–297. Na L , Gao JF , Liu GH The complete mitochondrial genome of Metorchis orientalis (Trematoda: Opisthorchiidae): Comparison with otherclosely related species and phylogenetic implications. Infect Genet Evol 2016;39:45–50. Sayasone S , Odermatt P , Vonghachack Y Efficacy and safety of tribendimidine against Opisthorchis viverrini: Two randomised, parallel-group, single-blind, dose-ranging, phase 2 trials. Lancet Infect Dis 2016;16(10):1145–1153. Sergiev VP , Romanenko NA , Saakyanz EM Profilaktika parazitarnykh boleznej na territorii Rossijskoj Federatsii (Sanitarnye pravila inormy SanPiN 3,2,569-96) [Prevention of parasitic diseases on the territory of the Russian Federation (Sanitary rules and norms SanPiN3,2,569-96]. Moscow, Information and Publishing Centre of the Ministry of Health, 1997:1–168. [in Russian]. Pel'gunov AN , Kazakov BE , Fedorov KP Parasitic fauna in the fish of the Ob River basin. In: Pavlov D , Mochek AD , eds. Fish Ecology inthe Ob–Irtysh River Basin. Moscow, KMK, 2006:410–476. [in Russian]. Fattakhov RG . The Effect of Abiotic Factors on the Age- and Species-Related Infection of Fish with Liver Fluke Larvae. Omsk, SpecificRegional Features of Opisthorchiasis, 1985:36–42. [in Russian]. Pelgunov АN , Ryabov IN , Filippova АYu . The use of microwave ovens for the prevention of opisthorchiasis. Med Parazitol (Mosk)2005;3:42–45. [in Russian]. Pustovalova VIa . Features of the sanitary-educational work in opisthorchiasis under conditions of migration pressure in an endemicregion. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 2002;3:10–13. [in Russian]. Ogorodova LM , Fedorova OS , Sripa B Opisthorchiasis: An overlooked danger. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9(4):e0003563.

Nanophyetus Voronova AN , Chelomina GN , Besprozvannykh VV , Tkach VV . Genetic divergence of human pathogens Nanophyetus spp. (Trematoda:Troglotrematidae) on the opposite sides of the Pacific Rim. Parasitology. 2017;144(5):601–612. Chai JY , Sohn WM , Huh S , Choi MH , Lee SH . Redescription of Macroorchis spinulosus Ando, 1918 (Digenea: Nanophyetidae)encysted in the fresh water crayfish, Cambaroides similis . Korean J Parasitol. 1996;34:1–6. Won EJ , Kim DG , Cho J Molecular description of Macroorchis spinulosus (Digenea: Nanophyetidae) based on ITS1 sequences. Korean JParasitol. 2016;54(1):109–112. Millemann RE , Knapp SE . Biology of Nanophyetus salmincola and “salmon poisoning” disease. Adv Parasitol. 1970;8:1–41.

Farrell RK , Soave OA , Johnston SD . Nanophyetus salmincola infections in kippered salmon. Am J Public Health. 1974;64(8):808–809. Weiseth PR , Farrell RK , Johnston SD . Prevalence of Nanophyetus salmincola in ocean-caught salmon. J Am Vet Med Assoc.1974;165(9):849–850. Ferguson JA , Schreck CB , Chitwood R , Kent ML . Persistence of infection by metacercariae of Apophallus sp., Neascus sp., andNanophyetus salmincola plus two myxozoans (Myxobolus insidiosus and Myxobolus fryeri) in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch . JParasitol. 2010;96(2):340–347. Kistner T , Wyse D , Schmitz JA . Pathogenicity attributed to massive infection of Nanophyetus salmincola in a cougar. J Wildl Dis.1979;15(3):419–420. Foreyt WJ , Gorham JR , Green JS , Leathers CW , LeaMaster BR . Salmon poisoning disease in juvenile coyotes: Clinical evaluation andinfectivity of metacercariae and rickettsiae. J Wildl Dis. 1987;23(3):412–417. Gai JJ , Marks SL . Salmon poisoning disease in two Malayan sun bears. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;232(4):586–588. Harrell LW , Deardorff TL . Human nanophyetiasis: Transmission by handling naturally infected coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). JInfect Dis. 1990;161(1):146–148. Eastburn RL , Fritsche TR , Terhune CA Jr. Human intestinal infection with Nanophyetus salmincola from salmonid fishes. Am J Trop MedHyg. 1987;36(3):586–591. Booth AJ , Stogdale L , Grigor JA . Salmon poisoning disease in dogs on southern Vancouver Island. Can Vet J. 1984;25(1):2–6. Johns JL . Salmon poisoning disease in dogs: A satisfying diagnosis. Vet J. 2011;187(2):149–150. Roon SR , Alexander JD , Jacobson KC , Bartholomew JL . Effect of Nanophyetus salmincola and bacterial co-infection on mortality ofjuvenile Chinook salmon. J Aquat Anim Health. 2015;27(4):209–216. Greiman SE , Kent ML , Betts J , Cochell D , Sigler T , Tkach VV . Nanophyetus salmincola, vector of the salmon poisoning disease agentNeorickettsia helminthoeca, harbors a second pathogenic Neorickettsia species. Vet Parasitol. 2016;229:107–109. Headley SA , Scorpio DG , Vidotto O , Dumler JS . Neorickettsia helminthoeca and salmon poisoning disease: A review. Vet J.2011;187(2):165–173. Lin M , Bachman K , Cheng Z Analysis of complete genome sequence and major surface antigens of Neorickettsia helminthoeca,causative agent of salmon poisoning disease. Microb Biotechnol. 2017;10(4):933–957. Sandell TA , Teel DJ , Fisher J , Beckman B , Jacobson KC . Infections by Renibacterium salmoninarum and Nanophyetus salmincolaChapin are associated with reduced growth of juvenile Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), in the Northeast PacificOcean. J Fish Dis. 2015;38(4):365–378. Kent ML , Benda S , St-Hilaire S , Schreck CB . Sensitivity and specificity of histology for diagnoses of four common pathogens anddetection of nontarget pathogens in adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in fresh water. J Vet Diagn Invest.2013;25(3):341–351. Purcell MK , Powers RL , Besijn BL , Hershberger PK . Detection of Nanophyetus salmincola in water, snails, and fish tissues byquantitative polymerase chain reaction. J Aquat Anim Health. 2017;29(4):189–198. Fritsche TR , Eastburn RL , Wiggins LH , Terhune CA Jr. Praziquantel for treatment of human Nanophyetus salmincola (Troglotremasalmincola) infection. J Infect Dis. 1989;160(5):896–899.

Opisthorchis viverrini Elkins DB , Haswell-Elkins MR , Mairiang E A high frequency of hepatobiliary disease and suspected cholangiocarcinoma associated withheavy Opisthorchis viverrini infection in a small community in northeast Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990;84:715–719. Sripa B , Kaewkes S , Sithithaworn P Liver fluke induces cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS Med 2007;4:e201. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . Infection with liver flukes (Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus andClonorchis sinensis). IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 1994;61:121–175. Parkin DM . The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int J Cancer 2006;118:3030–3044. Andrews RH , Sithithaworn P , Petney TN . Opisthorchis viverrini: An underestimated parasite in world health. Trends Parasitol2008;24:497–501. Shin HR , Oh JK , Masuyer E Epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma: An update focusing on risk factors. Cancer Sci 2010;101:579–585. Boonjaraspinyo S , Boonmars T , Kaewsamut B A cross-sectional study on intestinal parasitic infections in rural communities, northeastThailand. Korean J Parasitol 2013;51:727–734. Chuboon S , Wongsawad C , Ruamsuk A , Nithikathkul C . Survival of Haplorchis taichui metacercariae in Lab-Pla, Thai traditional foodpreparation. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2005;36(Suppl 4):110–111. Prasongwatana J , Laummaunwai P , Boonmars T , Pinlaor S . Viable metacercariae of Opisthorchis viverrini in northeastern Thai cyprinidfish dishes—As part of a rational program for control of O. viverrini-associated cholangiocarcinoma. Parasitol Res 2013;112:1323–1327. Sayasone S , Odermatt P , Phoumindr N Epidemiology of Opisthorchis viverrini in a rural district of southern Lao PDR. Trans R Soc TropMed Hyg 2007;101:40–47. Sayasone S , Vonghajack Y , Vanmany M Diversity of human intestinal helminthiasis in Lao PDR. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg2009;103:247–254. Aukkanimart R , Boonmars T , Sriraj P Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Garcinia mangostana extract in hamsteropisthorchiasis. Exp Parasitol 2015;154:5–13. Juasook A , Boonmars T , Wu Z Immunosuppressive prednisolone enhances early cholangiocarcinoma in Syrian hamsters with liver flukeinfection and administration of N-nitrosodimethylamine. Pathol Oncol Res 2013;19:55–62. Sriraj P , Aukkanimart R , Boonmars T Does a combination of opisthorchiasis and ethyl alcohol consumption enhance earlycholangiofibrosis, the risk of cholangiocarcinoma? Parasitol Res 2013;112:2971–2981. Wonkchalee N , Boonmars T , Laummaunwai P A combination of praziquantel and the traditional medicinal plant Thunbergia laurifolia onOpisthorchis viverrini infection and cholangiocarcinoma in a hamster model. Parasitol Res 2013;112:4211–4219. Sadun EH . Studies on Opisthorchis viverrini in Thailand. Am J Hyg 1955;62:81–115.

Kaewkes S . Taxonomy and biology of liver flukes. Acta Trop 2003;88:177–186. Wonkchalee O , Boonmars T , Kaewkes S Comparative studies on animal models for Opisthorchis viverrini infection: Host interactionthrough susceptibility and pathology. Parasitol Res 2012;110:1213–1223. Juasook A , Boonmars T , Kaewkes S Anti-inflammatory effect of prednisolone on the growth of human liver fluke in experimentalopisthorchiasis. Parasitol Res 2012;110:2271–2279. Boonmars T , Boonjaraspinyo S , Kaewsamut B . Animal models for Opisthorchis viverrini infection. Parasitol Res 2009;104:701–703. Sithithaworn P , Tesana S , Pipitgool V Relationship between faecal egg count and worm burden of Opisthorchis viverrini in humanautopsy cases. Parasitology 1991;102(Pt 2):277–281. Wykoff DE , Ariyaprakai K . Opisthorchis viverrini in Thailand—Egg production in man and laboratory animals. J Parasitol 1966;52:631. Khampoosa P , Jones MK , Lovas EM Light and electron microscopy observations of embryogenesis and egg development in the humanliver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini (Platyhelminthes, Digenea). Parasitol Res 2012;110:799–808. Kaewkes S , Elkins DB , Sithithaworn P , Haswell-Elkins MR . Comparative studies on the morphology of the eggs of Opisthorchis viverriniand lecithodendriid trematodes. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1991;22:623–630. Ditrich O , Giboda M , Scholz T , Beer SA . Comparative morphology of eggs of the Haplorchiinae (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) and someother medically important heterophyid and opisthorchiid flukes. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1992;39:123–132. Tesana S , Srisawangwonk T , Kaewkes S , Sithithaworn P , Kanla P , Arunyanart C . Eggshell morphology of the small eggs of humantrematodes in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1991;22:631–636. Sripa B , Bethony JM , Sithithaworn P Opisthorchiasis and Opisthorchis-associated cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand and Laos. Acta Trop2011;120(Suppl 1):S158–S168. Sriraj P , Boonmars T , Aukkanimart R A combination of liver fluke infection and traditional northeastern Thai foods associated withcholangiocarcinoma development. Parasitol Res 2016;115:3843–3852. Jausook A . Effect of Prednisolone on Cholangiogenesis in Syrian Hamster Infected with Opisthorchis viverrini and Administered with N-Nitrosodimethylamine. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen University; 2013. Wonkchalee O . Opisthorchis viverrini Infections in Hamster and Gerbil: Morphology, Biology and Pathology. Khon Kaen: Khon KaenUniversity; 2011. Aukkanimart R . Effect of Garcinia mangostana Linn. Pericarp Extracts on Pathogenesis of Hamster Opisthorchiasis,Cholangiocarcinogenesis and Anti-cholangiocarcinoma. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen University; 2016. Sriraj P . Effects of Alcohol on Hamster Opisthorchiasis: Pathogenesis and Parasite Development. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen University;2014. Sudsarn P . Effect of Aspirin on the Pathological Changes in Hamster Opisthorchiasis and Cholangiocarcinogenesis. Khon Kaen: KhonKaen University; 2013. Wonkchalee N . Effect of medicinal plant Thunbergia laurifolia on experimental animal opisthorchiasis and cholangiocarcinogenesis. KhonKaen: Khon Kaen University; 2015. Sudsarn P , Wongchalee N , Boonmars T Sex differences in opisthorchiosis and the development of cholangiocarcinoma in Syrianhamster model. Parasitol Res 2014;113:829–835. Wykoff DE , Harinasuta C , Juttijudata P , Winn MM . Opisthorchis viverrini in Thailand—The life cycle and comparison with O. Felineus . JParasitol 1965;51:207–214. Manivong K , Komalamisra C , Waikagul J , Radomyos P . Opisthorchis viverrini Metacercariae in Cyprinoid fish from three rivers inKhammouane Province, Lao PDR. J Trop Med Parasitol 2009;32:23–29. Touch S , Komalamisra C , Radomyos P , Waikagul J . Discovery of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae in freshwater fish in southernCambodia. Acta Trop 2009;111:108–113. Wu Z , Aukkanimart R , Boonmars T Identification of fish-borne trematode DNA in cyprinoid fish using molecular detection. Asia-Pac J SciTech 2016;21:38–45. Dao HT , Dermauw V , Gabriel S Opisthorchis viverrini infection in the snail and fish intermediate hosts in Central Vietnam. Acta Trop2017;170:120–125. Sohn WM , Shin EH , Yong TS Adult Opisthorchis viverrini flukes in humans, Takeo, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1302–1304. Donthaisong C , Arunsan P , Suwannatrai K Infectivity and development of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae in immunosuppressedBarbonymus gonionotus fingerlings (Cyprinidae). Acta Trop 2016;162:107–113. Sohn WM . Fish-borne zoonotic trematode metacercariae in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(Suppl):S103–S113. Rim HJ , Sohn WM , Yong TS Fishborne trematode metacercariae detected in freshwater fish from Vientiane Municipality andSavannakhet Province, Lao PDR. Korean J Parasitol 2008;46:253–260. Thu ND , Dalsgaard A , Loan LT , Murrell KD . Survey for zoonotic liver and intestinal trematode metacercariae in cultured and wild fish inan Giang Province, Vietnam. Korean J Parasitol 2007;45:45–54. Sohn WM , Yong TS , Eom KS Prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in humans and fish in Kratie Province, Cambodia. Acta Trop2012;124:215–220. Pinlaor S , Onsurathum S , Boonmars T Distribution and abundance of Opisthorchis viverrini Metacercariae in Cyprinid fish in NortheasternThailand. Korean J Parasitol 2013;51:703–710. Jongsuksuntigul P , Imsomboon T . Opisthorchiasis control in Thailand. Acta Trop 2003;88:229–232. Sithithaworn P , Haswell-Elkins M . Epidemiology of Opisthorchis viverrini . Acta Trop 2003;88:187–194. Upatham ES , Viyanant V . Opisthorchis viverrini and opisthorchiasis: A historical review and future perspective. Acta Trop2003;88:171–176. Sripa B , Pairojkul C . Cholangiocarcinoma: Lessons from Thailand. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2008;24:349–356. Rim HJ , Chai JY , Min DY Prevalence of intestinal parasite infections on a national scale among primary schoolchildren in Laos. ParasitolRes 2003;91:267–272. De NV , Murrell KD , Cong le D The food-borne trematode zoonoses of Vietnam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health2003;34(Suppl 1):12–34. Miyamoto K , Kirinoki M , Matsuda H Field survey focused on Opisthorchis viverrini infection in five provinces of Cambodia. Parasitol Int2014;63:366–373. Aunpromma S , Tangkawattana P , Papirom P High prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in reservoir hosts in four districts of KhonKaen Province, an opisthorchiasis endemic area of Thailand. Parasitol Int 2012;61:60–64.

Enes JE , Wages AJ , Malone JB , Tesana S . Prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in the canine and feline hosts in three villages,Khon Kaen Province, northeastern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2010;41: 36–42. Kiatsopit N , Sithithaworn P , Boonmars T Genetic markers for studies on the systematics and population genetics of snails, Bithynia spp.,the first intermediate hosts of Opisthorchis viverrini in Thailand. Acta Trop 2011;118:136–141. Worasith C , Kamamia C , Yakovleva A Advances in the diagnosis of human opisthorchiasis: Development of Opisthorchis viverrini antigendetection in urine. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9:e0004157. Pungpak S , Riganti M , Bunnag D , Harinasuta T . Clinical features in severe Opisthorchiasis viverrini . Southeast Asian J Trop Med PublicHealth 1985;16:405–409. Riganti M , Pungpak S , Sachakul V , Bunnag D , Harinasuta T . Opisthorchis viverrini eggs and adult flukes as nidus and composition ofgallstones. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1988;19:633–636. Boonjaraspinyo S , Wu Z , Boonmars T Overexpression of PDGFA and its receptor during carcinogenesis of Opisthorchis viverrini-associated cholangiocarcinoma. Parasitol Int 2012;61:145–150. Boonmars T , Srirach P , Kaewsamut B Apoptosis-related gene expression in hamster opisthorchiasis post praziquantel treatment.Parasitol Res 2008;102:447–455. Boonmars T , Srisawangwong T , Srirach P , Kaewsamut B , Pinlaor S , Sithithaworn P . Apoptosis-related gene expressions in hamstersre-infected with Opisthorchis viverrini and re-treated with praziquantel. Parasitol Res 2007;102:57–62. Wonkchalee O , Boonmars T , Kaewkes S Opisthorchis viverrini infection causes liver and biliary cirrhosis in gerbils. Parasitol Res2011;109:545–551. Sripa B . Pathobiology of opisthorchiasis: An update. Acta Trop 2003;88:209–220. Elkins DB , Sithithaworn P , Haswell-Elkins M , Kaewkes S , Awacharagan P , Wongratanacheewin S . Opisthorchis viverrini: Relationshipsbetween egg counts, worms recovered and antibody levels within an endemic community in northeast Thailand. Parasitology 1991;102(Pt2):283–288. Miwa M , Honjo S , You G Genetic and environmental determinants of risk for cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand. World J GastrointestPathophysiol 2014;5:570–578. Muisuk K , Silsirivanit A , Imtawil K Novel mutations in cholangiocarcinoma with low frequencies revealed by whole mitochondrial genomesequencing. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015;16:1737–1742. Wu Z , Boonmars T , Nagano I Significance of S100P as a biomarker in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of opisthorchiasis-associatedcholangiocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2016;138:396–408. Thuwajit C , Thuwajit P , Uchida K Gene expression profiling defined pathways correlated with fibroblast cell proliferation induced byOpisthorchis viverrini excretory/secretory product. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:3585–3592. Wynn TA . Common and unique mechanisms regulate fibrosis in various fibroproliferative diseases. J Clin Invest 2007;117:524–529. Wynn TA . Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis. J Pathol 2008;214:199–210. Duenngai K , Boonmars T , Sithithaworn J , Sithithaworn P . Diagnosis of early infection and post chemotherapeutic treatment by copro-DNA detection in experimental opisthorchiasis. Parasitol Res 2013;112:271–278. Intapan PM , Thanchomnang T , Lulitanond V , Pongsaskulchoti P , Maleewong W . Rapid molecular detection of Opisthorchis viverrini inhuman fecal samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009;81:917–920. Janwan P , Intapan PM , Thanchomnang T , Lulitanond V , Anamnart W , Maleewong W . Rapid detection of Opisthorchis viverrini andStrongyloides stercoralis in human fecal samples using a duplex real-time PCR and melting curve analysis. Parasitol Res2011;109:1593–1601. Sawangsoda P , Sithithaworn J , Tesana S Diagnostic values of parasite-specific antibody detections in saliva and urine in comparisonwith serum in opisthorchiasis. Parasitol Int 2012;61:196–202. Pungpak S , Radomyos P , Radomyos BE , Schelp FP , Jongsuksuntigul P , Bunnag D . Treatment of Opisthorchis viverrini and intestinalfluke infections with Praziquantel. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1998;29:246–249. Lovis L , Mak TK , Phongluxa K Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma mekongi and Opisthorchis viverrini: A randomized, single-blinded dose-comparison trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012;6:e1726. Pinlaor S , Prakobwong S , Hiraku Y Oxidative and nitrative stress in Opisthorchis viverrini-infected hamsters: An indirect effect afterpraziquantel treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008;78:564–573. Sereerak P , Upontain S , Tangkawattana P , Mallory FF , Sripa B , Tangkawattana S . Efficacious and safe dose of praziquantel for thesuccessful treatment of feline reservoir hosts with opisthorchiasis. Parasitol Int 2017;66:448–452. Jongsuksuntigul P , Imsomboon T . The impact of a decade long opisthorchiasis control program in northeastern Thailand. SoutheastAsian J Trop Med Public Health 1997;28:551–557. Jongsuksuntigul P , Imsomboon T . Epidemiology of opisthorchiasis and national control program in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop MedPublic Health 1998;29:327–332.

Paragonimus Blair D , Xu XB , Agatsuma T . Paragonimiasis and the genus Paragonimus . Adv Parasitol 1999;42:113–222. Nakamura-Uchiyama F , Mukae H , Nawa Y . Paragonimiasis: A Japanese perspective. Clin Chest Med 2002;23(2):409–420. Jiang A , Ge L , You Y , Shen Z . The diagnosis of cutaneous paragonimiasis after the external migration of the parasite from a punchbiopsy site. JAAD Case Rep 2015;1:239–240. Kim EA , Juhng SK , Kim HW Imaging findings of hepatic paragonimiasis: A case report. J Korean Med Sci 2004;19:759–762. Yang X , Xu M , Wu Y , Xiang B . Pancreatic paragonimiasis mimics pancreatic cystic-solid tumor—A case report. Pancreatology2015;15(5):576–578. Kong Y , Doanh PN , Nawa Y . Paragonimus. In Xiao L , Ryan U and Feng Y , eds. Biology of Foodborne Parasites. CRC Press, BocaRaton, Florida, 2015;445–462. Boland JM , Vaszar LT , Jones JL Pleuropulmonary infection by Paragonimus westermani in the United States: A rare cause ofeosinophilic pneumonia after ingestion of live crabs. Am J Surg Pathol 2011;35(5):707–713.

Zhou P , Chen N , Zhang RL , Lin RQ , Zhu XQ . Food-borne parasitic zoonoses in China: Perspective for control. Trends Parasitol2008;24:190–196. Fürst T , Duthaler U , Sripa B Trematode infections: Liver and lung flukes. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2012;26(2):399–419. Blair D . Paragonimiasis. In Toledo R and Fried B , eds. Digenetic Trematodes. Springer, New York, 2014;115–152. Prasad K , Basu A , Khana S , Wattal C . Pulmonary paragonimiasis mimicking tuberculosis. J Assoc Physicians India 2015;63(8):82–83. Itoh N , Tsukahara M , Yamasaki H , Morishima Y , Sugiyama H , Kurai H . Paragonimus westermani infection mimicking recurrent lungcancer: A case report. J Infect Chemother 2016;22(12):815–818. Calvopina M , Romero-Alvarez D , Macias R . Severe pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis caused by Paragonimus mexicanus treated astuberculosis in Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017;96(1):97–99. Miyazaki I . An Illustrated Book of Helminthic Zoonoses, 1st edition. Tokyo: International Medical Foundation of Japan, 1991;76–146. Doanh PN , Thaenkham U , An PT , Hien HV , Horii Y , Nawa Y . Metacercarial polymorphism and genetic variation of Paragonimusheterotremus (Digenea: Paragonimidae), and a re-appraisal of the taxonomic status of Paragonimus pseudoheterotremus . J Helminthol.2015;89(2):182–188. Doanh PN , Horii Y and Nawa Y . Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Vietnam: An update. Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):621–627. Doanh PN , Shinohara A , Horii Y , Habe S , Nawa Y , Le NT . Description of a new lung fluke species, Paragonimus vietnamensis sp. nov.(Trematoda: Paragonimidae), found in northern Vietnam. Parasitol Res 2007;101:1495–1501. Waikagul J . A new species of Paragonimus (Trematoda: Troglotrematidae) from a cat infected with metacercariae from mountain crabsLarnaudia larnaudii . J Parasitol 2007;93(6):1496–1500. Shan XY , Lin CX , Li YS , Hu Y , Shen XS , Lou HQ . A new species of Paragonimus shani with a key to the species adults worm andmetacercariae of the genus Paragonimus in China. Chin J Zoonoses 2009;25(12):1143–1148. Bayssade-Dufour C , Chermette R , Šundić D , Radujković BM . Paragonimus gondwanensis n. sp. (Digenea, Paragonimidae), parasite ofmammals (humans and carnivores) in Cameroon. Ecologica Montenegrina 2014;1(4):256–267. Bayssade-Dufour C , Chermette R , Šundić D , Radujković BM . Paragonimus kerberti n.sp. (Digenea, Paragonimidae), parasite ofcarnivores in Cameroon. Ecologica Montenegrina 2015;2(3):271–277. Blair D , Nawa Y , Mitreva M , Doanh PN . Gene diversity and genetic variation in lung flukes (genus Paragonimus). Trans R Soc Trop MedHyg 2016;10(1):6–12. Devi KR , Narain K , Mahanta J Presence of three distinct genotypes within the Paragonimus westermani complex in northeastern India.Parasitology 2013;140:76–86. Nawa Y , Thaenkham U , Doanh PN , Blair D . Paragonimus westermani and Paragonimus species. In Motarjemi Y , ed. Encyclopedia ofFood Safety, Volume 2: Hazards and Diseases, 1st edition. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier, 2014;179–188. López-Caballero J , Oceguera-Figueroa A , and León-Règagnon V . Detection of multiple species of human Paragonimus from Mexicousing morphological data and molecular barcodes. Mol Ecol Resour 2013;13(6):1125–1136. Vélez I , Lenis C , Velásquez LE . Paragonimus mexicanus (Digenea: Troglotrematidae) de Valle de Pérdidas, Urrao, Antioquia. Revistade Ciencias 2009;13:49–56. Hernández-Chea R , Jiménez-Rocha A , Castro R , Blair D , Dolz G . Morphological and molecular characterization of the metacercaria ofParagonimus caliensis, as a separate species from P. mexicanus in Costa Rica. Parasitol Int 2017;66:126–133. Wilke T , Davis GM , Gong X , Liu HX . Erhaia (Gastropoda: Rissooidea): Phylogenetic relationships and the question of Paragonimuscoevolution in Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000;62(4):453–459. Yaemput S , Dekumyoy P , Visiassuk K . The natural first intermediate host of Paragonimus siamensis (Miyazaki and Wykoff, 1965) inThailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1994;25:284–290. Odermatt P , Habe S , Manichanh S Paragonimiasis and its intermediate hosts in a transmission focus in Lao People's DemocraticRepublic. Acta Trop 2007;103(2):108–115. Kino H . Site preference by metacercariae of congeneric species of Paragonimus in crabs. In Ozcel MA and Alkan MZ , eds. Abstracts ofthe 8th International Congress of Parasitology, Izmir, Turkey. Izmir: Turkish Society for Parasitology, 1994;2:254. Habe S , Lai KPF , Agatsuma T Crab hosts for Paragonimus westermani (Kerbert, 1878) in Malaysia. Jpn J Trop Med Hyg1993;21:137–142. Lim BL and Betterton C . Paragonimus westermani in Malaysian Felidae and Viverridae: Probable modes of transmission in relation to hostfeeding habits. J Helminthol 1977;51:295–299. Miyazaki I and Habe S . A newly recognised mode of human infection with lung flukes, Paragonimus westermani (Kerbert, 1878). JParasitol 1976;62:646–648. Tabuchi K , Takahashi T , Adachi S A family case of paragonimiasis westermani following ingestion of raw deer meat. Shonika Rinsho2010;63:1798–1802. (Japanese) Ohuchi M , Inoue S , Ozaki Y , Fujita T , Ueda K , Hanaoka J . A case of paragonimiasis westermani infection caused by eating raw deermeat. J Jpn Assoc Chest Surg 2014;28:170–176. (Japanese with English abstract). Sugiyama H , Shibata M , Arakawa K Risk for paragonimiasis westermani infection through venison. Infect Agents Surveill Rep2016;37:36. (in Japanese). Yoshida A , Matsuo K , Moribe J Venison, another source of Paragonimus westermani infection. Parasitol Int 2016;65(6):607–612. Singh T , Hiromu S , Devi K , Singh WA . First case of Paragonimus westermani infection in a female patient in India. Indian J MedMicrobiol 2015;33(5):156–159. Blair D , Agatsuma T , Wang W . Paragonimiasis. In Murrell KD and Fried B , eds. World Class Parasites, Volume 11 Food-Borne ParasiticZoonoses: Fish and Plant-Borne Parasites. New York, NY, Springer, 2007;117–150. Lane MA , Marcos LA , Onen NF Paragonimus kellicotti flukes in Missouri, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2012;18(8):1263–1267. Belizario V , Totanes JFI , Asuncion CA Integrated surveillance of pulmonary tuberculosis and paragonimiasis in Zamboanga del Norte,the Philippines. Pathog Glob Health 2014;108:95–102. Yang GJ , Liu L , Zhu HR China's sustained drive to eliminate neglected tropical diseases. Lancet Infect Dis 2014;14(9):881–892. Nakamura-Uchiyama F , Morimoto Y , Nawa Y . Re-emergence of paragonimiasis in Kyushu, Japan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med PublicHealth 1999;30(4):686–691. Singh TS , Sugiyama H , Umehara A , Hiese S , Khalo K . Paragonimus heterotremus infection in Nagaland: A new focus ofparagonimiasis in India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2009;27(2):123–127.

Singh TS , Devi KR , Singh SR , Sugiyama H . A case of cutaneous paragonimiasis presented with minimal pleuritis. Trop Parasitol2012;2(2):142–144. Kuroki M , Hatabu H , Nakata H High-resolution computed tomography findings of P. westermani . J Thorac Imaging 2005;20(3):210–213. Nagayasu E , Yoshida A , Hombu A Paragonimiasis in Japan: A twelve-year retrospective case review (2001–2012). Intern Med2015;54:179–186. Marchand E , Cordier JF . Idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006;1:11. Song JU , Um SW , Koh WJ Pulmonary paragonimiasis mimicking lung cancer in a tertiary referral centre in Korea. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis2011;15(5):674–679. Katoh S , Matsumoto N , Matsumoto K A possible role of TARC in antigen-specific Th2-dominant responses in patients withParagonimiasis westermani . Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004;134(3):248–252. Xia Y , Ju Y , Chen J , You C . Cerebral paragonimiasis: A retrospective analysis of 27 cases. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2015;15(1):101–106. Sasaki M , Kamiyama T , Yano T , Nakamura-Uchiyama F , Nawa Y . Active hepatic capsulitis caused by Paragonimus westermaniinfection. Intern Med 2002;41(8):661–663. Sim YS , Lee JH , Hong SC Paragonimus westermani found in the tip of a little finger. Intern Med 2010;49(15):1645–1648. Kodama M , Akaki M , Tanakaet H Cutaneous paragonimiasis due to triploid Paragonimus westermani presenting as a non-migratorysubcutaneous nodule: A case report. J Med Case Rep 2014;8:346. Kagoshima T , Yamazaki Y , Sakaguchi K , Kubo K , Sugiyama H , Saito H . Case report; A case of two female siblings with Paragonimuswestermani infection. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2014;103(4):975–977. (in Japanese). Lee CH , Kim JH , Moon WS , Lee MR . Paragonimiasis in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue: Report of 3 cases. Korean JParasitol 2012;50(4):345–347. Ahn CS , Na BK , Chung DL , Kim JG , Kim JT , Kong Y . Expression characteristics and specific antibody reactivity of diverse cathepsin Fmembers of Paragonimus westermani . Parasitol Int 2015;64(1):37–42. Koyasu S , Moro K . Th2-type innate immune responses mediated by natural helper cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013;1283:43–49. Morita H , Arae K , Unnoet H An interleukin-33-mast cell-interleukin-2 axis suppresses papain-induced allergic inflammation by promotingregulatory T cell numbers. Immunity 2015;43(1):175–186. Nakamura-Uchiyama F , Onah DN , Nawa Y . Clinical features and parasite-specific IgM/IgG antibodies of paragonimiasis patients recentlyfound in Japan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2001;32(2):55–58. Chai JY . Paragonimiasis. In Garcia HH , Tanowitz HB and Del Brutto OH , eds. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volume 114Neuroparasitology and Tropical Neurology. Academic Press, New York, 2013;283–296. Xia Y , Chen J , Juet Y , You C . Characteristic CT and MR imaging findings of cerebral paragonimiasis. J Neuroradiol2016;43(3):200–206. Kohli S , Farooq O , Janiet RB , Wolfe GI . Cerebral paragonimiasis: An unusual manifestation of a rare parasitic infection. Pediatr Neurol2015;52(3):366–369. Cho SY , Lee DK , Kang SY , Kim SI . An epidemiological study of human paragonimiasis by means of micro-ELISA. Korean J Parasitol1983;21:246–256. (in Korean, English abstract). Irie T , Yamaguchi Y , Sumen A , Habe S , Horii Y , Nonaka N . Evaluation of the MGL method to detect Paragonimus eggs and itsimprovement. Parasitol Res 2015;114(11):4051–4058. Slesak G , Inthalad S , Basy P Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique can diagnose paragonimiasis. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2011;5(5):1–8. Jeon K , Koh WJ , Kim H Clinical features of recently diagnosed pulmonary paragonimiasis in Korea. Chest 2005;128:1423–1430. Cha SH , Chang KH , Cho SY Cerebral paragonimiasis in early active stage: CT and MR features. AJR Am J Roentgenol1994;162:141–145. Qin Y and Cai JH . MRI findings of intraspinal extradural paragonimiasis granuloma in a child. Pediatr Radiol 2012;42:1250–1253. Shim SS , Kim Y , Lee JK , Lee JH , Song DE . Pleuropulmonary and abdominal paragonimiasis: CT and ultrasound findings. Br J Radiol2012;85(1012):403–410. Park YS , Lee CH , Kim KA , Park CM . Imaging findings of splenic paragonimiasis: Using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. J MedUltrasound 2013;21:36–38. Zhang XL , Wang Y , Wang GX Distribution and clinical features of Paragonimiasis skrjabini in three Gorges Reservoir Region. ParasitolInt 2012;61(4):645–649. Narain K , Devi KR , Mahanta J . Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of human paragonimiasis. IndianJ Med Res 2005;121:739–746. Yun DH , Chung JY , Chung YB Structural and immunological characteristics of a 28-kilodalton cruzipain-like cysteine protease ofParagonimus westermani expressed in the definitive host stage. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2000;7:932–939. Intapan PM , Sanpool O , Janwan P Evaluation of IgG4 subclass antibody detection by peptide-based ELISA for the diagnosis of humanparagonimiasis heterotrema. Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):763–766. Itoh M and Sato S . Multi-dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of trematodiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med PublicHealth 1990;21:471–474. Qian BZ and Sugiyama H . Development of an immunological diagnostic kit for paragonimiasis and its use for an epidemiological survey ofzoonotic paragonimiasis in Mainland China, 1. Multi-antigen dot immunogold assay Multi-DIGFA. for serodiagnosis of paragonimiasis,Final report of JHSF project. The Japan Health Sciences Foundation, Tokyo. 2007. Qiu XG , Nakamura-Uchiyama F , Nawa Y , Itoh M . A tool for mass-screening of paragonimiasis: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assaywith urine samples. Trop Med Health 2016;44:19. Hillyer GV , Serrano AE . The antigens of Paragonimus westermani, Schistosoma mansoni, and Fasciola hepatica adult worms. Evidencefor the presence of cross-reactive antigens and for cross-protection to Schistosoma mansoni infection using antigens of Paragonimuswestermani . Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983;32(2):350–358. Kong Y , Ito A , Yang HJ Immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass and IgE responses in human paragonimiases caused by three differentspecies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998;5(4):474–478. Yong TS , Seo JH , Yeo IS . Serodiagnosis of human paragonimiasis by ELISA-inhibition test using monoclonal antibodies. Korean JParasitol 1993;31(2):141–147. Chang ZS , Wu B , Blair D Gene sequences for identification of Paragonimus eggs from a human case. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis2000;18:213–215.

Doanh PN , Dung DT , Thach DTC , Horii Y , Shinohara A , Nawa Y . Human paragonimiasis in Viet Nam: Epidemiological survey andidentification of the responsible species by DNA sequencing of eggs in patients’ sputum. Parasitol Int 2011;60(4):534–537. Maleewong W , Intapan PM , Wongkham C Detection of Paragonimus heterotremus in experimentally infected cat feces by antigen-capture ELISA and by DNA hybridization. J Parasitol 1997;83:1075–1078. Intapan PM , Wongkham C , Imtawil KJ Detection of Paragonimus heterotremus eggs in experimentally infected cats by a polymerasechain reaction-based method. J Parasitol 2005;91:195–198. Chen MX , Ai L , Zhang RL Sensitive and rapid detection of Paragonimus westermani infection in humans and animals by loop-mediatedisothermal amplification LAMP. Parasitol Res 2011;108:1193–1198. Keiser J and Utzinger J . The drugs we have and the drugs we need against major helminth infections. Adv Parasitol 2010;73:197–230. Cho AR , Lee HR , Lee KS , Lee SE , Lee SY . A case of pulmonary paragonimiasis with involvement of the abdominal muscle in a 9-year-old girl. Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):409–412. Calvopiña M , Guderian RH , Paredes W , Cooper PJ . Comparison of two single-day regimens of triclabendazole for the treatment ofhuman pulmonary paragonimiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2003;97:451–454. Vidamaly S , Choumlivong K , Keolouangkhot V , Vannavong N , Kanpittaya J , Strobel M . Paragonimiasis: A common cause of persistentpleural effusion in Lao PDR. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009;103(10):1019–1023. DeFrain M , Hooker R . North American paragonimiasis—Case report of a severe clinical infection. Chest 2002;121:1368–1372. Patrick SL , Turabelidze G , Marx H Human paragonimiasis after eating raw or undercooked crayfish—Missouri, July 2006–September2010. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010;59:1573–1576. Arias SM , Salazar LM , Casas E Paragonimus sp. in crabs and awareness of the educational community to aquatic ecosystems in La Mieland La Clara, Caldas, Antioquia. Biomedica 2011;31(2):209–215.

Angiostrongylus Eamsobhana P . The Rat Lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Parasitology, Genetics and Molecular Phylogeny, 2nd ed. Bangkok:Aksorn Graphic and Design; 2014. Chen HT . Un nouveau nematode pulmonaire, Pulmonema cantonensis n.g., n.sp. des rats de Canton. Ann Parasit Hum Comp1935;13:312–317 (in French) Morera P , Céspedes R . Angiostrongylus costaricensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) a new lung worm occulllíng in man in CostaRica. Rev Biol Trop 1971;18:173–185. Cross JH , Chen ER . Angiostrogyliasis. In: Murrel KD , Fried B , eds. Food Borne Parasitic Zoonoses. New York, NY: Springer; 2007:263–290. Bhaibulaya M , Cross JH . Angiostrongylus malaysiensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae), a new species of rat lungworm from Malaysia.Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1971;2:527–533. Bhaibulaya M . A new species of Angiostrongylus in an Australian rat, Rattus fuscipes . Parasitol 1968;58:789–799. Ohbayashi M , Kamiya M , Bhaibulaya M . Studies on parasites fauna of Thailand. I. Two new metastrongylid nematodes, Angiostrongylussiamensis sp. n. and Thaistrongylus harinasutai gen. et. sp. n. (Metastrongyloidae): Angiostrongylidae from wild rats. Jpn J Vet Res1979;27:5–10. Myers P , Espinosa R , Parr CS , Jones T , Hammond GS , Dewey TA . The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed athttp://animaldiversity.org; 2015. Yong HS , Song SL , Eamsobhana P , Lim PE . Complete mitochondrial genome of Angiostrongylus malaysiensis lungworm and molecularphylogeny of metastrongyloid nematodes. Acta Trop 2016;161:33–40. Matsumoto T . On a nematode found in the lung, especially in the pulmonary artery of the wild rat. J Med Assoc Formosa1937;36:2620–2623. (in Japanese) Yokogawa S . A new species of nematode found in the lungs of rats, Haemostrongylus ratti sp. nov. Trans Nat Hist Soc Formosa1937;27:247–250. Dougherty EC . The genus Aelurostrongylus (Cameron, 1927) (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) and its relatives with description ofParafilaroides gen. nov. and Angiostrongylus gubernaculatus, sp. nov. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 1946;13:16–26. Anderson RC . Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Their Development and Transmission, 2nd ed. Wellington, UK: CABI; 2000. Chabaud AG . Description de Stefanskostrongylus dubosti n. sp. Parasite du Potamogale et essai de classification des NématodesAngiostrongylinae. Ann Parasit Hum Comp 1972;47:735–744. (in French) Ubelaker JE . Systematics of species referred to the genus Angiostrongylus . J Parasitol 1986;72:237–244. Eamsobhana P , Lim PE , Yong HS . Phylogenetics and systematics of Angiostrongylus lungworms and related taxa (Nematoda:Metastrongyloidea) inferred from the nuclear small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA sequences. J Helminthol 2015;89:317–325. Eamsobhana P , Lim PE , Solano G , Zhang H , Gan X , Yong HS . Molecular differentiation of Angiostrongylus taxa (Nematoda:Angiostrongylidae) by cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences. Acta Trop. 2010;116:152–156. Jefferies R , Shaw SE , Viney ME , Morgan ER . Angiostrongylus vasorum from South America and Europe represent distinct lineages.Parasitol 2009;136:107–115. Yong HS , Song SZ , Eamsobhana P Mitochondrial genome supports sibling species of Angiostrongylus costaricensis (Nematoda:Angiostrongylidae). PLOS One 2015;10:e0134581. Bhaibulaya M . Morphology and taxonomy of major Angiostrongylus species of Eastern Asia and Australia. In: Cross JH , ed. Studies onAngiostrongyliasis in Eastern Asia and Australia. NAMRU-2-SP-44. Taipei, Taiwan: U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2; 1979:4–13. Rebello KM , Menna-Barreto RFS , Chagas-Moutinho VA Morphological aspects of Angiostrongylus costaricensis by light and scanningelectron microscopy. Acta Trop 2013;127:191–198. Thiengo SC , Vicente JJ , Pinto RM . Redescription of Angiostrongylus (Paranstrongylus) costaricensis Morera and Céspedes (nematoda:metastrongyloidea) from brazilian strain. Rev Bras Zool 1997;14:839–844. Ash LR . Diagnostic morphology of the third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Angiostrongylus vasorum, Aelurostrongylusabstrusus, and Anafilaroides rostratus (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea). J Parasitol. 1970;56:249–253.

Alicata JE , Jindrak K . Angiostrongylosis in the Pacific and Southeast Asia. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas; 1970. Otsuru M . Angiostrongylus cantonensis and angiostrongyliasis in Japan, with those of neighboring Taiwan. Progress of MedicalParasitology in Japan 1978;6: 225–274. Japan: Meguro Parasitological Museum. Bhaibulaya M . Comparative studies of the life history of Angiostrongylus mackerrasae (Bhaibulaya, 1968) and Angiostrongyluscantonensis (Chen, 1935). Int J Parasitol 1975;5:7. Lim BL , Ramachandran CP . Ecological studies on Angiostrongylus malaysiensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) in Malaysia. In: Cross JH, ed. Studies on Angiostrongyliasis in Eastern Asia and Australia. NAMRU-2-SP-44. Taipei, Taiwan: U. S. Naval Medical Research UnitNo. 2; 1979: 26–48. Weinstein PP , Rosen L , Laquer GL , Sawyer TK . Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in rats and rhesus monkeys and observations onthe survival of the parasite in vitro . Am J Trop Med Hyg 1963;12:358–377. Brockelman CR , Chusatanayanond W , Baidikul V . Growth and localization of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the molluscan host,Achatina fulica . Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1976;7:30–37. Cheng TC , Alicata JE . Possible role of water in the transmission of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae). JParasitol 1964;50:39–40. Harinasuta C , Setasuban P , Radomyos P . Observations on Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats and mollusks in Thailand. J Med AssocThai 1965;48:158–172. Punyagupta S . Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in Thailand: Summary of nine cases and observations on Angiostrongylus cantonensisas a causative agent and Pila ampullacea as a new intermediate host. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1965;14:370–374. Richards CS . Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Intermediate host studies. J Parasitol 1963;49:46–47. Morera P . Life history and redescription of Angiostrongylus costarieensis Morera and Céspedes, 1971. Am J Trop Med Hyg1973;22:613–621. Romero-Alegría A , Belhassen-García M , Velasco-Tirado V Angiostrongylus costaricensis: Systematic review of case reports. Adv InfectDis 2014;4:36–41. Maldonado A Jr. , Simões R , Thiengo S . Angiostrongyliasis in the Americas. In: Lorenzo-Morales J , ed. Zoonosis. Rijeka, Croatia:InTech, 2012;12:303–320. Rodriguez R , Agostini AA , Porto SM Dogs may be a reservoir host for Angiostrongylus costaricensis . Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo2002;44:55–56. Mota EM , Lenzi HL . Angiostrongylus costaricensis life cycle: A new proposal. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1995;90:707–709. Mota EM , Lenzi HL . Angiostrongylus costaricensis: Complete redescription of the migratory pathways based on experimental Sigmodonhispidus infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005;100:407–420. Barratt J , Chan D , Sandaradura I Angiostrongylus cantonensis: A review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as ahuman pathogen. Parasitology 2016;143:1087–1118. Cowie RH . Guest Editor's Message: Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm: Biology,distribution, epidemiology, detection, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Hawaii J Med Public Health 2013;72(Suppl 2):28–32. Wang QP , Lai DH , Zhu XQ , Chen XG , Lun ZR . Human angiostrongyliasis. Lancet Infect Dis 2008;8:621–630. Wang QP , Wu ZD , Wei J , Owen RL , Lun ZR . Human Angiostrongylus cantonensis: An update. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis2012;31:389–395. Khwanmitra S , Bodhidatta A , Punyagupta S . Eosinophilic meningitis. Report of four cases. J Med Assoc Thailand 1957;40:341–343. Punyagupta S , Bunnag T , Juttiyudata P , Rosen L . Eosinophilic meningitis in Thailand. Epidemiologic studies of 484 typical cases andthe etiologic role of Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Am J Trop Med Hyg 1970;19:950–958. Radomyos P , Tungtrongchitr A , Praewanich R . Occurrence of the infective stage of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the yellow treemonitor (Varanus bengalensis) in five provinces of Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1994;25:498–500. Sawanyawisuth K , Kithaweesi K , Limpawattana P Intraocular angiostrongyliasis: Clinical findings, treatments and outcomes. Trans R SocTrop Med Hyg 2007;101:497–501. Harinasuta C . Parasitic diseases in the South (Developing World). In: Warren KS , Bowers JZ , eds. Parasitology: A Global Perspective.New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1983:19–44. Brumpt V , Chabaud AG , Klein JM , Jolly M , Mazaud R , Goube P . Incidence d’Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935) auCambodge. Bull Soc Path Exot Filiales 1968;61:444–462. (in French) Chau TT , Thwaites GE , Chuong LV , Sinh DX , Farrar JJ . Headache and confusion: The dangers of a raw snail supper. Lancet2003;361:1866. Hwang KP , Chen ER . Clinical studies on Angiostrongylus cantonensis among children in Taiwan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med PublicHealth 1991;22(Suppl):194–199. Tsai HC , Lee SSJ , Huang CK , Yen CM , Chen ER , Liu YC . Outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis associated with drinking raw vegetablejuice in southern Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004;71:222–226. Tsai HC , Chen YS , Yen CM . Human parasitic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in Taiwan. Hawaii J MedPublic Health 2013;72(Suppl 2):26–27. Wan KS , Weng WC . Eosinophilic meningitis in a child raising snails as pets. Acta Trop 2004;90:51–53. Wang J , Dai L , Wang M , Zhang R . Survey on the infection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rodent animals in Xiamen. Chin JZoonoses 2007;23:209. Lv S , Zhang Y , Liu HX Invasive snails and an emerging infectious disease: Results from the first national survey on Angiostrongyluscantonensis in China. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2009;3:e368. Wang J , Qi H , Diao Z An outbreak of Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis in Beijing. J Parasitol 2010;96:377–381. Lv S , Zhang Y , Steinmann P , Zhou X N . Emerging angiostrongyliasis in Mainland China. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:161–164. Lv S . Epidemiology of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and eosinophilic meningitis in the People's Republic of China. PhD Thesis. Basel:University of Basel; 2011. Kwon E , Ferguson TM , Park SY A severe case of Angiostrongylus eosinophilic meningitis with encephalitis and neurologic sequelae inHawaii. Hawaii J Med Public Health 2013;72:41–45. Park SY , Fox LM . Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Epidemiology in the Continental United States and Hawaii. Hawaii J Med Public Health2013;72:34.

Wallace GD . The discovery of humans in Hawaii infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis, and early epidemiological findings. Hawaii JMed Public Health 2013;72:5. Miller MA , Menowsky M , Leeson K , Leeson B . Eosinophilic meningitis: What's the “diff”? Am J Emerg Med 2014;32:107.e5-107.e7. Prociv P , Spratt DM , Carlisle MS . Neuro-angiostrongyliasis: Unresolved issues. Int J Parasitol 2000;30:1295–1303. Gutteridge BH , Bhaibulaya M , Findlater C . Human larval meningitis possibly following lettuce ingestion in Brisbane. Pathology1972;4:63–64. Prociv P , Carlisle MS . The spread of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Australia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2001;32(Suppl.2):126–128. Senanayake SN , Pryor DS , Walker J , Konecny P . First report of human angiostrongyliasis acquired in Sydney. Med J Aust2003;179:430–431. Blair NF , Orr CF , Delaney AP , Herkes GK . Angiostrongylus meningoencephalitis: Survival from minimally conscious state torehabilitation. Med J Aust 2013;198:440–442. Morton NJ , Britton P , Palasanthiran P Severe hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis among youngchildren in Sydney, Australia. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:1158–1161. Simoes R , Monteiro F , Sánchez E Endemic angiostrongyliasis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1331–1333. Espirito-Santo MC , Pinto PL , da Mota DJ , Gryschek RC . The first case of Angiostrongylus cantonensis eosinophilic meningitisdiagnosed in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 2013;55:129–132. Moreira VLC , Giese EG , Melo FTV Endemic angiostrongyliasis in the Brazilian Amazon: Natural parasitism of Angiostrongyluscantonensis in Rattus rattus and R. norvergicus, and sympatric giant African land snails, Achatina fulica . Acta Trop 2013;125:90–97. Spratt DM . Species of Angiostrongylus (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) in wildlife: A review. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl.2015;4:178–189. Morera P , Lazo R , Urquizo J , Llaguno M . First record of Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera and Cespedes, 1971 in Ecuador. Am JTrop Med Hyg 1983;32:1460–1461. Incani RN , Caleiras E , Martin M , Gonzalez C . Human infection by Angiostrongylus costaricensis in Venezuela: First report of aconfirmed case. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 2007;49:197–200. Baird JK , Neafie RC , Lanoie L , Connor DH . Abdominal angiostrongylosis in an African man: Case study. Am J Trop Med Hyg1987;37:353–356. Graeff-Teixeira C , de Avila-Pires FD , Machado Rde C , Camillo-Coura L , Lenzi HL . Identification of wild rodents as hosts ofAngiostrongylus costaricensis in southern Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 1990;32:147–150. Punyagupta S . Angiostrongyliasis: Clinical features and human pathology. In: Cross JH , ed. Studies on Angiostrongyliasis in Eastern Asiaand Australia. NAMRU-2-SP-44. Taipei, Taiwan: U.S. Army Medical Research Unit No. 2; 1979:138–150. Chotmongkol V , Sawanyawisuth K . Clinical manifestation and outcome of patients with severe eosinophilic meningoencephalitispresumably caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2002;33:231–234. Koo J , Pien FD , Kliks MM . Angiostrongylus (Parastrongylus) eosinophilic meningitis. Rev Infect Dis 1988;10:1155–1161. Shmutzhard E , Boongird P , Vejjajiva A . Eosinophilic meningitis and radiculomyelitis in Thailand, caused by CNS invasion ofGnathostoma spinigerum and Angiostrongylus cantonensis . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1988;51:80–87. Graeff-Teixeira C , da Silva ACA , Yoshimura K . Update on eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and its clinical relevance. Clin Microbiol Rev2009;22:322–348. Feng Y , Nawa Y , Sawanyavisuth K , Lv Z , Wu ZD . Comprehensive review of ocular angiostrongyliasis with special reference to opticneuritis. Korean J Parasitol 2013;51:613–619. Kanchanaranya C , Punyagupta S . A case of ocular angiostrongyliasis associated with eosinophilic meningitis. Am J Ophthal1971;71:931–934. Sinawat S , Yospaiboon Y , Sinawat S . Subretinal angiostrongyliasis-induced optic neuritis. Clin Ophthalmol 2013;7:977–979. Singalavanija A , Wangspa S , Teschareon S . Intravitreal angiostongyliasis. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1986;14:381–384. Teekhasaenee C , Ritch R , Kanchanaranya C . Ocular parasitic infection in Thailand. Infect Dis 1986;8:350–353. Hung TP , Chen ER . Angiostrongyliasis (Angiostrongylus cantonensis). In: Harris AA , ed. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 8.Microbial Diseases. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1988: 545–562. Yii CY , Chen CY , Fresh JW , Chen T , Cross JH . Human angiostrongylosis involving the lungs. Chin J Microbiol 1968;1:148–150. Cooke-Yarborough CM , Kornberg AJ , Hogg GG , Spratt DM , Forsyth JR . A fatal case of angiostrongyliasis in an 11 month old infant.Med J Aust 1999;170:541–543. Lindo JF , Escoffery CT , Reid B , Codrington G , Cunningham-Myrie C , Eberhard ML . Fatal autochthonous eosinophilic meningitis in aJamaican child caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004;70:425–428. Eamsobhana P , Tungtrongchitr A . Angiostrongyliasis in Thailand. In: Arizono N , Chai JY , Nawa Y , Takahashi T , eds. Food-BorneHelminthiasis in Asia. Chiba, Japan: The Federation of Asian Parasitologists; 2005:183–197. Sonakul D . Pathological findings in four cases of human angiostrongyliasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1978;9:220–227. Rebello KM , Barros JS , Mota EM Comprehensive proteomic profiling of adult Angiostrongylus costaricensis, a human parasiticnematode. J Proteomics 2011;74:1545–1559. Morera P , Perez F , Mora F , Castro L . Visceral larva migrans-like syndrome caused by Angiostrongylus costaricensis . Am J Trop MedHyg 1982;31:67–70. Duarte Z , Morera P , Vuong PN . Abdominal angiostrongyliasis in Nicaragua: A clinico-pathological study on a series of 12 cases reports.Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 1991;66:259–262. Vázquez JJ , Sola JJ , Boils PL . Hepatic lesions induced by Angiostrongylus costaricensis . Histopathology 1994;25:489–491. Rodriguez R , Dequi RM , Peruzzo L , Mesquita PM , Garcia E , Fornari F . Abdominal angiostrongyliasis: Report of two cases withdifferent clinical presentations. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2008;50:339–341. Graeff-Teixeira C , Goulart AH , de Brum CO Longitudinal clinical and serological survey of abdominal angiostrongyliasis in Guapore,southern Brazil, from 1995 to 1999. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2005;38:310–315. Graeff-Teixeira C , Camillo-Coura L , Lenzi HL . Clinical and epidemiological aspects of abdominal angiostrongyliasis in southern Brazil.Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1991;33:373–378.

Kramer MH , Greer GJ , Quiñonez JF First reported outbreak of abdominal angiostrongyliasis. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:365–372. Cross JH . Public health importance of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and its relatives. Parasitol Today 1987;3:367–369. Jindrak K . Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis (Eosinophilic meningitis, Alicata's disease). Contemp Neurol Ser 1975;12:133–164. Kanpittaya J , Jitpimolmard S , Tiamkao S , Mairiang E . MR findings of eosinophilic meningo-encephalitis attributed to Angiostrongyluscantonensis . Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:1090–1094. Jin E , Ma D , Liang Y , Ji A , Gan S . MRI findings of eosinophilic myelomeningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis . ClinRadiol 2005;60:242–250. (in Chinese) Jin EH , Ma Q , Ma DQ , He W , Ji AP , Yin CH . Magnetic resonance imaging of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused byAngiostrongylus cantonensis following eating freshwater snails. Chin Med J (Engl) 2008;121:67–72. Tsai HC , Liu YC , Kunin CM Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis associated with eating raw snails: Correlationof brain magnetic resonance imaging scans with clinical findings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003;68:281–285. Tangchai P , Nye BW , Beaver PC . Eosinophilic meningo-encephalitis caused by angiostrongyliasis in Thailand. Autopsy report. Am JTrop Med Hyg 1967;16:454–461. Morera P . Angiostrongilíase abdominal. Um problema de Saúde Pública? Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1988;21:81–83. Bhaibulaya M . Snail borne parasitic zoonoses: Angiostrongyliasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1991;22(Suppl):189–193. Jaroonvesama N . Differential diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis. Parasitol Today 1988;4:262–266. Tsai TH , Liu YC , Wann SR An outbreak of meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Kaohsiung. J Microbiol Immunol Infect2001;34:50–56. Diao Z , Wang J , Qi H , Li X , Zheng X , Yin C . Human ocular angiostrongyliasis: A literature review. Trop Doct 2011;41:76–78. Tsai HC , Tseng YT , Yen CM Brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongyluscantonensis infection. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012;12:161–166. Dorta-Contreras AJ , Noris-Garcia E , Escobar-Perez X , Padilla-Docal B . IgG1, IgG2 and IgE intrathecal synthesis in Angiostrongyluscantonensis meningoencephalitis. J Neurol Sci 2005;238:65–70. Kittimongkolma S , Intapan PM , Laemviteevanich K , Kanpittaya J , Sawanyawisuth K , Maleewong W . Eosinophilic meningitis associatedwith angiostrongyliasis: Clinical features, laboratory investigations and specific diagnostic IgG and IgG subclass antibodies incerebrospinal fluid. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2007;38:24–31. Intapan PM , Maleewong W , Polsan Y , Sawanyawisuth K , Chotmongkol V . Evaluation of human IgG subclasses antibodies in theserodiagnosis of angiostrongyliasis. Parasitol Res 2003;89:425–429. Eamsobhana P , Yong HS . Immunological diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda:Angiostrongylidae). Int J Infect Dis 2009;13:425–431. Eamsobhana P , Wanachiwanawin D , Dechkum N , Parsartvit A , Yong HS . Molecular diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis due toAngiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) by PCR-DNA sequencing of cerebrospinal fluids of patients. Memórias doInstituto Oswaldo Cruz 2013;108:116–118. Wilkins PP , Qvarnstrom Y , Whelen AC , Saucier C , da Silva AJ , Eamsobhana P . The current status of laboratory diagnosis ofAngiostrongylus cantonensis infections in humans using serologic and molecular methods. Hawaii J Med Pub Health 2013;72(Suppl2):55–57. Vitta A , Dekumyoy P , Komalamisra C , Kalambaheti T , Yoshino TP . Cloning and expression of a 16-kDa recombinant protein fromAngiostrongylus cantonensis for use in immunoblot diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Parasitol Res 2016;115:4115–4122. Eamsobhana P . Immunological studies on the rat lung-worm Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae). PhD Thesis.Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya; 1994. Eamsobhana P , Tungtrongchitr A , Wanachiwanawin D , Yong HS , Mak JW . Characterization of a 31-kDa specific antigen fromParastrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae). Int Med Res J 1998;2:9–12. Nuamtanong S . The evaluation of the 29 and 31 kDa antigens in female Angiostrongylus cantonensis for serodiagnosis of humanangiostrongyliasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1996;27:291–296. Maleewong W , Sombatsawat P , Intapan PM , Wongkham C , Chotmongkol V . Immunoblot evaluation of the specificity of the 29-kDaantigen from young adult female worms Angiostrongylus cantonensis for immunodiagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Asian Pac JAllergy Immunol 2001;19:267–273. Li H , Chen XG , Shen HX , Chen DX , Qiu YR , Hu XJ . Value of antigen with molecular mass of 32000 in immunodiagnosis ofAngiostrongylus cantonensis . J First Mil Med Univ 2005;25:380–383. (in Chinese) Chen JX , Chen MX , Ai L A protein microarray for the rapid screening of patients suspected of infection with various food-bornehelminthiases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012;6:e1899. Vitta A , Yoshino TP , Kalambaheti T Application of recombinant Smr-domain containing protein of Angiostrongylus cantonensis inimmunoblot diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2010;41:785–799. Eamsobhana P , Ongrotchanakun J , Yoolex A , Monkong N , Punthuprapasa P , Dekumyoy P . Multi-immunodot for rapid differentialdiagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis due to parasitic infections. J Helminthol 2006;80:1–7. Eamsobhana P , Gan XX , Wanachiwanawin D , Ma A , Wang Y , Yong HS . Dot immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA) for the rapiddetection of specific antibodies against the rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) using purified 31-kDa antigen. J Helminthol 2014;88:396–401. Chen MX , Chen JX , Chen SH , Huang DN , Ai L , Zhang RL . Development of lateral flow immunoassay for antigen detection in humanAngiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Korean J Parasitol 2016;54:375–380. da Silva ACA , Graeff-Teixeira C , Zaha A . Diagnosis of abdominal angiostrongyliasis by PCR from sera of patients. Rev Inst Med Trop SPaulo 2003;45:295–297. Eamsobhana P , Wanachiwanawin D , Dechkum N , Parsartvit A , Yong HS . Molecular diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis due toAngiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) by PCR-DNA sequencing of cerebrospinal fluids of patients. Memórias doInstituto Oswaldo Cruz 2013;108:116–118. Qvarnstrom Y , da Silva AC , Teem JL Improved molecular detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mollusks and other environmentalsamples with a species-specific internal transcribed spacer 1-based TaqMan assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010;76:5287–5289. Thyssen AP , Mitchell M , Qvarnstrom Y , Rao S , Benke T , Glodé MP . Eosinophilic meningitis in a previously healthy 13-year old child.Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012;32:194–198.

Qvarnstrom Y , Xayavong M , da Silva AC Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis DNA incerebrospinal fluid from patients with eosinophilic meningitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016;94:176–181. Punyagupta S , Juttijudata P , Bunnag T . Eosinophilic meningitis in Thailand. Clinical studies of 484 typical cases probably caused byAngiostrongylus cantonensis . Am J Trop Med Hyg 1975;24:921–931. Yii CY . Clinical observations on eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis on Taiwan. Am JTrop Med Hyg 1976;25:233–249. Chotmongkol V , Sawanyawisuth K , Thavornpitak Y . Corticosteroid treatment of eosinophilic meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:660–662. Chotmongkol V , Wongjitrat C , Sawadpanit K , Sawanyawisuth K . Treatment of eosinophilic meningitis with a combination of albendazoleand corticosteroid. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2004;35:172–174. Chotmongkol V , Sawadpanitch K , Sawanyawisuth K , Louhawilai S , Limpawattana P . Treatment of eosinophilic meningitis with acombination of prednisolone and mebendazole. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;74:1122–1124. Chotmongkol V , Kittimongkolma S , Niwattayakul K , Intapan PM , Thavornpitak Y . Comparison of prednisolone plus albendazole withprednisolone alone for treatment of patients with eosinophilic meningitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009;81:443–445. Sawanyawisuth K , Sawanyawisuth K . Treatment of angiostrongyliasis. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008;102: 990–996. Lin JX , Li YS , Zhu K Epidemiological study on group infection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Changle City. Chin J Parasitol ParasitDis 2003;21:110–112. (in Chinese) Wang XT , Huang HJ , Lin Y , Ying BY , Nawa Y , Yoshimura K . A case of Guillain-Barre's syndrome caused by Angiostrongyluscantonensis infection. Chin J Neuroimmunol Neurol 1999;6:64. Wang XT , Huang HJ , Dong QQ A clinical study of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by angiostrongyliasis. Chin Med J2002;115:1312–1315. (in Chinese) Lai SC . Chinese herbal medicine Yin-Chen-extract as an adjunct to anthelmintic albendazole used against Angiostrongylus cantonensis-induced eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;75:556–562. Mehta DK , Arora R , Chauhan D , Shroff D , Narula R . Chemo-paralysis for the removal of a live intraocular worm in ocularangiostrongyliasis. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2006;34:493–495. Alicata JE . Absence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis among rodents in parts of Central America and South America. J Parasitol1967;54:1118. Hollyer JR . Telling consumers, gardeners, and farmers about the possible risk of rat lungworm in the local food supply in Hawaii. Hawaii JMed Public Health 2013;72(Suppl 2):82.

Anisakis Buchman K , Mehrdana F . Effects of anisakid nematodes Anisakis simplex (s.l.), Pseudoterranova decipiens (s.l.) and Contracaecumosculatum (s.l.) on fish and consumer health. Food Waterborne Parasitol, 2016;4:13–22. Carballeda-Sangiao N , Rodríguez-Mahillo AI , Careche M , Navas A , Moneo I , González-Muñoz M . Changes over time in IgEsensitization to allergens of the fish parasite Anisakis spp. PLOS Negl Trop Dis, 2016;10(7):e0004864. Bao M , Pierce GJ , Pascual S Assessing the risk of an emerging zoonosis of worldwide concern: Anisakiasis. Sci Rep, 2017;7:43699. del Carmen Romero M , Valero A , Navarro-Moll MC , Martín-Sánchez J . Experimental comparison of pathogenic potential of two siblingspecies Anisakis simplex s.s. and Anisakis pegreffii in Wistar rat. Trop Med Int Health, 2013;18(8):979–984. Jeon CH , Kim JH . Pathogenic potential of two sibling species, Anisakis simplex (s.s.) and Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae): Invitro and in vivo studies. Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:983656. Ugland KI , Strømnes E , Berland B , Aspholm PE . Growth, fecundity and sex ratio of adult whaleworm (Anisakis simplex; Nematoda,Ascaridoidea, Anisakidae) in three whale species from the North-East Atlantic. Parasitol Res, 2004;92(6):484–489. Kim KH , Eom KS , Park JK . The complete mitochondrial genome of Anisakis simplex (Ascaridida: Nematoda) and phylogeneticimplications. Int J Parasitol, 2006;36(3):319–328. Mohandas N , Jabbar A , Podolska M Mitochondrial genomes of Anisakis simplex and Contracaecum osculatum (sensustricto)—Comparisons with selected nematodes. Infect Genet Evol, 2014;21:452–462. Yamada A , Ikeda N , Ono H . The complete mitochondrial genome of Anisakis pegreffii Campana-Rouget & Biocca, 1955, (Nematoda,Chromadorea, Rhabditida, Anisakidae)—Clarification of mitogenome sequences of the Anisakis simplex species complex. MitochondrialDNA Part B, 2017;2:1. Ferrantelli V , Cicero A , Costa A Anisakidae in fishing products sold in Sicily. Ital J Food Saf, 2014;3(2):1719. Ferrantelli V , Costa A , Graci S Anisakid nematodes as possible markers to trace fish products. Ital J Food Saf, 2015;4(1):4090. Mladineo I , Poljak V . Ecology and genetic structure of zoonotic Anisakis spp. from adriatic commercial fish species. Appl EnvironMicrobiol, 2014;80(4):1281–1290. Mladineo I , Popović M , Drmić-Hofman I , Poljak V . A case report of Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda, Anisakidae) identified from archivalparaffin sections of a Croatian patient. BMC Infect Dis, 2016;16:42. Dadar M , Alborzi A , Peyghan R , Adel M . Occurrence and intensity of anisakid nematode larvae in some commercially important fishspecies in Persian Gulf. Iran J Parasitol, 2016;11(2):239–246. Kim SH , Park CW , Kim SK A case of anisakiasis invading the stomach and the colon at the same time after eating anchovies. ClinEndosc, 2013;46(3):293–296. Abou-Rahma Y , Abdel-Gaber R , Kamal Ahmed A . First record of Anisakis simplex third-stage larvae (Nematoda, Anisakidae) inEuropean hake Merluccius merluccius lessepsianus in Egyptian water. J Parasitol Res, 2016;2016: 9609752. Ahmed M , Ayoob F , Kesavan M , Gumaste V , Khalil A . Gastrointestinal anisakidosis—Watch what you eat. Cureus, 2016;8(11):e860. Barbarroja-Escudero J , Sanchez-Gonzalez MJ Nonoccupational airborne-induced anaphylaxis caused by Anisakis simplex . J InvestigAllergol Clin Immunol, 2016;26(3):196–197. Anshary H , Sriwulan, Freeman MA , Ogawa K . Occurrence and molecular identification of Anisakis Dujardin, 1845 from marine fish insouthern Makassar Strait, Indonesia. Korean J Parasitol, 2014;52(1):9–19.

Amir A , Ngui R , Ismail WH Anisakiasis causing acute dysentery in Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2016;95(2): 410–412. Casti D , Scarano C , Piras MC Occurrence of nematodes of the genus Anisakis in Mediterranean and Atlantic fish marketed in Sardinia.Ital J Food Saf, 2017;6(1):6185. Kang DB , Park WC , Lee JK . Chronic gastric anisakiasis provoking a bleeding gastric ulcer. Ann Surg Treat Res, 2014;86(5):270–273. Sohn WM , Na BK , Kim TH , Park TJ . Anisakiasis: Report of 15 gastric cases caused by Anisakis type I larvae and a brief review ofKorean anisakiasis cases. Korean J Parasitol, 2015;53(4):465–470. Takano Y , Gomi K , Endo T Small intestinal obstruction caused by anisakiasis. Case Rep Infect Dis, 2013;2013:401937. Shweiki E , Rittenhouse DW , Ochoa JE , Punja VP , Zubair MH , Baliff JP . Acute small-bowel obstruction from intestinal anisakiasis afterthe ingestion of raw clams; documenting a new method of marine-to-human parasitic transmission. Open Forum Infect Dis,2014;1(2):ofu087. Carbotta G , Laforgia R , Milella M Small bowel obstruction caused by Anisakis and Meckel's diverticulum: A rare case. G Chir,2016;37(6):281–283. Shimamura Y , Ishii N , Ego M Multiple acute infection by Anisakis: A case series. Intern Med, 2016;55(8):907–910. Shimamura Y , Muwanwella N , Chandran S , Kandel G , Marcon N . Common symptoms from an uncommon infection: Gastrointestinalanisakiasis. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016;2016:5176502. Takamizawa Y , Kobayashi Y . Adhesive intestinal obstruction caused by extragastrointestinal anisakiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg,2015;92(4):675–676. Ramanan P , Blumberg AK , Mathison B , Pritt BS . Parametrial anisakidosis. J Clin Microbiol, 2013;51(10):3430–3434. Nogami Y , Fujii-Nishimura Y , Banno K Anisakiasis mimics cancer recurrence: Two cases of extragastrointestinal anisakiasis suspected tobe recurrence of gynecological cancer on PET-CT and molecular biological investigation. BMC Med Imaging, 2016;16:31. Mattiucci S , Fazii P , De Rosa A Anisakiasis and gastroallergic reactions associated with Anisakis pegreffii infection, Italy. Emerg InfectDis, 2013;19(3):496–499. Chung YB , Lee J . Clinical characteristics of gastroallergic anisakiasis and diagnostic implications of immunologic tests. Allergy AsthmaImmunol Res, 2014;6(3):228–233. Strømnes E . An in vitro study of lipid preference in whaleworm (Anisakis simplex, Nematoda, Ascaridoidea, Anisakidae) third-stagelarvae. Parasitol Res, 2014;113(3):1113–1118. Baptista-Fernandes T , Rodrigues M , Castro I Human gastric hyperinfection by Anisakis simplex: A severe and unusual presentation anda brief review. Int J Infect Dis, 2017;64:38–41. Garcia-Perez JC , Rodríguez-Perez R , Ballestero A Previous exposure to the fish parasite Anisakis as a potential risk factor for gastric orcolon adenocarcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore), 2015;94(40):e1699. Tripodi S , Pingitore G , Calvani M Anisakis sensitivity in Italian children: A prospective study. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol,2017;27(2):142–143. Podolska M , Nadolna K . Acetylcholinesterase secreted by Anisakis simplex larvae (Nematoda: Anisakidae) parasitizing herring, Clupeaharengus: An inverse relationship of enzyme activity in the host-parasite system. Parasitol Res, 2014;113(6): 2231–2238. Łopieńska-Biernat E , Zaobidna EA , Dmitryjuk M . Expression of genes encoding the enzymes for glycogen and trehalose metabolism inL3 and L4 larvae of Anisakis simplex . J Parasitol Res, 2015;2015:438145. Valdivieso E , Perteguer MJ , Hurtado C ANISERP: A new serpin from the parasite Anisakis simplex . Parasit Vectors, 2015;8:399. Mehrdana F , Buchmann K . Excretory/secretory products of anisakid nematodes: Biological and pathological roles. Acta Vet Scand,2017;59(1):42. Fæste CK , Jonscher KR , Dooper MM Characterisation of potential novel allergens in the fish parasite Anisakis simplex . EuPA OpenProteom, 2014;4:140–155. Ubeira FM . Travelling with Anisakis allergens. Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 2014;163(4):243–244. Baird FJ , Su X , Aibinu I The Anisakis transcriptome provides a resource for fundamental and applied studies on allergy-causingparasites. PLOS Negl Trop Dis, 2016;10(7): e0004845. Messina CM , Pizzo F , Santulli A Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) products modulate oxidative stress and apoptosis-relatedbiomarkers in human cell lines. Parasit Vectors, 2016;9(1):607. Nieuwenhuizen NE . Anisakis—Immunology of a foodborne parasitosis. Parasite Immunol, 2016;38(9):548–557. Arai T , Akao N , Seki T Molecular genotyping of anisakis larvae in Middle Eastern Japan and endoscopic evidence for preferentialpenetration of normal over atrophic mucosa. PLOS One, 2014;9(2):e89188. Daschner A , Fernández-Fígares V , Rodero M Specific IgG4: Possible role in the pathogenesis and a new marker in the diagnosis ofAnisakis-associated allergic disease. Scand J Immunol, 2014;79(2):120–126. García-Mayoral MF , Treviño MA , Pérez-Piñar T Relationships between IgE/IgG4 epitopes, structure and function in Anisakis simplex Anis 5, a member of the SXP/RAL-2 protein family. PLOS Negl Trop Dis, 2014;8(3):e2735. Seesao Y , Audebert C , Verrez-Bagnis V Monitoring of four DNA extraction methods upstream of high-throughput sequencing ofAnisakidae nematodes. J Microbiol Methods, 2014;102:69–72. Shibata E , Ueda T , Akaike G , Saida Y . CT findings of gastric and intestinal anisakiasis. Abdom Imaging, 2014;39(2):257–261. Lim H , Jung BK , Cho J , Yooyen T , Shin EH , Chai JY . Molecular diagnosis of cause of anisakiasis in humans, South Korea. EmergInfect Dis, 2015;21(2):342–344. Mattiucci S , Acerra V , Paoletti M No more time to stay “single” in the detection of Anisakis pegreffii, A. simplex (s. s.) and hybridizationevents between them: A multi-marker nuclear genotyping approach . Parasitology, 2016;143(8):998–1011. Mattiucci S , Paoletti M , Colantoni A Invasive anisakiasis by the parasite Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae): Diagnosis by real-time PCR hydrolysis probe system and immunoblotting assay. BMC Infect Dis, 2017;17(1):530. Romero MC , Navarro MC , Martín-Sánchez J , Valero A . Peppermint (Mentha piperita) and albendazole against anisakiasis in an animalmodel. Trop Med Int Health, 2014;19(12):1430–1436. Shrestha S , Kisino A , Watanabe M Intestinal anisakiasis treated successfully with conservative therapy: Importance of clinical diagnosis.World J Gastroenterol, 2014;20(2):598–602. Valero A , Romero MC , Gómez-Mateos M , Hierro I , Navarro MC . Natural products: Perspectives in the pharmacological treatment ofgastrointestinal anisakiasis. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2015;8(8):612–617. Toyoda H , Tanaka K . Intestinal anisakiasis treated successfully with prednisolone and olopatadine hydrochloride. Case RepGastroenterol, 2016;10(1):30–35.

Tsukui M , Morimoto N , Kurata H , Sunada F . Asymptomatic anisakiasis of the colon incidentally diagnosed and treated duringcolonoscopy by retroflexion in the ascending colon. J Rural Med, 2016;11(2):73–75. Measures L . Anisakiosis and Pseudoterranovosis—USGS Publications Warehouse. Circular 1393. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston,Virginia: 2014. Available at: https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1393/pdf/circ1393.pdf Borges JN , Cunha LFG , Santos HLC Morphological and Molecular Diagnosis of Anisakid Nematode Larvae from Cutlassfish (Trichiuruslepturus) off the Coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40447. Mattiucci S , Paoletti M , Borrini F First molecular identification of the zoonotic parasite Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in aparaffin-embedded granuloma taken from a case of human intestinal anisakiasis in Italy. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:82.

Ascaris Bouchet F , Baffier D , Girard M , Morel Ph , Paicheler JC , David F . Palaeoparasitology in a Pleistocene context: Initial observations in theGrande Grotte at Arcy-sur-Cure (Department of the Yonne, France). CR Acad Sci Sér III 1996;319:147–151. Harter S , Mort F , Vigne JD , Guilaine J , Brun A , Bouchet F . Premières données parasitologiques sur les populations humainesprécéramiques chypriotes (VIIIe et VIIe millénaires av. J.-C. Paléorient 2005;31:43–54. Patrucco R , Tello R , Bonavia D . Parasitological studies of coprolites of pre-Hispanic Peruvian populations. Curr Anthropol1983;24:393–394. Faulkner CT , Patton S , Johnson SS . Prehistoric parasitism in Tennessee: Evidence from the analysis of desiccated fecal materialcollected from Big Bone Cave, Van Buren County, Tennessee. J Parasitol 1989;75:461–463. Poinar G , Boucot AJ . Evidence of intestinal parasites of dinosaurs. Parasitology 2006;133:245–249. Crompton DWT . Ascaris and ascariasis. Adv Parasitol 2001;48:285–375. Skallerup P , Nejsum P , Jørgensen CB Detection of a quantitative trait locus associated with resistance to Ascaris suum infection in pigs.Int J Parasitol 2012;42:383–391. Dold C , Holland CV . Ascaris and ascariasis. Microbes Infect 2011;13:624–631. de Silva NR , Brooker S , Hotez PJ , Montresor A , Engels D , Savioli L . Soil-transmitted helminth infections: Updating the global picture.Trends Parasitol 2003;19:547–551. Holland C Ed. Ascaris: The neglected Parasite. London, UK: Academic Press; 2013. Nadler SA , De Leon GD . Integrating molecular and morphological approaches for characterizing parasite cryptic species: Implication forparasitology. Parasitology 2011;138:1688–1709. Leles D , Gardner SL , Reinhard K , Iñiguez A , Araujo A . Are Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum a single species? Parasit Vectors2012;5:42–50. de Meeûs T , Durand P , Renaud F . Species concepts: What for? Trends Parasitol 2003;19:425–427. Hey JH . The mind of the species problem. Trends Ecol Evol 2001;16:326–329. Hawley JH , Martzen MR , Peanasky RJ . Proteinase inhibitors in Ascarida. Parasitol Today 1994;10:308–313. Peng W , Yuan K , Hu M Experimental infections of pigs and mice with selected genotypes of Ascaris . Parasitology 2006;133:651–657. Liu GH , Wu CY , Song HQ Comparative analyses of the complete mitochondrial genomes of Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum fromhumans and pigs. Gene 2012;492:110–116. Zhu XQ , Chilton NB , Jacobs DE , Boes J , Gasser RB . Characterisation of Ascaris from human and pig hosts by nuclear ribosomal DNAsequences. Int J Parasitol 1999;29:469–478. Arizono N , Yoshimura Y , Tohzaka N Ascariasis in Japan: Is pig-derived Ascaris infecting humans? Jpn J Infect Dis 2010;63:447–448. Cavallero S , Snabel V , Pacella F , Perrone V , D'Amelio S . Phylogeographical studies of Ascaris spp. based on ribosomal andmitochondrial DNA sequences. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013;7:e2170. Nejsum P , Parker ED Jr , Frydenberg J Ascariasis is a zoonosis in Denmark. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:1142–1148. Snábel V , Taira K , Cavallero S , D'Amelio S , Rudohradská P , Saitoh Y . Genetic structure of Ascaris roundworm in Japan and patternsof its geographical variation. Jpn J Infect Dis 2012;65:179–183. Peng W , Yuan K , Zhou X , Hu M , El-Osta YG , Gasser R . Molecular epidemiological investigation of Ascaris genotypes in China basedon single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of ribosomal DNA. Electrophoresis 2003;24:2308–2315. Leles D , Araújo A , Paulo Vicente AC , Iňiguez AM . Molecular diagnosis of ascariasis from human feces and description of a new Ascarissp. genotype in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2009;163:167–170. Anderson TJ , Romero-Abal ME , Jaenike J . Genetic structure and epidemiology of Ascaris populations: Patterns of host affiliation inGuatemala. Parasitology 1993;107:319–334. Anderson TJC . The dangers of using single locus markers in parasite epidemiology: Ascaris as a case study. Trends Parasitol2001;17:183–188. Anderson TJC , Jaenike J . Host specificity, evolutionary relationships and macrogeographic differentiation among Ascaris populationsfrom human and pigs. Parasitology 1997;115:325–342. Nejsum P , Hawash MB , Betson M , Stothard JR , Gasser RB , Andersen LO . Ascaris phylogeny based on multiple whole mtDNAgenomes. Infect Genet Evol 2017;48:4–9. Betson M , Nejsum P , Bendall RP , Deb RM , Stothard JR . Molecular epidemiology of ascariasis: A global perspective on thetransmission dynamics of Ascaris in people and pigs. J Infect Dis 2014;210:932–941. Peng W , Criscione CD . Ascariasis in people and pigs: New inferences from DNA analysis of worm populations. Infect Genet Evol2012;12:227–235. Criscione CD , Anderson JD , Raby K Microsatellite markers for the human nematode parasite Ascaris lumbricoides: Development andassessment of utility. J Parasitol 2007;93:704–708. Zhou C , Li M , Yuan K , Hu N , Peng W . Phylogeography of Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum from China. Parasitol Res2011;109:329–338. Iñiguez AM , Leles D , Jaeger LH , Carvalho-Costa FA , Araújo A , Amazonas Research Group . Genetic characterisation and molecularepidemiology of Ascaris spp. from humans and pigs in Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012;106:604–612.

Søe MJ , Kapel CM , Nejsum P . Ascaris from humans and pigs appear to be reproductively isolated species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 20161;10(9):e0004855. Geenen, P.L. , Bresciani, J. , Boes, J. The morphogenesis of Ascaris suum to the infective third-stage larvae within the egg. J Parasitol1999;85(4):616–622. Lewis R , Behnke JM , Cassidy JP , Stafford P , Murray N , Holland CV . The migration of Ascaris suum larvae, and the associatedpulmonary inflammatory response in susceptible C57BL/6j and resistant CBA/Ca mice. Parasitology 2007;134(9):1301–1314. Kim MK , Pyo KH , Hwang YS Effect of temperature on embryonation of Ascaris suum eggs in an environmental chamber. Korean JParasitol 2012;50(3):239–242. Strunz EC , Addiss DG , Stocks ME , Ogden S , Utzinger J , Freeman MC . Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminthinfection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Med. 2014 25;11(3):e1001620. Oswald WE , Stewart AE , Kramer MR Association of community sanitation usage with soil-transmitted helminth infections among school-aged children in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2017;10(1):91. Yu W , Ross AG , Olveda RM Risk of human helminthiases: Geospatial distribution and targeted control. Intl J Infect Dis 2017;55:131–138. Al-Mekhlafi AM , Abdul-Ghani R , Al-Eryani SM , Saif-Ali R , Mahdy MA . School-based prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections andassociated risk factors in rural communities of Sana'a, Yemen. Acta Trop. 2016;163:135–141. Yapi RB , Chammartin F , Hürlimann E Bayesian risk profiling of soil-transmitted helminth infections and estimates of preventivechemotherapy for school-aged children in Côte d'Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 2016;9:162. Criscione CD , Anderson JD , Sudimack D Landscape genetics reveals focal transmission of a human macroparasite. PLOS Negl TropDis. 2010;4(4):e665. Nejsum P , Betson M , Bendall RP , Thamsborg SM , Stothard JR . Assessing the zoonotic potential of Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis:Looking to the future from an analysis of the past. J Helminthol 2012;86(2):148–155. Wani I , Rather M , Naikoo G , Amin A , Mushtaq S , Naziret M . Intestinal ascariasis in children. World J Surg 2010; 34(5):963. Mishra PK , Agrawal A , Joshi M , Sanghvi B , Shah H , Parelkar SV . Intestinal obstruction in children due to Ascariasis: A tertiary healthcentre experience. Afr J Paediatr Surg 2008;5:65–70. de Silva NR , Guyatt HL , Bundy DA . Worm burden in intestinal obstruction caused by Ascaris lumbricoides . Trop Med Int Health1997;2:189–190. Hlaing T . Ascariasis and childhood malnutrition. Parasitology 1993;107(Suppl):S125. Chehayeb JF , Robertson AP , Martin RJ , Geary TG . Proteomic analysis of adult Ascaris suum fluid compartments and secretoryproducts. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2014;8(6):e2939. World Health Organization (WHO) . 2012. Bench aids for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites – Library cataloguing in library data.Available at: www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/37323 Brandonisio O , Bruschi F , Genchi C , Pozio E Ed. Ambrosiana 2013 Chapter 34: Ascariosi. In: Parassitologia medica e diagnosiparassitologica. Available at: https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1txUqghK6rJZHpLeDNEV3l4eW8/view Pinelli E , Herremans T , Harms MG , Hoek D , Kortbeek LM . Toxocara and Ascaris seropositivity among patients suspected of visceraland ocular larva migrans in the Netherlands: Trends from 1998 to 2009. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;30(7):873–879. Pullan RL , Smith JL , Jasrasaria R , Brooker SJ . Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in2010. Parasit Vectors 2014;7:37. Vercruysse J , Behnke JM , Albonico M Assessment of the anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole in school children in seven countries wheresoil-transmitted helminths are endemic. PLOS Neglect Trop Dis 2011;5(3):e948. Müller F , Tobler H . Chromatin diminution in the parasitic nematodes Ascaris suum and Parascaris univalens . Int J Parasitol2000;30:391–399. Hotez PJ , Brindley PJ , Bethony JM , King CH , Pearce EJ , Jacobson J . Helminth infections: The great neglected tropical diseases. JClin Invest 2008;118:1311–1321. Cantacessi C , Campbell BE , Jex AR Bioinformatics meets parasitology. Parasite Immunol. 2012;34:265–275. Mangiola S , Young ND , Korhonen P Getting the most out of parasitic helminth transcriptomes using HelmDB: Implications for biology andbiotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2013;31(8):1109–1119. Jex AR , Liu S , Li B Ascaris suum draft genome. Nature 2011;479:529–533. Ma X , Zhu Y , Li C Comparative transcriptome sequencing of germline and somatic tissues of the Ascaris suum gonad. BMC Genomics.2011;1;12:481. Rosa BA , Jasmer DP , Mitreva M . Genome-wide tissue-specific gene expression, co-expression and regulation of co-expressed genes inadult nematode Ascaris suum . PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2014;8(2):e2678. Shao CC , Xu MJ , Alasaad S Comparative analysis of microRNA profiles between adult Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum . BMCVet Res. 2014;10:99.

Eustrongylides Lichtenfels JR , Lavies B . Mortality in red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, due to larval nematode, Eustrongylides sp.Lab Anim Sci 1976;26:465–467. Franson JC , Custer TW . Prevalence of Eustrongylidosis in wading birds from colonies in California, Texas and Rhode Island, USA. ColonWaterbirds 1994;17:168–172. Frederick PC , McGehee SM , Spalding MG . Prevalence of Eustrongylides ignotus in mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) in Florida:Historical and regional comparisons. J Wildl Dis 1996;32:552–555. Asakawa M , Kimoto Y , Murata K . First record of Eustrongylides tubifex (Dioctophymatidae) from little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis inJapan. J Vet Med Sci. 1997;59(10):955–956. Spalding MG , Bancroft TB , Forrester DJ . The epizootiology of eustrongylidosis in wading birds (Ciconiiformes) in Florida. J Wildl Dis1993;29:237–249.

Roffe TJ . Eustrongylides sp. epizootic in young common egrets (Casmerodius albus). Avian Dis 1988;32:143–147. Urdeş L , Hangan M , Diaconescu C , Ianiţchi D , Serafim V . Eustrongylidosis occurrence in freshwater fish from the Danubian Delta area.Lucrări Ştiinţifice-Zootehnie şi Biotehnologii . Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară a Banatului Timişoara.2008;41(2):182–186. Bowdish BS . Heron mortality caused by Eustrongylides ignotus . Auk 1948;65:602–603. Chapin EA . Eustrongylides ignotus Jagersk in the United States. J Parasitol 1926;13:86–87. Cooper CL , Crites JL , Springkle-Fastzkie JS . Population biology and behaviour of larval Eustrongylides tubifex (Nematoda:Dioctophymatidae) in poikilothermous hosts. J Parasitol 1978;64:102–107. Cram EB . Eustrongylides ignotus from the black-crowned night heron. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 1933;20:71. Jagerskiold LA . Nematodes aus Aegypten und dem Sudan. Results of the Swedish Zoological Expedition to Egypt and the White Nile1901 1909;3:1–66. Locke LN . Heron and egret losses due to verminous peritonitis. Avian Dis 1961;5:135–138. Windingstad RM , Swineford DM . Eustrongylides and pesticide levels in a great blue heron shot in Wisconsin. Prairie Nat 1981;13:61–62. Yanong RPE . Nematode (roundworm) infections in fish. Circular 91, Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Florida CooperativeExtension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. 2006. Abram JB , Lichtenfels JR . Larval Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea) from otter, Lutra canadensis, in Maryland. ProcHelminthol Soc Wash 1974;41:253. Von Brand T , Cullinan RP . Physiological observations upon a larval Eustrongylides. V. The behavior in abnormal warm blooded hosts.Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 1943;10:29–33. Bangham RV . Parasites of fresh-water fish of southern Florida. Proc Florida Acad Sci 1940;5:289–307. Karmanova EM . Dioctophymidea of Animals and Man and Diseases Caused by Them. Fundamentals of Nematology. Vol. 20. Amerind,New York, NY. 1986. Lichtenfels JR , Pilitt PA . Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea): Differentiation of third- and fourth-stage larvae from Killifish,Fundulus sp., collected in Chesapeake Bay Area, U.S.A. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 1986;53:144–148. Molnar K , Buchmann K , Szekely C . Phylum Nematoda. In: Fish Disease and Disorders (ed. by P.T.K. Woo ), vol. I, 2006; 417–430, 2ndedition, University of Guelph, Canada. Novakov N , Bjelic-Cabrilo O , Cirkovic M Eustrongylidosis of European catfish (Siluris glanis). Bulg J Agric Sci (Suppl) 2013;1:72–76. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Intestinal perforation caused by larval Eustrongylides—Maryland. MMWR 1982;31:383–384. Eberhard ML , Hurwitz H , Sun AM , Coletta D . Intestinal perforation caused by larval Eustrongylides (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea) inNew Jersey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989;40:648–650. Narr LL , O'Donnell JG , Libster B , Alessi P , Abraham D . Eustrongylidiasis: A parasitic infection acquired by eating live minnow. J AmOsteopath Assoc 1996;96:400–402. Wittner M , Turner JW , Jacquette G , Ash LR , Salgo MP , Tanowitz HB . Eustrongylidiasis: A parasitic infection acquired by eating sushi.N Engl J Med 1989;320:1124–1126. European Commission . Commission Regulation of 5 December 2005N°2074/2005 laying down implementing measures for certainproducts under Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council and for the organization of official controlsunder Regulation (EC) No 854/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 882/2004 of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council, derogating from Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council andamending Regulations (EC) No 853/2004 and (EC) No 854/2004 (EC 853/2004 rev). In: Official Journal, L 238, 22.12.2005. Rudolphi CA . Entozoorum synopsis cui accedunt mantissa duplex et indices locuple tissirni. Berolini. 1819. Coyner DF , Schaack SR , Spalding MG , Forrester DJ . Altered predation susceptibility of mosquito fish infected with Eustrongylidesignotus . J Wildl Dis 2001;37.3:556–560. Spalding MG , Forrester DJ . Pathogenesis of Eustrongylides ignotus (Nematode: Dioctophymatoidea) in Ciconiiformes. J Wildl Dis1993;29:250–260. Wiese JH , Davidson WR , Nettles VF . Large scale mortality of nestling ardeids caused by nematode infection. J Wildl Dis1977;13:376–382. Winterfield RW , Kazacos KR . Morbidity and mortality of great blue herons in Indiana caused by Eustrongylides ignotus . Avian Dis1977;21:448–451. Overstreet RM . Marine Maladies? Worms, Germs, and Other Symbionts from the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Mississippi Alabama SeaGrant Consortium, MASGP-78-021, Ocean Springs, MS. 1978. Yanong RPE . Nematode (Roundworm) Infections in Fish. EDIS: n. page. University of Florida. Web. 2012. Measures LN . Revision of the genus Eustrongylides Jagerskiold, 1909 (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea) of piscivorous birds. Can J Zool1988c;66:885–895. Anderson RC . Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Their Development and Transmission. 2nd Ed., CABI, Wallingford, 2000; 650 pp. Bjelić-Čabrilo O , Novakov N , Ćirković M The first determination of Eustrongylides excisus Jägerskiöld, 1909—Larvae (Nematoda:Dioctophymatidae) in the pike-perch Sander luciopercain Vojvodina (Serbia). Helminthologia 2013;50(4):291–294. Moravec F . Nematodes parasitic in fishes as larvae. In: Parasitic Nematodes of freshwater Fishes of Europe. 1994;374–384. KluwerAcademic, Dordrecht. Gibson D . Eustrongylides Jägerskiöld, 1909. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species athttp://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=22887. 2017. Crites JL , Snyder FL . Reducing “Red Worm” Parasites in Your Lake Erie Yellow Perch Catch. Ohio Sea Grant (2003), The Ohio StateUniversity, 2013. Branciari R , Ranucci D , Miraglia D Occurrence of parasites of the genus Eustrongylides spp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) in fishcaught in Trasimeno lake, Italy. Ital J Food Saf 2016;5(6130):206–209. Lezama JR , Sarabia DO . Histological lesions in skeletal muscle, caused by Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda: Dictiophymatoidae) larvae inedible frogs from Lake Cuitzeo, in the state of Michoacan, in Mexico. Veterinaria (Mex) 2002;33(3):335–341. Measures LN . The development of Eustrongylides tubifex (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea) in oligochaetes. J Parasitol 1988;74:294–304. Cole RA . Eustrongylidosis. In: Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases: General Field Procedures and Diseases of Birds (ed. by M. Friend andJ.C. Franson ), 1999; 223–228. Biological Resources Division, Information and Technology Report 1999–2001, U.S. Geological Survey,Washington.

Rautela AS , Malhotra SK . Nematode fauna of high altitude avian hosts in Garhwal Himalayan ecosystem. I. Eustrongylides spinispiculumn. sp. and revised key to the genus Eustrongylides Jagerskiold (1909). Kor J Parasitol 1984;22:242–247. Bursey CR . Histological aspects of natural Eustrongyloid infections in the northern water snake, Nerodia sipedon . J Wildl Dis.1986;22:527–532. Mihalca AD , Fictum P , Skoric M Severe granulomatous lesions in several organs from Eustrongylides larvae in a free-ranging dice snake,Natrix tessellate . Vet Pathol 2007;44:103–105. Yildirimhan HS , Bursey CR , Goldberg SR . Helminth parasites of the grass snake, Natrix natrix, and the dice snake, Natrix tessellata(Serpentes: Colubridae), from Turkey. Comp Parasitol 2007;74:343–344. Junker K , Bain O , Boomker J . Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea) from the stomach of a Nile crocodile, Crocodylusniloticus Laurenti, 1768, in Botswana. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2006;73(4):315–317. McAllister CT , Bursey CR , Fayton TJ , Robison HW , Trauth SE . New host and geographic distributional records for Eustrongylides sp.(Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea: Dioctophymatidae) from Eight Vertebrates (Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia) from Arkansas, Oklahomaand Texas. Proc Okla Acad Sci 2015;95:26–32. Xiong F , Wang GT , Wu SG , Nie P . Development of Eustrongylides ignotus (Nematoda: Dioctophmida) in domestic ducks (Anasplatyrhinchos domestica (L.)). J Parasitol 2009;95:1035–1039. Chitwood BG , Chitwood MB . Introduction to Nematology. University Park Press, Baltimore, MD, 1974. Mitchum DL . Parasites of fishes in Wyoming. Wyoming game and fish department, Cheyenne, WY. Overstreet R.M. (2003) presidentialaddress: Flavor buds and other delights . J Parasitol 1995;89:1093–1107. Overstreet RM . Presidential address: Flavor buds and other delights. J Parasitol 2003;89:1093–1107. Kaur P , Shrivastav R , Dar BA , Jha GN , Qureshi TA . Suppression of ovarian development in freshwater fish due to endo-helminthicinfection. Indian J Fish 2015;62(3):128–132. Kaur P , Shrivastav R , Qureshi TA . Pathological effects of Eustrongylides sp. arvae (Dioctophymatidae) infection in freshwater fish,Glossogobius giuris (ham.) with special reference to ovaries. J Parasit Dis 2013;37:245–250. Guerin PF , Marapendi S , MC Grail L . The parasite body was covered by a transversely striated cuticle. MMWR 1982;31:383–389. Eberhard ML , Ruiz-Tiben E . Case report: Cutaneous emergence of eustrongylides in two persons from South Sudan. Am J Trop MedHyg 2014;90(2):315–317. Deardorff TL , Overstreet RM . Sea food transmitted zoonoses in the United States: The fishes, the dishes, and the worms. In:Microbiology of Marine Food Products (ed. by D.R. Ward and C.R. Hackney ), Springer, Boston, MA, 1991;211–265. Cooper CL , Crites JL , Springkle-Fastzkie JS . Experimental and natural infections of Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) inwater fowl and shore birds. Avian Dis 1978;22:790–792. Ballweber LR . Waterfowl parasites. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 2004;13(4):197–205. Spalding MG , Smith JP , Forrester DJ . Natural and experimental infections of Eustrongylides ignotus: Effect on growth and survival ofnestling wading birds. Auk 1994;111(2):328–336. Spalding M , Forrester D . “Eustrongylidosis.” Trans. Array Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds. 2009; 289–315. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames. Paperna I . Hosts distribution and pathology of infections with larvae of Eustrongylides (Dioctophymidae, Nematoda) in fish from EastAfrican lakes. J. Fish Biol. 1974;6:67–76. Mohammad R , Iraj M , Mahzad AM , Behyar J , Bagher AF , Saeed SS . Occurrence and intensity rate of internal Metazoan parasites inRutilus frisii kutum and the first report of Dioctophyma renale (Nematoda: Dioctophymidae) in Iran. World J Zool 2011;6(1):91–97. Gunby P . One worm in the minnow equals too many in the gut. JAMA 1982;248:163. Ljubojevic D , Novakov N , Djordjevic V , Radosavljevic V , Pelic M , Cirkovic M . Potential parasitic hazards for humans in fish meat. ProcFood Sci 2015;5:172–175. Friend M , Franson J . “Eustrongylidosis.” Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases General Field Procedures and Diseases of Birds. U.S. Dept. ofthe Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC, N. page. Print. 1999. Spalding M . Antemortem diagnosis of Eustrongylidosis in wading birds (Ciconiiformes). Colon Waterbird 1990;13(1):75–77. Murrell KD . Fishborne zoonotic parasites: Epidemiology, detection and elimination. Lactic acid bacteria in fish preservation. In: Safety andQuality Issues in Fish Processing (ed. by H.A. Bremner ), 2002; 114–141. Woodhead Publishing; CRC Press, New York. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . Fish and Fisheries Products Hazards and Controls Guidance. 3rd Edition. FDA, Center forFood Safety and Applied Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA. 2001. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . Checking imported, domestic shrimp, crab meat for Listeria . Food Chem News 1987;17:7–8. Chieffi PP , Gorla MCO , Vieira Tores DMAG . Human infection by Phagicola sp. (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) in the municipality ofRegistro, São Paulo State, Brazil. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo 1992;32:285–288. Okomura MPM , Derez ACA , Espindola A . Principais zoonoses parasitárias transmitidas por pescado—Revisão. Rev Ed Cont1999;2:66–80. Eiras JC , Pavanelli GC , Takemoto RM , Yamaguchi MU , Karkling LC , Nawa Y . Potential risk of fish-borne nematode infections inhumans in Brazil—Current status based on a literature review. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2016;5:1–6. Ciganovich EA , Redman PJ , Stenback RS . USGS National Wildlife Health Center Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases. Birds2013;29:223–228. Lichtenfels JR , Stroup CF . Eustrongylides sp. (Nematode: Dioctophymatidea): First report of an invertebrate host (Oligochaeta:Tubificidae) in North America. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 1985;52:320–323. Railliet A . Dioctophymoidea (ord. nom. n.). Rec Med Vet 1915;92:521.

Gnathostoma Miyazaki I . On the genus Gnathostoma and human gnathostomiasis, with special reference to Japan. Exp Parasitol 1960;9:338–370. Daengsvang S . Gnathostomiasis in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1981;12:319–332. Waikagul J , Diaz Chamacho SP . Gnathostomiasis. In: Murrell KD , Fried B , ed. Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses. World class parasites,Vol. 11. New York, NY: Springer, 2007:235–261.

Nawa Y , Maleewong W , Intapan PM Gnathostoma . In: Xiao L , Ryan U , Feng Y , eds. Biology of Foodborne Parasites. New York, NY:CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2015:405–420. Moore DA , McCroddan J , Dekumyoy P Gnathostomiasis: An emerging imported disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:647–650. Clément-Rigolet MC , Danis M , Caumes E . Gnathostomosis, an exotic disease increasingly imported into Western countries]. PresseMed 2004;33:1527–1532. (in French) Hale DC , Blumberg L , Frean J . Case report: Gnathostomiasis in two travelers to Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003;68:707–709. Herman JS , Wall EC , van-Tulleken C Gnathostomiasis acquired by British tourists in Botswana. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:594–597. Jeremiah CJ , Harangozo CS , Fuller AJ . Gnathostomiasis in remote northern Western Australia: The first confirmed cases acquired inAustralia. Med J Aust 2011;4;195:42–44. Mulroy E , Simpson M , Frith R . Thoracic myelopathy due to gnathostomiasis acquired in New Zealand. Am J Trop Med Hyg2016;95:868–870. Kurokawa M , Ogata K , Sagawa S Cutaneous and visceral larva migrans due to Gnathostoma doloresi infection via an unusual route.Arch Dermatol 1998;134:638–639. Boongird P , Phuapradit P , Siridej N Neurological manifestations of gnathostomiasis. J Neurol Sci 1977;31:279–291. Schmutzhard E , Boongird P , Vejjajiva A . Eosinophilic meningitis and radiculomyelitis in Thailand, caused by CNS invasion ofGnathostoma spinigerum and Angiostrongylus cantonensis . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:80–87. Katchanov J , Sawanyawisuth K , Chotmongkoi V Neurognathostomiasis, a neglected parasitosis of the central nervous system. EmergInfect Dis 2011;17:1174–1180. Daengsvang S . A Monograph on the Genus Gnathostoma and Gnathostomiasis in Thailand. Southeast Asian Medical Information Center,Tokyo, Japan, 1980:85. Kim HS , Lee JJ , Joo M Gnathostoma hispidum infection in a Korean man returning from China. Korean J Parasitol 2010;48:259–261. Nomura Y , Nagakura K , Kagei N Gnathostomiasis possibly caused by Gnathostoma malaysiae . Tokai J Exp Clin Med 2000;25:1–6. Miyazaki I . An Illustrated Book of Helminthic Zoonoses. Tokyo: International Medical Foundation of Japan, 1991. Koga M , Akahane H , Ishii Y . Surface ultrastructure of adults and eggs of Gnathostoma spinigerum (Nematoda, Gnathostomatidae).Trans Am Microsc Soc 1991;110:315–320. Díaz-Camacho SP , Delgado-Vargas F , Willms K Intra-hepatic growth and maturation of Gnathostoma turgidum in the natural definitiveopossum host, Didelphis virginiana . Parasitol Int 2010;59:338–343. Akahane H , Sano T , Mako T . Morphological differences of the advanced third-stage larvae of G. spinigerum, G. hispidum and G. doloresi. Jpn J Parasitol 1986;35:465–467. Janwan P , Intapan PM , Sanpool O Growth and development of Gnathostoma spinigerum (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) larvae inMesocyclops aspericornis (Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae). Parasit Vectors 2011;4:93. Pérez-Álvarez Y , García-Prieto L , Osorio Sarabia D , Lamothe-Argumedo MR , Leon Régagnon V . Present distribution of the genusGnathostoma (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) in Mexico. Zootaxa 2008;1930:39–55. de Górgolas Hernández-Mora M , Fernández Guerrero ML . [Gnathostomiasis: An increasing disease among travellers]. Med Clin (Barc)2005;125:190–192. Xuan LT , Hoa PTL , Dekumyoy P Gnathostoma infection in South Vietnam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2004;35(suppl1):97–99. Lazo RF . Gnathostomiasis in Ecuador. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Health 2004;35:92–96. Vonghachack Y , Dekumyoy P , Yoonuan T Sero-epidemiological survey of gnathostomiasis in Lao PDR. Parasitol Int 2010;59:599–605. Chikweto A , Bhaiyat MI , Mofya S , Sharma RN . Gnathostomiasis in a dog in Rusaka, Zambia. Int J Vet Med: Res Reports.2015;2015:330445. Jeunon de Sousa Vargas T , Kahler S , Dib C Autochthonous gnathostomiasis, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(12):2087–2089. Ollague W . Gnathostomiasis (nodular migratory eosinophilic paniculitis). J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:835–836. Ollague W , Ollague J , Guevara de Veliz A Human gnathostomiasis in Ecuador (nodular migratory eosinophilic panniculitis: First finding ofthe parasite in South America. Int J Dermatol 1984;23:647–651. Jiménez PJ , Alava JJ . Infección por Gnathostoma (Spirurida: Gnathostomatidae) en Hoplias microlepis: Prevalencia, correlación con latalla del pez, huéspedes e implicaciones para salud pública en Ecuador. Biomedica 2009;29:591–603. Almeyda-Artigas RJ , Bargues MD , Mas-Coma S . ITS-2 rDNA sequencing of Gnathostoma species (Nematoda) and elucidation of thespecies causing gnathostomiasis in the Americas. J Parasitol 2000;86:537–544. Pelaez D , Pérez-Reyes R . Gnathostomiasis humana en América. Rev Lati- noamer Microbiol 1970;12:83–91. Tarango Martínez VM , Rojas Castañeda RG , Barba Borrego JA Gnatostomiasis, variedad pseudofurunculosa. Dermatología Rev Mex2011;55:84–94. de Peña J , Navarrete G , de Alba L Gnatostomiasis confirmada histológicamente. Dermatología Rev Mex 2006;50:31–33. (in Spanish withEnglish abstract) Nawa Y , Katchanov J , Yoshikawa M Ocular gnathostomiasis: A comprehensive review. J Trop Med Parasitol 2010;33:77–86. Lamothe-Argumedo R . Gnatostomiasis ocular en México. Rev Mex Oftalmol 2005;79:118–120. Diaz-Camacho SP , Willms K , Ramos MZ Morphology of Gnathostoma spp. isolated from natural hosts in Sinaloa, Mexico. Parasitol Res2002;88:639–645. Diaz-Camacho SP , Willms K , de la Cruz-Otero MC Acute outbreak to gnathostomiasis in a fishing community in Sinaloa, Mexico.Parasitol Int 2003;52:133–140. Costa Alfaro H , Bravo Puccio FG , Valdes L Paniculitis nodular migratoria eosinofílica en el Perú (gnathostomiasis humana). Informe deonce casos, posibles causas y revisión de la literature. Folia Dermatol Peru 2001;12:21–35. (in Spanish with English abstract) Álvarez P , Morales A , Bravo F . Gnathostomiasis, experiencia en una práctica privada en Lima-Perú. Folia derm. Perú 2011;22:67–74. Laga AC , Lezcano C , Ramos C Cutaneous gnathostomiasis: Report of 6 cases with emphasis on histopathological demonstration of thelarva. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;68:301–305. Bruno C , Napoli A , González N Gnathosomiasis: Case report and revision. Prensa Medica Argentina 2008;95:462–465. Bommer W . Massive subkutane gnathostomiasis nach aufenthalt in Peru—Erfolgreiche therapie mit albendazol. Wiener KlinischeWochenschrift 2004;116:61–64. (in German with English abstract)

Chappuis F , Farinelli T , Loutan L . Ivermectin treatment of a traveler who returned from Peru with cutaneous gnathostomiasis. Clin InfectDis 2001;33:17–19. Dani CM , Mota KF , Sanchotene PV [Gnathostomiasis in Brazil: Case report]. An Bras Dermatol 2009;84:400–404. Jarell AD , Dans MJ , Elston DM Gnathostomiasis in a patient who frequently consumes sushi. Am J of Dermatopathol 2011;33:E91–E93. Cole RA , Choudhury A , Nico LG Gnathostoma spp. in live Asian swamp eels (Monopterus spp.) from foods markets and wild populationsUnited States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:634–642. Ahmad R . Some aspects of parasites of East Pakistan. Agric Pakist 1962;13:109. Shaikh H , Hug MM , Rahman MS Trial with Promintic in the treatment of gnathostomiasis in cat. Pakistan J Vet Sc 1968;2:200. Bashirullah AKM . Occurrence of Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 1836, in Dacca, Bangladesh. J Parasitol 1972;58:187–188. Qahtani F , Deschenes J , Ali-Khan Z Intraocular gnathostomiasis: A rare Canadian case. Can J Ophpthalmol 2000;35:35–39. Grobusch MP , Bergmann F , Teichmann D Cutaneous gnathostomiasis in a woman from Bangladesh. Int J Infect Dis 2000;4:51–54. Mazaud R , Audebaud G , Brumpt V A case of human gnathostomosis in Cambodia. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1973;66:320–324. (inFrench) Morishita K , Faust EC . Two new cases of human creeping disease (gnathostomiasis) in China with a note on the infection in reservoirhosts in the China area. J Parasitol 1925;11:158. Andrew MN . The helminth parasites of dogs and cats in Shanghai, China. J Helminthol 1937;15:145–152. Li X . Food-borne parasitic zoonoses in the People's Republic of China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1991;22:31–35. Li DM , Chen XR , Zhou JS Short report: Case of gnathostomiasis in Beijing, China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009;80:185–187. Cui J , Wang Y , Wang ZQ . Cutaneous gnathostomiasis with recurrent migratory nodule and persistent eosinophilia: A case report fromChina. Korean J Parasitol 2013;51:467–470. Akahane H , Sano M , Kobayashi M . Three cases of human gnathostomiasis caused by Gnathostoma hispidum, with particular referenceto the identification of parasitic larvae. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Health 1998;29:611–614. Sohn WM , Kho WG , Lee SH . Larval Gnathostoma nipponicum found in the imported Chinese loaches. Korean J Parasitol1993;31:347–352. Lie KJ . A case of gnathostomiasis in Indonesia. Doc Ned Indones Morb Trop 1949;1:368–370. Miyazaki I . Gnathostoma doloresi Tubangui, 1925 from pigs in New Guinea. J Parasitol 1968;54:186–187. Margono SS , Indris KN , Brodjonegoro NS . Another case of human gnathostomiasis in Indonesia. Southeast Asia J Trop Med PublicHealth 1978;9:406–408. Hadidjaja P , Margono SS , Moeloek FA . Gnathostoma spinigerum from the cervix of a woman in Jakarta. Am J Trop Med Hyg1979;28:161–162. Permadi I , Suratma A , Damriyasa I . Prevalensi Cacing Nematoda pada Babi. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus 2012;1: 596–606. (inIndonesia) Adams ARD . Report on a collection of nematodes from the Federation Malay States. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1933;27:1. Miyazaki I , Dunn FL . Gnathostoma malaysiae sp. n. from rats on Tioman Island, Malaysia (Nematoda: Gnathostomidae). J Parasitol1965;51:382–384. Kamiya H , Kamiya M , Ohbayashi M Gnathostoma malaysiae Miyazaki and Dunn, 1965 from Rattus surifer in Thailand. Southeast Asian JTrop Med Public Health 1987;18:121–126. Thuraisingam V , Tan Ewe Aik P , Sandosham AA . A presumptive case of gnathostomiasis in Malaysia. Med J Malaya 1969;24:107–112. Bathrick ME , Mango CA , Mueller JF . Intraocular gnathostomiasis. Ophthalmology 1981;88:1293–1295. Gyi K . Intra-ocular gnathostomiasis. Br J Ophthalmol 1960;44:42–45. Mokhtar E , Alias A , Abd Ghani Z A live intraocular Gnathostoma spp. with diffuse unilateral subacute Neuroretinitis. Int Med J 2003;2:C3. Wharton D . The intestinal worms of dogs in the Philippines Islands. J Parasitol 1917;4:80–82. Tubangui MA . Metazoan parasites of Philippine domestic animals. Philip J Sci 1925;28:11. Africa CM , Refuerzo PG , Garzia EY . Observation on the life cycle of Gnathostoma spinigerum . Phillip J Sci 1936;59:513–521. Arambulo PV . A Summary of Zoonoses in the Philippines. The American Veterinary Epidemiology Society, Kentucky, USA, 1971:29. Tudor RC , Blair E . Gnathostoma spinigerum: An unusual cause of ocular nematodiasis in the Western Hemisphere. Am J Ophthalmol1971;72:185–190. Eduardo SE . Food-borne parasitic zoonoses in the Philippines. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Health 1991;22:16–22. Samarasinghe S , Perera BJ , Ratnasena BG . First two cases of gnathostomiasis in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Med J 2002;47:96–97. Nawa Y . Historical review and current status of gnathostomiasis in Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1991;22:217–219. Ando K . Gnathostomiasis in Japan. In: Arizono N , Chai JY , Nawa Y , Takahashi Y , eds. Asian Parasitology, vol. 1: Food-BorneHelminthiasis in Asia. Japan: FAP Journal, 2005:231–239. Kim YK . A study on Gnathostoma (1) An investigation into the geographical distribution of larvae on the second-third stage in GyengsangNam do. Bull Fusan Natl Univ (Natur Sci) 1973;15:111–116. Sohn WM , Lee SH . The first discovery of larval Gnathostoma hispidum (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) from a snake host, Agkistrodonbrevicaudus . Korean J Parasitol 1998;36:81–89. Han ET , Park JH , Shin ER Surface ultrastructure of the advanced third stage larvae of Gnathostoma nipponicum found in the republic ofKorea. Proceedings of First International Meeting of Gnathosomosis, Mexico 2002:78. Lee SH , Hong ST , Chai JY . Description of a male Gnathostoma spinigerum recovered from a Thai Woman with meningoencephalitis.Korean J Parasitol 1988;26:33–38. Chai JY , Han ET , Shin EH An outbreak of gnathostomiasis among Korean emigrants in Myanmar. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003;69:67–73. Bae EY , Koh BK , Kim JW . A case of human gnathostomiasis successfully treated with ivermectin. Ann Dermatol (Korea) 2006;18:33–36. Yang JH , Kim M , Kim ES Imported intraocular gnathostomiasis with subretinal tracks confirmed by western blot assay. Korean J Parasitol2012;50:73–78. Lo Re V 3rd , Gluckman SJ . Eosinophilic meningitis due to Gnathostoma spinigerum . J Infect 2002;45:117–120. Kim JH , Lim H , Hwang YS Gnathostoma spinigerum infection in the upper lip of a Korean woman: An autochthonous case in Korea.Korean J Parasitol 2013;51:343–347. Scholz T , Uhlirova M , Ditrich O . Helminth parasites of cats from the Vientiane province, Laos, as indicators of the occurrence ofcausative agents of human parasitoses. Parasite 2003;10:343–350.

Jongthawin J , Intapan PM , Sanpool O Molecular phylogenetic confirmation of Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 1836 (Nematoda:Gnathostomatidae) in Laos and Thailand. Folia Parasitol (Praha). 2016;63:002. Stowens D , Simon G . Gnathostomiasis in Oneida County. N Y State J Med 1981;81:409–410. Kagen CN , Vance JC , Simpson M . Gnathostomiasis. Infestation in an Asian immigrant. Arch Dermatol 1984;120:508–510. Horohoe JJ , Ritterson AL , Chessin LN . Urinary gnathostomiasis. JAMA 1984;25:255–256. Norcross WA , Johnson BN , Ganiats TG Urinary gnathostomiasis in a Laotian refugee. J Am Board Fam Pract 1992;5:533–535. Chabasse D , Cauchy AC , de Gentile L [Human gnathostomiasis manifested by cutaneous larva migrans syndrome. Apropos of a case].Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1988;81:326–331. [in French] Hennies F , Jappe U , Kapaun A Gnathostomiasis: Import from Laos. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2006;4:414–416. Khin T . Intra-ocular gnathostomiasis. Br J Ophthalmol 1968;52:57–60. Yu CY , Lin CL , Liu JH . Gnathostomiatic endophthalmitis-case report. Chin J Ophthalmol PRC 1984;23:374–381. Jung BK , Lee JJ , Pyo KH Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum third-stage larvae in snakeheads purchased from a central part ofMyanmar. Korean J Parasitol 2008;46:285–288. Rojekittikhun W . Gnathostomiasis in Thailand. In: Arizono N , Chai JY , Nawa Y , Takahashi Y , eds. Food-Borne Helminthiasis in Asia.Asian Parasitology. Vol 1. Japan: FAP Journal, 2005:241–259. Jongthawin J , Intapan PM , Sanpool O Three human gnathostomiasis cases in Thailand with molecular identification of causative parasitespecies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;93: 615–618. Eamsobhana P , Wanachiwanawin D , Roongruangchai K Genetic diversity of infective larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum(Nematoda:Gnathostomatidae) in freshwater swamp eels from Thailand. J Helminthol 2016;28:1–5. Hoa LV , Ai NV , Luyen TV . Gnathostomes et gnathostomose humaine au Viet-Nam. Bulletin Pathologie Exotic 1965;58: 118–124. Vinh NQ . Clinical features of gnathostomiasis in adult. H.C.M.C. Med Magaz 2001;1:100–102. Hoan NH , Pham Y , Luyen TV Cerebromyelitis caused by Gnathostoma sp., a review of 4 cases detected at Choray Hospital. H.C.M.C.Med Magaz 2001;1:100–102. Xuan LT , Rojekittikhun W , Punpoowong B Case report: Intraocular gnathostomiasis in Vietnam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med PublicHealth 2002;33:485–489. Le Rouk PL . Gnathostoma spinigerum in Northern Rhodesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1958;52:14. Chhuon H , Sangkim K , Voeunthal Y . [Mobile edema of the face and neck followed by intraocular localization of Gnathostoma spinigerum]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1976;69:347–351. (in French) Müller-Stöver I , Richter J , Häussinger D . [Infection with Gnathostoma spinigerum as a cause of eosinophilic oesophagitis]. Dtsch MedWochenschr 2004;129:1973–1975. (in German) Heydon GM . Creeping eruption or larva migrans in North Queensland and a note on the worm Gnathostoma spinigerum (Owen). Med J1929:1(18):583–591. Olds RJ . Gnathostoma spinigrum (Owen, 1836) in North Queensland. Aust Vet J 1952;29:124. Moorhouse DE , Bhaibulaya M , Jones HI . Suspected human gnathostomiasis in Queensland. Med J Aust 1970;2:250. Bussaratid V , Dekumyoy P , Desakorn V Predictive factors for Gnathostoma seropositivity in patients visiting the Gnathostomiasis Clinic atthe Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Thailand during 2000–2005. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2010;41:1316–1321. Witenberg G , Jacoby J , Steckelmacher S . A case of ocular gnathostomiasis. Ophtalmologia 1960;119:114. Anderson RC . Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Their Development and Transmission. Wallingford: C.A.B. International,1992:339–342. Montero E , Montero J , Jose Rosales M Human gnathostomosis in Spain: First report in humans. Acta Trop 2001;78:59–62. Puente S , Gárate T , Grobusch MP Two cases of imported gnathostomiasis in Spanish women. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis2002;21:617–620. Górgolas M , Santos-O'Connor F , Unzú AL Cutaneous and medullar gnathostomiasis in travelers to Mexico and Thailand. J Travel Med2003;10:358–361. Oliván-Gonzalvo G . [Gnathostomiasis after a trip to China for international adoption]. Med Clin (Barc). 2006;126:758–759. (in Spanish) Godoy-Gijón E , Belhassen-García M , Santos-Briz A Migrating skin lesions in a Thai patient. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin2012;30:479–480. (in Spanish) Veraldi S , Carrera C , Pravettoni C A case of suspected cutaneous gnathostomiasis. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2000;135:363–365. Ménard A , Dos Santos G , Dekumyoy P Imported cutaneous gnathostomiasis: Report of five cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg2003;97:200–202. Ligon BL . Gnathostomiasis: A review of a previously localized zoonosis now crossing numerous geographical boundaries. Semin PediatrInfect Dis 2005;16:137–143. Del Giudice P , Cua E , Le Fichoux Y Gnathostomiasis: An emerging parasitic disease? Ann Dermatol Venereol 2005;132(12):983–985. (inFrench) Develoux M , Dekumyoy P , Baygon E Imported gnathostomiasis acquired in Myanmar. Méd Mal Infect 2006;36:340–342. Taniguchi Y , Hashimoto K , Ichikawa S Human gnathostomiasis. J Cutan Pathol, 1991;18:112–115. Komiya Y . “Changchiang edema”: The review of research. Igaku no Ayumi 1965;52:78–79. (in Japanese). Rusnak JM , Lucey DR . Clinical gnathostomiasis: Case report and review of the English-language literature. Clin Infect Dis1993;16:33–50. Seguchi K , Matsuno M , Kataoka H A case report of colonic ileus due to eosinophilic nodular lesions caused by Gnathostoma doloresiinfection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995;53:263–266. Miyaoka Y , Sagawa Y , Harada H Two cases of creeping eruption and ileus by Gnathostoma doloresi infection in Kenzan mountainsystem (in Japanese). Rinsho Hifuka (Jpn J Clin Dermatol) 1998;52:325–327. Horino K , Kimura M , Shimokawa Y A case report of small bowel ileus possibly caused by Gnathostoma doloresi . Trop Med Health2007;35:351–353. Prijyanonda B , Pradatsundarasar A , Viranuvatti V . Pulmonary gnathostomiasis; a case report. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1955;49:121–122. Miyamoto N , Mishima K , Nagatomo K A case report of serologically diagnosed pulmonary gnathostomiasis. Jpn J Parasitol1994;43:397–400.

Elzi L , Decker M , Battegay M Chest pain after travel to the tropics. Lancet 2004;363:1198. Parola P , Bordmann G , Brouqui P Eosinophilic pleural effusion in gnathostomiasis. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:1690–1691. Intapan PM , Morakote N , Chansung K Hypereosinophilia and abdominopulmonary gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med PublicHealth 2008;39:804–807. Diaz-Camacho SP , Ramos MZ , Torrecillas E Clinical manifestation and immunodiagnosis of gnathostomiasis in Culiacan, Mexico. Am JTrop Med Hyg 1998;59:908–915. Funata M , Custis P , de la Cruz Z Intraocular gnathostomiasis. Retina 1993;13:240–244. Mathews AS , Shafi T , Radhakrishnan N Intraocular gnathostomiasis – A case report. Kerala J Ophthalmol 2011;23(3):306–308. Saidul I , Harsha B , Dipankar D Gnathostoma and gnathostomiasis in North East India: II. On the occurrence of an advanced third stagelarva of Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 1836 in human eye with a description of its light microscopic morphology. J Vet Parasitol2011;25:18–20. Sujata DN , Renu BS . Intraocular gnathostomiasis from coastal part of Maharashtra. Trop Parasitol 2013;3:82–84. Horii Y , Owhashi M , Fujita K , Nakanishi H , Ishii A . A comparative study on eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic activities of varioushelminth parasites. Parasitol Res 1988;75:76–78. Kanpittaya J , Sawanyawisuth K , Intapan PM A comparative study of neuroimaging features between human neuro-gnathostomiasis andangiostrongyliasis. Neurol Sci 2012;33:893–898. Sawanyawisuth K , Tiamkao S , Nitinavakarn B MR imaging findings in cauda equina gnathostomiasis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol2005;26:39–42. Giudice P , Dellamonica P , Durant J . A case of gnathostomiasis in a European traveller returning from Mexico. Br J Dermatol2001;145:487–489. Herman JS , Chiodini PL . Gnathostomiasis, another emerging imported disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009;22:484–492. Suntharasamai P , Desakorn V , Migasena S ELISA for immunodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med PublicHealth 1985;16:274–279. Dharmkrong-at A , Migasena S , Suntharasamai P Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to Gnathostoma antigenin patients with intermittent cutaneous migratory swelling. J Clin Microbiol 1986;23:847–851. Mimori T , Tada I , Kawabata M Immunodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis in Ecuador by skin test and ELISA using Gnathostomadoloresi antigen. Jpn J Trop Med Hyg 1987;15:191–196. Maek-A-Nantawat W , Bussaratid V Diagnosis of gnathostomiasis by skin testing using partially purified specific antigen and total IgElevels. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2014;108:71–76. Maleewong W , Morakote N , Thamasonthi W Serodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health1988;19:201–205. Tapchaisri P , Nopparatana C , Chaicumpa W Specific antigen of Gnathostoma spinigerum for immunodiagnosis of humangnathostomiasis. Int J Parasitol 1991;21:315–319. Nopparatana C , Setasuban P , Chaicumpa W Purification of Gnathostoma spinigerum specific antigen and immunodiagnosis of humangnathostomiasis. Int J Parasitol 1991;21:677–687. Wongkham C , Maleewong W , Ieamviteevanich K Antigenic components of Gnathostoma spinigerum recognized by infected human seraby two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2000;18:47–52. Anantaphruti MT , Nuamtanong S , Dekumyoy P . Diagnostic values of IgG4 in human gnathostomiasis. Trop Med Int Health2005;10:1013–1021. Laummaunwai P , Sawanyawisuth K , Intapan PM Evaluation of human IgG class and subclass antibodies to a 24 kDa antigeniccomponent of Gnathostoma spinigerum for the serodiagnosis of gnathostomiasis. Parasitol Res 2007;101:703–708. Intapan PM , Khotsri P , Kanpittaya J Immunoblot diagnostic test for neurognathostomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010;83:927–929. Laummaunwai P , Intapan PM , Wongkham C Gnathostoma spinigerum: Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of thecyclophilin protein. Exp Parasitol 2010;126:611–616. Uparanukraw P , Morakote N , Harnnoi T Molecular cloning of a gene encoding matrix metalloproteinase-like protein from Gnathostomaspinigerum . Parasitol Res 2001;87:751–757. Janwan P , Intapan PM , Yamasaki H Application of recombinant Gnathostoma spinigerum matrix metalloproteinase-like protein forserodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis by immunoblotting. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89:63–67. Janwan P , Intapan PM , Yamasaki H A recombinant matrix metalloproteinase protein from Gnathostoma spinigerum for serodiagnosis ofneurognathostomiasis. Korean J Parasitol. 2013;51:751–754. Saenseeha S , Penchom J , Yamasaki H A dot-ELISA test using a Gnathostoma spinigerum recombinant matrix metalloproteinase proteinfor the serodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2014;45:990–996. Caballero-García Mde L , Almeyda-Artigas RJ , Mosqueda-Cabrera MA Gnathostoma binucleatum: Excretion-secretion antigen analysisobtained from advanced third-stage larvae in in vitro culture. Exp Parasitol 2005;110:140–145. Kongkerd N , Uparanukraw P , Morakote N Identification and characterization of a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from Gnathostomaspinigerum . Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008;160:129–137. Campista-León S , Delgado-Vargas F , Landa A Identification of immunodominant peptides from Gnathostoma binucleatum . Am J TropMed Hyg 2012;87:888–896. Neumayr A , Ollague J , Bravo F Cross-reactivity pattern of Asian and American human gnathostomiasis in western blot assays usingcrude antigens prepared from Gnathostoma spinigerum and Gnathostoma binucleatum third-stage larvae. Am J Trop Med Hyg.2016;95:413–416. Janwan P , Intapan PM , Yamasaki H Development and usefulness of an immunochromatographic device to detect antibodies for rapiddiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Parasit Vectors 2016;12;9:14. Kraivichian P , Kulkumthorn M , Yingyourd P Albendazole for the treatment of human gnathostomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg1992;86:418–421. Kraivichian K , Nuchprayoon S , Sitichalernchai P , Chaicumpa W , Yentakam S . Treatment of cutaneous gnathostomiasis with ivermectin.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;71:623–628. Ruiz-Maldonado R , Mosqueda-Cabrera MA . Human gnathostomiasis (nodular migratory eosonophilic panniculitis). Int J Dermatol1999;38:56–57.

Janwan P , Intapan PM , Laummaunwai P Proteomic analysis identification of antigenic proteins in Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae. ExpParasitol 2015;159:53–58.

Pseudoterranova Buchman K , Mehrdana F . Effects of anisakid nematodes Anisakis simplex (s.l.), Pseudoterranova decipiens (s.l.) and Contracaecumosculatum (s.l.) on fish and consumer health. Food Waterborne Parasitol. 2016;4:13–22. Measures L. Anisakiosis and Pseudoterranovosis—USGS Publications Warehouse, Circular 1393. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston,Virginia: 2014. Available at: https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1393/pdf/circ1393.pdf Hernández-Orts JS , Aznar FJ , Blasco-Costa I Description, microhabitat selection and infection patterns of sealworm larvae (Pseudoterranova decipiens species complex, nematoda: ascaridoidea) in fishes from Patagonia, Argentina. Parasit Vectors.2013;6(1):252. Mafra C , Mantovani C , Borges JN , Barcelos RM , Santos CP . Morphological and molecular diagnosis of Pseudoterranova decipiens(sensu stricto) (Anisakidae) in imported cod sold in Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2015;24(2):209–215. Liu GH , Nadler SA , Liu SS Mitochondrial phylogenomics yields strongly supported hypotheses for ascaridomorph nematodes. Sci Rep.2016;6:39248. Dadar M , Alborzi A , Peyghan R , Adel M . Occurrence and intensity of anisakid nematode larvae in some commercially important fishspecies in Persian Gulf. Iran J Parasitol. 2016;11(2):239–246. Zuo S , Huwer B , Bahlool Q Host size-dependent anisakid infection in Baltic cod Gadus morhua associated with differential foodpreferences. Dis Aquat Organ. 2016;120(1):69–75. Kuhn T , Benninghoff T , Karl H , Landry T , Klimpel S . Sealworm Pseudoterranova decipiens s.s. infection of European smelt Osmeruseperlanus in German coastal waters: Ecological implications. Dis Aquat Organ. 2013;102(3):217–224. Shamsi S , Suthar J . Occurrence of Terranova larval types (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Australian marine fish with comments on theirspecific identities. Peer J. 2016;4:e1722. Na HK , Seo M , Chai JY , Lee EK , Jeon SM . A case of anisakidosis caused by Pseudoterranova decipiens larva. Korean J Parasitol.2013;51(1):115–117. Arizono N , Miura T , Yamada M , Tegoshi T , Onishi K . Human infection with Pseudoterranova azarasi roundworm. Emerg Infect Dis.2011;17(3):555–556. Mercado R , Torres P , Muñoz V , Apt W . Human infection by Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda, Anisakidae) in Chile: Report ofseven cases. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2001;96(5):653–655. Yu JR , Seo M , Kim YW , Oh MH , Sohn WM . A human case of gastric infection by Pseudoterranova decipiens larva. Korean J Parasitol.2001;39(2):193–196. Weitzel T , Sugiyama H , Yamasaki H , Ramirez C , Rosas R , Mercado R . Human infections with Pseudoterranova cattani nematodes,Chile. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(10):1874–1875. Ludovisi A , Di Felice G , Carballeda-Sangiao N Allergenic activity of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in BALB/c mice.Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):290. Marigo J , Taniwaki SA , Pinto PL , Soares RM , Catão-Dias JL . Molecular identification of Pseudoterranova azarasi larvae in cod (Gadussp.) sold for human consumption in Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2015;57(6):537–539. Brunet J , Pesson B , Royant M Molecular diagnosis of Pseudoterranova decipiens s.s in human, France. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):397. Ramanan P , Blumberg AK , Mathison B , Pritt BS . Parametrial anisakidosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(10):3430–3434.

Toxocara Overgaauw PA , van Knapen F . Veterinary and public health aspects of Toxocara spp. Vet Parasitol. 2013;193(4):398–403. Li K , Lan Y , Luo H Prevalence, associated risk factors, and phylogenetic analysis of Toxocara vitulorum infection in yaks on the QinghaiTibetan Plateau, China. Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54(5):645–652. Zhu XQ , Korhonen PK , Cai H Genetic blueprint of the zoonotic pathogen Toxocara canis . Nat Commun. 2015;6:6145. Kong J , Won J , Yoon J , Lee U , Kim JI , Huh S . Draft genome of Toxocara canis, a pathogen responsible for visceral larva migrans.Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54(6):751–758. Strube C , Heuer L , Janecek E . Toxocara spp. infections in paratenic hosts. Vet Parasitol. 2013;193(4):375–389. Lee RM , Moore LB , Bottazzi ME , Hotez PJ . Toxocariasis in North America: A systematic review. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(8):e3116. Borecka A , Kłapeć T . Epidemiology of human toxocariasis in Poland—A review of cases 1978–2009. Ann Agric Environ Med.2015;22(1):28–31. Sharma R , Singh BB , Gill JP . Larva migrans in India: Veterinary and public health perspectives. J Parasit Dis. 2015;39(4):604–612. Schurer JM , Rafferty E , Schwandt M , Zeng W , Farag M , Jenkins EJ . Toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis: An assessment of humanimmunodeficiency virus comorbidity and health-care costs in Canada. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95(1):168–174. Nijsse R , Ploeger HW , Wagenaar JA , Mughini-Gras L . Prevalence and risk factors for patent Toxocara infections in cats and cat owners’attitude towards deworming. Parasitol Res. 2016;115(12):4519–4525. Van Den Broucke S , Kanobana K , Polman K Toxocariasis diagnosed in international travelers at the Institute of Tropical Medicine,Antwerp, Belgium, from 2000 to 2013. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(3):e0003559. Yoshida A , Hombu A , Wang Z , Maruyama H . Larva migrans syndrome caused by Toxocara and Ascaris roundworm infections inJapanese patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;35(9):1521–1529. Carvalho EA , Rocha RL . Toxocariasis: Visceral larva migrans in children. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2011;87(2):100–110. Kwon HH . Toxocariasis: A rare cause of multiple cerebral infarction. Infect Chemother. 2015;47(2):137–141.

Mazur-Melewska K , Jończyk-Potoczna K , Kemnitz P , Mania A , Figlerowicz M , Służewski W . Pulmonary presentation of Toxocara sp.infection in children. Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 2015;83(4):250–255. Morii K , Oda T , Satoh H Toxocara canis-associated visceral larva migrans of the liver. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;30:148–149. Park KH , Kim YS , Kim SK Toxocara canis-associated myelitis with eosinophilic pneumonia. Exp Neurobiol. 2016;25(3):139–142. Shibazaki S , Eguchi S , Endo T Eosinophilic myocarditis due to toxocariasis: Not a rare cause. Case Rep Cardiol. 2016;2016:2586292. Ahn SJ , Ryoo NK , Woo SJ . Ocular toxocariasis: Clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Asia Pac Allergy.2014;4(3):134–141. Salvador S , Ribeiro R , Winckler MI , Ohlweiler L , Riesgo R . Pediatric neurotoxocariasis with concomitant cerebral, cerebellar, andperipheral nervous system involvement: Case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2010;86(6):531–534. Quattrocchi G , Nicoletti A , Marin B , Bruno E , Druet-Cabanac M , Preux PM . Toxocariasis and epilepsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(8):e1775. Fan CK , Holland CV , Loxton K , Barghouth U . Cerebral toxocariasis: Silent progression to neurodegenerative disorders? Clin MicrobiolRev. 2015;28(3):663–686. Joob B , Wiwanitkit V . Toxocara canis and chronic urticaria. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016;15(2):667. Eid MM , El-Kowrany SI , Othman AA , El Gendy DI , Saied EM . Immunopathological changes in the brain of immunosuppressed miceexperimentally infected with Toxocara canis . Korean J Parasitol. 2015;53(1):51–58. Zaia MG , Oliveira SR , Castro CA Toxocara canis and the allergic process. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2015;110(6):726–731. de Avila LF , de Leon PM , de Moura MQ , Berne ME , Scaini CJ , Leivas Leite FP . Modulation of IL-12 and IFNγ by probioticsupplementation promotes protection against Toxocara canis infection in mice. Parasite Immunol. 2016;38(5):326–330. Ha KH , Song JE , Kim BS , Lee CH . Clinical characteristics and progression of liver abscess caused by toxocara. World J Hepatol.2016;8(18):757–761. Mazur-Melewska K , Figlerowicz M , Cwalińska A Production of interleukins 4 and 10 in children with hepatic involvement in the course ofToxocara spp. infection. Parasite Immunol. 2016;38(2):101–107. Resende NM , Gazzinelli-Guimarães PH , Barbosa FS New insights into the immunopathology of early Toxocara canis infection in mice.Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:354. Ma G , Luo Y , Zhu H MicroRNAs of Toxocara canis and their predicted functional roles. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:229. Stroehlein AJ , Young ND , Hall RS CAP protein superfamily members in Toxocara canis . Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(1):360. Thomas D , Jeyathilakan N , Abdul Basith S , Senthilkumar TM . In vitro production of Toxocara canis excretory-secretory (TES) antigen. JParasit Dis. 2016;40(3):1038–1043. Lee JY , Yang MH , Hwang JH The prevalence of toxocariasis and diagnostic value of serologic tests in asymptomatic Korean adults.Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2015;7(5):467–475. Lim PK , Yamasaki H , Mak JW Field evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test to detect antibodies in human toxocariasis. Acta Trop.2015;148:32–37. Rodríguez-Caballero A , Martínez-Gordillo MN , Medina-Flores Y Successful capture of Toxocara canis larva antigens from human serumsamples. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:264. Zhan B , Ajmera R , Geiger SM Identification of immunodominant antigens for the laboratory diagnosis of toxocariasis. Trop Med IntHealth. 2015;20(12):1787–1796. Mosayebi M , Moini L , Hajihossein R , Didehdar M , Eslamirad Z . Detection of specific antibody reactivity to Toxocara larval excretory-secretory antigens in asthmatic patients (5-15 Years). Open Microbiol J. 2016;10:162–167. Nguyen HH , Vo DT , Thai TT , Le TT , Le TD , Hoang NS . The 33.1 kDa excretory/secretory protein produced by Toxocara canis larvaeserves as a potential common biomarker for serodiagnosis of toxocariasis in paratenic animals and human. Iran J Parasitol.2017;12(1):69–82. Anderson JP , Rascoe LN , Levert K Development of a luminex bead based assay for diagnosis of toxocariasis using recombinantantigens Tc-CTL-1 and Tc-TES-26. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(10):e0004168. Bae KW , Ahn SJ , Park KH , Woo SJ . Diagnostic value of the serum anti-Toxocara IgG titer for ocular toxocariasis in patients with uveitisat a tertiary hospital in Korea. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2016;30(4):258–264. Zahabiun F , Sadjjadi SM , Yunus MH Production of Toxocara cati TES-120 recombinant antigen and comparison with its T. canis homologfor serodiagnosis of toxocariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;93(2):319–325. Rahbar A , Alborzi A , Seifi Abad Shapoori M . An alternative method for producing Toxocara canis second stage larvae from a paratenichost (pigeon) for mRNA extraction purpose. J Parasit Dis. 2015;39(2):186–189. Sahu S , Samanta S , Harish DR Molecular cloning and characterization of arginine kinase gene of Toxocara canis . J Parasit Dis.2015;39(2):211–215. Sultan K , Omar M , Desouky AY , El-Seify MA . Molecular and phylogenetic study on Toxocara vitulorum from cattle in the mid-Delta ofEgypt. J Parasit Dis. 2015;39(3):584–587. Tian JX , O'Hagan S . Toxocara polymerase chain reaction on ocular fluids in bilateral granulomatous chorioretinitis. Int Med Case Rep J.2015;8:107–110. Ozlati M , Spotin A , Shahbazi A Genetic variability and discrimination of low doses of Toxocara spp. from public areas soil inferred byloop-mediated isothermal amplification assay as a field-friendly molecular tool. Vet World. 2016;9(12):1471–1477. Knapp J , Umhang G , Poulle ML , Millon L . Development of a real-time PCR for a sensitive one-step coprodiagnosis allowing both theidentification of carnivore feces and the detection of Toxocara spp. and Echinococcus multilocularis . Appl Environ Microbiol.2016;82(10):2950–2958. Sangen H , Tanabe J , Takano H , Shimizu W . Successful early diagnosis and treatment in a case of Toxocara canis–induced eosinophilicmyocarditis with eosinophil-rich pericardial effusion. BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015. pii: bcr2014208506. Jang EY , Choi MS , Gwak GY Enhanced resolution of eosinophilic liver abscess associated with toxocariasis by albendazole treatment.Korean J Gastroenterol. 2015;65(4): 222–228. Nijsse R , Mughini-Gras L , Wagenaar JA , Franssen F , Ploeger HW . Environmental contamination with Toxocara eggs: A quantitativeapproach to estimate the relative contributions of dogs, cats and foxes, and to assess the efficacy of advised interventions in dogs. ParasitVectors. 2015;8:397. Jin Y , Shen C , Huh S , Choi MH , Hong ST . Cross-reactivity of toxocariasis with crude antigen of Toxascaris leonina larvae by ELISA. JKorean Med Sci. 2015;30(5):549–551.

Rojas TO , Romero C , Heredia R , Bautista LG , Sheinberg G . Identification of Toxocara spp. eggs in dog hair and associated riskfactors. Vet World. 2017;10(7):798–802.

Trichinella Dupouy-Camet J , Kociecka W , Bruschi F , Bolas-Fernandez F , Pozio E . Opinion on the diagnosis and treatment of human trichinellosis.Expert Opin Pharmacother 2002;3:1117–1130. Gottstein B , Pozio E , Nöckler K . Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009;22:127–145. Pozio E , Zarlenga DS . New pieces of the Trichinella puzzle. Int J Parasitol 2013;43:983–997. Pozio E . Searching for Trichinella: Not all pigs are created equal. Trends Parasitol 2014;30:4–11. Korhonen PK , Pozio E , La Rosa G Phylogenomic and biogeographic reconstruction of the Trichinella complex. Nat Commun2016;7:10513. Pozio E . Taxonomy, biology and epidemiology of Trichinella parasites. In: Dupouy-Camet J , Murrell KD , eds. FAO/WHO/OIE guidelinesfor the surveillance, management, prevention and control of trichinellosis. Paris, World Organisation for Animal Health, 2007a:1–35. Pozio E , Owen IL , Marucci G , La Rosa G . Inappropriate feeding practice favors the transmission of Trichinella papuae from wild pigs tosaltwater crocodiles in Papua New Guinea. Vet Parasitol 2005;127:245–251. Pozio E , Foggin CM , Gelanew T Trichinella zimbabwensis in wild reptiles of Zimbabwe and Mozambique and farmed reptiles of Ethiopia.Vet Parasitol 2007;143:305–310. Pozio E . Trichinella pseudospiralis an elusive nematode. Vet Parasitol 2016a;231:97–101. Murrell KD , Pozio E . Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986–2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:2194–2202. Lo YC , Hung CC , Lai CS Human trichinosis after consumption of soft-shelled turtles, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:2056–2058. Lee SR , Yoo SH , Kim HS , Lee SH , Seo M . Trichinosis caused by ingestion of raw soft-shelled turtle meat in Korea. Korean J Parasitol2013;51:219–221. Jeong JT , Seo M , Hong ST , Kim YK . An outbreak of trichinellosis by consumption of raw soft-shelled turtle meat in Korea. Korean JParasitol 2015;53:219–222. Pozio E . Trichinella spp. imported with live animals and meat. Vet Parasitol 2015;213:46–55. Pozio E . World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans. Vet Parasitol 2007b;149:3–21. Murrell KD . Zoonotic foodborne parasites and their surveillance. Rev sci tech Off int Epiz 2013;32:559–569. Devleesschauwer B , Praet N , Speybroeck N The low global burden of trichinellosis: Evidence and implications. Int J Parasitol2015;45:95–99. Kocięcka W . Trichinellosis: Human disease, diagnosis and treatment. Vet Parasitol 2000;93:365–383. Pozio E , Gomez Morales MA , Dupouy-Camet J . Clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of trichinellosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther2003;1:471–482. Bruschi F , Dupouy-Camet J . Trichinellosis. In: Bruschi F , ed. Helminth Infections and Their Impact on Global Public Health. Wien,Springer, 2014:229–273. Fourestié V , Douceron H , Brugieres P , Ancelle T , Lejonc JL , Gherardi RK . Neurotrichinosis. A cerebrovascular disease associated withmyocardial injury and hypereosinophilia. Brain 1993;116:603–616. Bruschi F , Brunetti E , Pozio E . 2013. Neurotrichinellosis. Handb Clin Neurol 2013;114:243–249. Compton SJ , Celum CL , Lee C Trichinosis with ventilatory failure and persistent myocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:500–504. Lazarević AM , Nesković AN , Goronja M Low incidence of cardiac abnormalities in treated trichinosis: A prospective study of 62 patientsfrom a single-source outbreak. Am J Med 1999;107:18–23. Puljiz I , Beus A , Kuzman I , Seiwerth S . Electrocardiographic changes and myocarditis in trichinellosis: A retrospective study of 154patients. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2005;99:403–411. Neghina R , Neghina AM , Marincu I , Iacobiciu I . Cardiac involvement in patients with trichinosis hospitalized in western Romania.Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010;7:1235–1238. Messiaen P , Forier A , Vanderschueren S Outbreak of trichinellosis related to eating imported wild boar meat, Belgium, 2014. EuroSurveill 2016;21(37):pii: 30341. Chodera L . Electromyographic changes in acute trichinellosis. I. Observations in human trichinellosis. Wiad Parazytol 1974;20:113–123. Tassi C , Materazzi L , Pozio E , Bruschi F . Creatine kinase isoenzymes in human trichinellosis. Clinica Chimica Acta 1995;239:197–202. Lachkar S , Abboud P , Gargala G Troponin dosage in a patient with asymptomatic myocarditis due to trichinellosis. Rev Med Interne2008;29:246–248. Ellrodt A , Halfon P , Le Bras P Multifocal central nervous system lesions in three patients with trichinosis. Arch Neurol 1987;44:432–434. Feydy A , Touze E , Miaux Y MRI in a case of neurotrichinosis. Neuroradiology 1996;38:S80–S82. Kocięcki J , Czaplicka E , Kocięcka W . Ocular system involvement in the course of human trichinellosis. Pathological and diagnosticaspects. Acta Parasitol 2014;59:493–501. Pawlowski ZS . Clinical aspects in man. In: Campbell WC , ed. Trichinella and trichinosis. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1983:367–401. Dupouy-Camet J , Ancelle T , Fourestie V , Boireau P , Soule C . Trichinelloses. In: Maladies infectieuses Encycl Méd Chir. Paris, Elsevier,1998:8-517-A-10. Viallet J , MacLean JD , Goresky LA , Staudt M , Gaetane R , Law C . Arctic trichinosis presenting as prolonged diarrhea.Gastroenterology 1986;91:938–946. Mac Lean JP , Viallet J , Law C , Stuart M . Trichinosis in the Canadian Arctic: Report of five outbreaks and a new clinical syndrome. JInfect Dis 1989;160:513–520. Murrell KD , Bruschi F . Clinical trichinellosis. Prog Clin Parasitol 1994;4:117–150. Ancelle T , Dupouy-Camet J , Bougnoux ME Two outbreaks of trichinosis caused by horsemeat in France in 1985. Am J Epidemiol1988;127:1302–1311. Pratesi F , Bongiorni F , Kociecka W , Migliorini P , Bruschi F . Heart - and skeletal muscle-specific antigens recognized by trichinellosispatient sera. Parasite Immunol 2006;28:447–451.

Bruschi F , Chiumiento L . Immunomodulation in trichinellosis: Does Trichinella really escape the host immune system? Endocr MetabImmune Disord Drug Targets 2012;12:4–15. Gutierrez Y . Trichinelloidea and dioctophymatoidea. In: Gutierrez Y , ed. Diagnostic Pathology of Parasitic Infections. With ClinicalCorrelations. 2nd ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000:507–534. Bruschi F , Marucci G , Pozio E , Masetti M . Evaluation of inflammatory responses against muscle larvae of different Trichinella species byan image analysis system. Vet Parasitol 2009;159:258–262. Ferraccioli GF , Mercadanti M , Salaffi F , Bruschi F , Melissari M , Pozio E . Prospective rheumatological study of muscle and jointsymptoms during Trichinella nelsoni infection. Q J Med 1988;69:973–984. Dupouy-Camet J , Bruschi F . Management and diagnosis of human trichinellosis. In: Dupouy-Camet J , Murrell KD , eds. FAO/WHO/OIEGuidelines for the Surveillance, Management, Prevention and Control of Trichinellosis. Paris, World Organisation for Animal Health,2007:37–68. Watanabe N , Bruschi F , Korenaga M . IgE: A question of protective immunity in Trichinella spiralis infection. Trends Parasitol2005;21:175–178. Bruschi F , D'Amato C , Piaggi S Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9: A reliable marker for inflammation in early human trichinellosis. VetParasitol 2016;231:132–136. Pozio E , La Rosa G . Trichinella . In: Liu D , ed. Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogens. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor andFrancis Group, 2010:851–863. Wranicz MJ , Gustowska L , Gabryel P , Kucharska E , Cabaj W . Trichinella spiralis: Induction of the basophilic transformation of musclecells by synchronous newborn larvae. Parasitol Res 1998;84:403–407. Kocięcka W , Stefaniak J , Kacprazak E , Pakula M . Clinical evaluation of albendazole in the therapy of human trichinellosis. WiadomParazytol 1989;34:457–466. Braithwaite PA , Roberts MS , Allan RJ , Watson TR . Clinical pharmacokinetics of high dose mebendazole in patients treated for cystichydatid disease. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982;22:161–169. Pozio E , Sacchini D , Sacchi L , Tamburrini A , Alberici F . Failure of mebendazole in the treatment of humans with Trichinella spiralisinfection at the stage of encapsulating larvae. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:638–642. Levin ML . Treatment of trichinosis with mebendazole. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983;32:980–983. Marriner SE , Morris DL , Dickson B , Bogan JA . Pharmacokinetics of albendazole in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1986;30:705–708. Lange H , Eggers R , Bircher J . Increased systemic availability of albendazole when taken with a fatty meal. Eur J Clin Pharmacol1988;34:315–317. Jung H , Hurtado M , Sanchez M , Medina MT , Sotelo J . Clinical pharmacokinetics of albendazole in patients with brain cysticercosis. JClin Pharmacol 1992;32:28–31. Casulli A , Morales MA , Gallinella B , Turchetto L , Pozio E . 2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin improves the effectiveness of albendazoleagainst encapsulated larvae of Trichinella spiralis in a murine model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:886–890. Cabié A , Bouchaud O , Houzé S Albendazole versus thiabendazole as therapy for trichinosis: A retrospective study. Clin Infect Dis1996;22:1033–1035. Watt G , Saisorn S , Jongsakul K , Sakolvaree Y , Chaicumpa W . Blinded, placebo-controlled trial of antiparasitic drugs for trichinosismyositis. J Infect Dis 2000;182:371–374. Horton RJ . Chemotherapy of Echinococcus infection in man with albendazole. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1989;83:97–102. Martindale . Anthelmintics/albendazole. In: Reynolds JEF , ed. The Extra Pharmacopoeia. London, UK: Royal Pharmaceutical Society,1996a:118–119. Martindale . Anthelmintics/mebendazole. In: Reynolds JEF , ed. The Extra Pharmacopoeia. London, UK: Royal Pharmaceutical Society,1996b:109–110. Jung H , Hurtado M , Medina MT , Sanchez M , Sotelo J . Dexamethasone increases plasma levels of albendazole. J Neurol1990;237:279–280. Gamble HR , Bessonov AS , Cuperlovic K International Commission on Trichinellosis: Recommendations on methods for the control ofTrichinella in domestic and wild animals intended for human consumption. Vet Parasitol 2000;93:393–408. European Commission . Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1375 of 10 August 2015 laying down specific rules on officialcontrols for Trichinella in meat (2015). Off J 2015;L 212:7–34. Hill DE , Forbes L , Gajadhar AA , Gamble HR . Viability and infectivity of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae in frozen horse tissue. VetParasitol 2007;146:102–106. Pozio E . Adaptation of Trichinella spp. for survival in cold climates. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2016;4:4–12. Pozio E , La Rosa G , Mignone W , Amati M , Ercolini C . Sopravvivenza delle larve muscolari di Trichinella britovi nei muscoli congelati dicinghiale. Arch Vet It 1992;43:28–31. Childers AB , Terrel RN , Craig TM , Kayfus TJ , Smith GC . Effect of sodium chloride concentration, water activity, fermentation methodand drying time on the viability of Trichinella spiralis in Genoa salami. J Food Prot 1982;45:816–819. Porto-Fett AC , Call JE , Shoyer BE Evaluation of fermentation, drying, and/or high pressure processing on viability of Listeriamonocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Trichinella spiralis in raw pork and Genoa salami. Int J Food Microbiol2010;140:61–75. ISO 18743 : 2015. Microbiology of the food chain—Detection of Trichinella larvae in meat by artificial digestion method. InternationalOrganization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. Rossi P , De Smet K , Pozio E . Detection of Trichinella larvae in meat: Comparison of ISO 18743:2015 with regulation (EU) 2015/1375.Food Anal Method 2017;10(3):634–639. EFSA . The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2015.EFSA J 2016;14:4634. Gamble HR , Boireau P , Nöckler K , Kapel CMO . Prevention of Trichinella infection in the domestic pig. In: Dupouy-Camet J , Murrell KD ,eds. FAO/WHO/OIE Guidelines for the Surveillance, Management, Prevention and Control of Trichinellosis. Paris, World Organisation forAnimal Health, 2007:99–108. Pozio E , Murrell KD . Systematics and epidemiology of Trichinella . Adv Parasitol. 2006;63:367–439.

Trichuris Dorny P , Praet N , Deckers N , Gabriel S . Emerging food-borne parasites. Vet Parasitol 2009;163:196–206. World Health Organization (WHO) . Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminths. WHO, Geneva, 2002. Slifko TR , Smith HV , Rose JB . Emerging parasite zoonoses associated with water and food. Int J Parasitol 2000;30:1379–1393. World Health Organization (WHO) . Geneva: Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated. Use of Anthelminthic Drugsin Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers. WHO, Geneva, 2006. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . Trichuriasis. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/whipworm/. 2013. De Ley P , Blaxter M . Systematic position and phylogeny. In: The Biology of Nematodes, 2002. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 1–30. De Ley P . A quick tour of nematode diversity and backbone of nematode phylogeny. WormBook 2006;25:1–8. Liu GH , Gasser RB , Su A Clear genetic distinctiveness between human-and pig-derived Trichuris based on analyses of mitochondrialdatasets. PloS Negl Trop Dis 2012;6:e1539. Callejón R , Nadler S , De Rojas M , Zurita A , Petrášová J , Cutillas C . Molecular characterization and phylogeny of whipworm nematodesinferred from DNA sequences of cox1 mtDNA and 18S rDNA. Parasitol Res 2013;112:3933–3949. Chabaud AG . Keys to subclasses, orders and superfamilies. In: Anderson RC , Chabaud AG , Willmott S (Eds.), CIH Keys To theNematode Parasites of Vertebrates. CAB 1974 No. 1. Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. pp. 6–17. Dujardin F . Histoire naturalle des helminthes ou vers intestinaux. Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, 1845. Ravasi DF , O'Riain MJ , Davids F , Illing N . Phylogenetic evidence that two distinct Trichuris genotypes infect both humans and non-human primates. PLOS One 2012;7:e44187. Liu GH , Gasser RB , Nejsum P Mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA evidence supports the existence of a new Trichuris species inthe endangered François’ leaf-monkey. PLOS One 2013;8:e66249. Hawash MB , Andersen LO , Gasser RB , Stensvold C , Nejsum P . Mitochondrial genome analyses suggest multiple Trichuris species inhumans, baboons, and pigs from different geographical regions. PloS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9:e0004059. Callejón R , Halajian A , Cutillas C . Description of a new species, Trichuris ursinus n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichuridae) from Papio ursinusKeer, 1792 from South Africa. Infect Genet Evol 2017;51:182–193. Pedersen AB , Altizer S , Poss M , Cunningham AA , Nunn CL . Patterns of host specificity and transmission among parasites of wildprimates. Int J Parasitol 2005;35:647–657. Doležalová J , Oborník M , Hajdušková E How many species of whipworms do we share? Whipworms from man and other primates formtwo phylogenetic lineages. Folia Parasit 2015;62:1–12. Hawash MB , Betson M , Al-Jubury A Whipworms in humans and pigs: Origins and demography. Parasit Vectors 2016;9:37. Gabbey AE , Cafasso J . Whipworm Infection. http://www.healthline.com/health/whipworm-infection#overview1.2016. Berger S . Trichuriasis: Global Status. 2017 ed. Los Angeles, California, GIDEON Informatics. Worldwatch.org . Institute, real organic agriculture: Using human waste as fertilizer. Oyeyemi OT , Agbaje MO , Okelue UB . Food-borne human parasitic pathogens associated with household cockroaches and houseflies inNigeria. Parasite Epidemiol Cont 2016;1:10–13. Awashi S , Bundy DA , Savioli L . Helminthic infections. BMJ 2003;327:431–433. Doyle ME . Foodborne parasites: A review of the scientific literature. Food Res Inst 2003, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI.http://fri.wisc.edu/docs/pdf/parasites.pdf. Ando K . The influences of global environmental changes on nematodes. Jpn J Parasitol 1994;43:477–482. Nokes C , Grantham-McGregor SM , Sawyer AW , Cooper ES , Robinson BA , Bundy DA . Moderate to heavy infections of Trichuristrichiura affect cognitive function in Jamaican schoolchildren. Parasitology 1992;104:539–547. Goldsmith R , Heyneman D (eds). Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, Conneticut/San Mateo, California1989. Garcia LS . Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. AM Soc Microbiol, Washington, DC, 2001. Cooper ES , Whyte-Alleng CAM , Finzi-Smith JS , MacDonald TT . Intestinal nematode infections in children: The pathophysiological pricepaid. Parasitology 1992;104(S1):S91–S103. Roberts LS , Janovy J . Foundations of Parasitology, Sixth ed. McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA, 2000. Strachan DP . Hay fever, hygiene and household size. BMJ 1989;299:1259–1260. Elliott DE , Urban JF , Argo CK , Weinstock JV . Does the failure to acquire helminthic parasites predispose to Crohn's disease? FASEB J2000;14:1848–1855. Hunter MM , Wang A , Hirota CL , McKay DM . Neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody blocks the protective effect of tapeworm infection in amurine model of chemically induced colitis. J Immunol 2005;174:7368–7375. Hunter MM , Wang A , Parhar KS In vitro-derived alternatively activated macrophages reduce colonic inflammation in mice.Gastroenterology 2010;138:1395–1405. Weinstock JV , Elliott DE . Translatability of helminth therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases. Int J Parasitol 2013;43: 245–251. Benzel F , Erdur H , Kohler S Immune monitoring of Trichuris suis egg therapy in multiple sclerosis patients. J Helminthol2012;86:339–347. Pedersen S , Murrell KD . Whipworm–nutrition interaction. Med Hyg 2001;45:131. Weinstock JV . Autoimmunity: The worm returns. Nature 2012;491:183–185. Elliott DE , Weinstock JV . Helminthic therapy: Using worms to treat immune-mediated disease. In Pathogen-Derived ImmunomodulatoryMolecules. Springer, New York, NY, 2009, pp. 157–166. Sandborn WJ , Elliott DE , Weinstock J Randomized clinical trial: The safety and tolerability of Trichuris suis ova in patients with Crohn'sdisease. Aliment Pharm Therap 2013;38:255–263. Ridley DS , Hawgood BC . The value of formol-ether concentration of faecal cysts and ova. J Clinic Pathol 1956;9:74. Allen AV , Ridley DS . Further observations on the formol-ether concentration technique for faecal parasites. J Clin Pathol 1970;23:545. Gonçalves AQ , Abellana R , Pereira-da-Silva HD Comparison of the performance of two spontaneous sedimentation techniques for thediagnosis of human intestinal parasites in the absence of a gold standard. Acta Trop 2014;131:63–70. Katz N , Chave A , Pellegrino J . A simple device for quantitative stool thick smear technique in Schistosoma mansoni . Rev Inst Med TropSao Paulo 1972;14:397–400.

Peters PA , El Alamy M , Warren KS , Mahmoud AAF . Quick Kato smear for field quantification of Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Am J TropMed Hyg 1980;29:217–219. World Health Organization (WHO) . Monitoring Anthelmintic Efficacy for Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH). WHO, Geneva, 2008. Cringoli G . FLOTAC, a novel apparatus for a multivalent faecal egg count technique. Parassitologia 2006;48:381–384. Bosco A , Rinaldi L , Maurelli MP , Musella V , Coles GC , Cringoli G . The comparison of FLOTAC, FECPAK and McMaster techniques fornematode egg counts in cattle. Acta Parasitol 2014;59:625–628. Godber OF , Phythian C , Bosco A Comparison of the FECPAK and Mini-FLOTAC faecal egg counting techniques. Vet Parasitol2015;207:342–345. Sayasone S , Utzinger J , Akkhavong K , Odermatt P . Repeated stool sampling and use of multiple techniques enhance the sensitivity ofhelminth diagnosis: A cross-sectional survey in southern Lao People's Democratic Republic. Acta Trop 2015;141:315–321. Nyantekyi L , Legesse M , Medhin G Community awareness of intestinal parasites and the prevalence of infection among communitymembers of rural Abaye Deneba area. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014;4:S152–S157. Mamo H . Intestinal parasitic infections among prison inmates and tobacco farm workers in Shewa Robit, north-central Ethiopia. PLoS One2014;9:e99559. Knopp S , Mgeni AF , Khamis IS Diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths in the era of preventive chemotherapy: Effect of multiple stoolsampling and use of different diagnostic techniques. PloS Negl Trop Dis 2008;2:e331. Utzinger J , Rinaldi L , Lohourignon LK FLOTAC: A new sensitive technique for the diagnosis of hookworm infections in humans. Trans RSoc Trop Med Hyg 2008;102:84–90. World Health Organization (WHO) . Bench Aids for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites. WHO, Geneva, 1994. Montresor A , Crompton DWT , Hall A , Bundy DAP , Savioli L . Guidelines for the evaluation of soil-transmitted helminthiasis andschistosomiasis at community level: A guide for managers of control programs. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1998. Barda B , Albonico M , Ianniello D How long can stool samples be fixed for an accurate diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth infectionusing Mini-FLOTAC? PloS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9:e0003698. Knopp S , Rinaldi L , Khamis I A single FLOTAC is more sensitive than triplicate Kato–Katz for the diagnosis of low-intensity soil-transmitted helminth infections. T Roy Soc Trop Med H 2009;103:347–354. Albonico M , Ame SM , Vercruysse J , Levecke B . Comparison of the Kato-Katz thick smear and McMaster egg counting techniques formonitoring drug efficacy against soil-transmitted helminths in schoolchildren on Pemba Island, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg2012;106:199–201. Levecke B , Behnke JM , Ajjampur SSR A comparison of the sensitivity and fecal egg counts of McMaster counting technique and Kato-Katz thick-smear methods for soil-transmitted helminths. PloS Negl Trop Dis 2011;5:e1201. Cringoli G , Rinaldi L , Maurelli MP , Utzinger J . FLOTAC: New multivalent techniques for qualitative and quantitative copromicroscopicdiagnosis of parasites in animals and humans. Nat Protocol 2010;5:503–515. Levecke B , Rinaldi L , Charlier J The bias, accuracy and precision of faecal egg count reduction test results in cattle using McMaster,Cornell-Wisconsin and FLOTAC egg counting methods. Vet Parasitol 2012;188:194–199. Barda BD , Rinaldi L , Ianniello D Mini-FLOTAC, an innovative direct diagnostic technique for intestinal parasitic infections: Experiencefrom the field. PloS Negl Trop Dis 2013;7:e2344. Barda B , Zepherine H , Rinaldi L Mini-FLOTAC and Kato-Katz: Helminth eggs watching on the shore of Lake Victoria. Parasit Vectors2013b;6:220. Cringoli G , Rinaldi L , Albonico M , Bergquist R , Utzinger J . Geospatial (s) tools: Integration of advanced epidemiological sampling andnovel diagnostics. Geospatial Health 2013;7:399–404. Albonico M , Rinaldi L , Sciascia S Comparison of three copromicroscopic methods to assess albendazole efficacy against soil-transmittedhelminth infections in school-aged children on Pemba Island. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013;107:493–501. Knopp S , Speich B , Hattendorf J Diagnostic accuracy of Kato-Katz and FLOTAC for assessing anthelmintic drug efficacy. PloS Negl TropDis 2011;5:e1036. Levecke B , Brooker SJ , Knopp S Effect of sampling and diagnostic effort on the assessment of schistosomiasis and soil-transmittedhelminthiasis and drug efficacy: A meta-analysis of six drug efficacy trials and one epidemiological survey. Parasitology2014;141:1826–1840. Knopp S , Salim N , Schindler T Diagnostic accuracy of Kato-Katz, Flotac, Baermann, and PCR methods for the detection of light-intensityhookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis infections in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014;90:535–545. Machicado JD , Marcos LA , Tello R , Canales M , Terashima A , Gotuzzo, E . Diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in an Amazoniccommunity of Peru using multiple diagnostic techniques. T Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012;106;333–339. Glinz D , Silué KD , Knopp S Comparing diagnostic accuracy of Kato-Katz, Koga agar plate, ether-concentration, and FLOTAC forSchistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths. PloS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4:e754. Speich B , Knopp S , Mohammed KA Comparative cost assessment of the Kato-Katz and FLOTAC techniques for soil-transmitted helminthdiagnosis in epidemiological surveys. Parasit Vectors 2010;3:71. Assefa LM , Crellen T , Kepha S Diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness of alternative methods for detection of soil-transmittedhelminths in a post-treatment setting in western Kenya. PloS Negl Trop Dis 2014;8:e2843. Nikolay B , Brooker SJ , Pullan RL . Sensitivity of diagnostic tests for human soil-transmitted helminth infections: A meta-analysis in theabsence of a true gold standard. Int J Parasitol 2014;44:765–774. World Health Organization (WHO) . Assessing the efficacy of anthelminthic drugs against schistosomiasis and soil-transmittedhelminthiases. WHO, 2013. Geneva WHO/HTM/NTD/PCT/2013. 4. Coles GC , Jackson F , Pomroy WE The detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. Vet Parasitol2006;136:167–185. Klein D . Quantification using real-time PCR technology: Applications and limitations. Trends Mol Med 2002;8: 257–260. Motarjemi Y , Moy G , Todd ECD . Encyclopedia of Food Safety. Elsevier/Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2014. Dobell C . 1920. The discovery of the intestinal protozoa of man. Proc R Soc Med 1920;13:1–15. Orlandi PA , Chu DMT , Bier JW , Jackson GJ . Parasites and the food supply. Food Technol 2002;56:72–81.

Aflatoxins Frisvad JC , Skouboe P , Samson RA . Taxonomic comparison of three different groups of aflatoxin producers and a new efficientproducer of aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin and 3-O-methylsterigmatocystin, Aspergillus rambellii sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol2005;28(5):442–453. Olsen M , Johnsson P , Möller T , Paladino R , Lindblad M . Aspergillus nomius, an important aflatoxin producer in Brazil nuts? WorldMycotoxin J 2008;1(2):123–126. Rustom IYS . Aflatoxin in food and feed: Occurrence, legislation and inactivation by physical methods. Food Chem 1997;59(1):57–67. Sun Q , Wang L , Lu Z , Liu Y . In vitro anti-aflatoxigenic effect and mode of action of cinnamaldehyde against aflatoxin B1. Int BiodeteriorBiodegrad 2015;104:419–425. Kumar P , Mahato DK , Kamle M , Mohanta TK , Kang SG . Aflatoxins: A global concern for food safety, human health and theirmanagement. Front Microbiol 2017;7:1–10. Logrieco A , Bottalico A , Mulé G , Moretti A , Perrone G . Epidemiology of toxigenic fungi and their associated mycotoxins for someMediterranean crops. Eur J Plant Pathol 2003;109(7):645–667. Passone MA , Resnik SL , Etcheverry MG . In vitro effect of phenolic antioxidants on germination, growth and aflatoxin B1 accumulation bypeanut Aspergillus section Flavi . J Appl Microbiol 2005;99:682–691. Pleadin J , Zadravec M , Brnić D , Perković I , Škrivanko M , Kovačević D . Moulds and mycotoxins detected in the regional specialityfermented sausage “slavonski kulen” during a 1-year production period. Food Addit Contam Part A 2017;34(2):282–290. Markov K , Pleadin J , Bevardi M , Vahčić N , Sokolić-Mihalak D , Frece J . Natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and citrinin inCroatian fermented meat products. Food Control 2013;34:312–317. Rodríguez A , Rodríguez M , Martín A , Nuñez F , Córdoba JJ . Evaluation of hazard of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and patulin production indry-cured ham and early detection of producing moulds by qPCR. Food Control 2012;27(1):118–126. Sengun IY , Yaman DB , Gonul SA . Mycotoxins and mould contamination in cheese: A review. World Mycotoxin J 2008;1(3):291–298. Williams WP , Krakowsky MD , Scully BT Identifying and developing maize germplasm with resistance to accumulation of aflatoxins. WorldMycotoxin J 2015;8(2):193–209. El Khoury A , Atoui A , Yaghi J . Analysis of aflatoxin M1 in milk and yogurt and AFM1 reduction by lactic acid bacteria used in Lebaneseindustry. Food Control 2011;22(10):1695–1699. Giovati L , Magliani W , Ciociola T , Santinoli C , Conti S , Polonelli L . AFM1 in milk: Physical, biological, and prophylactic methods tomitigate contamination. Toxins (Basel) 2015;7(10):4330–4349. Varga J , Frisvad J , Samson R . A reappraisal of fungi producing aflatoxins. World Mycotoxin J 2009;2(3):263–277. Dutton MF , Heathcote JG . The structure, biochemical properties and origins of aflatoxin B2a and G2a. Chem Ind 1968;13:418–421. Dalezios J , Wogan GN , Weinreb SM . Aflatoxin P1: A new aflatoxin metabolite in monkey. Science 1971;171(3971):584–585. Masri MS , Haddon WF , Lundin RE , Hsieh DPH . Aflatoxin Q1. A newly identified major metabolite of aflatoxin B1 in monkey liver. J AgricFood Chem 1974;22(3):512–515. Heathcote JG , Dutton MF . New metabolites of Aspergillus flavus . Tetrahedron 1969;25(7):1497–1500. Buchi G , Rae ID . The structure and chemistry of aflatoxins. In: Goldblatt LA , editor. Aflatoxin. Scientific Background, Control, andImplications. New York: Academic Press; 1969. p. 55. Varga J , Baranyi N , Chandrasekaran M , Vágvölgyi C , Kocsubé S . Mycotoxin producers in the Aspergillus genus: An update. Acta BiolSzeged 2015;59(2):151–167. Schmidt-Heydt M , Häckel S , Rüfer CE , Geisen R . A strain of Fusarium kyushuense is able to produce aflatoxin B1 and G1 . MycotoxinRes 2009;25(3):141–147. Kornsakulkarn J , Saepua S , Srichomthong K , Supothina S , Thongpanchang C . New mycotoxins from the scale insect fungusAschersonia coffeae Henn. BCC 28712. Tetrahedron 2012;68(40):8480–8486. Kornsakulkarn J , Saepua S , Laksanacharoen P , Rachtawee P , Thongpanchang C . Xanthone and anthraquinone-type mycotoxins fromthe scale insect fungus Aschersonia marginata BCC 28721. Tetrahedron Lett 2013;54(29): 3813–3815. Raper KB , Fennell DI . The Genus Aspergillus. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1965. Samson RA , Visagie CM , Houbraken J Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus . Stud Mycol2014;78:141–173. Homei A , Worboys M . Fungal Disease in Britain and the United States 1850–2000. Mycoses and Modernity. Basingstoke: PalgraveMacmillan; 2013. Yu J , Chang P , Ehrlich KC Clustered pathway genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004;70(3):1253–1262. Georgianna DR , Payne GA . Genetic regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis: From gene to genome. Fungal Genet Biol 2009;46(2):113–125. Ehrlich KC , Cary JW , Montalbano BG . Characterization of the promoter for the gene encoding the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathwayregulatory protein AFLR. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999;1444(3):412–417. Ehrlich KC , Montalbano BG , Cary JW . Binding of the C6-zinc cluster protein, AFLR, to the promoters of aflatoxin pathway biosynthesisgenes in Aspergillus parasiticus . Gene 1999;230(2):249–257. Yu J . Current understanding on aflatoxin biosynthesis and future perspective in reducing aflatoxin contamination. Toxins (Basel)2012;4(11):1024–1057. Bhatnagar D , Ehrlich KC , Cleveland TE . Molecular genetic analysis and regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol2003;61(2):83–93. Cary JW , Linz JE , Bhatnagar D . Aflatoxins: Biological significance and regulation of biosynthesis. In: Cary JW , Linz JE , Bhatnagar D ,editors. Microbial Foodborne Diseases: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Toxin Synthesis. Lancaster, PA: Technomic; 2000. pp.317–361. Bhatnagar D , Erlich K , Cleveland TE . Oxidation-reduction reactions in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In: Bhatnagar D , LillehojEB , Arora DK , editors. Handbook of Applied Mycology, Vol V. Mycotoxins in Ecological Systems. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1992.pp. 255–285. Chang PK , Skory CD , Linz J . Cloning of a gene associated with aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus . Curr Genet1992;21(3):231–233. Cary JW , Bhatnagar D . Nucleotide sequence of an Aspergillus parasiticus gene strongly repressed by thiamine. Biochim Biophys Acta1995;1261:319–320.

Yu J , Chang PK , Ehrlich KC Characterization of the critical amino acids of an Aspergillus parasiticus cytochrome P-450 monooxygenaseencoded by ordA that is involved in the biosynthesis of aflatoxins B1, G1, B2, and G2 . Appl Environ Microbiol 1998;64(12):4834–4841. Dutton MF , Ehrlich K , Bennett JW . Biosynthetic relationship among aflatoxins B1, B2, M1, and M2 . Appl Enviromental Microbiol1985;49(6):1392–1395. Gallo A , Solfrizzo M , Epifani F , Panzarini G , Perrone G . Effect of temperature and water activity on gene expression and aflatoxinbiosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus on almond medium. Int J Food Microbiol 2016;217:162–169. Bordin K , Sawada MM , Rodrigues CE da C , da Fonseca CR , Oliveira CAF . Incidence of aflatoxins in oil seeds and possible transfer tooil: A review. Food Eng Rev 2014;6(1–2):20–28. Lozano-Ojalvo D , Rodríguez A , Bernáldez V , Córdoba JJ , Rodríguez M . Influence of temperature and substrate conditions on the omt-1gene expression of Aspergillus parasiticus in relation to its aflatoxin production. Int J Food Microbiol 2013;166(2):263–269. Peromingo B , Rodríguez A , Bernáldez V , Delgado J , Rodríguez M . Effect of temperature and water activity on growth and aflatoxinproduction by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus on cured meat model systems. Meat Sci 2016;122:76–83. Medina A , Gilbert MK , Mack BM Interactions between water activity and temperature on the Aspergillus flavus transcriptome and aflatoxinB1 production. Int J Food Microbiol 2017;256:36–44. Cotty PJ , Jaime-Garcia R . Influences of climate on aflatoxin producing fungi and aflatoxin contamination. Int J Food Microbiol2007;119(1–2):109–115. Battilani P , Toscano P , Van der Fels-Klerx HJ Aflatoxin B1 contamination in maize in Europe increases due to climate change. Sci Rep2016;6(1):24328. Hua SST , Beck JJ , Sarreal SBL , Gee W . The major volatile compound 2-phenylethanol from the biocontrol yeast, Pichia anomala,inhibits growth and expression of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes of Aspergillus flavus . Mycotoxin Res 2014;30(2):71–78. Chauhan NM , Washe AP , Minota T . Fungal infection and aflatoxin contamination in maize collected from Gedeo zone, Ethiopia.Springerplus 2016;5(1):753. Iqbal SZ , Jinap S , Pirouz AA , Ahmad Faizal AR . Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and recent challenges: A review.Trends Food Sci Technol 2015;46(1):110–119. Ostry V , Malir F , Toman J , Grosse Y . Mycotoxins as human carcinogens—The IARC Monographs classification. Mycotoxin Res2017;33(1):65–73. Kensler TW , Roebuck BD , Wogan GN , Groopman JD . Aflatoxin: A 50-year odyssey of mechanistic and translational toxicology. ToxicolSci 2011;120(suppl.1):S28–48. Nurul Adilah Z , Mohd Redzwan S . Effect of dietary macronutrients on aflatoxicosis: A mini-review. J Sci Food Agric2017;97(8):2277–2281. Mohd Redzwan S , Abd Mutalib MS , Wang JS Effect of supplementation of fermented milk drink containing probiotic Lactobacillus caseiShirota on the concentrations of aflatoxin biomarkers among employees of Universiti Putra Malaysia: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled study. Br J Nutr 2016;115(1):39–54. Mehan VK , McDonald D , Haravu LJ , Jayanthi S . Aflatoxicosis from ingestion of toxic groundnuts and groundnut products. In: TheGroundnut Aflatoxin Problem: Review and Literature Database. Patancheru, AP . 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute forthe Semi-Arid Tropics; 1991. pp. 3–56. Peraica M , Richter D , Rašić D . Mycotoxicoses in children. Arch Ind Hyg Toxicol 2014;65(4):347–363. Wu F , Guclu H . Aflatoxin regulations in a network of global maize trade. PLOS One 2012;7(9):1–8. Montalto G , Cervello M , Giannitrapani L , Dantona F , Terranova A , Castagnetta LAM . Epidemiology, risk factors, and natural history ofhepatocellular carcinoma. Ann New York Acad Sci 2002;963:13–20. Groopman JD , Wogan GN . Aflatoxin and hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Penning TM , editor. Chemical Carcinogenesis. New York, NY:Humana Press; 2011. pp. 113–133. Payne GA . Mycotoxins and product safety. In: Stalker HT , Wilson RF , editors. Peanuts: Genetics, Processing, and Utilization.Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2016. p. 347–361. Wu F . Global impacts of aflatoxin in maize: Trade and human health. World Mycotoxin J 2015;8(2):137–142. Krishnamachari KAVR , Nagarajan V , Bhat RV , Tilak TBG . Hepatitis due to aflatoxicosis. An outbreak in Western India. Lancet 1975;May10:1061–1063. Ngindu A , Kenya PR , Ocheng DM Outbreak of acute hepatitis caused by aflatoxin poisoning in Kenya. Lancet1982;319(8285):1346–1348. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Outbreak of aflatoxin poisoning—Eastern and central provinces, Kenya, January–July 2004.Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004;53(34): 790–793. Lye MS , Ghazali AA , Mohan J , Alwin N , Nair RC . An outbreak of acute hepatic encephalopathy due to severe aflatoxicosis in Malaysia.Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995;53(1):68–72. Agag BI . Mycotoxins in foods and feeds. 1-Aflatoxins. Ass Univ Bull Environ Res 2004;7(1):173–206. Ketney O , Santini A , Oancea S . Recent aflatoxin survey data in milk and milk products: A review. Int J Dairy Technol 2017;1:1–12. Leong YH , Latiff AA , Ahmad NI , Rosma A . Exposure measurement of aflatoxins and aflatoxin metabolites in human body fluids. A shortreview. Mycotoxin Res 2012;28(2):79–87. Payne GA , Hagler Jr. WM . Effect of specific amino acids on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillusflavus in defined media. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983;46(4):805–812. Udomkun P , Wiredu AN , Nagle M , Bandyopadhyay R , Müller J , Vanlauwe B . Mycotoxins in sub-saharan Africa: Present situation,socio-economic impact, awareness, and outlook. Food Control 2017;72:110–122. Commission of the European Community . Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels forcertain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union 2006;L364:5–24. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) . Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to AflatoxinB1 as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA J 2004;39:1–27. Lewis L , Onsongo M , Njapau H Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis ineastern and central Kenya. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113(12):1763–1767. Campagnollo FB , Ganev KC , Khaneghah AM The occurrence and effect of unit operations for dairy products processing on the fate ofaflatoxin M1: A review. Food Control 2016;68:310–329.

García S , Heredia N . Mycotoxins in Mexico: Epidemiology, management, and control strategies. Mycopathologia 2006;162(3):255–264. Torkar KG , Vengušt A . The presence of yeasts, moulds and aflatoxin M1 in raw milk and cheese in Slovenia. Food Control2008;19(6):570–577. Elkak A , El Atat O , Habib J , Abbas M . Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in cheese processed and marketed in Lebanon. Food Control2012;25(1):140–143. European Communitýs Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) . Food and Feed Safety Alerts [Internet]. 2017 [cited June 14,2017];Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/rasff_en Azziz-Baumgartner E , Lindblade K , Gieseker K Case-control study of an acute aflatoxicosis outbreak, Kenya, 2004. Environ HealthPerspect 2005;113(12):1779–1783. Fung F , Clark RF . Health effects of mycotoxins: A toxicological overview. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004;42(2):217–234. Tannenbaum SR , Skipper PL , Wishnok JS , Stillwell WG , Day BW , Taghizadeh K . Characterization of various classes of proteinadducts. Environ Health Perspect 1993;99(6):51–55. Magnussen A , Parsi MA . Aflatoxins, hepatocellular carcinoma and public health. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19(10):1508–1512. Colombo M . Hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 1992;15(11):225–236. Qian GS , Ross RK , Yu MC A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, People'sRepublic of China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994;3:3–10. Villar S , Roux-goglin E Le , Gouas DA Seasonal variation in TP53 R249S-mutated serum DNA with aflatoxin exposure and Hepatitis Bvirus infection. Environ Health Perspect 2011;119(11):1635–1640. Gouas D , Shi H , Hainaut P . The aflatoxin-induced TP53 mutation at codon 249 (R249S): Biomarker of exposure, early detection andtarget for therapy. Cancer Lett 2009;286(1):29–37. Yu M-W , Lien J-P , Chiu Y , Santella RM , Liaw Y-F , Cher C-J . Effect of aflatoxin metabolism and DNA adduct formation onhepatocellular carcinoma among chronic hepatitis B carriers in Taiwan. J Hepatol 1997;27(10):320–330. Chen C-H , Wang M-H , Wang J-H Aflatoxin exposure and hepatitis C virus in advanced liver disease in a hepatitis C virus endemic area inTaiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007;77(4):747–752. Beeching N , Dassanayake A . Tropical liver disease. Medicine 2015;43(10):613–618. Wu HC , Santella R . The role of aflatoxins in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepat Mon 2012;12(10 HCC):1–9. Jackson PE , Kuang SY , Wang JB Prospective detection of codon 249 mutations in plasma of hepatocellular carcinoma patients.Carcinogenesis 2003;24(10):1657–1663. Ilić M , Putnik SS , Prvulović-Bunović N Hepatocellular carcinoma and impact of aflatoxin difuranocoumarin derivative system—A casereport. Srp Arh Celok Lek 2016;144(11–12):661–663. Gong YY , Watson S , Routledge MN . Aflatoxin exposure and associated human health effects, a review of epidemiological studies. FoodSaf 2016;4(1):14–27. Samson RA , Houbraken J , Thrane U , Frisvad JC , Andersen B . Food and Indoor Fungi. Utrecht: CBS-KNAW Fungal BiodiversityCentre; 2010. Shephard GS . Aflatoxin analysis at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009;395(5):1215–1224. Cigić IK , Prosen H . An overview of conventional and emerging analytical methods for the determination of mycotoxins. Int J Mol Sci2009;10(1):62–115. Berthiller F , Brera C , Iha MH Developments in mycotoxin analysis: An update for 2015–2016. World Mycotoxin J 2017;10(1):5–29. Kamala A , Ortiz J , Kimanya M Multiple mycotoxin co-occurrence in maize grown in three agro-ecological zones of Tanzania. FoodControl 2015;54:208–215. Yogendrarajah P , Van Poucke C , De Meulenaer B , De Saeger S . Development and validation of a QuEChERS based liquidchromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of multiple mycotoxins in spices. J Chromatogr A2013;1297:1–11. Koesukwiwat K , Lehotay SJ , Mastovska K , Dorweiler KJ , Leepipatpiboon N . Extension of the QuEChERS method for pesticide residuesin cereals to flaxseeds, peanuts, and doughs. J Agric Food Chem 2010;58:5950–5958. AOAC . Natural Toxins. In: Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. Gaithersburg: 2005. Abdel-Hadi A , Carter D , Magan N . Temporal monitoring of the nor-1 (aflD) gene of Aspergillus flavus in relation to aflatoxin B1 productionduring storage of peanuts under different water activity levels. J Appl Microbiol 2010;109(6):1914–1922. Abdel-Hadi A , Schmidt-Heydt M , Parra R , Geisen R , Magan N . A systems approach to model the relationship between aflatoxin genecluster expression, environmental factors, growth and toxin production by Aspergillus flavus . J R Soc Interface 2012;9(69):757–767. Al-Saad LA , Al-Badran AI , Al-Jumayli SA , Magan N , Rodríguez A . Impact of bacterial biocontrol agents on aflatoxin biosynthetic genes,aflD and aflR expression, and phenotypic aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus flavus under different environmental and nutritionalregimes. Int J Food Microbiol 2016;217:123–129. Kashefi B , Arabsorkhi MR . Effect of mycotoxins in dried figs production. Acta Hortic 2012;963:37–40. Vishwanath V , Sulyok M , Labuda R , Bicker W , Krska R . Simultaneous determination of 186 fungal and bacterial metabolites in indoormatrices by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009;395(5): 1355–1372. Pornpukdeewattana S , Kerdpiboon S , Jindaprasert A , Pandee P , Teerarak M , Krusong W . Upland rice vinegar vapor inhibits sporegermination, hyphal growth and aflatoxin formation in Aspergillus flavus on maize grains. Food Control 2017;71:88–93. Nerilo SB , Rocha GHO , Tomoike C Antifungal properties and inhibitory effects upon aflatoxin production by Zingiber officinale essentialoil in Aspergillus flavus . Int J Food Sci Technol 2016;51(2):286–292. Kalkan H , Güneş A , Durmuş E , Kuşçu A . Non-invasive detection of aflatoxin-contaminated figs using fluorescence and multispectralimaging. Food Addit Contam Part A 2014;31:1414–1421. Sardiñas N , Vázquez C , Gil-Serna J , González-Jaén MT , Patiño B . Specific detection of Aspergillus parasiticus in wheat flour using ahighly sensitive PCR assay. Food Addit Contam Part A 2010;27(6):853–858. Sardiñas N , Vázquez C , Gil-Serna J , González-Jaén MT , Patiño B . Specific detection and quantification of Aspergillus flavus andAspergillus parasiticus in wheat flour by SYBR® Green quantitative PCR. Int J Food Microbiol 2011;145(1): 121–125. Sardiñas N , Gil-Serna J , Santos L Detection of potentially mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species in Capsicum powder by a highly sensitivePCR-based detection method. Food Control 2011;22:1363–1366. González-Salgado A , González-Jaén T , Vázquez C , Patiño B . Highly sensitive PCR-based detection specific to Aspergillus flavus .Methods Mol Biol 2011;739:211–216.

Rodrigues P , Venâncio A , Kozakiewicz Z , Lima N . A polyphasic approach to the identification of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenicstrains of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from portuguese almonds. Int J Food Microbiol 2009;129(2):187–193. Rodríguez A , Rodríguez M , Luque MI , Martín A , Córdoba JJ . Real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of aflatoxin-producing molds in foods. Food Microbiol 2012;31(1):89–99. Luque MI , Rodríguez A , Andrade MJ , Martín A , Córdoba JJ . Development of a PCR protocol to detect aflatoxigenic molds in foodproducts. J Food Prot 2012;75(1):85–94. Luo J , Taniwaki MH , Iamanaka BT , Vogel RF , Niessen L . Application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for directidentification of pure cultures of Aspergillus flavus, A. nomius, and A. caelatus and for their rapid detection in shelled Brazil nuts. Int J FoodMicrobiol 2014;172:5–12. Schmidt-Heydt M , Abdel-Hadi A , Magan N , Geisen R . Complex regulation of the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster of Aspergillus flavusin relation to various combinations of water activity. Int J Food Microbiol 2009;135(3):231–237. WHO . Aflatoxins. In: WHO Food Additives Series 40 Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. Geneva: 1998. p.359. Scholl PF , Groopman JD . Long term stability of human aflatoxin B1 albumin adducts assessed by isotope dilution mass spectrometry andHPLC- fluorescence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(6):1436–1439. Hope J . A review of the mechanism of injury and treatment approaches for illness resulting from exposure to water-damaged buildings,mold, and mycotoxins. Sci World J 2013;2013:1–20. Magan N , Aldred D . Post-harvest control strategies: Minimizing mycotoxins in the food chain. Int J Food Microbiol2007;119(1–2):131–139. Abrar M , Anjum FM , Butt MS Aflatoxins: Biosynthesis, occurrence, toxicity, and remedies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013;53(8):862–874. Medina-Córdova N , López-Aguilar R , Ascencio F , Castellanos T , Campa-Córdova AI , Angulo C . Biocontrol activity of the marine yeastDebaryomyces hansenii against phytopathogenic fungi and its ability to inhibit mycotoxins production in maize grain (Zea mays L.). BiolControl 2016;97:70–79. Ahlberg SH , Joutsjoki V , Korhonen HJ . Potential of lactic acid bacteria in aflatoxin risk mitigation. Int J Food Microbiol 2015;207:87–102. Stanley VG , Ojo R , Woldensenbet S , Hutchinson DH . The use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to suppress the effects of aflatoxicosis inbroiler chicks. Poult Sci 1993;72:1867–1872. Pizzolitto RP , Armando MR , Salvano MA , Dalcero AM , Rosa CA . Evaluation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an antiaflatoxicogenicagent in broiler feedstuffs. Poult Sci 2013;92(6):1655–1663. Santin E , Paulillo AC , Maiorka A Evaluation of the efficacy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall to ameliorate the toxic effects ofaflatoxin in broilers. Int J Poult Sci 2003;2(5):341–344. Pfliegler WP , Pusztahelyi T , Pócsi I . Mycotoxins-prevention and decontamination by yeasts. J Basic Microbiol 2015;55(7):805–818. Prado G , Madeira JE , Morais VA Reduction of aflatoxin B1 in stored peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae . JFood Prot 2011;74:1003–1006. Shetty PH , Hald B , Jespersen L . Surface binding of aflatoxin B1 by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with potential decontaminatingabilities in indigenous fermented foods. Int J Food Microbiol 2007;113(1):41–46. Shetty PH , Jespersen L . Saccharomyces cerevisiae and lactic acid bacteria as potential mycotoxin decontaminating agents. Trends FoodSci Technol 2006;17(2):48–55. Abd El-Aziz ARM , Mahmoud MA , Al-Othman MR , Al-Gahtani MF . Use of selected essential oils to control aflatoxin contaminated storedcashew and detection of aflatoxin biosynthesis gene. Sci World J 2015;2015:1–13. Bluma R , Amaiden MR , Daghero J , Etcheverry M . Control of Aspergillus section Flavi growth and aflatoxin accumulation by plantessential oils. J Appl Microbiol 2008;105(1):203–214. Esper RH , Gonçalez E , Marques MOM , Felicio RC , Felicio JD . Potential of essential oils for protection of grains contaminated byaflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus . Front Microbiol 2014;5:1–5. Baranyi N , Kocsubé S , Varga J . Aflatoxins: Climate change and biodegradation. Curr Opin Food Sci 2015;5:60–66. Coloretti F , Carri S , Armaforte E , Chiavari C , Grazia L , Zambonelli C . Antifungal activity of lactobacilli isolated from salami. FEMSMicrobiol Lett 2007;271(2):245–250. Núñez F , Lara MS , Peromingo B , Delgado J , Sánchez-Montero L , Andrade MJ . Selection and evaluation of Debaryomyces hanseniiisolates as potential bioprotective agents against toxigenic penicillia in dry-fermented sausages. Food Microbiol 2015;46:114–120. Simoncini N , Virgili R , Spadola G , Battilani P . Autochthonous yeasts as potential biocontrol agents in dry-cured meat products. FoodControl 2014;46:160–167. Andrade MJ , Thorsen L , Rodríguez A , Córdoba JJ , Jespersen L . Inhibition of ochratoxigenic moulds by Debaryomyces hansenii strainsfor biopreservation of dry-cured meat products. Int J Food Microbiol 2014;170:70–77. Iacumin L , Manzano M , Andyanto D , Comi G . Biocontrol of ochratoxigenic moulds (Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium nordicum) byDebaryomyces hansenii and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera during speck production. Food Microbiol 2017;62:188–195. Carraro A , De Giacomo A , Giannossi ML Clay minerals as adsorbents of aflatoxin M1 from contaminated milk and effects on milk quality.Appl Clay Sci 2014;88–89:92–99. NCBI. National Center for Biotechnology Information . PubChem Compound Database [Internet]. 2017 [cited June 20, 2017]; Availablefrom: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Pildain MB , Frisvad JC , Vaamonde G , Cabral D , Varga J , Samson RA . Two novel aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus species fromArgentinean peanuts. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2008;58(3):725–735. Peterson SW , Ito Y , Horn BW , Goto T . Aspergillus bombycis, a new aflatoxigenic species and genetic variation in its sibling species, A.nomius . Mycologia 2001;93(4):689–703. Codner RC , Sargeant K , Yeo R . Production of aflatoxin by the culture of strains of Aspergillus flavus-oryzae on sterilized peanuts.Biotechnol Bioeng 1963;5:185–192. Soares C , Rodrigues P , Peterson SW , Lima N , Venâncio A . Three new species of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from almonds andmaize in Portugal. Mycologia 2012;104(3):682–697. Kurtzman CP , Horn BW , Hesseltine CW . Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus tamarii . Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1987;158:147–158. Gonçalves SS , Stchigel AM , Cano JF , Godoy-Martinez PC , Colombo AL , Guarro J . Aspergillus novoparasiticus: A new clinical speciesof the section Flavi . Med Mycol 2012;50(2):152–160.

Schroeder HW . Effect of corn steep liquor on mycelial growth and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus . Appl Microbiol1966;14(3):381–385. Saito M , Tsuruta O . A new variety of Aspergillus flavus from tropical soil in Thailand and its aflatoxin productivity. Proc Japanese AssocMycol 1993;37:31–36. Varga J , Frisvad JC , Kocsubé S New and revisited species in Aspergillus section Nigri . Stud Mycol 2011;69:1–17. Ito Y , Peterson SW , Wicklow DT , Goto T . Aspergillus pseudotamarii, a new aflatoxin producing species in Aspergillus section Flavi .Mycol Res 2001;105(2):233–239. Rank C , Nielsen KF , Larsen TO , Varga J , Samson RA , Frisvad JC . Distribution of sterigmatocystin in filamentous fungi. Fungal Biol2011;115(4–5):406–420. Frisvad JC , Samson RA , Smedsgaard J . Emericella astellata, a new producer of aflatoxin B1, B2 and sterigmatocystin. Lett ApplMicrobiol 2004;38(5):440–445. Zalar P , Frisvad JC , Gunde-Cimerman N , Varga J , Samson RA . Four new species of Emericella from the Mediterranean region ofEurope. Mycologia 2008;100(5):779–795. Frisvad JC , Samson RA . Emericella venezuelensis, a new species with stellate ascospores producing sterigmatocystin and aflatoxin B1 .Syst Appl Microbiol 2004;27(6):672–680. Frisvad JC , Houbraken J , Samson RA . Aspergillus species and aflatoxin production: A reappraisal. In: Tuijtelaars ACJ , Samson RA ,Rombouts FM , Notermans S , editors. Food Microbiology and Food Safety into the Next Millennium. Zeist, the Netherlands: FoundationFood Micro '99; 1999. pp. 125–126. Aoki T , O'Donnell K . Fusarium kyushuense sp. nov. from Japan. Mycoscience 1998;39(1):1–6. Chaverri P , Liu M , Hodge KT . A monograph of the entomopathogenic genera Hypocrella, Moelleriella, and Samuelsia gen. nov. (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae), and their aschersonia-like anamorphs in the Neotropics. Stud Mycol 2008;60:1–66. Varga J , Frisvad JC , Samson RA . Two new aflatoxin producing species, and an overview of Aspergillus section Flavi . Stud Mycol2011;69:57–80. Samson RA , van Reenen-Hoekstra ES . Introduction to Food-Borne Fungi. 3rd ed. Wageningen: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures;1988.

Ergot Alkaloids Strickland JR , Looper ML , Matthews JC , Rosenkrans CF Jr , Flythe MD , Brown KR . Board-invited review: St. Anthony's fire in livestock:Causes, mechanisms, and potential solutions. J Anim Sci. 2011;89(5):1603–1626. Miedaner T , Geiger HH . Biology, genetics, and management of ergot (Claviceps spp.) in rye, sorghum, and pearl millet. Toxins (Basel).2015;7(3):659–678. Vander Kooi C . Hieronymus Bosch and ergotism. WMJ. 2012;111(1):4. Schardl CL . Introduction to the toxins special issue on ergot alkaloids. Toxins (Basel). 2015;7(10):4232–4237. Florea S , Panaccione DG , Schardl CL . Ergot alkaloids of the family Clavicipitaceae. Phytopathology. 2017;107(5):504–518. Negård M , Uhlig S , Kauserud H , Andersen T , Høiland K , Vrålstad T . Links between genetic groups, indole alkaloid profiles and ecologywithin the grass-parasitic Claviceps purpurea species complex. Toxins (Basel). 2015;7(5):1431–1456. Steiner U , Leibner S , Schardl CL , Leuchtmann A , Leistner E . Periglandula, a new fungal genus within the Clavicipitaceae and itsassociation with Convolvulaceae. Mycologia. 2011;103(5):1133–1145. Canty MJ , Fogarty U , Sheridan MK , Ensley SM , Schrunk DE , More SJ . Ergot alkaloid intoxication in perennial ryegrass (Loliumperenne): An emerging animal health concern in Ireland? Ir Vet J. 2014;67(1):21. Guerre P . Ergot alkaloids produced by endophytic fungi of the genus Epichloë. Toxins (Basel). 2015;7(3):773–790. Philippe G . Lolitrem B and indole diterpene alkaloids produced by endophytic fungi of the genus Epichloë and their toxic effects inlivestock. Toxins (Basel). 2016;8(2):47. Chilton AS , Ellis AL , Lamb AL . Structure of an Aspergillus fumigatus old yellow enzyme (EasA) involved in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis.Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun. 2014;70(10):1328–1332. Bilovol Y , Panaccione DG . Functional analysis of the gene controlling hydroxylation of festuclavine in the ergot alkaloid pathway ofNeosartorya fumigata . Curr Genet. 2016;62(4):853–860. Marcet-Houben M , Gabaldón T . Horizontal acquisition of toxic alkaloid synthesis in a clade of plant associated fungi. Fungal Genet Biol.2016;86:71–80. Romanini S , Galletti E , Caruana L Catalytic asymmetric reactions of 4-substituted indoles with nitroethene: A direct entry to ergot alkaloidstructures. Chemistry. 2015;21(49):17578–17582. Robinson SL , Panaccione DG . Diversification of ergot alkaloids in natural and modified fungi. Toxins (Basel). 2015;7(1):201–218. Lea K , Smith L , Gaskill C , Coleman R , Smith SR . Ergovaline stability in tall fescue based on sample handling and storage methods.Front Chem. 2014;2:76. Schiff PL Jr . Ergot and its alkaloids. Am J Pharm Educ. 2006;70(5):98. Brancaccio G , Celoria GM , Falco E . Ergotism. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48(3):754. Sheridan KJ , Dolan SK , Doyle S . Endogenous cross-talk of fungal metabolites. Front Microbiol. 2015;5:732. McCabe SR , Wipf P . Total synthesis, biosynthesis and biological profiles of clavine alkaloids. Org Biomol Chem. 2016;14(25):5894–5913. Mace WJ , Lunn KL , Kaur N , Lloyd-West CM . Variation in the expression of ergot alkaloids between individual tillers of perennialryegrass. Front Chem. 2014;2:107. de Medeiros LS , da Silva JV , Abreu LM Dichlorinated and brominated rugulovasines, ergot alkaloids produced by Talaromyceswortmannii . Molecules. 2015;20(9):17627–17644. Panaccione DG , Arnold SL . Ergot alkaloids contribute to virulence in an insect model of invasive aspergillosis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8930. Helander M , Phillips T , Faeth SH Alkaloid quantities in endophyte-infected tall fescue are affected by the plant-fungus combination andenvironment. J Chem Ecol. 2016;42(2):118–126.

Gerhards N , Neubauer L , Tudzynski P , Li SM . Biosynthetic pathways of ergot alkaloids. Toxins (Basel). 2014;6(12):3281–3295. Rosenkrans CF Jr , Ezell NS . Relationships among ergot alkaloids, cytochrome P450 activity, and beef steer growth. Front Chem.2015;3:16. Dopstadt J , Neubauer L , Tudzynski P , Humpf HU . The epipolythiodiketopiperazine gene cluster in Claviceps purpurea: Dysfunctionalcytochrome P450 enzyme prevents formation of the previously unknown clapurines. PLOS One. 2016;11(7):e0158945. Duckett SK , Andrae JG , Pratt SL . Exposure to ergot alkaloids during gestation reduces fetal growth in sheep. Front Chem. 2014;2:68. Zbib N , Repussard C , Tardieu D , Priymenko N , Domange C , Guerre P . Ergovaline in tall fescue and its effect on health, milk quality,biochemical parameters, oxidative status, and drug metabolizing enzymes of lactating ewes. J Anim Sci. 2014;92(11):5112–5123. Klotz JL , Smith DL . Recent investigations of ergot alkaloids incorporated into plant and/or animal systems. Front Chem. 2015;3:23. Klotz JL . Activities and effects of ergot alkaloids on livestock physiology and production. Toxins (Basel). 2015;7(8):2801–2821. Klotz JL , Bill E . Kunkle Interdisciplinary Beef Symposium: Physiologic effects of ergot alkaloids: What happens when excretion does notequal consumption? J Anim Sci. 2015;93(12):5512–5521. Coufal-Majewski S , Stanford K , McAllister T Impacts of cereal ergot in food animal production. Front Vet Sci. 2016;3:15. Henry ML , Kemp S , Dunshea FR , Leury BJ . Physiological effects of ergot alkaloid and indole-diterpene consumption on sheep underhot and thermoneutral ambient temperature conditions. Animals (Basel). 2016;6(6). pii:E37. Craig AM , Klotz JL , Duringer JM . Cases of ergotism in livestock and associated ergot alkaloid concentrations in feed. Front Chem.2015;3:8. Dänicke S . Ergot alkaloids in feed for Pekin ducks: Toxic effects, metabolism and carry over into edible tissues. Toxins (Basel).2015;7(6):2006–2023. Dänicke S . Ergot alkaloids in fattening chickens (broilers): Toxic effects and carry over depending on dietary fat proportion andsupplementation with non-starch-polysaccharide (NSP) hydrolyzing enzymes. Toxins (Basel). 2017;9(4). pii: E118. Karlovsky P , Suman M , Berthiller F Impact of food processing and detoxification treatments on mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin Res.2016;32(4):179–205. Armenian P , Kearney TE . Pediatric ergot alkaloid exposures reported to the California Poison Control System: 1997–2008. Clin Toxicol(Phila). 2014;52(3):214–219. Avihingsanon A , Ramautarsing RA , Suwanpimolkul G Ergotism in Thailand caused by increased access to antiretroviral drugs: A globalwarning. Top Antivir Med. 2014;21(5):165–168. Chan JD , Agbedanu PN , Grab T Ergot alkaloids (re)generate new leads as antiparasitics. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(9):e0004063. Fröhlich G , Kaplan V , Amann-Vesti B . Holy fire in an HIV-positive man: A case of 21st-century ergotism. CMAJ. 2010;182(4):378–380. Fioravanti M , Nakashima T , Xu J , Garg A . A systematic review and meta-analysis assessing adverse event profile and tolerability ofnicergoline. BMJ Open. 2014;4(7):e005090. Saletu B , Garg A , Shoeb A . Safety of nicergoline as an agent for management of cognitive function disorders. Biomed Res Int.2014;2014:610103. Egert AM , Klotz JL , McLeod KR , Harmon DL . Development of a methodology to measure the effect of ergot alkaloids on forestomachmotility using real-time wireless telemetry. Front Chem. 2014;2:90. Ji H , Fannin F , Klotz J , Bush L . Tall fescue seed extraction and partial purification of ergot alkaloids. Front Chem. 2014;2:110. Bryła M , Szymczyk K , Jędrzejczak R , Roszko M . Application of liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry technique todetermine ergot alkaloids in grain products. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2015;53(1):18–28. Crews C . Analysis of ergot alkaloids. Toxins (Basel). 2015;7(6):2024–2050. Dellafiora L , Dall'Asta C , Cozzini P . Ergot alkaloids: From witchcraft till in silico analysis. Multi-receptor analysis of ergotaminemetabolites. Toxicol Rep. 2015;2:535–545. Nowak J , Woźniakiewicz M , Klepacki P , Sowa A , Kościelniak P . Identification and determination of ergot alkaloids in Morning Glorycultivars. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2016;408(12):3093–3102. Uka V , Moore GG , Arroyo-Manzanares N , Nebija D , De Saeger S , Di Mavungu DJ . Unravelling the diversity of the cyclopiazonic acidfamily of mycotoxins in Aspergillus flavus by UHPLC Triple-TOF HRMS. Toxins (Basel). 2017;9(1). pii:E35. Comte A , Gräfenhan T , Links MG , Hemmingsen SM , Dumonceaux TJ . Quantitative molecular diagnostic assays of grain washes forClaviceps purpurea are correlated with visual determinations of ergot contamination. PLOS One. 2017;12(3):e0173495. Young CA , Schardl CL , Panaccione DG Genetics, genomics and evolution of ergot alkaloid diversity. Toxins (Basel).2015;7(4):1273–1302. Gilmore BS , Alderman SC , Knaus BJ Simple sequence repeat markers that identify Claviceps species and strains. Fungal BiolBiotechnol. 2016;3:1. Hinsch J , Galuszka P , Tudzynski P . Functional characterization of the first filamentous fungal tRNA-isopentenyltransferase and its role inthe virulence of Claviceps purpurea . New Phytol. 2016;211(3):980–992. Neubauer L , Dopstadt J , Humpf HU , Tudzynski P . Identification and characterization of the ergochrome gene cluster in the plantpathogenic fungus Claviceps purpurea . Fungal Biol Biotechnol. 2016;3:2. Demir S , Akin S , Tercan F , Ariboğan A , Oğuzkurt L . Ergotamine-induced lower extremity arterial vasospasm presenting as acute limbischemia. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2010;16(2):165–167. Gaye-Saavedra GA , Preve F , Albisu S , Legnani M . Transient ischemic attack caused by cerebral ergotism. Arq Neuropsiquiatr.2016;74(3):258.

Fumonisins Summerell BA , Leslie JF . Fifty years of Fusarium: How could nine species have ever been enough? Fungal Divers 2011;50:135–144. Marin S , Ramos AJ , Cano-Sancho G , Sanchís V . Mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicology, and exposure assessment. Food Chem Toxicol2013;60:218–237. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) . Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from theCommission related to fumonisins as undesirable substances in animal feed. EFSA J 2005;235:1–32.

Abbas HK , Riley RT . The presence and phytotoxicity of fumonisins and aal-toxin in Alternaria alternata . Toxicon 1996;34(1):133–136. Frisvad JC , Smedsgaard J , Samson RA , Larsen TO , Thrane U . Fumonisin B2 Production by Aspergillus niger . J Agric Food Chem2007;55:9727–9732. Escrivá L , Font G , Manyes L . In vivo toxicity studies of fusarium mycotoxins in the last decade: A review. Food Chem Toxicol2015;78:185–206. Leslie JF , Summerell B . The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Ames, IA: Blackwell; 2006. Logrieco A , Bottalico A , Mulé G , Moretti A , Perrone G . Epidemiology of toxigenic fungi and their associated mycotoxins for someMediterranean crops. Eur J Plan 2003;109:645–667. Stoev SD . Foodborne mycotoxicoses, risk assessment and underestimated hazard of masked mycotoxins and joint mycotoxin effects orinteraction. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2015;39:794–809. Stoev S , Denev S . Porcine/chicken or human nephropathy as the result of joint mycotoxins interaction. Toxins 2013;5: 1503–1530. Santiago R , Cao A , Butrón A . Genetic factors involved in fumonisin accumulation in maize kernels and their implications in maizeagronomic management and breeding. Toxins 2015;7:3267–3296. Ostry V , Malir F , Toman J , Grosse Y . Mycotoxins as human carcinogens—The IARC monographs classification. Mycotoxin Res2017;33:65–73. Commission of the European Community . Commission Regulation (EC) Number 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levelsfor certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union 2006;364:5–24. Stępień L . The use of Fusarium secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes in chemotypic and phylogenetic studies. Crit Rev Microbiol2014;40:176–185. Desjardins AE , Proctor RH . Molecular biology of Fusarium mycotoxins. Int J Food Microbiol 2007;119:47–50. Scauflaire J , Gourgue M , Munaut F . Fusarium temperatum sp. nov. from maize, an emergent species closely related to Fusariumsubglutinans . Mycologia 2011;103:586–597. Scauflaire J , Godet M , Gourgue M , Liénard C , Munaut F . A multiplex real-time PCR method using hybridization probes for the detectionand the quantification of Fusarium proliferatum, F. subglutinans, F. temperatum, and F. verticillioides . Fungal Biol 2012;116:1073–1080. Summerell BA , Salleh B , Leslie JF . A utilitarian approach to Fusarium identificaction. Plant Dis 2003;87:117–128. Samson RA , Visagie CM , Houbraken J Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus. Stud Mycol2014;78:141–173. Visentin I , Tamietti G , Valentino D The ITS region as a taxonomic discriminator between Fusarium verticillioides and Fusariumproliferatum . Mycol Res 2009;113:1137–1145. Chehri K , Salleh B , Yli-Mattila T , Reddy KRN , Abbasi S . Molecular characterization of pathogenic Fusarium species in cucurbit plantsfrom Kermanshah province, Iran. Saudi J Biol Sci 2011;18:341–351. Bezuidenhout SC , Gelderblom WCA , Gorst-Allman CP Structure elucidation of the fumonisins, mycotoxins from Fusarium moniliforme . JChem Soc Chem Commun 1988;11:743–745. Gelderblom WCA , Marasas WFO , Vleggaar R , Thiel PG , Cawood ME . Fumonisins: Isolation, chemical characterization and biologicaleffects. Mycopathologia 1992;117: 11–16. Ahangarkani F , Rouhi S , Gholamour Azizi I . A review on incidence and toxicity of fumonisins. Toxin Rev 2014;33: 95–100. Alexander NJ , Proctor RH , McCormick SP . Genes, gene clusters, and biosynthesis of trichothecenes and fumonisins in Fusarium . ToxinRev 2009;28:198–215. Bennett JW , Klich M . Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003;16:497–516. Proctor RH , Brown DW , Plattner RD , Desjardins AE . Co-expression of 15 contiguous genes delineates a fumonisin biosynthetic genecluster in Gibberella moniliformis . Fungal Genet Biol 2003;38:237–249. Waalwijk C , van der Lee T , de Vries I , Hesselink T , Arts J , Kema GHJ . Synteny in toxigenic Fusarium species: The fumonisin genecluster and the mating type region as examples. In: Molecular Diversity and PCR-Detection of Toxigenic Fusarium Species andOchratoxigenic Fungi. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer; 2004 pp. 533–544. Proctor RH , Busman M , Seo JA , Lee YW , Plattner RD . A fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster in Fusarium oxysporum strain O-1890 andthe genetic basis for B versus C fumonisin production. Fungal Genet Biol 2008;45:1016–1026. Yu F , Zhu X , Du L . Developing a genetic system for functional manipulations of FUM1, a polyketide synthase gene for the biosynthesisof fumonisins in Fusarium verticillioides . FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005;248:257–264. Du L , Zhu X , Gerber R Biosynthesis of sphinganine-analog mycotoxins. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008;35:455–464. Butchko RAE , Plattner RD , Proctor RH . FUM13 Encodes a short chain dehydrogenase/reductase required for C-3 carbonyl reductionduring fumonisin biosynthesis in Gibberella moniliformis . J Agric Food Chem 2003;51:3000–3006. Lia Y , Lou L , Cerny RL Tricarballylic ester formation during biosynthesis of fumonisin mycotoxins in Fusarium verticillioides . Mycology2013;4:179–186. Butchko RAE , Plattner RD , Proctor RH . Deletion analysis of FUM genes involved in tricarballylic ester formation during fumonisinbiosynthesis. J Agric Food Chem 2006;54:9398–9404. Brown DW , Butchko RAE , Busman M , Proctor RH . The Fusarium verticillioides FUM gene cluster encodes a Zn(II)2CyS6 protein thataffects FUM gene expression and fumonisin production. Eukaryot Cell 2007;6:1210–1218. Müller S , Dekant W , Mally A . Fumonisin B1 and the kidney: Modes of action for renal tumor formation by fumonisin B1 in rodents. FoodChem Toxicol 2012;50:3833–3846. Abbas HK , Williams WP , Windham GL , Pringle HC , Xie W , Shier WT . Aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination of commercial corn (Zeamays) hybrids in Mississippi. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50(18):5246–5254. Abbas HK , Cartwright RD , Xie W , Thomas Shier W . Aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination of corn (maize, Zea mays) hybrids inArkansas. Crop Prot 2006;25:1–9. Parsons MW , Munkvold GP . Associations of planting date, drought stress, and insects with Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin B1contamination in California maize. Food Addit Contam Part A 2010;27:591–607. Chulze S , Ramirez ML , Farnochi M , Pascale M , Visconti A , Guillermo M . Fusarium and fumonisin occurrence in Argentinian corn atdifferent ear maturity stages. 1996;44:2797–2801. Camargos SM , Soares LMV , Sawazaki E , Bolonhezi D , Castro JL , Bortolleto N . Fumonisins in corn cultivars in the state of Sao Paulo.Brazilian J Microbiol 2000;31:225–228.

Sun G , Wang S , Hu X Fumonisin B1 contamination of home-grown corn in high-risk areas for esophageal and liver cancer in China. FoodAddit Contam 2007;24:181–185. Alizadeh AM , Rohandel G , Roudbarmohammadi S Fumonisin B1 contamination of cereals and risk of esophageal cancer in a high riskarea in northeastern Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012;13:2625–2628. Afolabi CG , Ojiambo PS , Ekpo EJA , Menkir A , Bandyopadhyay R . Evaluation of maize inbred lines for resistance to Fusarium ear rotand fumonisin accumulation in grain in tropical Africa. Plant Dis 2007;91:279–286. Fandohan P , Gnonlonfin B , Hell K , Marasas WFO , Wingfield MJ . Natural occurrence of Fusarium and subsequent fumonisincontamination in preharvest and stored maize in Benin, West Africa. Int J Food Microbiol 2005;99:173–183. Sydenham EW , Thiel PG , Marasas WFO , Shephard GS , Van Schalkwyk DJ , Koch KR . Natural occurrence of some Fusariummycotoxins in corn from low and high esophageal cancer prevalence areas of the Transkei, Southern Africa. J Agric Food Chem1990;38:1900–1903. Yoshizawa T , Yamashita A , Luo Y . Fumonisin occurrence in corn from high- and low-risk areas for human esophageal cancer in China.Appl Environ Microbiol 1994;60:1626–1629. Li FQ , Yoshizawa T , Kawamura O , Lou XY , Li YW . Aflatoxins and fumonisins in corn from the high-incidence area for humanhepatocellular carcinoma in Guangxi, China. J Agric Food Chem 2001;49:4122–4126. Sydenham EW , Shephard GS , Thiel PG , Marasas WFO , Stockenstrom S . Fumonisin contamination of commercial corn-based humanfoodstuffs. J Agric Food Chem 1991;39:2014–2018. Bhat R V , Shetty PH , Amruth RP , Sudershan RV . A foodborne disease outbreak due to the consumption of moldy sorghum and maizecontaining fumonisin mycotoxins. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997;35:249–255. Hendricks K . Fumonisins and neural tube defects in South Texas. Epidemiology 1999;10:198–200. Hendricks KA , Simpson JS , Larsen RD . Neural tube defects along the Texas-Mexico Border, 1993–1995. Am J Epidemiol1999;149:1119–1127. Missmer SA , Suarez L , Felkner M Exposure to fumonisins and the occurrence of neutral tube defects along the Texas-Mexico border.Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:237–241. JECFA and FAO . Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. World Health Organization 2012;101. Wang X , Wu Q , Wan D Fumonisins: Oxidative stress-mediated toxicity and metabolism in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2016;90:81–101. Gimeno A , Martins ML . Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicosis in Animals and Humans. 2nd ed. Miami, FL: Special Nutrients; 2012. Smith GW , Constable PD , Foreman JH Cardiovascular changes associated with intravenous administration of fumonisin B1 in horses.Am J Vet Res 2002;63:538–545. Haschek WM , Gumprecht LA , Smith G , Tumbleson ME , Constable PD . Fumonisin toxicosis in swine: An overview of porcine pulmonaryedema and current perspectives. Environ Health Perspect 2001;109:251–257. Ledoux DR , Brown TP , Weibking TS , Rottinghaus GE . Fumonisin toxicity in broiler chicks. J Vet Diagnostic Investig 1992;4:330–333. Richard JL , Meerdink G , Maragos CM Absence of detectable fumonisins in the milk of cows fed Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima)Nirenberg culture material. Mycopathologia 1996;133:123–126. World Health Organization (WHO) . Fumonisin B1 . Geneva, Switzerland: 2000. Stoev SD . Food safety and increasing hazard of mycotoxin occurrence in foods and feeds. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013;53:887–901. Bryden WL . Mycotoxin contamination of the feed supply chain: Implications for animal productivity and feed security. Anim Feed SciTechnol 2012;173:134–158. Marasas WFO , Riley RT , Hendricks KA Fumonisins disrupt sphingolipid metabolism, folate transport, and neural tube development inembryo culture and in vivo: A potential risk factor for human neural tube defects among populations consuming fumonisin-contaminatedmaize. J Nutr 2004;134:711–716. Voss KA , Gelineau-van Waes JB , Riley RT . Fumonisins: Current research trends in developmental toxicology. Mycotoxin Res2006;22:61–69. Bryla M , Roszko M , Szymczyk K , Jdrzejczak R , Mieczysław W , Obiedziski MW . Fumonisins and their masked forms in maize products.Food Control 2016;59:619–627. Khayoon WS , Saad B , Salleh B , Ismail NA , Manaf NHA , Latiff AA . A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography methodfor the determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in food and feed using monolithic column and positive confirmation by liquidchromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010;679;91–97. Cendoya E , Monge MP , Palacios SA Fumonisin occurrence in naturally contaminated wheat grain harvested in Argentina. Food Control2014;37:56–61. Cao A , Santiago R , Ramos AJ , Marín S , Reid LM , Butrón A . Environmental factors related to fungal infection and fumonisinaccumulation during the development and drying of white maize kernels. Int J Food Microbiol 2013;164:15–22. Rubert J , Soriano JM , Mañes J , Soler C . Occurrence of fumonisins in organic and conventional cereal-based products commercializedin France, Germany and Spain. Food Chem Toxicol 2013;56:387–391. López P , de Rijk T , Sprong RC , Mengelers MJB , Castenmiller JJM , Alewijn M . A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study in theNetherlands in 2013: Part II—Occurrence. World Mycotoxin J 2016;9:89–108. Ye H , Lai X , Liu C . Determination of fumonisin B1 and B2 in corn using matrix-phase dispersion coupled to high performance liquidchromatography. Asian J Chem 2013;25:6807–6810. Petrarca MH , Rossi EA , de Sylos CM . In-house method validation, estimating measurement uncertainty and the occurrence of fumonisinB1 in samples of Brazilian commercial rice. Food Control 2016;59:439–446. Ndube N , van der Westhuizen L , Green IR , Shephard GS . HPLC determination of fumonisin mycotoxins in maize: A comparative studyof naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde and o-phthaldialdehyde derivatization reagents for fluorescence and diode array detection. JChromatogr B 2011;879:2239–2243. Köppen R , Koch M , Siegel D , Merkel S , Maul R , Nehls I . Determination of mycotoxins in foods: Current state of analytical methods andlimitations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010;86:1595–1612. Monbaliu S , Van Poucke C , Detavernier C Occurrence of mycotoxins in feed as analyzed by a multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method. JAgric Food Chem 2010;58:66–71. Beltrán E , Ibañez M , Portolés T Development of sensitive and rapid analytical methodology for food analysis of 18 mycotoxins included ina total diet study. Anal Chim Acta 2013;783:39–48.

Diniz Andrade P , Dantas RR , Moura-Alves TL da S , Caldas ED . Determination of multi-mycotoxins in cereals and of total fumonisins inmaize products using isotope labeled internal standard and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with positive ionization. JChromatogr A 2017;1490:138–147. Li Y-S , Zhou Y , Lu S-Y Development of a one-step test strip for rapid screening of fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 in maize. Food Control2012;24:72–77. McNamee SE , Bravin F , Rosar G , Elliott CT , Campbell K . Development of a nanoarray capable of the rapid and simultaneous detectionof zearalenone, T2-toxin and fumonisin. Talanta 2017;164:368–376. Lin X , Guo X . Advances in biosensors, chemosensors and assays for the determination of Fusarium mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel)2016;8:161. Rheeder JP , Marasas WFO , Vismer HF . Production of fumonisin analogs by Fusarium species. Appl Environ Microbiol2002;68:2101–2105. Binder EM , Tan LM , Chin LJ , Handl J , Richard J . Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in commodities, feeds and feed ingredients.Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007;137:265–282. Ariño A , Herrera M , Juan T Influence of agricultural practices on the contamination of maize by fumonisin mycotoxins. J Food Prot2009;72:898–902. Torelli E , Firrao G , Bianchi G , Saccardo F , Locci R . The influence of local factors on the prediction of fumonisin contamination in maize.J Sci Food Agric 2012;92:1808–1814. European Food Safety Authority . Evaluation of the increase of risk for public health related to a possible temporary derogation from themaximum level of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins for maize and maize products. EFSA J 2014;12(5):3699.doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3699. Commission of the European Community . Commission Recommendation (EU) 2016/1319 of 29 July 2016 amending Recommendation2006/576/EC as regards deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and ochratoxin A in pet food. Off J Eur Union 2016;208:5–6. Maiorano A , Reyneri A , Magni A , Ramponi C . A decision tool for evaluating the agronomic risk of exposure to fumonisins of differentmaize crop management systems in Italy. Agric Syst 2009;102:17–23. Barrier-Guillot B , Lorgeou J , Renoux JP . Safety quality of grain maize. Mobilising all possible means of preserving safety quality. Arvalis2007;4:6–8. Ferrigo D , Raiola A , Causin R . Fusarium toxins in cereals: Occurrence, legislation, factors promoting the appearance and theirmanagement. Molecules 2016;21:627. Munkvold GP . Cultural and genetic approaches to managing mycotoxins in maize. Annu Rev Phytopathol 2003;41: 99–116. Cano-Sancho G , Ramos AJ , Marín S , Sanchís V . Occurrence of fumonisins in Catalonia (Spain) and an exposure assessment ofspecific population groups. Food Addit Contam Part A 2012;29:799–808. Pleadin J , Vahčić N , Perši N , Ševelj D , Markov K , Frece J . Fusarium mycotoxins’ occurrence in cereals harvested from Croatian fields.Food Control 2013;32:49–54. Generotti S , Cirlini M , Dall'Asta C , Suman M . Influence of the industrial process from caryopsis to cornmeal semolina on levels offumonisins and their masked forms. Food Control 2015;48:170–174.

3-Nitropropionate Gorter K . Hiptagin, a new glucoside from Hiptage madablota . Bull Jard Bot Buitenz 1920;2:187. Alston TA , Mela L , Bright HJ . 3-Nitropropionate, the toxic substance of Indigofera, is a suicide inactivator of succinate dehydrogenase.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977;74:3767–3771. Coles CJ , Edmondson DE , Singer TP . Inactivation of succinate dehydrogenase by 3-nitropropionate. J Biol Chem 1979;254:5161–5167. Huang LS , Sun G , Cobessi D 3-nitropropionic acid is a suicide inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration that, upon oxidation by complex II,forms a covalent adduct with a catalytic base arginine in the active site of the enzyme. J Biol Chem 2006;281:5965–5972. Hamilton BF , Gould DH , Gustine DL . History of 3-Nitropropionic Acid. In Mitochondrial Inhibitors and Neurodegenerative DisordersComptemporary Neuroscience. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2000. James LF , Hartley WJ , Williams MC , Van Kampen KR . Field and experimental studies in cattle and sheep poisoned by nitro-bearingAstragalus or their toxins. Am J Vet Res 1980;41:377–382. Mathews FP . Poisoning in sheep and goats by sacahuiste (Nolina texana) buds and blooms. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1940;97:125–134. Brouillet E , Hantraye P , Ferrante RJ Chronic mitochondrial energy impairment produces selective striatal degeneration and abnormalchoreiform movements in primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995;92:7105–7109. Burdock GA , Carabin IG , Soni MG . Safety assessment of β-nitropropionic acid: A monograph in support of an acceptable daily intake inhumans. Food Chem 2001;75:1–27. Bush MT , Touster O , Brockman JE . The production of beta-nitropropionic acid by a strain of Aspergillus flavus . J Biol Chem1951;188:685–693. Nielsen AT . Nitronic acids and esters. In The Chemistry of the Nitro and Nitroso Groups. New York, NY: Interscience; 1969. Bernasconi CF . Intrinsic barriers of reaction and the principle of non-perfect synchronization. Acc Chem Res 1987;20:301–308. Bernasconi CF . The Principle of Non-Perfect Synchronization. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1992. Goodall DM , Long FA . Protonation of nitroalkane anions by acetic acid in mixed water-deuterium oxide solvents. J Am Chem Soc1968;90(2):238–243. Carter CL , Mc CW . Hiptagenic acid identified as beta-nitropropionic acid. Nature 1949;164:575. Chomcheon P , Wiyakrutta S , Sriubolmas N , Ngamrojanavanich N , Isarangkul D , Kittakoop P . 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), a potentantimycobacterial agent from endophytic fungi: Is 3-NPA in some plants produced by endophytes? J Nat Prod 2005;68:1103–1105. Flores AC , Pamphile JA , Sarragiotto MH , Clemente E . Production of 3-nitropropionic acid by endophytic fungus Phomopsis longicollaisolated from Trichilia elegans A. JUSS ssp. elegans and evaluation of biological activity. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013;29:923–932. Hipkin CR , Simpson DJ , Wainwright SJ , Salem MA . Nitrification by plants that also fix nitrogen. Nature 2004;430:98–101.

Pauls G , Becker T , Rahfeld P Two defensive lines in juvenile leaf beetles; Esters of 3-nitropropionic acid in the hemolymph andaposematic warning. J Chem Ecol 2016;42:240–248. Polonio JC , Ribeiro MA , Rhoden SA , Sarragiotto MH , Azevedo JL , Pamphile JA . 3-Nitropropionic acid production by the endophyticDiaporthe citri: Molecular taxonomy, chemical characterization, and quantification under pH variation. Fungal Biol 2016;120:1600–1608. Porter DJ , Bright HJ . Propionate 3-nitronate oxidase from Penicillium atrovenetum is a flavoprotein which initiates the autoxidation of itssubstrate by O2 . J Biol Chem 1987;262:14428–14434. Somanthan R , Rivero IA , Beltran RG . Nitropropanoic acid from five Astragalus species. Rev Latinoamer Quim 1990;21:101–107. Wei DL , Chang S C , Lin SC , Doong M L , Jong SC . Production of 3-nitropropionic acid by Arthrinium species. Curr Microbiol1994;28:1–5. Anderson RC , Majak W , Rassmussen MA Toxicity and metabolism of the conjugates of 3-nitropropanol and 3-nitropropionic acid inforages poisonous to livestock. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:2344–2350. Simpson DJ , Wainwright SJ , Hipkin CR . Presence of 3-nitropropionic acid, in widely distributed pasture legumes in Britain. Vet Rec1999;145:169–171. Benn M , Bai Y , Majak, W . Aliphatic nitro-compounds in Astragalus canadensis . Phytochemistry 1995;40:1629–1631. Majak W , Benn M . Additional esters of 3-nitropropanoic acid and glucose from fruit of the New Zealand karaka tree, Corynocarpuslaevigatus . Phytochemistry 1994;35:901–903. Gnanasunderam C , Sutherland ORW . Hiptagin and other aliphatic nitro esters in Lotus pedunculatus . Phytochemistry 1986;25:409–410. Qiu L , Liang Y , Tang GH Two new flavonols, including one flavan dimer, from the roots of Indigofera stachyodes . Phytochem Lett2013;6:368–371. Benn MH , Majak W , Aplin R . A nitropropanoyl isoxazolinone derivative in two species of Astragalus . Biochem Sys Ecol1997;25:467–468. Salem MA , Williams JM , Wainwright SJ , Hipkin CR . Nitroaliphatic compounds in Hippocrepis comosa and other legumes in theEuropean flora. Phytochemistry 1995;40:89–91. Williams MC , James LF , Bond BO . Emory milkvetch (Astragalus emoryanus var emoryanus) poisoning in chicks, sheep, and cattle. Am JVet Res 1979;40:403–406. Williams MC , Davis AM . Nitro compounds in introduced Astragalus species. J Range Manage 1982;35:113–115. Pasteels JM , Daloze D , Rowell-Rahier M . Chemical defence in chrysomelid eggs and neonate larvae. Physiol Entomol 1986;11:29–37. Pasteels JMaR-R, M . Defensive glands and secretions as taxonomical tools in the Chrysomelinae. Entomography 1989;6:423–432. Pasteels JM , Braekman JC , Daloze D , Ottinger R . Chemical defence in chrysomelid larvae and adults. Tetrahedron1982;38:1891–1897. Randoux T , Braekman JC , Daloze D , Pasteels JM . De novo biosynthesis of delta-isoxazolin-5-one and 3-nitropropanoic acid derivativesin Chrysomela tremulae . Naturwissenschaften 1991;78:313–314. Sugeno W , Matsuda K . Adult secretions of four Japanese Chrysomelinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Appl Entomol Zool2002;37:191–197. Baxter RL , Hanley AB , Chan HWS Fungal biosynthesis of 3-nitropropanoic acid. J Chem Soc, Perkin Trans 1 1992; 19:2495–2502. Andolfi A , Boari A , Evidente M Gulypyrones A and B and phomentrioloxins B and C produced by Diaporthe gulyae, a potentialmycoherbicide for saffron thistle (Carthamus lanatus). J Nat Prod 2015;78:623–629. Rukachaisirikul V , Sommart U , Phongpaichit S , Sakayaroj J , Kirtikara K . Metabolites from the endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. PSU-D15. Phytochemistry 2008;69:783–787. Francis K , Nishino SF , Spain JC , Gadda G . A novel activity for fungal nitronate monooxygenase: Detoxification of the metabolic inhibitorpropionate-3-nitronate. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012;521:84–89. Iwasaki T , Kosikowski FV . Production of β-nitropropionic acid in foods. J Food Sci 1973;38:1162–1165. Kinosita R , Ishiko T , Sugiyama S , Seto T , Igarasi S , Goetz IE . Mycotoxins in fermented food. Cancer Res 1968;28:2296–2311. Orth R . Mycotoxins of Aspergillus oryzae strains used in the food industry as starters and enzyme producing molds. Ann Nutr Aliment1977;31:617–624. Liu X , Luo X , Hu W . Studies on the epidemiology and etiology of moldy sugarcane poisoning in China. Biomed Environ Sci1992;5:161–177. Pass MA , Muir AD , Majak W , Yost GS . Effect of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors on the toxicity of 3-nitropropanol in rats.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1985;78:310–315. Majak W , Pass MA , Madryga FJ . Toxicity of miserotoxin and its aglycone (3-nitropropanol) to rats. Toxicol Lett 1983;19:171–178. Gould DH , Wilson MP , Hamar DW . Brain enzyme and clinical alterations induced in rats and mice by nitroaliphatic toxicants. Toxicol Lett1985;27:83–89. Bossi SR , Simpson JR , Isacson O . Age dependence of striatal neuronal death caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Neuroreport1993;4:73–76. Cooke AR . The toxic constituent of Indigofera endecaphylla . Arch Biochem Biophys 1955;55:114–120. Bell ME . Toxicology of karaka kernel, karakin, and beta-nitropropionic acid. New Zealand J Sci 1974;17:327–334. Porter DJT , Voet JG , Bright HJ . Nitromethane: A novel substrate for D-amino acid oxidase. J Biol Chem 1972;247:1951–1953. Porter DJT , Voet JG , Bright HJ . Direct evidence for carbanions and covalent N5-flavin-carbanion adducts as catalytic intermediates inthe oxidation of nitroethane by D-amino acid oxidase. J Biol Chem 1973;248:4400–4416. Lu T , Pan Y , Kao S-Y Gene regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human brain. Nature 2004;429:883–891. Lin MT , Beal MF . Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature 2006;443:787–795. Fu YT , He FS , Zhang SL , Zhang JS . Lipid peroxidation in rats intoxicated with 3-nitropropionic acid. Toxicon 1995;33:327–331. Fontaine MA , Geddes JW , Banks A , Butterfield DA . Effect of exogenous and endogenous antioxidants on 3-nitropionic acid-induced invivo oxidative stress and striatal lesions: Insights into Huntington's disease. J Neurochem 2000;75:1709–1715. Binienda Z , Simmons C , Hussain S , Slikker Jr W , Ali SF . Effect of acute exposure to 3-nitropropionic acid on activities of endogenousantioxidants in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett 1998;251:173–176. Zhang JQ , Shen M , Zhu CC 3-Nitropropionic acid induces ovarian oxidative stress and impairs follicle in mouse. PLOS One2014;9:e86589.

Klivenyi P , Andreassen OA , Ferrante RJ Mice deficient in cellular glutathione peroxidase show increased vulnerability to malonate, 3-nitropropionic acid, and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine. J Neurosci 2000;20:1–7. Salvi F , Agniswamy J , Yuan H The combined structural and kinetic characterization of a bacterial nitronate monooxygenase fromPseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 establishes NMO class I and II. J Biol Chem 2014;289:23764–23775. Smitherman C , Gadda G . Evidence for a transient peroxynitro acid in the reaction catalyzed by nitronate monooxygenase with propionate3-nitronate. Biochemistry 2013;52:2694–2704. Gadda G , Francis K . Nitronate monooxygenase, a model for anionic flavin semiquinone intermediates in oxidative catalysis. ArchBiochem Biophys 2010;493:53–61. Porter DJ , Bright HJ . Mechanism of oxidation of nitroethane by glucose oxidase. J Biol Chem 1977;252:4361–4370. Kido T , Soda K . Oxidation of anionic nitroalkanes by flavoenzymes, and participation of superoxide anion in the catalysis. Arch BiochemBiophys 1984;234:468–475. Kuo CF , Fridovich I . Free-radical chain oxidation of 2-nitropropane initiated and propagated by superoxide. Biochem J1986;237:505–510. Alexi T , Hughes PE , Faull RLM , Williams CE . 3-Nitropropionic acid's lethal triplet: Cooperative pathways of neurodegeneration.Neuroreport 1998;9:R57–64. Sato S , Gobbel GT , Honkaniemi J Apoptosis in the striatum of rats following intraperitoneal injection of 3-nitropropionic acid. Brain Res1997;745:343–347. Beal MF , Brouillet E , Jenkins BG Neurochemical and histologic characterization of striatal excitotoxic lesions produced by themitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid. J Neurosci 1993;13:4181–4192. Ludolph AC , He F , Spencer PS , Hammerstad J , Sabri M . 3-Nitropropionic acid-exogenous animal neurotoxin and possible humanstriatal toxin. Can J Neurol Sci 1991;18:492–498. Riepe M , Hori N , Ludolph AC , Carpenter DO , Spencer PS , Allen CN . Inhibition of energy metabolism by 3-nitropropionic acid activatesATP-sensitive potassium channels. Brain Res 1992;586:61–66. Novelli A , Reilly JA , Lysko PG , Henneberry RC . Glutamate becomes neurotoxic via the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor when intracellularenergy levels are reduced. Brain Res 1988;451:205–212. Zeevalk GD , Nicklas WJ . Chemically induced hypoglycemia and anoxia: Relationship to glutamate receptor-mediated toxicity in retina. JPharmacol Exp Ther 1990;253:1285–1292. Milnerwood AJ , Gladding CM , Pouladi MA Early increase in extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signaling and expression contributes tophenotype onset in Huntington's disease mice. Neuron 2010;65:178–190. Blandini F , Porter RH , Greenamyre JT . Glutamate and Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurobiol 1996;12:73–94. Rego AC , Oliveira CR . Mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species in excitotoxicity and apoptosis: Implications for thepathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Res 2003;28:1563–1574. Sattler R , Tymianski M . Molecular mechanisms of calcium-dependent excitotoxicity. J Mol Med 2000;78:3–13. Maciel EN , Vercesi AE , Castilho RF . Oxidative stress in Ca(2+)-induced membrane permeability transition in brain mitochondria. JNeurochem 2001;79:1237–1245. Gunter TE , Pfeiffer DR . Mechanisms by which mitochondria transport calcium. Am J Physiol 1990;258:C755–C786. Smaili SS , Hsu Y-T , Youle RJ , Russell JT . Mitochondria in Ca2+ signaling and apoptosis. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2000;32:35–46. Kowaltowski AJ , Castilho RF , Vercesi AE . Mitochondrial permeability transition and oxidative stress. FEBS Letters 2001;495:12–15. Zoratti M , Szabo I . The mitochondrial permeability transition. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995;1241:139–176. Green DR , Reed JC . Mitochondria and apoptosis. Science 1998;281:1309–1312. Kroemer G , Dallaporta B , Resche-Rigon M . The mitochondrial death/life regulator in apoptosis and necrosis. Annu Rev Physiol1998;60:619–642. Hylin JW , Matsumoto H . The biosynthesis of 3-nitropropanoic acid by Penicillium atrovenetum . Arch Biochem Biophys 1961;93:542–545. Shaw PD . Biosynthesis of nitro compounds. III. The enzymatic reduction of β-nitroacrylic acid to β-nitropropionic acid. Biochemistry1967;6:2253–2260. Shaw PD , McCloskey JA . Biosynthesis of nitro compounds. II. Studies on potential precursors for the nitro group of β-nitropropionic acid.Biochemistry 1967;6:2247–2253. Baxter RL , Abbot EM , Greenwood SL , McFarlane IJ . Conservation of the carbon-nitrogen bond of aspartic acid in the biosynthesis of 3-nitropropanoic acid. J Chem Soc, Chem Commun 1985;9:564–566. Birkinshaw JH , Dryland AML . Studies in the biochemistry of micro-organisms. 116. Biosynthesis of β-nitropropionic acid by the mouldPenicillium atrovenetum G. Smith . Biochem J 1964;93:478–487. Alston TA , Porter DJT , Bright HJ . The bioorganic chemistry of the nitroalkyl group. Bioorg Chem 1985;13:375–403. Candlish E , La Croix LJ , Unrau AM . Biosynthesis of 3-nitropropionic acid in creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata). Biochemistry1969;8:182–186. Becker T , Pasteels J , Weigel C , Dahse HM , Voigt K , Boland W . A tale of four kingdoms—Isoxazolin-5-one- and 3-nitropropanoic acid-derived natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2017;34:343–360. Laurent P , Braekman J-C , Daloze D , Pasteels J . Biosynthesis of defensive compounds from beetles and ants. Eur J Org Chem2003;2003:2733–2743. Becker T , Ploss K , Boland W . Biosynthesis of isoxazolin-5-one and 3-nitropropanoic acid containing glucosides in juvenile Chrysomelina. Org Biomol Chem 2016;14:6274–6280. Nishino SF , Shin KA , Payne RB , Spain JC . Growth of bacteria on 3-nitropropionic acid as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy.Appl Environ Microbiol 2010;76:3590–3598. Mijatovic S , Gadda G . Oxidation of alkyl nitronates catalyzed by 2-nitropropane dioxygenase from Hansenula mrakii . Arch BiochemBiophys 2008;473:61–68. Hipkin CR , Salem MA , Simpson D , Wainwright SJ . 3-Nitropropionic acid oxidase from horseshoe vetch (Hippocrepis comosa): A novelplant enzyme. Biochem J 1999;340(Pt 2):491–495. Francis K , Gadda G . The nonoxidative conversion of nitroethane to ethylnitronate in Neurospora crassa 2-nitropropane dioxygenase iscatalyzed by histidine 196. Biochemistry 2008;47:9136–9144.

Francis K , Gadda G . Kinetic evidence for an anion binding pocket in the active site of nitronate monooxygenase. Bioorg Chem2009;37:167–172. Majak W , Cheng KJ . Identification of rumen bacteria that anaerobically degrade aliphatic nitrotoxins. Can J Microbiol 1981;27:646–650. Novoselov A , Becker T , Pauls G , von Reuss SH , Boland W . Spodoptera littoralis detoxifies neurotoxic 3-nitropropanoic acid byconjugation with amino acids. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2015;63:97–103.

Ochratoxins Van Der Merwe KJ , Steyn PS , Fouorie L , Scott DEB , Theron JJ . Ochratoxin A, a toxic metabolite produced by Aspergillus ochraceusWilh. Nature 1965;205:1112–1113. Lee HJ , Ryu D . Significance of ochratoxin A in breakfast cereals from the United States. J Agric Food Chem 2015;63:9404–9409. Battilani P , Giorni P , Bertuzzi T , Formenti S , Pietri A . Black aspergilli and ochratoxin A in grapes in Italy. Int J Food Microbiol2006;111:S53–60. Rodríguez A , Rodríguez M , Martín A , Delgado J , Córdoba JJ . Presence of ochratoxin A on the surface of dry-cured Iberian ham afterinitial fungal growth in the drying stage. Meat Sci 2012;92:728–734. Comi G , Iacumin L . Ecology of moulds during the pre-ripening and ripening of San Daniele dry cured ham. Food Res Int2013;54:1113–1119. Markov K , Pleadin J , Bevardi M , Vahčić N , Sokolić-Mihalak D , Frece J . Natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and citrinin inCroatian fermented meat products. Food Control 2013;34:312–317. Scaramuzza N , Diaferia C , Berni E . Monitoring the mycobiota of three plants manufacturing Culatello (a typical Italian meat product). IntJ Food Microbiol 2015;203:78–85. Heussner AH , Bingle LEH . Comparative ochratoxin toxicity: A review of the available data. Toxins (Basel) 2015;7:4253–4282. Xiao H , Madhyastha S , Marquardt RR Toxicity of ochratoxin A, its opened lactone form and several of its analogs: Structure–activityrelationships. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996;137:182–192. Khoury AE , Atoui A . Ochratoxin A: General overview and actual molecular status. Toxins (Basel) 2010;2:461–493. Frisvad J , Frank J . New ochratoxin A producing species of Aspergillus section Circumdati . Stud Mycol 2004;50:23–43. Wang Y , Wang L , Liu F Ochratoxin A producing fungi, biosynthetic pathway and regulatory mechanisms. Toxins (Basel) 2016;8:1–15. Ostry V , Malir F , Ruprich J . Producers and important dietary sources of ochratoxin A and citrinin. Toxins (Basel) 2013;5:1574–1586. Huff WE , Hamilton PB . Mycotoxins their biosynthesis in fungi: Ochratoxins metabolites of combined pathways. Food Prot1979;42:815–820. Harris JP , Mantle PG . Biosynthesis of ochratoxins by Aspergillus ochraceus . Phytochemistry 2001;58:709–716. Gallo A , Bruno KS , Solfrizzo M New insight into the ochratoxin A biosynthetic pathway through deletion of a nonribosomal peptidesynthetase gene in Aspergillus carbonarius . Appl Environ Microbiol 2012;78:8208–8218. Schmidt-Heydt M , Graf E , Batzler J , Geisen R . The application of transcriptomics to understand the ecological reasons of ochratoxin Abiosynthesis by Penicillium nordicum on sodium chloride rich dry cured foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2011;22:S39–48. Crespo-Sempere A , Marín S , Sanchis V , Ramos AJ . VeA and LaeA transcriptional factors regulate ochratoxin A biosynthesis inAspergillus carbonarius . Int J Food Microbiol 2013;166:479–486. Reverberi M , Gazzetti K , Punelli F . Aoyap1 regulates OTA synthesis by controlling cell redox balance in Aspergillus ochraceus . ApplMicrobiol Biotechnol 2012;95:1293–1304. Pardo E , Marín S , Sanchis V , Ramos AJ . Prediction of fungal growth and ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus ochraceus on irradiatedbarley grain as influenced by temperature and water activity. Int J Food Microbiol 2004;95:79–88. Kapetanakou AE , Panagou EZ , Gialitaki M , Drosinos EH , Skandamis PN . Evaluating the combined effect of water activity, pH andtemperature on ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus carbonarius on culture medium and Corinth raisins.Food Control 2009;20:725–732. Rodríguez A , Medina A , Córdoba JJ , Magan N . Relationship between ecophysiological factors, growth and ochratoxin A contaminationof dry-cured sausage based matrices. Int J Food Microbiol 2015;194:71–77. Medina Á , Mateo EM , Valle-Algarra FM , Mateo F , Mateo R , Jiménez M . Influence of nitrogen and carbon sources on the production ofochratoxin A by ochratoxigenic strains of Aspergillus spp. isolated from grapes. Int J Food Microbiol 2008;122:93–99. Schmidt-Heydt M , Graf E , Stoll D , Geisen R . The biosynthesis of ochratoxin A by Penicillium as one mechanism for adaptation to NaClrich foods. Food Microbiol 2012;29(2):233–241. Rodríguez A , Medina Á , Córdoba JJ , Magan N . The influence of salt (NaCl) on ochratoxin A biosynthetic genes, growth and ochratoxinA production by three strains of Penicillium nordicum on a dry-cured ham-based medium. Int J Food Microbiol 2014;178:113–119. Stoll D , Schmidt-Heydt M , Geisen R . Differences in the regulation of ochratoxin A by the HOG pathway in Penicillium and Aspergillus inresponse to high osmolar environments. Toxins (Basel) 2013;5:1282–1298. Vipotnik Z , Rodríguez A , Rodrigues P . Aspergillus westerdijkiae as a major ochratoxin A risk in dry-cured ham based-media. Int J FoodMicrobiol 2017;241:244–251. Malir F , Ostry V , Pfohl-Leszkowicz A , Malir J , Toman J . Ochratoxin A: 50 years of research. Toxins (Basel) 2016;8:1–49. Stefanovic V , Cukuranovic R , Miljkovic S , Marinkovic D , Toncheva D . Fifty years of Balkan endemic nephropathy: Challenges of studyusing epidemiological method. Ren Fail 2009;31:409–418. Mally A , Hard GC , Dekant W . Ochratoxin A as a potential etiologic factor in endemic nephropathy: Lessons from toxicity studies in rats.Food Chem Toxicol 2007;45:2254–2260. Stefanovic V , Toncheva D , Polenakovic M . Balkan nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 2015;83:64–69. Stoev SD . Balkan endemic nephropathy—Still continuing enigma, risk assessment and underestimated hazard of joint mycotoxinexposure of animals or humans. Chem Biol Interact 2017;261:63–79. Malir F , Ostry V , Pfohl-Leszkowicz A , Toman J , Bazin I , Roubal T . Transfer of ochratoxin A into tea and coffee beverages. Toxins(Basel) 2014;6:3438–3453.

Pfohl-Leszkowicz A , Manderville RA . Ochratoxin A: An overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans. Mol Nutr FoodRes 2007;51:61–99. Marin S , Ramos AJ , Cano-Sancho G , Sanchis V . Mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicology, and exposure assessment. Food Chem Toxicol2013;60:218–237. European Food Safety Authority . Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the foodchain related to ochratoxin A in food. EFSA J 2006;365:1–56. Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives . Evaluationof certain food additives and contaminants. 2007. Commission of the European Communities . Commission Regulation (EC) Number 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximumlevels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union 2006;L364:5–24. Ministerio della Sanità . Direttive in materia di controllo ufficiale sui prodotti alimentari: Valori massimi ammissibili di micotossine nellederrate alimentari di origine nazionale, comunitaria e Paesi terzi. Gazz Uff della Repubb Ital 1999;135:52–57. Reddy L , Bhoola K . Ochratoxins-food contaminants: Impact on human health. Toxins (Basel) 2010;2:771–779. O'Brien E , Dietrich DR . Ochratoxin A: The continuing enigma. Crit Rev Toxicol 2005;35:33–60. Pavlović NM . Balkan endemic nephropathy—Current status and future perspectives. Clin Kidney J 2013;6:257–265. Brewer JH , Thrasher JD , Straus DC , Madison RA , Hooper D . Detection of mycotoxins in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Toxins(Basel) 2013;5:605–617. World Health Organization . The endemic nephropathy of South-Eastern Europe. Bull World Health Org 1965;32:431–448. Golinski P , Hult K , Grabarkiewicz-Szczesna J . Mycotoxic porcine nephropathy and spontaneous occurrence of ochratoxin A residues inkidneys and blood of Polish swine. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984;47:1210–1212. Krogh P . Role of ochratoxin in disease causation. Food Chem Toxicol 1992;30:213–224. Pfohl-Leszkowicz A , Petkova-Bocharova T , Chernozemsky IN , Castegnaro M . Balkan endemic nephropathy and associated urinary tracttumours: A review on aetiological causes and the potential role of mycotoxins. Food Addit Contam 2002;19:282–302. Hundhausen C , Boesch-Saadatmandi C , Matzner N Ochratoxin A lowers mRNA levels of genes encoding for key proteins of liver cellmetabolism. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2008;5:319–332. Marin DE , Taranu I . Ochratoxin A and its effects on immunity. Toxin Rev 2015;34:11–20. International Agency for Research on Cancer . Ochratoxin A. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem to Humans 1993;56:489–521. Upadhaya SD , Song JY , Park MA Isolation, screening and identification of swine gut microbiota with ochratoxin A biodegradation ability.Asian-Australasian J Anim Sci 2012;25:114–121. Kumagai S . Ochratoxin A: Plasma concentration and excretion into bile and urine in albumin-deficient rats. Food Chem Toxicol1985;23:941–943. Mantle P , Kilic MA , Mor F , Ozmen O . Contribution of organ vasculature in rat renal analysis for ochratoxin A: Relevance to toxicology ofnephrotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2015;7:1005–1017. Wu Q , Dohnal V , Huang L Metabolic pathways of ochratoxin A. Curr Drug Metab 2011;12:1–10. Kőszegi T , Poór M . Ochratoxin A: Molecular interactions, mechanisms of toxicity and prevention at the molecular level. Toxins (Basel)2016;8:111. Žlender V , Breljak D , Ljubojević M Low doses of ochratoxin A upregulate the protein expression of organic anion transporters Oat1, Oat2,Oat3 and Oat5 in rat kidney cortex. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009;239:284–296. Manderville RA . Bioactivation and DNA adduction as a rationale for ochratoxin A carcinogenesis. World Mycotoxin J 2008;1:357–367. Mally A . Ochratoxin a and mitotic disruption: Mode of action analysis of renal tumor formation by ochratoxin A. Toxicol Sci2012;127:315–330. Kamp HG , Eisenbrand G , Schlatter J , Würth K , Janzowski C . Ochratoxin A: Induction of (oxidative) DNA damage, cytotoxicity andapoptosis in mammalian cell lines and primary cells. Toxicology 2005;206:413–425. Schaaf GJ , Nijmeijer SM , Maas RFM , Roestenberg P , De Groene EM , Fink-Gremmels J . The role of oxidative stress in the ochratoxinA-mediated toxicity in proximal tubular cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2002;1588:149–158. Sorrenti V , Di Giacomo C , Acquaviva R , Barbagallo I , Bognanno M , Galvano F . Toxicity of ochratoxin A and its modulation byantioxidants: A review. Toxins (Basel) 2013;5:1742–1766. Zheng J , Zhang Y , Xu W Zinc protects HepG2 cells against the oxidative damage and DNA damage induced by ochratoxin A. ToxicolAppl Pharmacol 2013;268:123–131. Poór M , Kuzma M , Matisz G Further aspects of ochratoxin A-cation interactions: Complex formation with zinc ions and a novel analyticalapplication of ochratoxin A-magnesium interaction in the HPLC-FLD system. Toxins (Basel) 2014;6:1295–1307. Cavin C , Delatour T , Marin-Kuan M Ochratoxin A—Mediated DNA and protein damage: Roles of nitrosative and oxidative stresses.Toxicol Sci 2009;110:84–94. Boesch-Saadatmandi C , Wagner AE , Graeser AC , Hundhausen C , Wolffram S , Rimbach G . Ochratoxin A impairs Nrf2-dependentgene expression in porcine kidney tubulus cells. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009;93:547–554. Limonciel A , Jennings P . A review of the evidence that ochratoxin A is an Nrf2 inhibitor: Implications for nephrotoxicity and renalcarcinogenicity. Toxins (Basel) 2014;6:371–379. Cavin C , Delatour T , Marin-Kuan M Reduction in antioxidant defenses may contribute to ochratoxin A toxicity and carcinogenicity. ToxicolSci 2007;96:30–39. Qi X , Yu T , Zhu L Ochratoxin A induces rat renal carcinogenicity with limited induction of oxidative stress responses. Toxicol ApplPharmacol 2014;280:543–549. Taniai E , Yafune A , Nakajima M Ochratoxin A induces karyomegaly and cell cycle aberrations in renal tubular cells without relation toinduction of oxidative stress responses in rats. Toxicol Lett 2014;224:64–72. Hibi D , Kijima A , Suzuki Y Effects of p53 knockout on ochratoxin A-induced genotoxicity in p53-deficient gpt delta mice. Toxicology2013;304:92–99. Lühe A , Hildebrand H , Bach U , Dingermann T , Ahr HJ . A new approach to studying ochratoxin A (OTA)-induced nephrotoxicity:Expression profiling in vivo and in vitro employing cDNA microarrays. Toxicol Sci 2003;73:315–328. Gekle M , Schwerdt G , Freudinger R Ochratoxin A induces JNK activation and apoptosis in MDCK-C7 cells at nanomolar concentrations.J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;293:837–844.

Horvath A , Upham BL , Ganev V , Trosko JE . Determination of the epigenetic effects of ochratoxin in a human kidney and a rat liverepithelial cell line. Toxicon 2002;40:273–282. Özcan Z , Gül G , Yaman I . Ochratoxin A activates opposing c-MET/PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK 1-2 pathways in human proximal tubuleHK-2 cells. Arch Toxicol 2015;89:1313–1327. Liang R , Shen XL , Zhang B Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 promotes ochratoxin A-induced renal cytotoxicity. Sci Rep 2015;5:8078. Cui J , Xing L , Li Z Ochratoxin A induces G2 phase arrest in human gastric epithelium GES-1 cells in vitro . Toxicol Lett2010;193:152–158. Chopra M , Link P , Michels C , Schrenk D . Characterization of ochratoxin A-induced apoptosis in primary rat hepatocytes. Cell BiolToxicol 2010;26:239–254. Czakai K , Müller K , Mosesso P Perturbation of mitosis through inhibition of histone acetyltransferases: The key to ochratoxin A toxicityand carcinogenicity? Toxicol Sci 2011;122:317–329. Kuroda K , Hibi D , Ishii Y Role of p53 in the progression from ochratoxin A-induced DNA damage to gene mutations in the kidneys ofmice. Toxicol Sci 2015;144:65–76. Marin-Kuan M , Cavin C , Delatour T , Schilter B . Ochratoxin A carcinogenicity involves a complex network of epigenetic mechanisms.Toxicon 2008;52:195–202. Zhu L , Zhang B , Dai Y , Li H , Xu W . A review: Epigenetic mechanism in ochratoxin A toxicity studies. Toxins (Basel) 2017;9:113. Malir F , Ostry V , Pfohl-Leszkowicz A , Roubal T . Ochratoxin A exposure biomarkers in the Czech Republic and comparison with foreigncountries. Biomarkers 2012;17:577–589. Scott PM . Biomarkers of human exposure to ochratoxin A. Food Addit Contam 2005;22(Suppl 1):99–107. Studer-Rohr I , Schlatter J , Dietrich DR . Kinetic parameters and intraindividual fluctuations of ochratoxin A plasma levels in humans. ArchToxicol 2000;74:499–510. Castegnaro M , Canadas D , Vrabcheva T , Petkova-Bocharova T , Chernozemsky IN , Pfohl-Leszkowicz A . Balkan endemicnephropathy: Role of ochratoxins A through biomarkers. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006;50:519–529. Bui-Klimke TR , Wu F . Ochratoxin A and human health risk: A review of the evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015;55:1860–1869. Creppy EE . Human ochratoxicosis. J Toxicol Toxin Rev 1999;18:277–293. Fuchs R , Peraica M . Ochratoxin A in human kidney diseases. Food Addit Contam 2005;22:53–57. Grajewski J , Jarzemski P , Twaruzek M , Kuzminska K , Trepala M . The level of ochratoxin A in patients after nephrectomy. MycotoxinRes 2007;23:22–26. Skaug MA , Helland I , Solvoll K , Saugstad OD . Presence of ochratoxin A in human milk in relation to dietary intake. Food Addit Contam2001;18:321–327. Breitholtz-Emanuelsson A , Olsen M , Oskarsson A , Palminger I , Hult K . Ochratoxin A in cow's milk and in human milk withcorresponding human blood samples. J AOAC Int 1993;76:842–846. Anfossi L , Giovannoli C , Baggiani C . Mycotoxin detection. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016;37:120–126. Ha T . Recent advances for the detection of ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2015;7:5276–5300. Meulenberg EP . Immunochemical methods for ochratoxin A detection: A review. Toxins (Basel) 2012;4:244–266. Osteresch B , Viegas S , Cramer B , Humpf H-U . Multi-mycotoxin analysis using dried blood spots and dried serum spots. Anal BioanalChem 2017;409:3369–3382. Stoev SD , Vitanov S , Anguelov G , Creppy EE . Experimental mycotoxic nephropathy in pigs provoked by a diet containing ochratoxin Aand penicillic acid. Vet Res Commun 2001;25:205–223. Kumar BS , Vijayasarathi SK , Gajendragad M , Rao S , Narayanaswamy HD . Efficacy of antioxidants in experimental mycotoxicoses ofbroilers—A pathomorphological study of lymphoid organs. Indian J Anim Sci 2005;75:171–173. Hoehler D , Marquardt RR . Influence of vitamins E and C on the toxic effects of ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin in chicks. Poult Sci1996;75:1508–1515. Elaroussi MA , Mohamed FR , Barkouky EM El , Atta AM , Abdou AM , Hatab MH . Experimental ochratoxicosis in broiler chickens. AvianPathol 2006;35:263–269. Palabiyik SS , Erkekoglu P , Zeybek ND Protective effect of lycopene against ochratoxin A induced renal oxidative stress and apoptosis inrats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2013;65:853–861. Elaroussi MA , Mohamed FR , Elgendy MS , Barkouky EM El , Abdou AM , Hatab MH . Ochratoxicosis in broiler chickens: Functional andhistological changes in target organs. Int J Poult Sci 2008;7:414–422. De Broe ME . Chinese herbs nephropathy and Balkan endemic nephropathy: Toward a single entity, aristolochic acid nephropathy. KidneyInt 2012;81:513–515. Pleadin J , Perši N , Mitak M Biochemical changes in pig serum after ochratoxin A exposure. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol2012;88:1043–1047. Malekinejad H , Farshid AA , Mirzakhani N . Liquorice plant extract reduces ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol2011;63:125–130. Singh M , Singh RAM , Mandal AB , Sharma M . Influence of dietary supplementation of vitamin E in ameliorating adverse effects ofochratoxin on biochemical profile and immune response in broiler chickens. Indian J Anim Sci 2016;86:1447–1452. Bernardini C , Grilli E , Duvigneau JC Cellular stress marker alteration and inflammatory response in pigs fed with an ochratoxincontaminated diet. Res Vet Sci 2014;97:244–250. Gautier JC , Holzhaeuser D , Markovic J , Gremaud E , Schilter B , Turesky RJ . Oxidative damage and stress response from ochratoxin Aexposure in rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2001;30:1089–1098. Hope JH , Hope BE . A review of the diagnosis and treatment of ochratoxin A inhalational exposure associated with human illness andkidney disease including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. J Environ Public Health 2012;2012:1–10. Biasucci G , Calabrese G , Di Giuseppe R The presence of ochratoxin A in cord serum and in human milk and its correspondence withmaternal dietary habits. Eur J Nutr 2011;50:211–218. Yang J , Gao P , Liu Y Label-free photoelectrochemical immunosensor for sensitive detection of ochratoxin A. Biosens Bioelectron2015;64:13–18. Coronel MB , Sanchis V , Ramos AJ , Marin S . Assessment of the exposure to ochratoxin A in the province of Lleida, Spain. Food ChemToxicol 2009;47:2847–2852.

Devreese M , De Baere S , De Backer P , Croubels S . Quantitative determination of several toxicological important mycotoxins in pigplasma using multi-mycotoxin and analyte-specific high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric methods. JChromatogr A 2012;1257:74–80. Dohnal V , Dvořák V , Malíř F , Ostrý V , Roubal T . A comparison of ELISA and HPLC methods for determination of ochratoxin A in humanblood serum in the Czech Republic. Food Chem Toxicol 2013;62:427–431. Nameghi MA , Danesh NM , Ramezani M , Hassani FV , Abnous K , Taghdisi SM . A fluorescent aptasensor based on a DNA pyramidnanostructure for ultrasensitive detection of ochratoxin A. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016;408:5811–5818. Dinis AMP , Lino CM , Pena AS . Ochratoxin A in nephropathic patients from two cities of central zone in Portugal. J Pharm Biomed Anal2007;44:553–557. Lee TP , Saad B , Salleh B , Mat I . Micro-solid phase extraction of ochratoxin A, and its determination in urine using capillaryelectrophoresis. Microchim Acta 2013;180:1149–1156. Gerding J , Ali N , Schwartzbord J A comparative study of the human urinary mycotoxin excretion patterns in Bangladesh, Germany, andHaiti using a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS approach. Mycotoxin Res 2015;31:127–136. Hooper DG , Bolton VE , Guilford FT , Straus DC . Mycotoxin detection in human samples from patients exposed to environmental molds.Int J Mol Sci 2009;10:1465–1475. Jelaković B , Nikolić J , Radovanović Z Consensus statement on screening, diagnosis, classification and treatment of endemic (Balkan)nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014;29:2020–2027. Aldred D , Magan N , Olsen M . The use of HACCP in the control of mycotoxins: The case of cereals. In: Magan N , Olsen M , editors.Mycotoxins in Food: Detection and Control. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2004. pp. 139–173. Varga J , Kocinfé S , Péteri Z , Vágvölgyi C , Tóth B . Chemical, physical and biological approaches to prevent ochratoxin inducedtoxicoses in humans and animals. Toxins (Basel) 2010;2:1718–1750. Asensio MA , Núñez F , Delgado J , Bermúdez E . Control of toxigenic molds in food processing. In: Rai VR , Bai AJ , editors. MicrobialFood Safety and Preservation Techniques. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group; 2014. pp. 329–357. Raja HA , Miller AN , Pearce CJ , Oberlies NH . Fungal identification using molecular tools: A primer for the natural products researchcommunity. J Nat Prod 2017;80:756–770. Rodríguez A , Rodríguez M , Luque MI , Justesen AF , Córdoba JJ . Quantification of ochratoxin A-producing molds in food products bySYBR Green and TaqMan real-time PCR methods. Int J Food Microbiol 2011;149:226–235. Luque MI , Córdoba JJ , Rodríguez A , Núñez F , Andrade MJ . Development of a PCR protocol to detect ochratoxin A producing mouldsin food products. Food Control 2013;29:270–278. Luque MI , Andrade MJ , Rodríguez A , Bermúdez E , Córdoba JJ . Development of a multiplex PCR method for the detection of patulin-,ochratoxin A- and aflatoxin-producing moulds in foods. Food Anal Methods 2012;6:1113–1121. Rodríguez A , Rodríguez M , Andrade MJ , Córdoba JJ . Development of a multiplex real-time PCR to quantify aflatoxin, ochratoxin A andpatulin producing molds in foods. Int J Food Microbiol 2012;155:10–18. Storari M , von Rohr R , Pertot I , Gessler C , Broggini GAL . Identification of ochratoxin A producing Aspergillus carbonarius and A. nigerclade isolated from grapes using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reaction. J Appl Microbiol 2013;114:1193–1200. Ferrara M , Perrone G , Gallo A , Epifani F , Visconti A , Susca A . Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assayfor the rapid detection of Penicillium nordicum in dry-cured meat products. Int J Food Microbiol 2015;202:42–47. Karlovsky P , Suman M , Berthiller F Impact of food processing and detoxification treatments on mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin Res2016;32:179–205. Patriarca A , Pinto VF . Prevalence of mycotoxins in foods and decontamination. Curr Opin Food Sci 2017;14:50–60. Zhu Y , Hassan YI , Watts C , Zhou T . Innovative technologies for the mitigation of mycotoxins in animal feed and ingredients—A reviewof recent patents. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016;216:19–29. Zhu Y , Hassan Y , Lepp D , Shao S , Zhou T . Strategies and methodologies for developing microbial detoxification systems to mitigatemycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017;9:130. Abdel-Wahhab MA , Nada SA , Arbid MS . Ochratoxicosis: Prevention of developmental toxicity by L-methionine in rats. J Appl Toxicol1999;19:7–12. Creppy EE , Lugnier AAJ , Fasiolo F , Heller K , Röschenthaler R , Dirheimer G . In vitro inhibition of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetaseby ochratoxin A. Chem Biol Interact 1979;24:257–261. Creppy EE , Baudrimont I , Belmadani A , Betbeder A-M . Aspartame as a preventive agent of chronic toxic effects of ochratoxin A inexperimental animals. J Toxicol Toxin Rev 1996;15:207–221. Fusi E , Giromini C , Rebucci R Ochratoxin A cytotoxicity on Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in the presence of alpha-tocopherol: Effectson cell viability and tight junctions. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2018;102:350–355. Grosses Y , Huca A , Bachab H . Retinol, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol prevent DNA adduct and zearalenone. Cancer Lett1997;114:225–229. Jain A , Varshneya C , Bhardwaj P . Ochratoxin induced immunosuppression and its protection by seabuckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides) and glucomannan in Japanese quails (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica). Indian Vet J 2013;90:44–46. Morsy FA , Din AAG el , Farrag ARH , Badawi MA , Shaffie NM . Ochratoxin A toxic effect on rat kidneys and the potential protective effectof ginseng: Histopathologic, histochemical, and image analysis morphometric studies. Maced J Med Sci 2012;5:40–48. Stoev SD , Denev S , Dutton MF Complex etiology and pathology of mycotoxic nephropathy in South African pigs. Mycotoxin Res2010;26:31–46. Awaad MHH , Atta AM , El-Ghany WAA Effect of a specific combination of mannan-oligosaccharides and β-glucans extracted from yeastcell wall on the health status and growth performance of ochratoxicated broiler chickens. J Am Sci 2011;7:82–96.

Patulin Birkinshaw JH , Michael SE , Bracken A , Raistrick H . Patulin in the common cold collaborative research on a derivative of Penicilliumpatulum Bainier. II. Biochem Chem Lancet 1943;245:625–630. Selmanoglu G , Koçkaya EA . Investigation of the effects of patulin on thyroid and testis, and hormone levels in growing male rats. FoodChem Toxicol 2004;42:721–727. Labuda R , Tancinová D . Fungi recovered from Slovakian poultry feed mixtures and their toxinogenity. Ann Agr Env Med2006;13:193–200. Selmanoglu G . Evaluation of the reproductive toxicity of patulin in growing male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2006;44:2019–2024. Puel O , Galtier P , Oswald IP . Biosynthesis and toxicological effects of patulin. Toxins 2010;2:613–631. Doores S . The microbiology of apples and apple products. Crit Rev Microbiol 1983;19:133–149. De Sylos CM , Rodríguez-Amaya DB . Incidence of patulin in fruits and fruit juices marketed in Campinas, Brazil. Food Addit Contam1999;16:71–74. Bennett JW , Klich M . Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003;16:497–516. Riteni A . Patulin in Italian commercial apple products. J Agric Food Chem 2003;51:6086–6090. Tangni EK , Theys R , Mignolet E Patulin in domestic and imported apple-based drinks in Belgium: Occurrence and exposure assessment.Food Addit Contam 2003;20:482–489. Boonzaaijer G , Bobeldijk I , Van Osenbruggen WA . Analysis of patulin in Dutch food, an evaluation of a SPE based method. Food Control2005;16:587–591. Chereghali AM , Mohammadi HR , Amirahmadi M Incidence of patulin contamination in apple juice produced in Iran. Food Control2005;16:165–167. Li X , Li H , Li X Determination of trace patulin in apple-based food matrices. Food Chem 2017;233:290–301. McKinley ER , Carlton WW . Patulin. In: Sharma RP , Salunkhe DK , eds. Mycotoxins and Phytoalexins. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press,1991:191–236. McKinley ER , Carlton WW . Patulin mycotoxicosis in Swiss ICR mice. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1980;18:181–187. Moake M , Padilla-Zakour O , Worobo RW . Comprehensive review of patulin control methods in foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf2005;5:8–21. Barad S , Sionov E , Prusky D . Role of patulin in post-harvest diseases. Fungal Biol Rev 2016;30:24–32. Commission of the European Communities Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels forcertain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union L364, 5-24. 2006. Houbraken J , Wang L , Lee HB New sections in Penicillium containing novel species producing patulin, pyripyropens and other bioactivecompounds. Persoonia 2016;36:299–314. Varga J , Due M , Frisvad JC Taxonomic revision of Aspergillus section Clavati based on molecular, morphological and physiological data.Stud Mycol 2007;59:89–106. Varga J , Baranyi N , Chandrasekaran M Mycotoxin producers in the Aspergillus genus: An update. Acta Biol Szeged 2015;59:151–167. Draughon FA , Ayres JC . Insecticide inhibition of growth and patulin production in Penicillium expansum, Penicillium urticae, Aspergillusclavatus, Aspergillus terreus, and Byssochlamys nivea . J Agric Food Chem 1980;26:115–117. Steiman R , Seigle-Murandi F , Sage L Production of patulin by Micromycetes . Mycopathologia 1989;105:129–133. Samson RA , Houbraken J , Varga J Polyphasic taxonomy of the heat resistant ascomycete genus Byssochlamys and its Paecilomycesanamorphs . Persoonia 2009;22:14–27. Bokhari F , Gherbawy Y , Najjar A . Detection of the patulin-producing potential of some Paecilomyces variotii strains isolated from the airsamples of Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia, using the RAPD-PCR technique. Aerobiologia 2009;25:49–54. Woodward RB , Singh G . The structure of patulin. Experientia 1950;6:238–240. Dombrink-Kurtzman MA , Blackburn JA . Evaluation of several culture media for production of patulin by Penicillium species. Int J FoodMicrobiol 2005;98:241–248. Nunes da Silva SJ , Zilles Schuch P , Ronise Bernardi C Patulin in food: State of the art and analytical trends. Rev Bras Frutic2007;29:406–413. Fliege R , Metzler M . Electrophilic properties of patulin N-acetylcysteine and glutathione adducts. Chem Res Toxicol 2000;13:373–381. Baert K , Devlieghere F , Flyps H Influence of storage conditions of apples on growth and patulin production by Penicillium expansum . IntJ Food Microbiol 2007;119:170–181. Neri F , Donati I , Veronesi F Evaluation of Penicillium expansum isolates for aggressiveness, growth and patulin accumulation in usualand less common fruit hosts. Int J Food Microbiol 2010;143:109–117. Cubaiu L , Azara E , Ladu G Native pears of Sardinia affect Penicillium expansum pathogenesis. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci2013;78:573–577. Wang CW , Ai J , Lv HY First report of Penicillium expansum causing postharvest decay on stored kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta) in China.Plant Dis 2015;99:1037. Pitt JI , Hocking AD . Fungi and Food Spoilage. 2nd ed. London: Blackie Academic and Professional, 1997:592. Jackson L , Dombrink-Kurtzman M . Patulin. In: Sapers GM , Gorny JR , Yousef AE , eds. Microbiology of Fruits and Vegetables. BocaRaton, FL: CRC Press, 2005:281–312. Tannous J , Atoui A , El Khoury A A study on the physicochemical parameters for Penicillium expansum growth and patulin production:Effect of temperature, pH, and water activity. Food Sci Nutr 2016;4:611–622. De Clercq N , Vlaemynck G , Van Pamel E Isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh) gene expression in relation to patulin production byPenicillium expansum under different temperature and atmosphere. Int J Food Microbiol 2016;220:50–57. Snini SP , Tannous J , Heuillard P Patulin is a cultivar-dependent aggressiveness factor favouring the colonization of apples by Penicilliumexpansum . Mol Plant Pathol 2016;17:920–930. Paster N , Huppert D , Barkai-Golan R . Production of patulin by different strains of Penicillium expansum in pear and apple cultivarsstored at different temperatures and modified atmospheres. Food Addit Contam 1995;12:51–58. Mccallum JL , Tsao R , Zhou T . Factors affecting patulin production by Penicillium expansum . J Food Prot 2002;65:1937–1942. Morales H , Barros G , Marín S Effects of apple and pear varieties and pH on patulin accumulation by Penicillium expansum . J Sci FoodAgric 2008;88:2738–2743.

Salomão BCM , Aragão GMF , Churey JJ Influence of storage temperature and apple variety on patulin production by Penicilliumexpansum . J Food Prot 2009;72:1030–1036. Ross GU , Taniwaki M , Sabino M Produção de patulina em maçã (Malus domestica Borkhausen), cultivares gala e fuji inoculadas comPenicillium spp. Cienc Tecnol Aliment 1998;18:63–67. Marin S , Morales H , Hasan HAH Patulin distribution in Fuji and Golden apples contaminated with Penicillium expansum . Food AdditContamin 2006;23:1316–1322. Pitt JI . Biology and ecology of toxigenic Penicillium species. Mycotoxins and Food Safety. Vol. 504 of the series Advances in ExperimentalMedicine and Biology. Boston, MA: Springer, 2002:29–41. Sanzani SM , Schena L , De Girolamo A Characterization of genes associated to induced resistance against Penicillium expansum inapple fruit treated with quercetin. Postharvest Biol Technol 2010;56:1–11. Rodríguez A , Luque MI , Andrade MJ Development of real-time PCR methods to quantify patulin-producing molds in food products. FoodMicrobiol 2011;28:1190–1199. Rodríguez-Carrasco Y , Moltó JC , Berrada H A survey of trichothecenes, zearalenone and patulin in milled grain-based products usingGC–MS/MS. Food Chem 2014;146:212–219. Majerus P , Hain J , Kölb C . Patulin in grape must and new, still fermenting wine (Federweißer). Mycotoxin Res 2008;24:135. Karaca H , Nas S . Aflatoxins, patulin and ergosterol contents of dried figs in Turkey. Food Addit Contam 2006;23:502–508. Pattono D , Grosso A , Stocco PP Survey of the presence of patulin and ochratoxin A in traditional semi-hard cheeses. Food Control2013;33:54–57. Martín A , Jurado M , Rodríguez M Characterization of molds from dry-cured meat products and their metabolites by micellar electrokineticcapillary electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR. J Food Prot 2004;67:2234–2239. Martín A , Aranda E , Benito MJ Identification of fungal contamination and determination of mycotoxigenic molds by micellar electrokineticcapillary chromatography in smoked paprika. J Food Prot 2005;68:815–822. Marín S , Mateo EM , Sanchis V Patulin contamination in fruit derivatives, including baby food, from the Spanish market. Food Chem2011;124:563–568. Iha MH , Sabino M . Incidence of patulin in Brazilian apple-based drinks. Food Control 2008;19:417–422. Watanabe M , Shimizu H . Detection of patulin in apple juices marketed in the Tohoku district, Japan. J Food Prot 2005;68:610–612. Gökmen V , Acar J . Incidence of patulin in apple juice concentrates produced in Turkey. J Chromatogr A 1998;815:99–102. Yuan Y , Zhuang H , Zhang T Patulin content in apple products marketed in Northeast China. Food Control 2010;21:1488–1491. Oteiza JM , Khaneghah AM , Campagnollo FB Influence of production on the presence of patulin and ochratoxin A in fruit juices and winesof Argentina. LWT-Food Sci Technol 2017;80:200–207. Harris KL , Bobe G , Bourquin LD . Patulin surveillance in apple cider and juice marketed in Michigan. J Food Prot 2009;72:1255–1261. Saxena N , Dwivedi PD , Ansari KM Patulin in apple juices: Incidence and likely intake in an Indian population. Food Addit Contam2008;1:140–146. Zaied C , Abid S , Hlel W Occurrence of patulin in apple-based-foods largely consumed in Tunisia. Food Control 2013;31:263–267. Barreira MJ , Alvito PC , Almeida CM . Occurrence of patulin in apple-based-foods in Portugal. Food Chem. 2010;121:653–658. Konstantinou S , Karaoglanidis GS , Bardas GA Postharvest fruit rots of apple in Greece: Pathogen incidence and relationships betweenfruit quality parameters, cultivar susceptibility, and patulin production. Plant Dis 2011;95:666–672. Morales H , Marín S , Ramos AJ Influence of post-harvest technologies applied during cold storage of apples in Penicillium expansumgrowth and patulin accumulation: A review. Food Control 2010;21:953–962. McKinley ER , Carlton WW , Boon, GD . Patulin mycotoxicosis in the rat: Toxicology, pathology and clinical pathology. Food Chem Toxicol1982;20:289–300. Speijers GJA , Franken MAM , Van Leeuwen FXR . Subacute toxicity study of patulin in the rat: Effects on the kidney and the gastro-intestinal tract. Food Chem Toxicol 1988;26:23–30. Llewellyn GC , McCay JA , Brown RD Immunological evaluation of the mycotoxin patulin in female B6C3F 1 mice. Food Chem Toxicol1998;36:1107–1115. El-Sawi NM , Al-Seni MN , El Haliem NGA Biochemical and histological studies of goji extract role on patulin mycotoxin on male rat kidney.Int J Food Nutr Sci 2015;2:1–7. Al-Hazmi MA . Patulin in apple juice and its risk assessments on albino mice. Toxicol Ind Health 2014;30:534–545. Gashlan HM . Biochemical studies of patulin on liver functions in male albino mice. J Appl Anim Res 2008;34:93–96. Jayashree GV , Krupashree K , Rachitha P Patulin induced oxidative stress mediated apoptotic damage in mice, and its modulation byGreen Tea Leaves (GTL). J Clin Exp Hepatol 2017;7:127–134. De Sarro GB , Donato A , Bagetta G Behavioural and electrocortical spectrum power changes after intraventricular injection of patulin inrats. Disease, Metabolism and Reproduction in the Toxic Response to Drugs and Other Chemicals. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer.1984:420–424. Gül N , Özsoy N , Osmanagaoglu Ö Effects of patulin on thymus capillary of rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2006;24:541–546. Kockaya EA , Selmanoglu G , Ozsoy N Evaluation of patulin toxicity in the thymus of growing male rats. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol2009;60:411–418. Fliege R , Metzler M . The mycotoxin patulin induces intra-and intermolecular protein crosslinks in vitro involving cysteine, lysine, andhistidine side chains, and α-amino groups. Chem Biol Interact 1999;123:85–103. Barhoumi R , Burghardt RC . Kinetic analysis of the chronology of patulin-and gossypol-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. Toxicol Sci1996;30:290–297. Zhou SM , Jiang LP , Geng CY Patulin-induced genotoxicity and modulation of glutathione in HepG2 cells. Toxicon 2009;53:584–586. Zhou SM , Jiang LP , Geng CY Patulin-induced oxidative DNA damage and p53 modulation in HepG2 cells. Toxicon 2010;55:390–395. De Mel FT , de Oliveira IM , Greggio S DNA damage in organs of mice treated acutely with patulin, a known mycotoxin. Food ChemToxicol 2012;50:3548–3555. Ayed-Boussema I , Abassi H , Bouaziz C Antioxidative and antigenotoxic effect of vitamin E against patulin cytotoxicity and genotoxicity inHepG2 cells. Environ Toxicol 2013;28:299–306. Alves I , Oliveira NG , Laires A Induction of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations by the mycotoxin patulin in mammalian cells: Role ofascorbic acid as a modulator of patulin clastogenicity. Mutagenesis 2000;15:229–234.

Glaser N , Stopper H . Patulin: Mechanism of genotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2012;50:1796–1801. Schumacher DM , Müller C , Metzler M DNA–DNA cross-links contribute to the mutagenic potential of the mycotoxin patulin. Toxicol Lett2006;166:268–275. Liu BH , Yu FY , Wu TS Evaluation of genotoxic risk and oxidative DNA damage in mammalian cells exposed to mycotoxins, patulin andcitrinin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003;191:255–263. Liu BH , Wu TS , Yu FY Induction of oxidative stress response by the mycotoxin patulin in mammalian cells. Toxicol Sci 2007;95:340–347. Vogelstein B , Lane D , Levine AJ . Surfing the p53 network. Nature 2000;408:307–310. Jin H , Yin S , Song X p53 activation contributes to patulin-induced nephrotoxicity via modulation of reactive oxygen species generation.Sci Rep 2016;6:24455. Heussner AH , Dietrich DR , O'Brien E . In vitro investigation of individual and combined cytotoxic effects of ochratoxin A and otherselected mycotoxins on renal cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2006;20:332–341. Li BH , Wu TS , Yu FY Mycotoxin patulin activates the p38 kinase and JNK signaling pathways in human embryonic kidney cells. ToxicolSci 2006;89:423–430. Wu TS , Yu FY , Su CC Activation of ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase in human cells by the mycotoxin patulin. Toxicol ApplPharmacol 2005;207:103–111. Saxena N , Ansari KM , Kumar R Patulin causes DNA damage leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through modulation of Bax, p 53and p 21/WAF1 proteins in skin of mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009;234:192–201. Kwon O , Soung NK , Thimmegowda NR Patulin induces colorectal cancer cells apoptosis through EGR-1 dependent ATF3 up-regulation.Cell Signal 2012;24:943–950. Wu TS , Liao YC , Yu FY Mechanism of patulin-induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells (HL-60). Toxicol Lett 2008;183:105–111. Boussabbeh M , Salem IB , Prola A Patulin induces apoptosis through ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Toxicol Sci2015;144:328–337. Zhang B , Peng X , Li G Oxidative stress is involved in Patulin induced apoptosis in HEK293 cells. Toxicon 2015;94;1–7. Pillay Y , Phulukdaree A , Nagiah S Patulin triggers NRF2-mediated survival mechanisms in kidney cells. Toxicon 2015;99:1–5. Lang F , Gulbins E , Lerche H Eryptosis, a window to systemic disease. Cell Physiol Biochem 2008;22:373–380. Lupescu A , Jilani K , Zbidah M Patulin-induced suicidal erythrocyte death. Cell Physiol Biochem 2013;32:291–299. Maidana L , Gerez JR , El Khoury R Effects of patulin and ascladiol on porcine intestinal mucosa: An ex vivo approach. Food ChemToxicol 2016;98:189–194. McLaughlin J , Lambert D , Padfield PJ The mycotoxin patulin, modulates tight junctions in caco-2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2009;23:83–89. Assunção R , Alvito P , Kleiveland CR Characterization of in vitro effects of patulin on intestinal epithelial and immune cells. Toxicol Lett2016;250:47–56. Mahfoud R , Maresca M , Garmy N The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: Mechanism of action of thetoxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002;181:209–218. Perazella MA . Renal vulnerability to drug toxicity. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4:1275–1283. Arafat W , Musa MN . Patulin-induced inhibition of protein synthesis in hepatoma tissue culture. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol1995;87:177–186. Wu TS , Yang JJ , Yu FY Evaluation of nephrotoxic effects of mycotoxins, citrinin and patulin, on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. FoodChem Toxicol 2012;50:4398–4404. Escoula L , Thomsen M , Bourdiol D Patulin immunotoxicology: Effect on phagocyte activation and the cellular and humoral immunesystem of mice and rabbits. Int J Immunopharmacol 1988;10:983–989. Schneidgenová M , Kalafová A , Emrichová J The effect of patulin on rabbit sperm motility and progressive motility. J Microbiol BiotechnolFood Sci 2014;3:155–156. Duranova H , Kovacova V , Babosova R Sex-related variations in bone microstructure of rabbits intramuscularly exposed to patulin. ActaVet Scand 2015;57:50. Kováčová V , Ďúranová H , Babosová R The effect of patulin on femoral bone structure in male rabbits. Potravinarstvo Potr2015;9:112–118. Saxena N , Ansari KM , Kumar R Role of mitogen activated protein kinases in skin tumorigenicity of patulin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol2011;257:264–271. Alam S , Pal A , Kumar R EGFR-mediated Akt and MAPKs signal pathways play a crucial role in patulin-induced cell proliferation inprimary murine keratinocytes via modulation of Cyclin D1 and COX-2 expression. Mol Carcinog 2014;53:988–998. Escoula L , More J , Baradat C . The toxins of Byssochlamys-nivea. Part I. Acute toxicity of patulin in adult rats and mice. Ann Rech Vet1977;8:41–49. WHO Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) , Position paper on patulin, 30th session; March 9–13, 1998. Speijers GJA , Kolkman R , Franken MAM Subacute toxiciteit van patulin in de rat. Rapport nr. 617903 001. Rijksinstituut voorVolksgezondheid en Milieuhygiëne. 1985. Speijers GJA , Franken MAM , Van Leeuwen FXR Subchronic oral toxicity study of patulin in the rat. Report no. 618314 001. Rijksinstituutvoor Volksgezondheid en Milieuhygiëne. 1986. Devaraj H , Suseela RE , Devaraj N . Patulin toxicosis in chicks. Curr Sci 1986;55:998–999. McKinle ER , Carlton WW . Patulin mycotoxicosis in the Syrian hamster. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1980;18:173–179. Garza HC , Swanson BG , Branen AL . Toxicology study of patulin in monkeys. J. Food Sci 1977;42:1229–1231. Boussabbeh M , Ben Salem I , Neffati F Crocin prevents patulin-induced acute toxicity in cardiac tissues via the regulation of oxidativedamage and apoptosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2015;29:479–488. Boussabbeh M , Prola A , Ben Salem I Crocin and quercetin prevent PAT-induced apoptosis in mammalian cells: Involvement of ROS-mediated ER stress pathway. Environ Toxicol 2016;31:1851–1858. Boussabbeh M , Salem IB , Belguesmi F Tissue oxidative stress induced by patulin and protective effect of crocin. NeuroToxicology2016;53:343–349. Song E , Xia X , Su C Hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity of patulin in mice, and its modulation by green tea polyphenols administration. FoodChem Toxicol 2014;71:122–127.

Song E , Su C , Fu J Selenium supplementation shows protective effects against patulin-induced brain damage in mice via increases inGSH-related enzyme activity and expression. Life Sci 2014;109:37–43. Karlton-Senaye BD , Bansode R , Randolph P Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG inhibits BID dependent-apoptosis in human hepatocellularcarcinoma cells exposed to patulin. J Food Res 2017;6:1–10. Baert K , Devlieghere F , Bo L The effect of inoculum size on the growth of Penicillium expansum in apples. Food Microbiol2008;25:212–217. Morales H , Sanchis V , Coromines J Inoculum size and intraspecific interactions affects Penicillium expansum growth and patulinaccumulation in apples. Food Microbiol 2008;25:378–385. Morales H , Sanchis V , Rovira A Patulin accumulation in apples during post-harvest: Effect of controlled atmosphere and fungicidetreatments. Food Control 2007;11:1443–1448. Cabañas R , Abarca ML , Bragulat MR Comparison of methods to detect resistance of Penicillium expansum to thiabendazole. J ApplMicrobiol 2009;48:241–246. Morales H , Marín S , Obea L Ecophysiological characterization of Penicillium expansum population in Lleida (Spain). Int J Food Microbiol2008;122:243–252. Morales H , Marín S , Rovira A Patulin accumulation in apples by Penicillium expansum during postharvest stages. Lett Appl Microbiol2007;44:30–35. Paterson RRM . Some fungicides and growth inhibitor/biocontrol enhancer 2-deoxy-D-glucose increase patulin from Penicillium expansumstrains in vitro. Crop Prot 2007;26:543–548. Lahlali R , Massart S , De Clercq D Assessment of Pichia anomala (strain K) efficacy against blue mould of apples when applied pre- orpost-harvest under laboratory conditions and in orchard trials. Eur J Plant Pathol 2009;123:37–45. De Paiva E , Serradilla MJ , Ruiz-Moyano S Combined effect of antagonistic yeast and modified atmosphere to control Penicilliumexpansum infection in sweet cherries cv. Ambrunés. Int J Food Microbiol 2017;241:276–282. Ruiz-Moyano S , Martin A , Villalobos MC Yeasts isolated from figs (Ficus carica L.) as biocontrol agents of postharvest fruit diseases.Food Microbiol 2016;57:45–53. Spadaro D , Lorè A , Garibaldi A A new strain of Metschnikowia fructicola for postharvest control of Penicillium expansum and patulinaccumulation on four cultivars of apple. Postharvest Biol Technol 2013;75:1–8. Torres R , Teixido N , Vinas I Efficacy of Candida sake CPA-1 formulation for controlling Penicillium expansum decay on pome fruit fromdifferent Mediterranean regions. J Food Prot 2006;69:2703–2711. Usall J , Teixido N , Torres R Pilot tests of Candida sake (CPA-1) applications to control postharvest blue mold on apple fruit. PostharvestBiol Technol 2001;21:147–156. Morales H , Sanchis V , Usall J Effect of biocontrol agents Candida sake and Pantoea agglomerans on Penicillium expansum growth andpatulin accumulation in apples. Int J Food Microbiol 2008;122:61–67. Calvo J , Calvente V , De Orellano ME Biological control of postharvest spoilage caused by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea inapple by using the bacterium Rahnella aquatilis . Int J Food Microbiol 2007;113:251–257. Etebarian HR , Sholberg PL , Eastwell KC Biological control of apple blue mold with Pseudomonas fluorescens . Can J Microbiol2005;51:591–598. Sanzani SM , De Girolamo A , Schena L Control of Penicillium expansum and patulin accumulation on apples by quercetin andumbelliferone. Eur Food Res Technol 2009;228:381–389. Salas MP , Reynoso CM , Céliz G Efficacy of flavanones obtained from citrus residues to prevent patulin contamination. Food Res Int2012;48:930–934. Collin S , Bodart E , Badot C Identification of the main degradation products of patulin generated through heat detoxication treatments. JInst Brew 2008;114:167–171. Funes GJ , Gómez PL , Resnik SL Application of pulsed light to patulin reduction in McIlvaine buffer and apple products. Food Control2013;30:405–410. Fuchs S , Sontag G , Stidl R Detoxification of patulin and ochratoxin A, two abundant mycotoxins, by lactic acid bacteria. Food ChemToxicol. 2008;46:1398–1407. Spadaro D , Ciavorella A , Frati S Incidence and level of patulin contamination in pure and mixed apple juices marketed in Italy. FoodControl 2007;18:1098–1102. Leggot NL , Shephard GS . Patulin in South African commercial apple products. Food Control 2001;12:73–76. Murillo-Arbizu M , González-Peñas E , Hansen SH Development and validation of a microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography methodfor patulin quantification in commercial apple juice. Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46:2251–2257.

Trichothecenes Desjardins AE . Fusarium mycotoxins. Chemistry, genetics, and biology. St. Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society; 2006. Grove JF . The trichothecenes and their biosynthesis. In: Herz W , Falk H , Kirby GW , editors. Progress in the Chemistry of OrganicNatural Products. Vienna: Springer; 2007. p. 63–130. Freire FDCO , da Rocha MEB . Impact of mycotoxins on human health. In: Mérillon J-M , Ramawat KG , editors. Fungal Metabolites.Cham: Springer International; 2017. p. 239–261. Peraica M , Radić B , Lucić A , Pavlović M . Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans. Bull World Health Organ 1999;77:754–766. Codex Alimentarius Commission . Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals (CAC/RCP51-2003). Rome, Italy: 2003. Mirocha CJ , Xie W , Flho ER . Chemistry and detection of Fusarium mycotoxins. In: Leonard KJ , Bushnell WR , editors. Fusarium HeadBlight of Wheat and Barley. St. Paul, MN: APS Press; 2003. p. 144–183. Abramson D , Clear RM , Smith DM . Trichothecene production by Fusarium spp. isolated from Manitoba grain. Can J Plant Pathol1993;15:147–152.

Lee T , Han Y , Kim K , Yun S . Tri13 and Tri7 determine deoxynivalenol-and nivalenol-producing chemotypes of Gibberella zeae . ApplEnviron Microbiol 2002;68:2148–2154. Alexander NJ , Proctor RH , McCormick SP . Genes, gene clusters, and biosynthesis of trichothecenes and fumonisins in Fusarium . ToxinRev 2009;28:198–215. Hohn TM , Desjardins AE . Isolation and gene disruption of the Tox5 gene encoding trichodiene synthase in Gibberella pulicaris . Mol PlantMicrobe Interact 1992;5:249–256. Proctor RH , Hohn TM , McCormick SP . Reduced virulence of Gibberella zeae caused by disruption of a trichothecene toxin biosyntheticgene. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 1995;8:593–601. McCormick SP , Alexander NJ , Proctor RH . Fusarium Tri4 encodes a multifunctional oxygenase required for trichothecene biosynthesis.Can J Microbiol 2006;52:636–642. Tokai T , Koshino H , Takahashi-Ando N , Sato M , Fujimura M , Kimura M . Fusarium Tri4 encodes a key multifunctional cytochrome P450monooxygenase for four consecutive oxygenation steps in trichothecene biosynthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun2007;353:412–417. McCormick SP , Harris LJ , Alexander NJ Tri1 in Fusarium graminearum encodes a P450 oxygenase. Appl Environ Microbiol2004;70:2044–2051. McCormick SP , Alexander NJ , Proctor RH . Heterologous expression of two trichothecene P450 genes in Fusarium verticillioides . Can JMicrobiol 2006;52:220–226. Tag AG , Garifullina GF , Peplow AW A novel regulatory gene, Tri10, controls trichothecene toxin production and gene expression. ApplEnviron Microbiol 2001;67:5294–5302. Peplow AW , Tag AG , Garifullina GF , Beremand MN . Identification of new genes positively regulated by Tri10 and a regulatory networkfor trichothecene mycotoxin production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003;69:2731–2736. Lori GA , Rizzo I . Deoxinivalenol. In: Soriano del Castillo JM , editors. Micotoxinas en alimentos. Valencia: Ediciones Díaz de Santos;2007. p. 396–421. Karlovsky P . Biological detoxification of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its use in genetically engineered crops and feed additives. ApplMicrobiol Biotechnol 2011;91: 491–504. Dill-Macky R , Jones RK . The effect of previous crop residues and tillage on Fusarium Head Blight of wheat. Plant Dis 2000;84:71–76. Bai GH , Desjardins AE , Plattner RD . Deoxynivalenol-nonproducing Fusarium graminearum causes initial infection, but does not causedisease spread in wheat spikes. Mycopathologia 2002;153:91–98. Wang H , Hwang S , Eudes F , Chang K , Howard J , Turnbull G . Trichothecenes and aggressiveness of Fusarium graminearum causingseedling blight and root rot in cereals. Plant Pathol 2006;55:224–230. Malbrán I , Mourelos CA , Girotti JR , Balatti PA , Lori GA . Toxigenic capacity and trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearumisolates from Argentina and their relationship with aggressiveness and fungal expansion in the wheat spike. Phytopathology2014;104:357–364. Desjardins AE , Proctor RH , Bai GH Reduced virulence of trichothecene-nonproducing mutants of Gibberella zeae in wheat field tests.Mol Plant Microbe Interact 1996;9:775–781. Sutton JC . Epidemiology of wheat head blight and maize ear rot caused by Fusarium graminearum . Can J Plant Pathol 1982;4:195–209. Shifrin VI , Anderson P . Trichothecene mycotoxins trigger a ribotoxic stress response that activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase and P38mitogen-activated protein kinase and induces apoptosis. J Biol Chem 1999;274:13985–13992. Azcona-Olivera JI , Ouyang Y , Murtha J , Chu FS , Pestka JJ . Induction of cytokine mRNAs in mice after oral exposure to thetrichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol): Relationship to toxin distribution and protein synthesis inhibition. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol1995;133:109–120. Yoshizawa T . Red-mold diseases and natural occurrence in Japan. In: Ueno Y , editor. Thichothecenes. Chemical, Biological andToxicological Aspects. New York, NY: Elsevier; 1983. p. 195–209. Liao L-L , Grollman AP , Horwitz SB . Mechanism of action of the 12,13 epoxytrichothecene, anguidine, an inhibitor of protein synthesis.Biochim Biophys Acta 1976;454:273–284. Ueno Y . Mode of action of trichthecenes. Pure Appl Chem 1977;49:1737–1745. Feinberg B , McLaughlin CS . Biochemical mechanism of action of trichothecene mycotoxins. In: Beasley VR , editor. TrichotheceneMycotoxicosis: Pathophysiological Effects. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1989. pp. 27–35. Nishiuchi T , Masuda D , Nakashita H Fusarium phytotoxin trichothecenes have an elicitor-like activity in Arabidopsis thaliana, but theactivity differed significantly among their molecular species. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2006;19:512–520. Ilgen P , Hadeler B , Maier FJ , Schäfer W . Developing kernel and rachis node induce the trichothecene pathway of Fusariumgraminearum during wheat head infection. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2009;22:899–908. Harris LJ , Desjardins AE , Plattner RD Possible role of trichothecene mycotoxins in virulence of Fusarium graminearum on maize. PlantDis 1999;83:954–960. Bai GH , Plattner R , Desjardins AE , Kolb F . Resistance to Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat. Plant Breed2001;120:1–6. Atanassov Z , Nakamura C , Mori N Mycotoxin production and pathogenicity of Fusarium species and wheat resistance to Fusarium headblight. Can J Bot 1994;72:161–167. Desjardins AE , Jarosz AM , Plattner RD , Alexander NJ , Brown DW , Jurgenson JE . Patterns of trichothecene production, geneticvariability, and virulence to wheat of Fusarium graminearum from smallholder farms in Nepal. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:6341–6346. Rocha O , Ansari K , Doohan FM . Effects of trichothecene mycotoxins on eukaryotic cells: A review. Food Addit Contam2005;22:369–378. Ueno Y . General toxicology. In: Ueno Y , editor. Trichothecenes: Chemical, Biological, and Toxicological Aspects. New York, NY: Elsevier;1983. p. 135–146. Council of Agricultural Science and Technology . Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant, Animal, and Human Systems. Ames, IA: Council forAgricultural Science and Technology; 2003. Bunner DL , Morris ER . Alteration of multiple cell membrane functions in L-6 myoblasts by T-2 toxin: An important mechanism of action.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1988;92:113–121. Khachatourians GG . Metabolic effects of trichothecene T-2 toxin. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1990;68:1004–1008.

Nesterov AI . The clinical course of Kashin-Beck disease. Arthritis Rheum 1964;7:29–40. Peng A , Yang C , Rui H , Li H . Study on the pathogenic factors of Kashin-Beck disease. J Toxicol Environ Health 1992;35:79–90. Marasas WFO , Nelson PE , Toussoun TA . Toxigenic Fusarium Species, Identity and Mycotoxicology. University Park, PA: ThePennsylvania State University; 1984. Sudakin DL . Trichothecenes in the environment: Relevance to human health. Toxicol Lett 2003;143:97–107. Yagen B , Joffe AZ . Screening of toxic isolates of Fusarium poae and Fusarium sporotrichioides involved in causing Alimentary ToxicAleukia. Appl Environ Microbiol 1976; 32:423–427. Sobrova P , Adam V , Vasatkova A , Beklova M , Zeman L , Kizek R . Deoxynivalenol and its toxicity. Interdiscip Toxicol 2010;3:94–99. Morooka N , Uratsuji N , Yoshizawa T , Yamamoto H . Studies on the toxic substances in barley infected with Fusarium spp. J Food HygSoc Japan 1972;13:368–375. Vesonder RF , Ciegler A , Jensen AH . Isolation of the emetic principle from Fusarium-infected corn. Appl Microbiol 1973;26:1008–1010. Yoshizawa T , Morooka N . Deoxynivalenol and its monoacetate: New mycotoxins from Fusarium roseum and moldy barley. Agric BiolChem 1973;37:2933–2934. Placinta CM , D'Mello JPF , Macdonald AMC . A review of worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with Fusariummycotoxins. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1999;78:21–37. Scott PM , Kanhere SR , Weber D . Analysis of Canadian and imported beers for Fusarium mycotoxins by gas chromatography–massspectrometry. Food Addit Contam 1993;10:381–389. Scott PM . Mycotoxins transmitted into beer from contaminated grains during brewing. J AOAC Int 1996;79:875–882. Scott PM . The natural occurrence of trichothecenes. In: Beasley VR , editor. Trichothecene Mycotoxins: Pathophysiologic Effects. BocaRaton, FL: CRC Press; 1989. p. 1–26. Jelinek CF , Pohland AE , Wood GE . Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds—An update. J Assoc Off Anal Chem1989;72:223–230. Fernández Pinto V , Patriarca A , Pose G . Mycotoxins associated to Fusarium species that caused Fusarium head blight in wheat in LatinAmerica. In: Alconada Magliano TM , Chulze SN , editors. Fusarium Head Blight in Latin America. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer; 2013.pp. 59–73. Lori GA , Sisterna MN , Haidukowski M , Rizzo I . Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in the durum wheat area ofArgentina. Microbiol Res 2003;158:29–35. González HHL , Moltó GA , Pacin A Trichothecenes and mycoflora in wheat harvested in nine locations in Buenos Aires Province,Argentina. Mycopathologia 2008;165:105–114. Mashinini K , Dutton MF . The incidence of fungi and mycotoxins in South Africa wheat and wheat-based products. J Environ Sci Heal PartB 2006;41:285–296. Beardall J , Miller JD . Natural occurrence of mycotoxins other than aflatoxin in Africa, Asia and South America. Mycotoxin Res1994;10:21–40. Al-Julaifi MZ , Al-Falih AM . Detection of trichothecenes in animal feeds and foodstuffs during the years 1997 to 2000 in Saudi Arabia. JFood Prot 2001;64:1603–1606. Desjardins AE , Manandhar G , Plattner RD , Maragos CM , Shrestha K , McCormick SP . Occurrence of Fusarium species andmycotoxins in Nepalese maize and wheat and the effect of traditional processing methods on mycotoxin levels. J Agric Food Chem2000;48:1377–1383. Blaney BJ , Moore CJ , Tyler AL . The mycotoxins—4-deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and aflatoxin—In weather-damaged wheat harvested1983–1985 in South-Eastern Queensland. Aust J Agric Res 1987;38:993–1000. Lauren DR , Jensen DJ , Smith WA , Dow BW , Sayer ST . Mycotoxins in New Zealand maize: A study of some factors influencingcontamination levels in grain. New Zeal J Crop Hortic Sci 1996;24:13–20. Miller JD , ApSimon JW , Blackwell BA , Greenhalgh R , Taylor A . Deoxynivalenol: A 25 year perspective on a trichothecene of agriculturalimportance. In: Summerell BA , Leslie JF , Backhouse D , Bryden WL , Burgess LW , editors. Fusarium Paul E. Nelson memorialsymposium. St. Paul, MN: The American Phytopathological Society; 2001. p. 310–320. Turner P . Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol occurrence and exposure assessment. World Mycotoxin J 2010;3:315–321. Turner PC , Rothwell JA , White KLM , Gong Y , Cade JE , Wild CP . Urinary deoxynivalenol is correlated with cereal intake in individualsfrom the United Kingdom. Environ Health Perspect 2008;116:21–25. Solfrizzo M , Gambacorta L , Visconti A . Assessment of multi-mycotoxin exposure in Southern Italy by urinary multi-biomarkerdetermination. Toxins 2014;6:523–538. Meky FA , Turner PC , Ashcroft AE Development of a urinary biomarker of human exposure to deoxynivalenol. Food Chem Toxicol2003;41:265–273. Warth B , Sulyok M , Fruhmann P Assessment of human deoxynivalenol exposure using an LC-MS/MS based biomarker method. ToxicolLett 2012;21:85–90. Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on FoodAdditives . Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2001. Egmond HP , Jonker M . Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. In: Food Nations, Agriculture Organization United(Netherlands), Rijksinstituut Volksgezondheid Milieu. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2004. Bennett JW , Klich M . Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003;16:497–516. Li Y , Wang Z , Beier RC T-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin: Review of toxicity, metabolism, and analytical methods. J Agric Food Chem2011;59:3441–3453. Carter CJ , Cannon M . Structural requirements for the inhibitory action of 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes on protein synthesis in eukaryotes.Biochem J 1977;166:399–409. Bräse S , Encinas A , Keck J , Nising CF . Chemistry and biology of mycotoxins and related fungal metabolites. Chem Rev2009;109:3903–3990. Kumari I , Ahmed M , Akhter Y . Multifaceted impact of trichothecene metabolites on plant-microbe interactions and human health. ApplMicrobiol Biotechnol 2016;100: 5759–5771. Bondy GS , Pestka JJ . Immunomodulation by fungal toxins. J Toxicol Environ Heal Part B 2000;3:109–143. Schwarzer K . Harmful effects of mycotoxins on animal physiology. In: 17th Annual ASAIM SEA Feed Technology and Nutrition Workshop.Hue, Vietnam: 2009. pp. 1–8.

Wannemacher RWJ , Wiener SL . Trichothecene mycotoxins. In: Zajtchuk R , Bellamy RF , editors. Medical Aspects of Chemical andBiological Warfare. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America; 1997. p. 655–676. Pacin A . Micotoxicosis por tricotecenos en la poblacion humana: Un problema de actualidad. Rev Hosp Niños Buenos Aires.1988;30:45–51. Nelson PE , Dignani MC , Anaissie EJ . Taxonomy, biology, and clinical aspects of Fusarium species. Clin Microbiol Rev 1994;7:479–504. Woods JB , Darling RG , Dembek ZF (eds). Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook. 6th ed. Frederick, MD: U.S. ArmyMedical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; 2005. Haig AM Jr . Chemical Warfare in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan. Report to the Congress from Secretary of State. Special Report No.89, United States Department of State. Washington, DC; 1982. Watson SA , Mirocha CJ , Hayes AW . Analysis for trichothecenes in samples from Southeast Asia associated with “yellow rain”. ToxicolSci 1984;4:700–717. Smith LE , Stoltzfus RJ , Prendergast A . Food chain mycotoxin exposure, gut health, and impaired growth: A conceptual framework. AdvNutr 2012;3:526–531. Awad WA , Ghareeb K , Böhm J , Zentek J . Decontamination and detoxification strategies for the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol inanimal feed and the effectiveness of microbial biodegradation. Food Addit Contam Part A 2010;27:510–520. Pestka JJ , Smolinski AT . Deoxynivalenol: Toxicology and potential effects on humans. J Toxicol Environ Heal Part B 2005;8:39–69. Rodrigues I , Naehrer K . A three-year survey on the worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in feedstuffs and feed. Toxins 2012;4:663–675. Blandino M , Minelli L , Reyneri A . Strategies for the chemical control of Fusarium head blight: Effect on yield, alveographic parametersand deoxynivalenol contamination in winter wheat grain. Eur J Agron 2006;25:193–201. Huwig A , Freimund S , Käppeli O , Dutler H . Mycotoxin detoxication of animal feed by different adsorbents. Toxicol Lett2001;122:179–188. Young JC , Subryan LM , Potts D , McLaren ME , Gobran FH . Reduction in levels of deoxynivalenol in contaminated wheat by chemicaland physical treatment. J Agric Food Chem 1986;34:461–465. Nowicki TW , Gaba DG , Dexter JE , Matsuo RR , Clear RM . Retention of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in wheat duringprocessing and cooking of spaghetti and noodles. J Cereal Sci 1988;8:189–202. Young JC , Zhu H , Zhou T . Degradation of trichothecene mycotoxins by aqueous ozone. Food Chem Toxicol 2006;44: 417–424. Savi GD , Piacentini KC , Bittencourt KO , Scussel VM . Ozone treatment efficiency on Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenoldegradation and its effects on whole wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.) quality and germination. J Stored Prod Res 2014;59:245–253. Abramson D , House JD , Nyachoti CM . Reduction of deoxynivalenol in barley by treatment with aqueous sodium carbonate and heat.Mycopathologia 2005;160:297–301. Wilson SC , Brasel TL , Martin JM Efficacy of chlorine dioxide as a gas and in solution in the inactivation of two trichothecene mycotoxins.Int J Toxicol 2005;24:181–186. Accerbi M , Rinaldi VEA , Ng PKW . Utilization of highly deoxynivalenol-contaminated wheat via extrusion processing. J Food Prot1999;62:1485–1487. Castells M , Marín S , Sanchis V , Ramos AJ . Fate of mycotoxins in cereals during extrusion cooking: A review. Food Addit Contam2005;22:150–157. Karaca H , Velioglu YS . Ozone applications in fruit and vegetable processing. Food Rev Int 2007;23:91–106. Galey FD , Lambert RJ , Busse M , Buck WB . Therapeutic efficacy of superactive charcoal in rats exposed to oral lethal doses of T-2toxin. Toxicon 1987;25:493–499. Carson MS , Smith TK . Role of bentonite in prevention of T-2 toxicosis in rats. J Anim Sci 1983;57:1498–1506. Avantaggiato G , Solfrizzo M , Visconti A . Recent advances on the use of adsorbent materials for detoxification of Fusarium mycotoxins.Food Addit Contam 2005;22:379–388. Kong C , Shin S , Kim B . Evaluation of mycotoxin sequestering agents for aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol: An in vitro approach. Springerplus2014;3:346. Avantaggiato G , Havenaar R , Visconti A . Evaluation of the intestinal absorption of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol by an in vitrogastrointestinal model, and the binding efficacy of activated carbon and other adsorbent materials. Food Chem Toxicol 2004;42:817–824. Williams KC , Blaney BJ , Peters RT . Pigs fed Fusarium-infected maize containing zearalenone and nivalenol with sweeteners andbentonite. Livest Prod Sci 1994;39:275–281. Friend DW , Trenholm HL , Young JC , Thompson BK , Hartin KE . Effect of adding potential vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) detoxicants or aFusarium graminearum inoculated corn supplement to wheat diets fed to pigs. Can J Anim Sci 1984;64:733–741. He P , Young LG , Forsberg C . Microbial transformation of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). Appl Environ Microbiol 1992;58:3857–3863. Binder J , Horvath EM , Schatzmayr G Screening for deoxynivalenol-detoxifying anaerobic rumen microorganisms. Cereal Res Commun1997;25:343–346. Fuchs E , Binder EM , Heidler D , Krska R . Structural characterization of metabolites after the microbial degradation of type Atrichothecenes by the bacterial strain BBSH 797. Food Addit Contam 2002;19:379–386. Fuchs E , Binder E , Heidler D , Krska R . Characterisation of metabolites after the microbial degradation of A- and B-trichothecenes byBBSH 797. Mycotoxin Res 2000;16(S1):66–69. Awad WA , Böhm J , Razzazi-Fazeli E , Ghareeb K , Zentek J . Effect of addition of a probiotic microorganism to broiler diets contaminatedwith deoxynivalenol on performance and histological alterations of intestinal villi of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2006;85:974–979. Yu H , Zhou T , Gong J Isolation of deoxynivalenol-transforming bacteria from the chicken intestines using the approach of PCR-DGGEguided microbial selection. BMC Microbiol 2010;10:182. Brandfass C , Karlovsky P . Simultaneous detection of Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum in plant material by duplex PCR withmelting curve analysis. BMC Microbiol 2006;6:4. Kimura M , Kaneko I , Komiyama M Trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase protects both the producing organism and transformed yeastfrom related mycotoxins: Cloning and characterization of Tri101 . J Biol Chem 1998;273:1654–1661. Lemmens M , Scholz U , Berthiller F The ability to detoxify the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol colocalizes with a major quantitative trait locus forFusarium head blight resistance in wheat. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2005;18:1318–1324.

Zearalenone: Insights into New Mechanisms in Human Health Marroquin-Cardona, A.G. , , Mycotoxins in a changing global environment—A review. Food Chem Toxicol, 2014. 69: 220–230. Wagacha, J.M. , and J.W. Muthomi , Mycotoxin problem in Africa: Current status, implications to food safety and health and possiblemanagement strategies. Int J Food Microbiol, 2008. 124(1): 1–12. Bryden, W.L. , Mycotoxins in the food chain: Human health implications. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2007. 16(Suppl 1): 95–101. Quiles, J.M. , Occurrence of mycotoxins in refrigerated pizza dough and risk assessment of exposure for the Spanish population. FoodChem Toxicol, 2016. 94: 19–24. Scientific opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food. EFSA, 2011. 9(6): 2197. Bhatnagar, D. , J. Yu , and K.C. Ehrlich , Toxins of filamentous fungi. Chem Immunol, 2002. 81: 167–206. IARC , Fungi producing significant mycotoxins. 2012, France: IARC scientific publications. 1–30. Parry, D. W. , P. Jenkinson , and L. Mcleod , Fusarium ear blight (scab) in small grain cereals—A review. Plant Pathol, 1995. 44(2):207–238. Bottalico, A. , and A. G. Perrone , Toxigenic Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with head blight in small-grain cereals inEurope. Mycotoxins Plant Dis, 2002. 108: 611–624. O'Donnell, K. , H. Corby Kistler , B.K. Tacke , and H.H. Casper , Gene genealogies reveal global phylogeographic structure andreproductive isolation among lineages of Fusarium graminearum, the fungus causing wheat scab. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2000. 97(14):7905–7910. Malekinejad, H. , R. Maas-Bakker , and J. Fink-Gremmels , Species differences in the hepatic biotransformation of zearalenone. Vet J,2006. 172(1): 96–102. Malekinejad, H. , Expression of 3α- and 3ß-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase mRNA in COCs and granulosa cells determines Zearalenonebiotransformation. Toxicol In Vitro, 2006. 20(4): 458–463. Kowalska, K. , D.E. Habrowska-Gorczynska , and A.W. Piastowska-Ciesielska , Zearalenone as an endocrine disruptor in humans.Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2016. 48: 141–149. Huuskonen, P. , S. Auriola , and M. Pasanen , Zearalenone metabolism in human placental subcellular organelles, JEG-3 cells, andrecombinant CYP19A1. Placenta, 2015. 36(9): 1052–1055. Swindle, M.M. , Swine as models in biomedical research and toxicology testing. Vet Pathol, 2012. 49(2): 344–356. Helke, K.L. , and M.M. Swindle , Animal models of toxicology testing: The role of pigs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol, 2013. 9(2):127–139. Danicke, S. , Kinetics and metabolism of zearalenone in young female pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl), 2005. 89(7-8): 268–276. Ren, Z.H. , The Fusarium toxin zearalenone and deoxynivalenol affect murine splenic antioxidant functions, interferon levels, and T-cellsubsets. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2016. 41: 195–200. Hueza, I.M. , Zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin, is an immunotoxic compound. Toxins (Basel), 2014. 6(3): 1080–1095. Pistol, G.C. , Zearalenone mycotoxin affects immune mediators, MAPK signalling molecules, nuclear receptors and genome-wide geneexpression in pig spleen. PLOS One, 2015. 10(5): e0127503. Marin, D.E. , Effects of zearalenone on oxidative stress and inflammation in weanling piglets. Food Chem Toxicol, 2013. 58: 408–415. Vlata, Z. , A study of zearalenone cytotoxicity on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Toxicol Lett, 2006. 165(3): 274–281. Marin, D.E. , Effects of zearalenone and its derivatives on the innate immune response of swine. Toxicon, 2010. 56(6): 956–963. Dabrowski, M. , Changes in the subpopulations of porcine peripheral blood lymphocytes induced by exposure to low doses of zearalenone(ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Food Chem Toxicol. 2013. 58: 408–415. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.033. Obremski, K. , S. Gonkowski , and P. Wojtacha , Zearalenone-induced changes in the lymphoid tissue and mucosal nerve fibers in theporcine ileum. Pol J Vet Sci, 2015. 18(2): 357–365. Braicu, C. , Microarray based gene expression analysis of Sus Scrofa duodenum exposed to zearalenone: Significance to human health.BMC Genomics, 2016. 17: 646. Sun, L.H. , Hepatotoxic effects of mycotoxin combinations in mice. Food Chem Toxicol, 2014. 74: 289–293. Sun, X. , Biological detoxification of zearalenone by Aspergillus niger strain FS10. Food Chem Toxicol, 2014. 72: 76–82. Zhao, L. , Ameliorative effects of Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G on zearalenone toxicosis in pre-pubertal female gilts. Food Addit Contam PartA Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, 2015. 32(4): 617–625. Abid-Essefi, S. , Cytotoxicity, inhibition of DNA and protein syntheses and oxidative damage in cultured cells exposed to zearalenone.Toxicol In Vitro, 2004. 18(4): 467–474. Braicu, C. , Evaluation of cellular and molecular impact of zearalenone and Escherichia coli co-exposure on IPEC-1 cells using microarraytechnology. BMC Genomics, 2016. 17: 576. Liu, M. , Toxic effects of maternal zearalenone exposure on intestinal oxidative stress, barrier function, immunological and morphologicalchanges in rats. PLoS One, 2014. 9(9): e106412. Ma, Q. , Role of nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 2013. 53: 401–426. Taranu, I. , Exposure to zearalenone mycotoxin alters in vitro porcine intestinal epithelial cells by differential gene expression. Toxicol Lett,2015. 232(1): 310–325. Liang, Z. , Individual and combined effects of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on mouse kidney. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2015. 40(3):686–691. Li, L. , Zearalenone inhibits rat and human 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. Biomed Res Int, 2015. 2015: 283530. Ren, Z.H. , Effect of the Fusarium toxins, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol, on the mouse brain. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2016. 46:62–70. Dong, Y. , Phytoestrogen α-zearalanol improves memory impairment and hippocampal neurogenesis in ovariectomized mice. Sci World J,2014. 2014: 862019. Dong, Y.L. , Phytoestrogen α-zearalanol exerts antiapoptotic effects in differentiated pc12 cells via oestrogen receptor alpha. Basic ClinPharmacol Toxicol, 2015. 116(2): 110–114. Bennett, J.W. , and M. Klich , Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2003. 16(3): 497–516. Ito, Y. , and K. Ohtsubo , Effects of neonatal administration of zearalenone on the reproductive physiology of female mice. J Vet Med Sci,1994. 56(6): 1155–1159.

Gajecka, M. , The effect of low doses of zearalenone and its metabolites on progesterone and 17ß-estradiol concentrations in peripheralblood and body weights of pre-pubertal female Beagle dogs. Toxicon, 2013. 76: 260–269. Nakamura, U. , and H. Kadokawa , The nonsteroidal mycoestrogen zearalenone and its five metabolites suppress LH secretion from thebovine anterior pituitary cells via the estradiol receptor GPR30 in vitro . Theriogenology, 2015. 84(8): 1342–1349. Yang, R. , Prepubertal exposure to an oestrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone induces central precocious puberty in immature female ratsthrough the mechanism of premature activation of hypothalamic kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 2016. 437: 62–74. Tiemann, U. , Effects of the mycotoxins alpha- and beta-zearalenol on regulation of progesterone synthesis in cultured granulosa cellsfrom porcine ovaries. Reprod Toxicol, 2003. 17(6): 673–681. Pizzo, F. , Individual and combined effects of deoxynivalenol and alpha-zearalenol on cell proliferation and steroidogenesis of granulosacells in cattle. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2015. 40(3): 722–728. Frizzell, C. , Endocrine disrupting effects of zearalenone, alpha- and beta-zearalenol at the level of nuclear receptor binding andsteroidogenesis. Toxicol Lett, 2011. 206(2): 210–217. Kunishige, K. , Exposure to zearalenone during early pregnancy causes estrogenic multitoxic effects in mice. Reprod Sci, 2017.24(3):421–427. Pizzo, F. , In vitro effects of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone major metabolites alone and combined, on cell proliferation, steroidproduction and gene expression in bovine small-follicle granulosa cells. Toxicon, 2016. 109: 70–83. Hou, Y.J. , Zearalenone exposure affects mouse oocyte meiotic maturation and granulosa cell proliferation. Environ Toxicol, 2015. 30(10):1226–1233. Qin, X. , Oxidative stress induced by zearalenone in porcine granulosa cells and its rescue by curcumin in vitro. PLOS One, 2015. 10(6):e0127551. Takemura, H. , Characterization of the estrogenic activities of zearalenone and zeranol in vivo and in vitro. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol,2007. 103(2): 170–177. Massart, F. , High growth rate of girls with precocious puberty exposed to estrogenic mycotoxins. J Pediatr, 2008. 152(5): 690–695. Bandera, E.V. , Urinary mycoestrogens, body size and breast development in New Jersey girls. Sci Total Environ, 2011. 409(24):5221–5227. Li, Y. , Zinc inhibits the reproductive toxicity of Zearalenone in immortalized murine ovarian granular KK-1 cells. Sci Rep, 2015. 5: 14277. Zhao, F. , Multigenerational exposure to dietary zearalenone (ZEA), an estrogenic mycotoxin, affects puberty and reproduction in femalemice. Reprod Toxicol, 2014. 47: 81–88. Chen, X.Y. , Black rice anthocyanins suppress metastasis of breast cancer cells by targeting RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway. Biomed Res Int,2015. 2015: 414250. Gadzala-Kopciuch, R. , Determination of zearalenone and its metabolites in endometrial cancer by coupled separation techniques. AnalBioanal Chem, 2011. 401(7): 2069–2078. Malekinejad, H. , Exposure of oocytes to the Fusarium toxins zearalenone and deoxynivalenol causes aneuploidy and abnormal embryodevelopment in pigs. Biol Reprod, 2007. 77(5): 840–847. Hu, J. , Exploration of Bcl-2 family and caspases-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway in Zearalenone-treated mouse endometrialstromal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2016. 476(4): 553–559. Wang, Y. , Effect of zeranol on expression of apoptotic and cell cycle proteins in murine placentae. Toxicology, 2013. 314(1): 148–154. Zhang, Y. , Use of modified halloysite nanotubes in the feed reduces the toxic effects of zearalenone on sow reproduction and pigletdevelopment. Theriogenology, 2015. 83(5): 932–941. Adibnia, E. , M. Razi , and H. Malekinejad , Zearalenone and 17 beta-estradiol induced damages in male rats reproduction potential;evidence for ERalpha and ERbeta receptors expression and steroidogenesis. Toxicon, 2016. 120: 133–146. Cheraghi, S. , M. Razi , and H. Malekinejad , Involvement of cyclin D1 and E2f1 in zearalenone-induced DNA damage in testis of rats.Toxicon, 2015. 106: 108–116. Zatecka, E. , Effect of zearalenone on reproductive parameters and expression of selected testicular genes in mice. Reprod Toxicol, 2014.45: 20–30. Zheng, W. , Zearalenone impairs the male reproductive system functions via inducing structural and functional alterations of Sertoli cells.Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2016. 42: 146–155. Liu, Q. , Zearalenone inhibits testosterone biosynthesis in mouse Leydig cells via the crosstalk of estrogen receptor signaling and orphannuclear receptor Nur77 expression. Toxicol In Vitro, 2014. 28(4): 647–656. Wang, Y. , Zearalenone induces apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy in primary Leydig cells. Toxicol Lett, 2014. 226(2): 182–191. Lin, P. , Mycotoxin zearalenone induces apoptosis in mouse Leydig cells via an endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent signallingpathway. Reprod Toxicol, 2015. 52: 71–77. Boeira, S.P. , Lycopene protects against acute zearalenone-induced oxidative, endocrine, inflammatory and reproductive damages in malemice. Chem Biol Interact, 2015. 230: 50–57. Frizzell, C. , S. Uhlig , and C.O. Miles Biotransformation of zearalenone and zearalenols to their major glucuronide metabolites reducesestrogenic activity. Toxicol In Vitro. 2015. 29(3):575–581. Belli, P. , Fetal and neonatal exposure to the mycotoxin zearalenone induces phenotypic alterations in adult rat mammary gland. FoodChem Toxicol, 2010. 48(10): 2818–2826. Demaegdt, H. , Endocrine activity of mycotoxins and mycotoxin mixtures. Food Chem Toxicol, 2016. 96: 107–116. Molina-Molina, J.M. , Assessment of estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities of the mycotoxin zearalenone and its metabolites using invitro receptor-specific bioassays. Food Chem Toxicol, 2014. 74: 233–239. Tadpetch, K. , Synthesis and cytotoxic activities of semisynthetic zearalenone analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2016. 26(15):3612–3616. Belhassen, H. , Zearalenone and its metabolites in urine and breast cancer risk: A case-control study in Tunisia. Chemosphere, 2015. 128:1–6. Ye, W. , Zeranol down-regulates p53 expression in primary cultured human breast cancer epithelial cells through epigenetic modification.Int J Mol Sci, 2011. 12(3): 1519–1532. Yu, Z. , Anti-apoptotic action of zearalenone in MCF-7 cells. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2005. 62(3): 441–446. Yuri, T. , Biphasic effects of zeranol on the growth of estrogen receptor-positive human breast carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep, 2006. 16(6):1307–1312.

Khosrokhavar, R. , Effects of zearalenone and alpha-Zearalenol in comparison with Raloxifene on T47D cells. Toxicol Mech Methods,2009. 19(3): 246–250. Rohde, M. , Members of the heat-shock protein 70 family promote cancer cell growth by distinct mechanisms. Genes Dev, 2005. 19(5):570–582. Nahomi, R.B. , Identification of peptides in human Hsp20 and Hsp27 that possess molecular chaperone and anti-apoptotic activities.Biochem J, 2015. 465(1): 115–125. Liu, S. , and Y.C. Lin , Transformation of MCF-10A human breast epithelial cells by zeranol and estradiol-17beta. Breast J, 2004. 10(6):514–521. Liu, S. , Involvement of breast epithelial-stromal interactions in the regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase-gamma (PTPgamma) mRNAexpression by estrogenically active agents. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2002. 71(1): 21–35. Stack, G. , Structure and function of the pS2 gene and estrogen receptor in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Treat Res, 1988. 40:185–206. Dees, C. , Dietary estrogens stimulate human breast cells to enter the cell cycle. Environ Health Perspect, 1997. 105 Suppl 3: 633–636. Parveen, M. , Y. Zhu , and R. Kiyama , Expression profiling of the genes responding to zearalenone and its analogues using estrogen-responsive genes. FEBS Lett, 2009. 583(14): 2377–2384. Patisaul, H.B. and W. Jefferson , The pros and cons of phytoestrogens. Front Neuroendocrinol, 2010. 31(4): 400–419. Joint, F.A.O.W.H.O.E.C.o.F.A ., Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser, 2000. 896:1–128. Man, A. , Health threats from contamination of spices commercialized in Romania: Risks of fungal and bacterial infections. Endocr MetabImmune Disord Drug Targets, 2016. 16(3):197–204. FAO—Food and Agriculture Organization . FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 81. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.2004: Rome, Italy. Pinotti, L. , Mycotoxin contamination in the EU feed supply chain: A focus on cereal byproducts. Toxins (Basel), 2016. 8(2): 45. Qi, L. , Detoxification of zearalenone and ochratoxin A by ozone and quality evaluation of ozonised corn. Food Addit Contam Part A ChemAnal Control Expo Risk Assess, 2016. 33(11): 1700–1710. Zhang, H. , Biodegradation of zearalenone by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Possible involvement of ZEN responsive proteins of the yeast. JProteomics, 2016. 143: 416–423. Keller, L. , Zearalenone and its derivatives alpha-zearalenol and beta-zearalenol decontamination by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strainsisolated from bovine forage. Toxins (Basel), 2015. 7(8): 3297–3308. Hahn, I. , Aerobic and anaerobic in vitro testing of feed additives claiming to detoxify deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. Food Addit ContamPart A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, 2015. 32(6): 922–933. Placina, C.M. , J.P.F. D'Mello , and A.C.M. Macdonald , A review of worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal feed withFusarium mycotoxins. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 1999. 78(1-2): 21–37. Zhou, H. , Individual and combined effects of Aflatoxin B1, Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on HepG2 and RAW 264.7 cell lines. FoodChem Toxicol, 2017. 103: 18–27. Ren, Z. , Combined effects of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on oxidative injury and apoptosis in porcine splenic lymphocytes in vitro.Exp Toxicol Pathol, 2017;69:612–617. Gao, Y.N. , Aflatoxin M1 cytotoxicity against human intestinal Caco-2 cells is enhanced in the presence of other mycotoxins. Food ChemToxicol, 2016. 96: 79–89. Wang, H.W. , Cytotoxicity induced by ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and alpha-zearalenol: Effects of individual and combined treatment. FoodChem Toxicol, 2014. 71: 217–224. Bouaziz, C. , The in vitro effects of zearalenone and T-2 toxins on Vero cells. Exp Toxicol Pathol, 2013. 65(5): 497–501. Wang, L. , and C. Chen , Emerging applications of metabolomics in studying chemopreventive phytochemicals. AAPS J, 2013. 15(4):941–950. Hanahan, D. , and R.A. Weinberg , Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell, 2011. 144(5): 646–674.

Amatoxin Smith MR , Davis RL . Mycetismus: A review. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2016;4(2):107–112. Horowitz BZ , Gossman W . Toxicity, Mushrooms, Amatoxin. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 2017. Yilmaz I , Kaya E , Sinirlioglu ZA , Bayram R , Surmen MG , Colakoglu S . Clinical importance of toxin concentration in Amanita vernamushroom. Toxicon. 2014;87:68–75. Kose M , Yilmaz I , Akata I , Kaya E , Guler K . A case study: Rare Lepiota brunneoincarnata poisoning. Wilderness Environ Med.2015;26(3):350–354. Varvenne D , Retornaz K , Metge P , De Haro L , Minodier P . Amatoxin-containing mushroom (Lepiota brunneoincarnata) familialpoisoning. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015;31(4):277–278. Yilmaz I , Ermis F , Akata I , Kaya E . A case study: What doses of Amanita phalloides and amatoxins are lethal to humans? WildernessEnviron Med. 2015;26(4):491–496. Sgambelluri RM , Epis S , Sassera D , Luo H , Angelos ER , Walton JD . Profiling of amatoxins and phallotoxins in the genus Lepiota byliquid chromatography combined with UV absorbance and mass spectrometry. Toxins (Basel). 2014;6(8):2336–2347. Hallen HE , Luo H , Scott-Craig JS , Walton JD . Gene family encoding the major toxins of lethal Amanita mushrooms. Proc Natl Acad SciU S A. 2007;104(48):19097–19101. Luo H , Hong SY , Sgambelluri RM , Angelos E , Li X , Walton JD . Peptide macrocyclization catalyzed by a prolyl oligopeptidase involvedin α-amanitin biosynthesis. Chem Biol. 2014;21(12):1610–1617. Pulman JA , Childs KL , Sgambelluri RM , Walton JD . Expansion and diversification of the MSDIN family of cyclic peptide genes in thepoisonous agarics Amanita phalloides and A. bisporigera . BMC Genomics. 2016;17(1):1038.

Avcı S , Usul E , Kavak N Elevated cardiac enzymes due to mushroom poisoning. Acta Biomed. 2014;85(3):275–276. Luo H , Hallen-Adams HE , Scott-Craig JS , Walton JD . Colocalization of amanitin and a candidate toxin-processing prolyl oligopeptidasein Amanita basidiocarps. Eukaryot Cell. 2010;9(12):1891–1900. Zhang P , Chen Z , Hu J , Wei B , Zhang Z , Hu W . Production and characterization of amanitin toxins from a pure culture of Amanitaexitialis . FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2005;252(2):223–228. Chen WC , Kassi M , Saeed U , Frenette CT . A rare case of amatoxin poisoning in the state of Texas. Case Rep Gastroenterol.2012;6(2):350–357. Verma N , Bhalla A , Kumar S , Dhiman RK , Chawla YK . Wild mushroom poisoning in north India: Case series with review of literature. JClin Exp Hepatol. 2014;4(4):361–365. Rahmani F , Ebrahimi Bakhtavar H , Ghavidel A . Acute hepatorenal failure in a patient following consumption of mushrooms: A casereport. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015;17(3):e17973. Chan CK , Lam HC , Chiu SW , Tse ML , Lau FL . Mushroom poisoning in Hong Kong: A ten-year review. Hong Kong Med J.2016;22(2):124–130. Hilty MP , Halama M , Zimmermann AK , Maggiorini M , Geier A . Ulcerating ileocolitis in severe amatoxin poisoning. Case RepGastrointest Med. 2015;2015:632085. Mas A . Mushrooms, amatoxins and the liver. J Hepatol. 2005;42(2):166–169. Magdalan J , Ostrowska A , Piotrowska A α-Amanitin induced apoptosis in primary cultured dog hepatocytes. Folia Histochem Cytobiol.2010;48(1):58–62. Santi L , Maggioli C , Mastroroberto M , Tufoni M , Napoli L , Caraceni P . Acute liver failure caused by Amanita phalloides poisoning. Int JHepatol. 2012;2012:487480. Zhou P , Xia J , Guo G A Macaca mulatta model of fulminant hepatic failure. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(5):435–444. Zhang S , Zhao Y , Li H A simple and high-throughput analysis of amatoxins and phallotoxins in human plasma, serum and urine usingUPLC-MS/MS combined with PRiME HLB μElution platform. Toxins (Basel). 2016;8(5):pii: E128. Parnmen S , Sikaphan S , Leudang S , Boonpratuang T , Rangsiruji A , Naksuwankul K . Molecular identification of poisonous mushroomsusing nuclear ITS region and peptide toxins: A retrospective study on fatal cases in Thailand. J Toxicol Sci. 2016;41(1):65–76. Ward J , Kapadia K , Brush E , Salhanick SD . Amatoxin poisoning: Case reports and review of current therapies. J Emerg Med.2013;44(1):116–121. Mengs U , Pohl RT , Mitchell T . Legalon SIL: The antidote of choice in patients with acute hepatotoxicity from amatoxin poisoning. CurrPharm Biotechnol. 2012;13(10):1964–1970. Stankiewicz R , Lewandowski Z , Kotulski M , Patkowski W , Krawczyk M . Effectiveness of fractionated plasma separation and absorptionas a treatment for Amanita phalloides poisoning. Ann Transplant. 2016;21:428–432. Ma KW , Chok KS , Chan CK Liver transplantation: A life-saving procedure following amatoxin mushroom poisoning. Hong Kong Med J.2017;23(1):93–96.

Brevetoxin Lee MS , Qin G , Nakanishi K , Zagorski MG . Biosynthetic studies of brevetoxins, potent neurotoxins produced by the dinoflagellateGymnodinium breve . J Am Chem Soc 1989;111(16):6234–6241. Nicolaou KC , Yang Z , Shi G , Gunzner JL , Agrios KA , Gärtner P . Total synthesis of brevetoxin A. Nature 1998;392(6673):264–269. Matsuo G , Kawamura K , Hori N , Matsukura H , Nakata T . Total synthesis of brevetoxin-B. J Am Chem Soc 2004;126(44):14374–14376. Crimmins MT , Zuccarello JL , Ellis JM Total synthesis of brevetoxin A. Organic Lett 2009;11(2):489–492. Sun P , Leeson C , Zhi X Characterization of an epoxide hydrolase from the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis . Phytochemistry2016;122:11–21. Baden DG , Bourdelais AJ , Jacocks H , Michelliza S , Naar J . Natural and derivative brevetoxins: Historical background, multiplicity, andeffects. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113(5):621–625. Abraham A , Plakas SM , Flewelling LJ Biomarkers of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. Toxicon 2008;52:237–245. Guo F , An T , Rein KS . Human metabolites of brevetoxin PbTx-2: Identification and confirmation of structure. Toxicon2010;56(4):648–651. Truxal LT , Bourdelais AJ , Jacocks H , Abraham WM , Baden DG . Characterization of tamulamides A and B, polyethers isolated from themarine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis . J Nat Prod 2010;73(4):536–540. Goodman A , McCall JR , Jacocks HM Structure activity relationship of brevenal hydrazide derivatives. Mar Drugs 2014;12(4):1839–1858. Ryan DE , Pepper AE , Campbell L . De novo assembly and characterization of the transcriptome of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. BMC Genom 2014;15:888. Hardison DR , Sunda WG , Shea D , Litaker RW . Increased toxicity of Karenia brevis during phosphate limited growth: Ecological andevolutionary implications. PLOS One 2013;8(3):e58545. Errera RM , Campbell L . Osmotic stress triggers toxin production by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2011;108(26):10597–10601. Errera RM , Campbell L . Osmotic stress does trigger brevetoxin production in the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2013;110(25):E2255. Sunda WG , Burleson C , Hardison DR Osmotic stress does not trigger brevetoxin production in the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis . ProcNatl Acad Sci U S A 2013;110(25):10223–10228. Flewelling LJ , Landsberg JH , Naar JP . Karenia brevis red tides and brevetoxin-contaminated fish: A high-risk factor for Florida'sscavenging shorebirds?. J Botan Mar 2012;55(1):31–37. Hitchcock GL , Fourqurean JW , Drake JL , Mead RN , Heil CA . Brevetoxin persistence in sediments and seagrass epiphytes of eastFlorida coastal waters. Harmful Algae 2012;13:89–94. Twiner MJ , Flewelling LJ , Fire SE Comparative analysis of three brevetoxin-associated bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) mortalityevents in the Florida Panhandle region (USA). PLOS One 2012;7(8):e42974.

Dorantes-Aranda JJ , Seger A , Mardones JI , Nichols PD , Hallegraeff GM . Progress in understanding algal bloom-mediated fish kills:The role of superoxide radicals, phycotoxins and fatty acids. PLOS One 2015;10(7):e0133549. Poli MA , Musser SM , Dickey RW , Eilers PP , Hall S . Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and brevetoxin metabolites: A case study fromFlorida. Toxicon 2000;38:981–993. Watkins SM , Reich A , Fleming LE , Hammond R . Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. Mar Drugs 2008;6(3):431–455. Turner AD , Higgins C , Davidson K Potential threats posed by new or emerging marine biotoxins in UK waters and examination ofdetection methodology used in their control: brevetoxins. Mar Drugs 2015;13(3):1224–1254. Fleming LE , Bean JA , Kirkpatrick B Exposure and effect assessment of aerosolized red tide toxins (brevetoxins) and asthma. EnvironHealth Perspect 2009;117(7):1095–1100. Mello DF , de Oliveira ES , Vieira RC Cellular and transcriptional responses of Crassostrea gigas hemocytes exposed in vitro to brevetoxin(PbTx-2). Mar Drugs 2012;10(3):583–597. Calabro K , Guigonis JM , Teyssié JL Further insights into brevetoxin metabolism by de novo radiolabeling. Toxins (Basel)2014;6(6):1785–1798. Benson JM , Wolf ML , Kajon A Brevetoxin inhalation alters the pulmonary response to influenza A in the male F344 rat. J Toxicol EnvironHealth A 2011;74(5):313–324. Bourdelais AJ , Campbell S , Jacocks H Brevenal is a natural inhibitor of brevetoxin action in sodium channel receptor binding assays. CellMol Neurobiol 2004;24(4):553–563. Gold EP , Jacocks HM , Bourdelais AJ , Baden DG . Brevenal, a brevetoxin antagonist from Karenia brevis, binds to a previouslyunreported site on mammalian sodium channels. Harmful Algae 2013;26:12–19. Plakas, SM , Dickey RW . Advances in monitoring and toxicity assessment of brevetoxins in molluscan shellfish. Toxicon2010;56:137–149. Wong CK , Hung P , Kam KM . Development of an ICR mouse bioassay for toxicity evaluation in neurotoxic poisoning toxins-contaminatedshellfish. Biomed Environ Sci 2013;26(5):346–364. McCall JR , Elliott EA , Bourdelais AJ . A new cytotoxicity assay for brevetoxins using fluorescence microscopy. Mar Drugs2014;12(9):4868–4882. McCall JR , Jacocks HM , Baden DG , Bourdelais AJ . Development of a competitive fluorescence-based synaptosome binding assay forbrevetoxins. Harmful Algae 2012;19:85–91. McCall JR , Goodman AJ , Jacocks HM , Thompson AM , Baden DG , Bourdelais AJ . Development of a fluorescence assay for thecharacterization of brevenal binding to rat brain synaptosomes. J Nat Prod 2014;77(9):2014–2020. Tian RY , Lin C , Yu SY Preparation of a specific ssDNA aptamer for brevetoxin-2 using SELEX. J Anal Methods Chem2016;2016:9241860. Guillou L , Nézan E , Cueff V Genetic diversity and molecular detection of three toxic dinoflagellate genera (Alexandrium, Dinophysis, andKarenia) from French coasts. Protist 2002;153(3):223–238. Jones KL , Mikulski CM , Barnhorst A , Doucette GJ . Comparative analysis of bacterioplankton assemblages from Karenia brevis bloomand nonbloom water on the west Florida shelf (Gulf of Mexico, USA) using 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. FEMS Microbiol Ecol2010;73(3):468–485. Kirkpatrick B , Bean JA , Fleming LE Gastrointestinal emergency room admissions and Florida red tide blooms. Harmful Algae2010;9(1):82–86.

Ciguatera: A Treating Physician's Perspective on a Global Illness Shoemaker RC , House D , Ryan JC . Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) corrects chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS)acquired following exposure to water-damaged buildings. Health 2013; 5(3): 396–401. Friedman M , Fernandez M , Backer L An updated review of ciguatera fish poisoning: Clinical, epidemiological, environmental and publichealth management. Mar Drugs 2017; 15: 72–113. Shoemaker RC , House D , Ryan JC . Defining the neurotoxin derived illness chronic ciguatera using markers of chronic systemicinflammatory disturbances: A case/control study. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2010; 32(6): 633–639. Ryan JC , Wu Q , Shoemaker RC . Transcriptomic signatures in whole blood of patients who acquire a chronic inflammatory responsesyndrome (CIRS) following an exposure to the marine toxin ciguatoxin. BMC Med Genomics 2015; 8: 15. Friedman M , Fleming L , Fernandex M Ciguatera fish poisoning: Treatment, prevention and management. Mar Drugs 2008; 6: 456–479. Shoemaker R , Rash JM , Simon EW . Sick building syndrome in water-damaged buildings: Generalization of the chronic biotoxin-associated illness paradigm to indoor toxigenic fungi. In Johanning E . Editor. Bioaerosols, Fungi. Bacteria, Mycotoxins and Human Health.Fungal Research Group Foundation: Atlanta, GA. 2005; pp. 66–77. Chan T . Severe bradycardia and prolonged hypotension in ciguatera. Singapore Med J 2016; 54: e120–e122. Chateau-Degat M , Beuter A , Vauterin G Neurologic signs of ciguatera disease: Evidence of their persistence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007;77: 1170–1175. Pearn J . Models for the chronic fatigue syndrome: Channelopathies and ciguatera. The Clinical and Scientific Basis of Chronic FatigueSyndrome. Proceedings of Sydney ’98 International Conference 1999. Edited by TK Roberts . Schnorf H , Taurarii M , Cundy T . Ciguatera fish poisoning: A double-blind randomized trial of mannitol therapy. Neurology 2002; 58:873–880. Thomas L . Notes of a biology-watcher. Germs. NEJM 1972; 287(11): 553–555. Swift A , Swift T . Review: Ciguatera. Clin Toxicol 1993; 31: 1–29. Grattan L , Holobaugh S , Morris G . Harmful algal blooms and public health. Harmful Algae 2016; 57: 2–8. Bagnis R , Kuberski T , Laugier S . Clinical observation on 3,009 cases of ciguatera (fish poisoning) in the South Pacific. Am J Trop MedHyg 1979; 28: 1067–1073. Kohler ST , Kohler CC . Dead bleached coral provides new surfaces for dinoflagellates implicated in ciguatera fish poisonings. Environ BiolFishes 1992; 35: 413–416.

Morris G , Lewin P , Hargrett N , Smith W , Blake P , Schneider R . Clinical features of ciguatera fish poisoning. Arch Intern Med 1982;142: 1090–1092. Baumann F , Bourrat M , Pauillac S . Prevalence, symptoms and chronicity of ciguatera in New Caledonia: Results from an adultpopulation survey conducted in Noumea during 2005. Toxicon 2010; 56(5): 662–667. Mullins ME , Hoffman RS . Is mannitol the treatment of choice for patients with ciguatera fish poisoning? Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2017; 55(9):947–955. Palafox N . Review of the clinical use of intravenous mannitol with ciguatera fish poisoning from 1988 to 1992. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1992;85: 423–424. Palafox N , Jain L , Pinano A , Gulick T , Williams R , Schaltz I . Successful treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning with intravenous mannitol.JAMA 1998; 259: 2740–2742. Stewart M . Ciguatera fish poisoning: Treatment with intravenous mannitol. Trop Doct 1991; 21: 54–55. Mattei C , Molgo J , Marguais M , Vernoux J , Benoit E . Hyperosmolar D-mannitol reverses the increased membrane excitability and thenodal swelling caused by Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 in single frog myelinated axons. Brain Res 1999; 847: 50–58. Poli M , Lewis R , Dickey R , Musser S , Buckner C , Carpenter L . Identification of Caribbean ciguatoxins as the cause of an outbreak offish poisoning among U.S. soldiers in Haiti. Toxicon 1997; 3: 733–741. Chan T , Kwok T . Chronicity of neurological features in ciguatera fish poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol 2001; 20: 426–428. Shoemaker R , Maizel M . IACFS Bulletin, Summer, 6/09. Exposure to interior environments of water-damaged buildings causes a CFS-like illness in pediatric patients: A case/control study. IACFS Bulletin Summer 2009. Racciatti D , Vecchiet J , Ceccomancini A , Ricci F , Pizzigallo E . Chronic fatigue syndrome following a toxic exposure. Sci Total Environ2001; 270: 27–31. Skinner M , Brewer T , Johnstone R , Fleming L , Lewis R . Ciguatera fish poisoning in the Pacific Island (1998 to 2008). PLoS Negl TropDis 2011; 5: e.1416. Morin E , Gatti C , Bambridge T , Chinain M . Ciguatera fish poisoning: Incidence, health costs and risk perception on Moorea Island(Society archipelago, French Polynesia). Harmful Algae 2016; 60: 1–10. Copeland N , Palmer W , Bienfang P . Ciguatera fish poisoning in Hawaìi and the Pacific. Hawaii J Med Public Health 2014; 73 (11 Suppl2): 24–27. Bailey S , Withers T . Ciguatera poisoning in the Cook Islands. BMJ Case Rep 2014; Pii: bcr2014204847. Gaboriau M , Ponton D , Darius H , Chinain M . Ciguatera fish toxicity in French Polynesia: Size does not always matter. Toxicon 2014; 84:41–50. Dechraoui M , Tiedeken J , Persad R Use of two detection methods to discriminate ciguatoxins from brevetoxins: Application to greatbarracuda from Florida Keys. Toxicon 2005; 46: 261–270. Chan W , Mak Y , Wu J Spatial distribution of ciguateric fish in the Republic of Kiribati. Chemosphere 2011; 84: 117–123. Mak Y , Wai T , Murphy M Pacific ciguatoxins in food web components of coral reef systems in the Republic of Kiribati. Environ SciTechnol 2013; 47: 14070–14079. Azziz-Baumgartner E , Luber G , Conklin L Assessing the incidence of ciguatera fish poisoning with two surveys conducted in Culebra,Puerto Rico, during 2005 and 2006. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120: 526–529. CDC . Ciguatera fish poisoning—New York City, 2010-2011. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013; 62: 61–65. Klekamp B , Bodager D , Matthews S . Use of surveillance systems in detection of a ciguatera fish poisoning outbreak—Orange County,Florida, 2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64: 1142–1144. CDC . Cluster of ciguatera fish poisoning—North Carolina, 2007. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009; 58: 283–285. Boada L , Zumbado M , Luzardo O Ciguatera fish poisoning on the West Africa Coast: An emerging risk in the Canary Island (Spain).Toxicon 2010; 56: 1516–1519. Stewart I , Lewis R , Eaglesham G , Graham G , Poole S , Craig S . Emerging tropical diseases in Australia. Part 2. Ciguatera fishpoisoning. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2010; 104: 557–571. Armstrong P , Murray P , Nesdale A , Peckler B . Ciguatera fish poisoning. N Z Med J 2016; 129: 111–114. Farrell H , Zammit A , Harwood T Clinical diagnosis and chemical confirmation of ciguatera fish poisoning in New South Wales, Australia.Commun Dis Intell 2016; 40: E1–6. Radke E , Reich A , Morris J . Epidemiology of ciguatera in Florida. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93: 425–432. Hossen V , Solino L , Leroy P Contribution to the risk characterization of ciguatoxins: LOAEL estimated from eight ciguatera fish poisoningevents in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Environ Res 2015; 143: 100–108. Jeong H , Lim A , Jang S First report of the epiphytic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus caribaeus in the temperate waters off Jeju Island,Korea: Morphology and molecular characterization. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2012; 59: 637–650. Chan T . Epidemiology and clinical features of ciguatera fish poisoning in Hong Kong. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6: 2989–2997. Chan T . Ciguatera fish poisoning in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Mar Drugs 2015; 13: 3466–3478. Wong C , Hung P , Lo J . Ciguatera fish poisoning in Hong Kong—A 10 year perspective on the class of ciguatoxins. Toxicon 2014; 86:96–106. Chan T . Emergence and epidemiology of ciguatera in the coastal cities of southern China. Mar Drugs 2015; 13: 1175–1184. Mattei C , Vetter I , Eisenblatter A Ciguatera fish poisoning: A first epidemic in Germany highlights an increasing risk for Europeancountries. Hawaii J Med Public Health 2014; 73 (11 Suppl 2): 24–27. Schlaich C , Hagelstein J , Burchard G , Schmiedel S . Outbreak of ciguatera fish poisoning on a cargo ship in the port of Hamburg. JTravel Med 2012; 19: 238–242. Kerbrat A , Darius H , Pauillac S , Chinain M , Laurent D . Detection of ciguatoxin-like and paralyzing toxins in Trichodesmium spp. FromNew Caledonia lagoon. Mar Pollut Bull 2010; 61: 360–366. Lewis R , Holmes M . Origin and transfer of toxins involved in ciguatera. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1993; 106: 615.28. Litaker R , Vandersea M , Faust M Global distribution of ciguatera causing dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus . Toxicon 2010; 56:711–730. Kretzschmar A , Verma A , Harwood D , Hoppenrath M , Murray S . Characterization of Gambierdiscus iapillus sp. nov. (Gonyaulacales,Dinophyceae): A new toxic dinoflagellate from the Great Barrier Reef (Australia). J Phycol 2017; 53(2): 283–297.

Smith K , Rhodes L , Verma A A new Gambierdiscus species (Dinophyceae) from Rarotonga, Cook Island: Gambierdiscus cheloniae sp.nov. Harmful Algae 2016; 60: 45–56. Fraga S , Rodriguez F , Riobo P , Bravo I . Gambierdiscus balechii sp. nov (Dinophyceae), a new benthic toxic dinoflagellate from theCelebes sea (SW Pacific Ocean). Harmful Algae 2016; 58: 93–105. Fraga S , Rodriquez F . Genus Gambierdiscus in the Canary Island (NE Atlantic Ocean) with description of Gambierdiscus silvaie sp. nov.,a new potentially toxic epiphytic benthic dinoflagellate. Protist 2014; 165: 839–853. Nishimura T , Sato S , Tawong W , Sakanari H , Yamaguchi H , Adachi M . Morphology of Gambierdiscus scabrosus sp. nov.(Gonyaulacales): A new epiphytic toxic dinoflagellate from coastal areas of Japan. J Phycol 2014; 50: 506.14. Price D , Fairnholt N , Gates C Analysis of Gambierdiscus transcriptome data supports ancient origins of mixotrophic pathways indinoflagellates. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18(12): 4501–4510. Laza-Martinez A , David H , Riobo P , Miquel I , Orive E . Characterization of a strain of Fukuyoa paulensis (Dinophyceae) from theWestern Mediterranean Sea. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63: 481–497. Ramos V , Vasconcelos V . Palytoxin and analogs: Biological and ecological effects. Mar Drugs 2010; 8: 2021–2037. Monti M , Minocci M , Beran A , Ivesa L . First record of Ostreopsis cfr. ovata on macroalgae in the Northern Adriatic Sea. Mar Pollut Bull2007; 54: 598–601. Pistocchi R , Pezzolesi L , Guerrini F , Vanucci S , Dell'aversano C , Fattorusso E . A review on the effects of environmental conditions ongrowth and toxin production of Ostreopsis ovata. Toxicon 2011; 57: 421–428. Patocka J , Gupta R , Wu Q , Kuca K . Toxic potential of palytoxin. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2015; 35: 733–780. Boydron-Le Garrec R , Benoit E , Sauviat M , Laurent D . Detections of ciguatoxins: Advantages and drawbacks of different biologicalmethods. J Soc Biol 2005; 199: 115–125. Nishimura T , Hariganeya N , Tawong W , Sakanari H , Yamaguchi H , Adachi M . Quantitative PCR assay for detection and enumerationof ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp. (Gonyaulacales) in coastal areas of Japan. Harmful Algae 2016; 52: 11–22. Lewis R , Inserra M , Vetter I Rapid extraction and identification of maitotoxin and ciguatoxin-like toxins from Caribbean and PacificGambierdiscus using a new functional bioassay. PLOS One 2016; 11(7): e0160006. Hardison D , Holland W , McCall J Fluorescent receptor binding assay for detecting ciguatoxins in fish. PLOS One 2016; 11: e0153348. Manger R , Woodle D , Berger A Flow cytometric-membrane potential detection of sodium channel active marine toxins: Application tociguatoxins in fish muscle and feasibility of automating saxitoxin detection. J AOAC Int 2014; 97: 299–306. Bottein Dechraoui M , Wang Z , Turquet J Biomonitoring of ciguatoxin exposure in mice using blood collection cards. Toxicon 2005; 46:243–251. Pawlowiez R , Darius H , Cruchet P Evaluation of seafood toxicity in the Australes archipelago (French Polynesia) using theneuroblastoma cell-based assay. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30: 567–586. Darius H , Ponton D , Revel T Ciguatera risk assessment in two toxic sites of French Polynesia using the receptor-binding assay. Toxicon2007; 50: 612–626. Bottein M , Wang Z , Ramsdell J . Toxicokinetics of the ciguatoxin P-CTX-1 in rats after intraperitoneal or oral administration. Toxicology2011; 284: 1–6. Caillaud A , Eixarch H , de la Iglesia P Towards the standardization of the neuroblastoma (neuro-2a) cell-based assay for ciguatoxin-liketoxicity detection in fish: Application to fish caught in the Canary Islands. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess2012; 29: 1000–1010. Meyer L , Carter S , Capper A . An updated ciguatoxin extraction method and silica cleanup for use with HPLC-MS/MS for the analysis ofP-CTX-1, PCTX-2 and P-CTX-3. Toxicon 2015; 108: 249–256. Yogi K , Sakugawa S , Oshiro N , Ikehara T , Sugiyama K , Yasumoto T . Determination of toxins involved in ciguatera fish poisoning in thePacific by LC/MS. J AOAC Int 2014; 97: 398–402. Yogi K , Oshiro N , Inafuku Y , Hirama M , Yasumoto T . Detailed LC-MS/MS analysis of ciguatoxins revealing distinct regional and speciescharacteristics in fish and causative alga from the Pacific. Anal Chem 2011; 83: 8886–8891. Yogi K , Oshiro N , Matsuda S , Sakugawa S , Matsuo T , Tasumoto T . Toxin profiles in fish implicated in ciguatera fish poisoning inAmami and Kakeroma Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2016; 54: 385–391. Juranovic L , Park D . Foodborne toxins of marine origin: Ciguatera. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 1991; 117: 51–94. Tsumuraya T , Takeuchi K , Yamashita S , Fujii I , Hirama M . Development of a monoclonal antibody against the left wing of ciguatoxinCTX1B: Thiol strategy and detection using a sandwich ELISA. Toxicon 2012; 60: 348–357. Tsumuraya T , Fujii I , Hirama M . Preparation of anti-ciguatoxin monoclonal antibodies using synthetic haptens: Sandwich ELISAdetection of ciguatoxins. J AOAC Int 2014; 97: 373–379. Vetter I , Touska F , Hess A Ciguatoxins activate specific cold pain pathways to elicit burning pain from cooling. EMBO J 2012; 31:3795–3808. Zimmermann K , Deuis J , Inserra M Analgesic treatment of ciguatoxin-induced cold allodynia. Pain 2013; 154: 1999–2006. Patel R , Brice N , Lewis R , Dickenson A . Ionic mechanisms of spinal neuronal cold hypersensitivity in ciguatera. Eur J Neurosci 2015;42: 3004–3011. Eisenblatter A , Lewis R , Dorfler A , Forster C , Zimmermann K . Brain mechanisms of abnormal temperature perception in cold allodyniainduced by ciguatoxin. Ann Neurol 2017; 81(1): 104–116. Le Garrec R , L'herondelle K , Le Gall-Ianotto C Release of neuropeptides from a neuro-cutaneous co-culture model: A novel in vitromodel for studying sensory effects of ciguatoxins. Toxicon 2016; 116: 4–10. Hou Q , Barr TP , Gee LE Keratinocyte expression of CGRPβ: Implications for neuropathic and inflammatory pain mechanisms. Pain 2011;152(9): 2036–2051. Bottein Dechraoui M , Rezvani A , Gordon C , Levin E , Ramsdell J . Repeat exposure to ciguatoxin leads to enhanced and sustainedthermoregulatory, pain threshold and motor activity responses in mice: Relationship to blood ciguatoxin concentrations. Toxicology 2008;246: 55–62. Ledreux A , Ramsdell J . Bioavailability and intravenous toxicokinetic parameters for Pacific ciguatoxin P-CTX-1 in rats. Toxicon 2013; 64:81–86. Martin V , Vale C , Antelo A Differential effects of ciguatoxin and maitotoxin in primary cultures of cortical neurons. Chem Res Toxicol2014; 27: 1387–1400.

Martin V , Vale C , Hirama M Synthetic ciguatoxin CTX 3C induces a rapid imbalance in neuronal excitability. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1095–1108. Martin V , Vale C , Rubiolo J Chronic ciguatoxin treatment induces synaptic scaling through voltage gated sodium channels in corticalneurons. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28: 1109–1119. Zhang X , Cao B , Wang J Neurotoxicity and reactive astrogliosis in the anterior cingulate cortex in acute ciguatera poisoning.Neuromolecular Med 2013; 15: 310–323. Shoemaker R , Katz D , Ackerley M Intranasal VIP safely restores atrophic grey matter nuclei in patients with CIRS. Intern Med Alert 2017;3(4): 1–14. Kumar G , Au N , Mak Y Acute exposure to pacific ciguatoxin reduces electroencephalogram activity and disrupts neurotransmittermetabolic pathways in motor cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54(7): 5590–5603. Au N , Kumar G , Asthana P Ciguatoxin reduces regenerative capacity of axotomized peripheral neurons and delays functional recovery inpre-exposed mice after peripheral nerve injury. Nature Sci Rep 2016; 6: 26809. Deme B , Fearnley E , Goater S , Carter K , Weinstein P . Ciguatera fish poisoning and environmental change: A case for strengtheninghealth surveillance in the Pacific? Pac Health Dialog 2010; 16: 99–108. Gingold D , Strickland M , Hess J . Ciguatera fish poisoning and climate change: Analysis of National Poison Center Data in the UnitedStates, 2001-2011. Environ Health Perspect 2014; 6: 580–586. Anderson D , Burkholder J , Cochlan W Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Examining linkages from selected coastal regions of theUnited States. Harmful Algae 2008; 8: 39–53. Tester P , Feldman R , Nau A , Kibler S , Litaker R . Ciguatera fish poisoning and sea surface temperatures in the Caribbean Sea and theWest Indies. Toxicon 2010; 56: 698–710. O'Toole A , Dechraoui Bottein M , Danylchuk A , Ramsdell J , Cooke S . Linking ciguatera poisoning to spatial ecology of fish: A novelapproach to examining the distribution of biotoxin levels in the great barracuda by combining non-lethal blood sampling and biotelemetry.Sci Total Environ 2012; 427–428: 98–105. Yoshimatsu T , Tie C , Yamaguchi H The effects of light intensity on the growth of Japanese Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophyceae). HarmfulAlgae 2016; 60: 107–115. Skinner M , Lewis R , Morton S . Ecology of the ciguatera causing dinoflagellates from the Northern Great Barrier Reef: Changes incommunity distribution and coastal eutrophication. Mar Pollut Bull 2013; 77: 210–219. Rongo T , van Woesik R . The effects of natural disturbances, reef state, and herbivorous fish densities on ciguatera poisoning inRarotonga, southern Cook Islands. Toxicon 2013; 64: 87–95. Xu Y , Richlen M , Liefer J Influence of environmental variables on Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophyceae) growth and distribution. PLOS One2016; 11(4): e0153197. Chan T . Characteristic features and contributory factors in fatal ciguatera fish poisoning—Implications for prevention and public education.Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94: 704–709. Goater S , Derne B , Weinstein P . Critical issues in the development of health information systems in supporting environmental health: Acase study of ciguatera. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 5: 585–590. Pennotti R , Scallan E , Backer L , Thomas J , Angulo F . Ciguatera and scombroid fish poisoning in the United States. Foodborne PathogDis 2013; 10: 1059–1066. Dickey R , Plakas S . Ciguatera: A public health perspective. Toxicon 2010; 56: 123–136. Ryan J , Morey J , Bottein M , Ramsdell J , van Dolah F . Gene expression profiling in brain of mice exposed to the marine neurotoxinciguatoxin reveals an acute anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective response. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11: 107. Morey J , Ryan J , Bottein Dechraoui M Liver genomic responses to ciguatoxin: Evidence for activation of phase I and phase IIdetoxification pathways following an acute hypothermic response in mice. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103: 298–310. Ryan J , Bottein Dechraoui M , Morey J Transcriptional profiling of whole blood and serum protein analysis of mice exposed to theneurotoxin Pacific Ciguatoxin-1. Neurotoxicology 2007; 28: 1099–1109. Ryan J , Shoemaker R . RNA-Seq on patients with chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS) treated with vasoactive intestinalpolypeptide (VIP) shows a shift in metabolic state and innate immune functions that coincide with healing. Med Res Arch 2016; 4(7): 1–11.

Domoic Acid Trabing W . Seabird invasion hits coastal homes; thousands of birds floundering in streets. Santa Cruz Sentinel, August 18, 1961 p. 1. Bargu S , Silver MW , Ohman MD , Benitez-Nelson C , Garrison DL . Mystery behind Hitchcock's birds. Nat Geosci 2012;5:2–3. Work TM , Barr B , Beale AM , Fritz L , Quilliam MA , Wright JLC . Epidemiology of domoic acid poisoning in brown pelicans (Pelecanusoccidentalis) and Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) in California. J Zoo Wildl Med 1993;24:54–62. Sierra Beltrán A , Palafox-Uribe M , Grajales-Montiel J , Cruz-Villacorta A , Ochoa JL . Sea bird mortality at Cabo San Lucas, Mexico:Evidence that toxic diatom blooms are spreading. Toxicon 1997;35:447–453. Scholin CA , Gulland F , Doucette GJ Mortality of sea lions along the central California coast linked to a toxic diatom bloom. Nature2000;403:80–84. Gulland FM , Haulena M , Fauquier D Domoic acid toxicity in Californian sea lions (Zalophus californianus): Clinical signs, treatment andsurvival. Vet Rec 2002;150:475–480. Goldstein T , Mazet JA , Zabka TS Novel symptomatology and changing epidemiology of domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): An increasing risk to marine mammal health. Proc Biol Sci 2008;275:267–276. Fire SE , Wang Z , Leighfield TA Domoic acid exposure in pygmy and dwarf sperm whales (Kogia spp.) from southeastern and mid-AtlanticU.S. waters. Harmful Algae 2009;8:658–664. Fire SE , Wang ZH , Berman M Trophic transfer of the harmful algal toxin domoic acid as a cause of death in a minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) stranding in southern California. Aquat Mamm 2010;36:342–350. Lefebvre KA , Robertson A , Frame ER Clinical signs and histopathology associated with domoic acid poisoning in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and comparison of toxin detection methods. Harmful Algae 2010;9:374–383.

Perl TM , Bédard L , Kosatsky T , Hockin JC , Todd EC , Remis RS . An outbreak of toxic encephalopathy caused by eating musselscontaminated with domoic acid. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1775–1780. Takemoto T , Daigo K . Constituents of Chondria armata . Chem Pharm Bull 1958;6:578–580. Jeffery B , Barlow T , Moizer K , Paul S , Boyle C . Amnesic shellfish poison. Food Chem Toxicol 2004;42:545–557. Lelong A , Hégaret H , Soudant P , Bates SS . Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species, domoic acid and amnesic shellfish poisoning:Revisiting previous paradigms. Phycologia 2012;51:168–216. Mos L . Domoic acid: A fascinating marine toxin. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2001;9:79–85. Teng ST , Lim HC , Lim PT , Dao VH , Bates SS , Leaw CP . Pseudo-nitzschia kodamae sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), a toxigenic speciesfrom the strait of Malacca, Malaysia. Harmful Algae 2014;34:17–28. Dao HV , Phan VB , Teng ST Pseudo-nitzschia fukuyoi (Bacillariophyceae), a domoic acid-producing species from Nha Phu Bay, KhanhHoa Province, Vietnam. Fish Sci 2015;81:533–539. Costa LG , Giordano G , Faustman EM . Domoic acid as a developmental neurotoxin. Neurotoxicology 2010;31:409–423. Blanco J , Acosta CP , Mariño C Depuration of domoic acid from different body compartments of the king scallop Pecten maximus grownin raft culture and natural bed. Aquat Living Resour 2006;19:257–265. Landsberg JH . The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic organisms. Rev Fish Sci 2002;10:113–390. Trainer VL , Hickey BM , Bates SS . Toxic diatoms. In: Walsh PJ , Smith SL , Fleming LE , Solo-Gabriele H , Gerwick WH , eds. Oceansand Human Health: Risks and Remedies from the Sea. New York, NY: Elsevier, 2008:219–238. Vale P , Botelho MJ , Rodrigues SM , Gomes SS , Sampayo MAM . Two decades of marine biotoxin monitoring in bivalves from Portugal(1986–2006): A review of exposure assessment. Harmful Algae 2008;7:11–25. Takata Y , Sato S , Ha DV Occurrence of domoic acid in tropical bivalves. Fish Sci 2009;75:473–480. Lefebvre KA , Robertson A . Domoic acid and human exposure risks: A review. Toxicon 2010;56:218–230. Maeda M , Kodama T , Tanaka T Structures of isodomoic acids A, B and C, novel insecticidal amino acids from the red alga Chondriaarmata . Chem Pharm Bull 1986;34:4892–4895. Wright JLC , Falk M , McInnes AG , Walter JA . Identification of isodomoic acid D and two new geometrical isomers of domoic acid in toxicmussels. Can J Chem 1990;68:22–25. Zaman L , Arakawa O , Shimosu A Two new isomers of domoic acid from a red alga, Chondria armata . Toxicon 1997;35:205–212. Holland PT , Selwood AI , Mountfort DO Isodomoic acid C, an unusual amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin from Pseudo-nitzschia australis .Chem Res Toxicol 2005;18:814–816. Munday R , Holland PT , McNabb P , Selwood AI , Rhodes LL . Comparative toxicity to mice of domoic acid and isodomoic acids A, B andC. Toxicon 2008;52:954–956. Johannessen JN . Stability of domoic acid in saline dosing solutions. J AOAC Int 2000;83:411–412. McCarron P , Hess P . Tissue distribution and effects of heat treatments on the content of domoic acid in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis .Toxicon 2006;47:473–479. Iverson F , Truelove J , Nera E , Tryphonas L , Campbell J , Lok E . Domoic acid poisoning and mussel-associated intoxication:Preliminary investigations into the response of mice and rats to toxic mussel extract. Food Chem Toxicol 1989;27:377–384. Truelove J , Mueller R , Pulido O , Iverson F . Subchronic toxicity study of domoic acid in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 1996;34:525–529. Truelove J , Mueller R , Pulido O , Martin L , Fernie S , Iverson F . 30-day oral toxicity study of domoic acid in cynomolgus monkeys: Lackof overt toxicity at doses approaching the acute toxic dose. Nat Toxins 1997;5:111–114. Suzuki CA , Hierlihy SL . Renal clearance of domoic acid in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 1993;31:701–706. Truelove J , Iverson F . Serum domoic acid clearance and clinical observations in the cynomolgus monkey and Sprague-Dawley ratfollowing a single i.v. dose. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1994;52:479–486. Preston E , Hynie I . Transfer constants for blood-brain barrier permeation of the neuroexcitatory shellfish toxin, domoic acid. Can J NeurolSci 1991;18:39–44. Maucher JM , Ramsdell JS . Maternal-fetal transfer of domoic acid in rats at two gestational time points. Environ Health Perspect2007;115:1743–1746. Ramsdell JS , Zabka TS . In utero domoic acid toxicity: A fetal basis to adult disease in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus).Mar Drugs 2008;6:262–290. Maucher Fuquay J , Muha N , Wang Z , Ramsdell JS . Toxicokinetics of domoic acid in the fetal rat. Toxicology 2012;294:36–41. Maucher JM , Ramsdell JS . Domoic acid transfer to milk: Evaluation of a potential route of neonatal exposure. Environ Health Perspect2005;113:461–464. Rust L , Gulland F , Frame E , Lefebvre K . Domoic acid in milk of free living California marine mammals indicates lactational exposureoccurs. Mar Mamm Sci 2014;30:1272–1278. Pizzo F , Caloni F , Schreiber NB Direct effects of the algal toxin, domoic acid, on ovarian function: Bovine granulosa and theca cells as anin vitro model. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2015;113:314–320. Brodie EC , Gulland FMD , Grei DJ . Domoic acid causes reproductive failure in California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus). Mar MammSci 2006;22:700–707. Goldstein T , Zabka TS , DeLong RL The role of domoic acid in abortion and premature parturition of California Sea Lions (Zalophuscalifornianus) on San Miguel Island, California. J Wildl Dis 2009;45:91–108. Teitelbaum JS , Zatorre RJ , Carpenter S Neurologic sequelae of domoic acid intoxication due to the ingestion of contaminated mussels. NEngl J Med 1990;322:1781–1787. Cendes F , Andermann F , Carpenter S , Zatorre RJ , Cashman NR . Temporal lobe epilepsy caused by domoic acid intoxication:Evidence for glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in humans. Ann Neurol 1995;37:123–126. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) . Report of the Joint FAO/IOC/WHO ad hoc expert consultation on biotoxins in bivalve molluscs.Oslo, Norway. September 26–30, 2004, p. 31. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) . Marine biotoxins in shellfish-domoic acid. Scientific opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in theFood Chain. EFSA J 2009;1181:1–61. Todd ECD . Domoic acid and amnesic shellfish poisoning—A review. J Food Prot 1993;56:69–83. Wekell JC , Gauglitz EJ Jr , Barnett HJ , Hatfield CL , Simons D , Ayres D . Occurrence of domoic acid in Washington state razor clams (Siliqua patula) during 1991–1993. Nat Toxins 1994;2:197–205.

Tubaro A , Sosa S , Hungerford J . Toxicology and diversity of marine toxins. In: Gupta RC , ed. Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and ClinicalPrinciples. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Elsevier, 2012:896–934. Isbister GK , Kiernan MC . Neurotoxic marine poisoning. Lancet Neurol 2005;4:219–228. He Y , Fekete A , Chen G Analytical approaches for an important shellfish poisoning agent: Domoic acid. J Agric Food Chem2010;58:11525–11533. Glavin GB , Bose R , Pinsky C . Kynurenic acid protects against gastroduodenal ulceration in mice injected with extracts from poisonousAtlantic shellfish. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1989;13:569–572. Pinsky C , Glavin GB , Bose R . Kynurenic acid protects against neurotoxicity and lethality of toxic extracts from contaminated Atlanticcoast mussels. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1989;13:595–598. Glavin GB , Pinsky C , Bose R . Domoic acid-induced neurovisceral toxic syndrome: Characterization of an animal model and putativeantidotes. Brain Res Bull 1990;24:701–703. Regueiro J , Álvarez G , Mauriz A , Blanco J . High throughput analysis of amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalve molluscs bydispersive solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography using a monolithic column. Food Chem2011;127:1884–1891. Kleivdal H , Kristiansen SI , Nilsen MV Determination of domoic acid toxins in shellfish by biosense ASP ELISA—A direct competitiveenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: Collaborative study. J AOAC Int 2007;90:1011–1027. de la Riva GT , Johnson CK , Gulland FM Association of an unusual marine mammal mortality event with Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Bloomsalong the southern California coastline. J Wildl Dis 2009;45:109–121. James KJ , Carey B , O'Halloran J , van Pelt FN , Skrabáková Z . Shellfish toxicity: Human health implications of marine algal toxins.Epidemiol Infect 2010;138:927–940. Vieira AC , Cifuentes JM , Bermúdez R , Ferreiro SF , Castro AR , Botana LM . Heart alterations after domoic acid administration in rats.Toxins (Basel). 2016;8(3). pii: E68.

Palytoxin Sud P , Su MK , Greller HA , Majlesi N , Gupta A . Case series: Inhaled coral vapor toxicity in a tank. J Med Toxicol. 2013; 9(3): 282–286. Moore RE , Scheuer PJ . Palytoxin: A new marine toxin from a coelenterate. Science. 1971; 172(3982): 495–498. Deeds JR , Handy SM , White KD , Reimer JD . Palytoxin found in Palythoa sp. Zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) sold in the homeaquarium trade. PLOS One. 2011; 6(4): e18235. Munday R . Palytoxin toxicology: Animal studies. Toxicon. 2011; 57: 470–477. Wu CH . Palytoxin: Membrane mechanisms of action. Toxicon. 2009, 54: 1183–1189. Rossini GP , Bigiani A . Palytoxin action on the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and the disruption of ion equilibria in biological systems. Toxicon. 2011;57: 429–439. Weidmann S . Effects of palytoxin on the electrical activity of dog and rabbit heart. Experientia. 1977; 33: 1487–1489. Deeds JR , Schwartz MD . Human risk associated with palytoxin exposure. Toxicon. 2010; 56(2): 150–162. Tubaro A , Del Favero G , Beltramo D Acute oral toxicity in mice of a new oalytoxin analog: 42-hydroxy-palytoxin. Toxicon. 2011; 57:755–763. Tubaro A , Durando P , Del Favero G Case definitions for human poisonings postulated to PTXs exposure. Toxicon. 2011; 57(3): 478–495. Frelin C , Van Renterghem C . Palytoxin. Recent electrophysiological and pharmacological evidence for several mechanisms of action.Gen Pharmacol. 1995; 26: 33–37. Artigas P , Gadsby DC . Large diameter of palytoxin-induced Na/K pump channels and modulation of palytoxin interaction by Na/K pumpligands. J Gen Physiol. 2004; 123: 357–376. Farooq AV , Gibbons AG , Council MD Corneal toxicity associated with aquarium coral palytoxin. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017; 174: 119–125. Thakur LK , Jha KK . Palytoxin-induced acute respiratory failure. Respir Med Case Rep. 2016; 20: 4–6. Ramos V , Vasconcelos V . Palytoxin and analogs: Biological and ecological effects. Mar Drugs. 2010; 8: 2021–2037. Moore RE , Bartolini G . Structure of palytoxin. J Am Chem Soc. 1981; 103(9): 2491–2494. Moore RE . Structure of palytoxin. In: Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe/Progress in the Chemistry of Organic NaturalProducts, Springer Vienna, 1985; 81–202. Shimizu Y . Complete structure of palytoxin elucidated. Nature. 1983; 302(5905): 212. Kita M , Uemura D . Marine huge molecules: The longest carbon chains in natural products. Chem Rec. 2010; 10: 48–52. Cha JK , Christ WJ , Finan JM Stereochemistry of palytoxin. Part 4. Complete structure. J Am Chem Soc. 1982; 104(25): 7369–7371. Moore RE , Bartolini G , Barchi J , Bothner BY , Dadok J , Ford J . Absolute stereochemistry of palytoxin. J Am Chem Soc. 1982; 104:3776–3779. Kishi Y . Stereochemistry of palytoxin. Current trends in organic synthesis: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on OrganicSynthesis, Tokyo, Japan, August 22–27, 1982. Elsevier, 2016. Tubaro A , Sosa S , Hungerford J . Toxicology and diversity of marine toxins. In: Gupta RC , ed. Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and ClinicalPrinciples. Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier, 2012, 896–934. Aligizaki K , Katikou P , Milandri A , Diogene J . Occurrence of palytoxin-group toxins in seafood and future strategies to complement thepresent state of the art. Toxicon. 2011; 57(3): 390–399. Pawlowiez R , Darius HT , Cruchet P Evaluation of seafood toxicity in the Australes archipelago (French Polynesia) using theneuroblastoma cell-based assay. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2013; 30(3): 567–586. Uchida H , Taira Y , Yasumoto T . Structural elucidation of palytoxin analogs produced by the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis ovata IK2 strain bycomplementary use of positive and negative ion liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun MassSpectrom. 2013; 27(17): 1999–2008. EFSA . Scientific opinion on marine biotoxins in shellfish—Palytoxin group. EFSA J. 2009; 1393: 1–38. Gorbi S , Bocchetti R , Binelli A Biological effects of palytoxin-like compounds from Ostreopsis cf. ovata: A multibiomarkers approach withmussels Mytilus galloprovincialis . Chemosphere. 2012; 89(5): 623–632.

Ciminiello P , Dell'Aversano C , Iacovo ED Unique toxin profile of a Mediterranean Ostreopsis cf. Ovata strain: HR LC-MS(n)characterization of ovatoxin-f, a new palytoxin congener. Chem Res Toxicol. 2012; 25(6): 1243–1252. Amzil Z , Sibat M , Chomerat N Ovatoxin-a and palytoxin accumulation in seafood in relation to Ostreopsis cf. Ovata blooms on the FrenchMediterranean coast. Mar Drugs. 2012; 10(2): 477–496. Tartaglione L , Dell'Aversano C , Mazzeo A , Forino M , Wieringa A , Ciminiello P . Determination of palytoxins in soft coral and seawaterfrom a home aquarium. Comparison between Palythoa- and Ostreopsis-related inhalatory poisonings. Environ Sci Technol. 2016; 50(2):1023–1030. Fernández DA , Louzao MC , Vilariño N The kinetic, mechanistic and cytomorphological effects of palytoxin in human intestinal cells(Caco-2) explain its lower-than-parenteral oral toxicity. FEBS J. 2013; 280(16): 3906–3919. Ciminiello P , Dell'Aversano C , Fattorusso E The Genoa 2005 outbreak. Determination of putative palytoxin in Mediterranean Ostreopsisovata by a new liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Anal Chem. 2006; 78: 6153–6159. Riobó P , Paz B , Franco JM . Analysis of palytoxin-like in Ostreopsis cultures by liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization andfluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta. 2006; 566: 217–223. Monti M , Minocci M , Beran A , Ivena L . First record of Ostreopsis cfr Ovata on macroalgae in the northern Adriatic. Sea. Mar Pol Bull.2007; 54: 598–601. Aligizaki K , Panagiota K , Nikolaidis G , Panou A . First episode of shellfish contamination by palytoxin-like compounds from Ostreopsisspecies (Aegean Sea, Greece). Toxicon. 2008; 51: 418–427. Rhodes L . World-wide occurrence of the toxic dinoflagellate genus oxytropsis Schmidt. Toxicon. 2011; 57: 400–407. Accoroni S , Romagnoli T , Penna A Ostreopsis fattorussoi sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new benthic toxic Ostreopsis species from theeastern Mediterranean Sea . J Phycol. 2016; 52(6): 1064–1084. Katikou P . Palytoxin and analogues: Etiology and origin, chemistry, metabolism, and chemical analysis. In: Botana LM , ed. Seafood andFreshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology and Detection. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008, 631–663. Ciminiello P , Dell'Aversano C , Dello Iacovo E Complex palytoxin-like profile of Ostreopsis ovata. Identification of four new ovatoxins byhigh-resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2010; 24: 2735–2744. Biré R , Trotereau S , Lemée R Hunt for palytoxins in a wide variety of marine organisms harvested in 2010 on the French MediterraneanCoast. Mar Drugs. 2015; 13(8): 5425–5446. Alloisio S , Giussani V , Nobile M , Chiantore M , Novellino A . Microelectrode array (MEA) platform as a sensitive tool to detect andevaluate Ostreopsis cf. ovata toxicity. Harmful Algae. 2016; 55: 230–237. Simonini R , Orlandi M , Abbate M . Is the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata harmful to Mediterranean benthic invertebrates?Evidences from ecotoxicological tests with the polychaete Dinophilus gyrociliatus . Mar Environ Res. 2011; 72(4): 230–233. Tichadou L , Glaizal M , Armengaud A . Health impact of unicellular algae of the Ostreopsis genus blooms in the Mediterranean Sea:Experience of the French Mediterranean coast surveillance network from 2006 to 2009. Clin Toxicol. 2010; 48: 839–844. Sansoni G , Borghini B , Camici G , Casotti M , Righini P , Rustighi C . Fioriture algali di Ostreopsis Ovata (Gonyaulacales: Dinophyceae):Unproblema emergente. Biol Ambientale. 2003; 17: 17–23. Gallitelli M , Ungaro N , Addante LM , Procacci V , Silveri NG . Respiratory illness as a reaction to tropical algal bloom occurring in atemperate climate. J Am Med Assoc. 2005; 293: 2599–2600. Pelin M , Brovedani V , Sosa S , Tubaro A . Palytoxin-containing aquarium soft corals as an emerging sanitary problem. Mar Drugs. 2016;14(2): pii: E33. Durando P , Ansaldi F , Oreste P Ostreopsis ovata and human health: Epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory syndromeoutbreaks from a two-year syndromic surveillance, 2005-06, in north-west Italy. Euro Surveill. 2007; 12(6): E070607.1.E. Chaudhry NL , Przybek J , Hamilton A , Carley F . Unique case of palytoxin-related keratitis. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016; 44(9): 853–885. Hall C , Levy D , Sattler S . A case of palytoxin poisoning in a home aquarium enthusiast and his family. Case Rep Emerg Med. 2015;2015: 621815. Wieringa A , Bertholee D , Ter Horst P , van den Brand I , Haringman J , Ciminiello P . Respiratory impairment in four patients associatedwith exposure to palytoxin containing coral. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014; 52(2): 150–151. Scheiner-Bobis G , Hübschle T , Diener M . Action of palytoxin on apical H+/K+-ATPase in rat colon. Eur J Biochem. 2002; 269(16):3905–3911. Artigas P , Gadsby DC . Na+/K+-pump ligands modulate gating of palytoxin-induced ion channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003; 100(2):501–505. Harmel N , Apell HJ . Palytoxin-induced effects on partial reactions of the Na,K-ATPase. J Gen Physiol. 2006; 128(1): 103–118. Kockskämper J , Ahmmed GU , Zima AV , Sheehan KA , Glitsch HG , Blatter LA . Palytoxin disrupts cardiac excitation-contraction couplingthrough interactions with P-type ion pumps. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2004; 287(2): C527–C538. Pelin M , Ponti C , Sosa S , Gibellini D , Florio C , Tubaro A . Oxidative stress induced by palytoxin in human keratinocytes is mediated bya H+-dependent mitochondrial pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2013; 266(1): 1–8. Hoffmann K , Hermanns-Clausen M , Buhl C A case of palytoxin poisoning due to contact with zoanthid corals through a skin injury.Toxicon. 2008; 51(8): 1535–1537. Gao S , Zheng X , Hu B Enzyme-linked, aptamer-based, competitive biolayer interferometry biosensor for PTX. Biosens Bioelectron. 2017;89(2): 952–958. Langley RL , Bobbitt WH . 3rd. Haff disease after eating salmon. South Med J. 2007; 100(11): 1147–1150. Diaz JH . Global incidence of rhabdomyolysis after cooked seafood consumption (Haff disease). Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2015; 53(5):421–426. Ruiz Y , Fuchs J , Beuschel R , Tschopp M , Goldblum D . Dangerous reef aquaristics: PTX of a brown encrusting anemone causes toxiccorneal reactions. Toxicon. 2015; 106: 42–45. Wiles J , Vick J , Christensen M . Toxicological evaluation of palytoxin in several animal species. Toxicon. 1974; 12: 427–433. Snoeks L , Veenstra J . [Family with fever after cleaning a sea aquarium]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2012; 156(12): A4200. (Dutch). Shinzato T , Furusu A , Nishino T , Cowfish (Umisuzume, Lactoria diaphana) poisoning with rhabdomyolysis. Intern Med. 2008; 47(9):853–856. Taniyama S , Mahmud Y , Terada M , Takatani T , Arakawa O , Noguchi T . Occurrence of a food poisoning incident by palytoxin from aserranid Epinephelus sp. in Japan. J Nat Toxins. 2002; 11(4): 277–282.

Nordt SP , Wu J , Zahller S , Clark RF , Cantrell FL . Palytoxin poisoning after dermal contact with zoanthid coral. J Emerg Med. 2011;40(4): 397–399. Honsell G , Bonifacio A , De Bortoli M . New insights on cytological and metabolic features of Ostreopsis cf. ovata Fukuyo (Dinophyceae):A multidisciplinary approach. PLoS One. 2013; 8(2): e57291. Crinelli R , Carloni E , Giacomini E . Palytoxin and an Ostreopsis toxin extract increase the levels of mRNAs encoding inflammation-relatedproteins in human macrophages via p38 MAPK and NFkB. PLoS One. 2012; 7(6): e38139.

Saxitoxin and Related Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Stüken A , Orr RJ , Kellmann R , Murray SA , Neilan BA , Jakobsen KS . Discovery of nuclear-encoded genes for the neurotoxin saxitoxinin dinoflagellates. PLOS One 2011;6:e20096. Castenholz RW , Phylum BX . Cyanobacteria. Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. In: Boone DR , Castenholz RW , eds. Bergey's Manual ofSystematic Bacteriology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2001:473–599. Morrill LC , Loeblich AR . 3rd. Ultrastructure of the dinoflagellate amphiesma. Int Rev Cytol 1983;82:151–180. Okamoto N , Keeling PJ . A comparative overview of the flagellar apparatus of dinoflagellate, perkinsids and colpodellids. Microorganisms2014;2:73–91. Soyer-Gobillard MO , Dolan MF . Chromosomes of protists: The crucible of evolution. Int Microbiol 2015;18:209–216. Elbrachter GGM . Heterotrophic nutrition. In: Taylor FJR , ed. The Biology of Dinoflagellates. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific; 1987:224–267. Hackett JD , Anderson DM , Erdner DL , Bhattacharya D . Dinoflagellates: A remarkable evolutionary experiment. Am J Bot2004;91:1523–1534. Deeds JR , Landsberg JH , Etheridge SM , Pitcher GC , Longan SW . Non-traditional vectors for paralytic shellfish poisoning. Mar Drugs2008;6:308–348. Kumar K , Mella-Herrera RA , Golden JW . Cyanobacterial heterocysts. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010;2:a000315. Humpage AR , Rositano J , Bretag A Paralytic shellfish poisons from Australian cyanobacterial blooms. Mar Freshwater Res1994;45:761–771. Lagos N , Onodera H , Zagatto PA , Andrinolo D , Azevedo SM , Oshima Y . The first evidence of paralytic shellfish toxins in the freshwater cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, isolated from Brazil. Toxicon 1999;37:1359–1373. Mahmood NA , Carmichael WW . Paralytic shellfish poisons produced by the freshwater cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae NH-5. Toxicon 1986;24:175–186. Carmichael WW , Evans WR , Yin QQ , Bell P , Moczydlowski E . Evidence for paralytic shellfish poisons in the freshwater cyanobacteriumLyngbya wollei (Farlow ex Gomont) comb. nov. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997;63:3104–3110. Pereira P , Onodera H , Andrinolo D Paralytic shellfish toxins in the freshwater cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, isolated fromMontargil reservoir, Portugal. Toxicon 2000;38:1689–1702. Ferreira F , Soler J , Fidalgo M , Fernandez P . PSP toxins from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (cyanobacteria) collected in the Crestuma-Lever reservoir (Douro river, northern Portugal). Toxicon 2001;39:757–761. Pereira P , Li R , Carmichael W , Dias E , Franca S . Taxonomy and production of paralytic shellfish toxins by the freshwatercyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile LMECYA40. Eur J Phycol 2004;39:361–368. Ballot A , Fastner J , Wiedner C . Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin-producing cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile in northeastGermany. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010;76:1173–1180. Pomati F , Sacchi S , Rossetti C The freshwater cyanobacterium Planktothrix sp. FP1: Molecular identification and detection of paralyticshellfish poisoning toxins. J Phycol 2000;36:553–562. Liu YM , Chen W , Li DH , Shen YW , Li GB , Liu YD . First report of aphantoxins in China—Waterblooms of toxigenic Aphanizomenonflos-aquae in Lake Dianchi. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2006;65:84–92. Liu YM , Chen W , Li DH , Shen YW , Liu YD , Song LR . Analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins in Aphanizomenon DC-1 from Lake Dianchi,China. Environ Toxicol 2006;21:289–295. Pereira P , Dias E , Franca S , Pereira E , Carolino M , Vasconcelos V . Accumulation and depuration of cyanobacterial paralytic shellfishtoxins by the freshwater mussel Anodonta cygnea . Aquat Toxicol 2004;68:339–350. Costa PR , Robertson A , Quilliam MA . Toxin profile of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) from the Portuguese coast, as determinedby liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Mar Drugs 2015;13:2046–2062. Anderson DM , Jacobson DM , Bravo I , Wrenn JH . The unique, microreticulate cyst of the naked dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum .J Phycol 1998;24:255–262. Moustafa A , Loram JE , Hackett JD , Anderson DM , Plumley FG , Bhattacharya D . Origin of saxitoxin biosynthetic genes incyanobacteria. PLOS One 2009;4:e5758. Wiese M , D'Agostino PM , Mihali TK , Moffitt MC , Neilan BA . Neurotoxic alkaloids: Saxitoxin and its analogs. Mar Drugs2010;8:2185–2211. Strichartz G . Structural determinants of the affinity of saxitoxin for neuronal sodium channels. Electrophysiological studies on frogperipheral nerve. J Gen Physiol 1984;84:281–305. Llewellyn LE . Saxitoxin, a toxic marine natural product that targets a multitude of receptors. Nat Prod Rep 2006;23: 200–222. Onodera H , Satake M , Oshima Y , Yasumoto T , Carmichael WW . New saxitoxin analogues from the freshwater filamentouscyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei . Nat Toxins 1997;5:146–151. Lawrence JF , Maher M , Watson-Wright W . Effect of cooking on the concentration of toxins associated with paralytic shellfish poison inlobster hepatopancreas. Toxicon 1994;32:57–64. Mons MN , Van Egmond HP , Speijers GJA . Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: A Review. RIVM Report 388802005. National Institute forPublic Health and the Environment. 1998. Harada T , Oshima Y , Yasumoto T . Assessment of potential activation of gonyautoxin V in the stomach of mice and rats. Toxicon1984;22:476–478.

D'Agostino PM , Moffitt MC , Neilan BA . Current knowledge of paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis, molecular detection and evolution. In:Rossini GP , ed. Toxins and Biologically Active Compounds from Microalgae. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2014:251–280. Kellmann R , Mihali TK , Jeon YJ , Pickford R , Pomati F , Neilan BA . Biosynthetic intermediate analysis and functional homology reveal asaxitoxin gene cluster in cyanobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008;74:4044–4053. Orr RJS , Stuken A , Murray SA , Jakobsen KS . Evolutionary acquisition and loss of saxitoxin biosynthesis in dinoflagellates: The second“core” gene, sxtG . Appl Environ Microbiol 2013;79:2128–2136. Smayda TJ . Adaptations and selection of harmful and other dinoflagellate species in upwelling systems. 2. Motility and migratorybehaviour. Prog Oceanogr 2010;85:71–91. Walsby AE . Gas vesicles. Microbiol Rev 1994;58:94–144. Anderson DM , Alpermann TJ , Cembella AD , Collos Y , Masseret E , Montresor M . The globally distributed genus Alexandrium:Multifaceted roles in marine ecosystems and impacts on human health. Harmful Algae 2012;14:10–35. Figueroa RI , Garces E , Bravo I . Comparative study of the life cycles of Alexandrium tamutum and Alexandrium minutum (Gonyaulacales,Dinophyceae) in culture. J Phycol 2007;43:1039–1053. Fraga S , Gallager SM , Anderson DM . Chain-forming dinoflagellates: An adaptation to red tides. In: Okaichi TAD , Nemoto T , ed. RedTides: Biology, Environmental and Science and Toxicology. New York, NY: Elsevier; 1989: 281–284. Anderson DM , Wall D . Potential importance of benthic cysts of Gonyaulax tamarensis and G. excavata in initiating toxic dinoflagellateblooms. J Phycol 1978;14:224–234. Bogus K , Mertens KN , Lauwaert J Differences in the chemical composition of organic-walled dinoflagellate resting cysts fromphototrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates. J Phycol 2014;50:254–266. Miyazono A , Nagai S , Kudo I , Tanizawa K . Viability of Alexandrium tamarense cysts in the sediment of Funka Bay, Hokkaido, Japan:Over a hundred year survival times for cysts. Harmful Algae 2012;16:81–88. Pfiester LA , Anderson DM . Dinoflagellate reproduction. In: Taylor FJR , ed. The Biology of Dinoflagellates Blackwell, ScientificPublications; 1987:611–648. Anderson DM , Kulis DM , Binder BJ . Sexuality and cyst formation in the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis, cyst yield in batch cultures.J Phycol 1984;20:418–425. Anderson DM , Taylor CD , Armbrust EV . The effects of darkness and anaerobiosis on dinoflagellate cyst germination. Limnol Oceanogr1987;32:340–351. Rengefors K , Gustafsson S , Ståhl-Delbanco A . Factors regulating the recruitment of cyanobacterial and eukaryotic phytoplankton fromlittoral and profundal sediments. Aquat Microb Ecol 2004;36:231–226. Anderson DM , Keafer BA . An endogenous annual clock in the toxic marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis . Nature1987;325:616–617. Kaplan-Levy RN , Hadas O , Sukenik A . Deciphering the mechanisms against oxidative stress in developing and mature akinetes of thecyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum . Microbiology 2015;161:1485–1495. Adams SC , Duggan PS . Tansley Review No. 107. Heterocyst and akinete differentiation in cyanobacteria. New Phytol 1999;144:3–33. Kaplan-Levy RN , Hadas O , Summers ML , Rücker J , Sukenik A . Akinetes: Dormant cells of cyanobacteria. In: Lubzens E , Cerda J ,Clark M , eds. Dormancy and Resistance in Harsh Environments. Berlin: Springer; 2010:5–27. Hallegraeff GM . Harmful algal blooms: A global overview. In: Hallegraeff GM , Anderson DM , Cembella AD , eds. Manual on HarmfulMarine Microalgae. Paris: UNESCO; 1995:1–22. Testai E , Scardala S , Vichi S , Buratti FM , Funari E . Risk to human health associated with the environmental occurrence ofcyanobacterial neurotoxic alkaloids anatoxins and saxitoxins. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016;46:385–419. Rodrigue DC , Etzel RA , Hall S Lethal paralytic shellfish poisoning in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990;42:267–271. Gessner BD , Schloss M . A population-based study of paralytic shell fish poisoning in Alaska. Alaska Med 1996;38:54–58, 68. Hallegraeff GM . A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase. Phycologia 1993;32:79–99. Hinder SL , Hays GC , Brooks CJ Toxic marine microalgae and shellfish poisoning in the British isles: history, review of epidemiology, andfuture implications. Environ Health 2011;10:54. Mowry JB , Spyker DA , Brooks DE , Zimmerman A , Schauben JL . 2015 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison ControlCenters’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 33rd Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2016;54:924–1109. Sommer H , Meyer KF . Paralytic shellfish poisoning. Arch Path 1937;24:560–598. Gessner BD , Middaugh JP . Paralytic shellfish poisoning in Alaska: A 20-year retrospective analysis. Am J Epidemiol 1995;141:766–770. McLaughlin JB , Fearey DA , Esposito TA . Paralytic shellfish poisoning—Southeast Alaska, May–June 2011. Centers for Disease Controland Prevention. MMWR 2011;60(45):1554–1556. Todd ECD . Seafood-associated diseases and control in Canada. Scientific and Technical Review of the Office International desEpizooties 1997;16:661–672. Orellana-Cepeda E , Martínez-Romero E , Muñoz-Cabrera L , López-Ramírez P , Cabrera Mancilla E , Ramírezcamarena C . Toxicityassociated with blooms of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum in southwestern Mexico. In: Reguera B , Blanco J , Fernandez M ,Wyatt T , eds. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference, Harmful Algae, Vigo, Spain. Xunta de Galicia and IOC of UNESCO, 1998;p. 60. Callejas L , Darce AC , Amador JJ Paralytic shellfish poisonings resulting from an algal bloom in Nicaragua. BMC Res Notes 2015;8:74. Lagos N . Microalgal blooms: A global issue with negative impact in Chile. Biol Res 1998;31:375–386. Ayres PA , Cullum M . Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: An Account of Investigations into Mussel Toxicity 1968–77. Fish Res Tech Rep,Lowestoft 1978. Zhou M , Li J , Luckas B A recent shellfish toxin investigation in China. Mar Poll Bull 1999;39:331–334. Ching PK , Ramos RA , de los Reyes VC , Sucaldito MN , Tayag E . Lethal paralytic shellfish poisoning from consumption of green musselbroth, Western Samar, Philippines, August 2013. Western Pac Surveil Response J 2015;6:22–26. Australian online coastal information: Economic consequences of algal blooms . Australian Government, 2015.(http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/indicators/econ_cons_algal_blooms.jsp.) Accessed May 31, 2017. Hurley W , Wolterstorff C , MacDonald R , Schultz D . Paralytic shellfish poisoning: A case series. West J Emerg Med 2014;15:378–381. Diehl F , Ramos PB , Dos Santos JM , Barros DM , Yunes JS . Behavioral alterations induced by repeated saxitoxin exposure in drinkingwater. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2016;22:18.

Kuiper-Goodman T , Falconer IR , Fitzgerald J . Chapter 4. Human Health Aspects. In: Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to TheirPublic Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management. WHO; London: E & FN Spon; 1999. Patocka J , Sterdap L . Brief review of natural nonprotein neurotoxins. ASA Newslett 2002;89(2):16–24. James KJ , Carey B , O'Halloran J , van Pelt FN , Skrabakova Z . Shellfish toxicity: Human health implications of marine algal toxins.Epidemiol Infect 2010;138:927–940. Garcia C , Barriga A , Diaz JC , Lagos M , Lagos N . Route of metabolization and detoxication of paralytic shellfish toxins in humans.Toxicon 2010;55:135–144. Naseem SM . Toxicokinetics of [3H]saxitoxinol in peripheral and central nervous system of rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996;141:49–58. Gessner BD , Bell P , Doucette GJ Hypertension and identification of toxin in human urine and serum following a cluster of mussel-associated paralytic shellfish poisoning outbreaks. Toxicon 1997;35:711–722. DeGrasse S , Rivera V , Roach J Paralytic shellfish toxins in clinical matrices: extension of AOAC official method 2005.06 to human urineand serum and application to a 2007 case study in Maine. Deep Sea Res Part II Top Stud Oceanogr 2014;103:368–375. Johnson RC , Zhou Y , Statler K Quantification of saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin in human urine utilizing isotope dilution tandem massspectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2009;33:8–14. Anon . Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning—Southeast Alaska, May–June 2011. MMWR. 2011/11/18 Centers for Disease Control andPrevention; 2011:1554–1556. Bragg WA , Lemire SW , Coleman RM , Hamelin EI , Johnson RC . Detection of human exposure to saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin in urine byonline-solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Toxicon 2015;99:118–124. Wharton RE , Feyereisen MC , Gonzalez AL , Abbott NL , Hamelin EI , Johnson RC . Quantification of saxitoxin in human blood by ELISA.Toxicon 2017;133:110–115. Acres J , Gray J . Paralytic shellfish poisoning. Can Med Assoc J 1978;119:1195–1197. Chang FC , Spriggs DL , Benton BJ , Keller SA , Capacio BR . 4-Aminopyridine reverses saxitoxin (STX)- and tetrodotoxin (TTX)-inducedcardiorespiratory depression in chronically instrumented guinea pigs. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1997;38:75–88. Chen HM , Lin CH , Wang TM . Effects of 4-aminopyridine on saxitoxin intoxication. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996;141:44–48. Lawrence JF , Niedzwiadek B , Menard C . Quantitative determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish usingprechromatographic oxidation and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: Collaborative study. J AOAC Int2005;88(6):1714–1732. van de Riet J , Gibbs RS , Muggah PM , Rourke WA , MacNeil JD , Quilliam MA . Liquid chromatography post-column oxidation (PCOX)method for the determination of paralytic shellfish toxins in mussels, clams, oysters and scallops: Collaborative study. J AOAC Int2011;94(4):1154–1176. Van Dolah FM , Fire SE , Leighfield TA , Mikulski CM , Doucette GJ . Determination of paralytic shellfish toxins in shellfish by receptorbinding assay: Collaborative study. J AOAC Int 2012;95:795–812. Costa PR , Baugh KA , Wright B Comparative determination of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) using five different toxin detection methodsin shellfish species collected in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Toxicon 2009;54:313–320. Trainer VL , Hardy FJ . Integrative monitoring of marine and freshwater harmful algae in Washington State for public health protection.Toxins (Basel) 2015;7:1206–1234. Al-Tebrineh J , Mihali TK , Pomati F , Neilan BA . Detection of saxitoxin-producing cyanobacteria and Anabaena circinalis in environmentalwater blooms by quantitative PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010;76:7836–7842. Murray SA , Wiese M , Stuken A sxtA-based quantitative molecular assay to identify saxitoxin-producing harmful algal blooms in marinewaters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011;77:7050–7057. Anderson DM , Cembella AD , Hallegraeff GM . Progress in understanding harmful algal blooms: Paradigm shifts and new technologies forresearch, monitoring, and management. Ann Rev Mar Sci 2012;4:143–176. Van Dolah F . Marine algal toxins: Origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108:133–141. Hallegraeff G . Transport of toxic dinoflagellates via ships’ ballast water: Bioeconomic risk assessment and efficacy of possible ballastwater management strategies. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 1998;168:297–309. Hallegaeff G . Ocean climate change, phytoplankton community responses, and harmful algal blooms: A formidable predictive challenge. JPhycol 2010;46:220–235. Wells ML , Trainer VL , Smayda TJ Harmful algal blooms and climate change: Learning from the past and present to forecast the future.Harmful Algae 2015;49:68–93. Vale P . Complex profiles of hydrophobic paralytic shellfish poisoning compounds in Gymnodinium catenatum identified by liquidchromatography with fluorescence detection and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008;1195:85–93.

Scombrotoxin Dewaal, C. S. , G. Hicks , K. Barlow , L. Alderton , and L. Vegosen . 2006. Foods associated with foodborne illness outbreaks from 1990 til2003. Food Prot. Trends. 26:466–473. Pennotti, R. , E. Scallan , L. Backer , J. Thomas , and F. J. Angulo . 2013. Ciguatera and scombroid fish poisoning in the United States.Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 10:1059–1066. Lehane, L. , and J. Olley . 2000. Histamine fish poisoning revisited. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 58:1–37. ten Brink, B. , C. Damink , H. M. Joosten , and J. H. Huis in 't Veld . 1990. Occurrence and formation of biologically active amines in foods.Int. J. Food Microbiol. 11:73–84. Doyle, M. P. 1997. Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers. p. P872. ASM Press, Washington, DC. Biji, K. B. , C. N. Ravishankar , R. Venkateswarlu , C. O. Mohan , and T. K. S. Gopal . 2016. Biogenic amines in seafood: A review. J. FoodSci. Tech. 53:2210–2218. Snell, E. E. , and P. A. Recsei . 1981. Bacterial histidine decarboxylases and related pyruvoyl enzymes. Hoppe-Seylers Z. Physiol. Chem.362:395.

Kim, S. H. , 2003. Identification of the main bacteria contributing to histamine formation in seafood to ensure product safety. Food Sci.Biotechnol. 12:451–460. Landete, J. M. , B. De Las Rivas , A. Marcobal , and R. Munoz . 2008. Updated molecular knowledge about histamine biosynthesis bybacteria. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 48:697–714. Ferrario, C. , F. Borgo , B. de las Rivas , R. Munoz , G. Ricci , and M. G. Fortina . 2014. Sequencing, characterization, and geneexpression analysis of the histidine decarboxylase gene cluster of Morganella morganii . Curr. Microbiol. 68:404–411. Kimura, B. , H. Takahashi , S. Hokimoto , Y. Tanaka , and T. Fujii . 2009. Induction of the histidine decarboxylase genes ofPhotobacterium damselae subsp damselae (formally P. histaminum) at low pH. J. Appl. Microbiol. 107:485–497. Barancin, C. E. , J. C. Smoot , R. H. Findlay , and L. A. Actis . 1998. Plasmid-mediated histamine biosynthesis in the bacterial fishpathogen Vibrio anguillarum . Plasmid. 39:235–244. Guirard, B. M. , and E. E. Snell . 1987. Purification and properties of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent histidine decarboxylase fromKlebsiella planticola and Enterobacter aerogenes . J. Bacteriol. 169:3963–3968. Tanase, S. , B. M. Guirard , and E. E. Snell . 1985. Purification and properties of a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent histidinedecarboxylase from Morganella morganii AM-15. J. Biol. Chem. 260:6738–6746. Kanki, M. , T. Yoda , T. Tsukamoto , and E. Baba . 2007. Histidine decarboxylases and their role in accumulation of histamine in tuna anddried saury. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:1467–1473. Morii, H. , and K. Kasama . 2004. Activity of two histidine decarboxylases from Photobacterium phosphoreum at different temperatures,pHs, and NaCl concentrations. J. Food Prot. 67:1736–1742. Vaaler, G. L. , and E. E. Snell . 1989. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent histidine decarboxylase—Overproduction, purification,biosynthesis of soluble site-directed mutant proteins, and replacement of conserved residues. Biochemistry 28:7306–7313. Rosenthaler, J. , B. M. Guirard , G. W. Chang , and E. E. Snell . 1965. Purification and properties of histidine decarboxylase fromLactobacillus 30a. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 54:152–158. Recsei, P. A. , W. M. Moore , and E. E. Snell . 1983. Pyruvoyl-dependent histidine decarboxylases from Clostridium perfringens andLactobacillus buchneri. Comparative structures and properties. J. Biol. Chem. 258:439–444. Konagaya, Y. , B. Kimura , M. Ishida , and T. Fujii . 2002. Purification and properties of a histidine decarboxylase from Tetragenococcusmuriaticus, a halophilic lactic acid bacterium. J. Appl. Microbiol. 92:1136–1142. Prozorovski, V. , and H. Jornvall . 1975. Structural studies of histidine decarboxylase from Micrococcus sp. Eur. J. Biohem. 53:169–174. Martin, R. , J. F. Flick , C. E. Hebard , and D. R. Ward . 1982. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Marine Food Products. AVI, Westport, CT. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . 2017. Foodborne Outbreak Online Database (FOOD Tool). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) . 2012. Joint FAO/WHO expert meetingon the public health risks of histamine and other biogenic amines from fish and fishery products. Haaland, H. , E. Arnesen , and L. R. Njaa . 1990. Amino-acid composition of whole mackerel (Scomber scombrus) stored anaerobically at20C and at 2C. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 25:82–87. Visciano, P. , M. Schirone , R. Tofalo , and G. Suzzi . 2014. Histamine poisoning and control measures in fish and fishery products. FrontMicrobiol. 5:1–3. Monczor, F. , and N. Fernandez . 2016. Current knowledge and perspectives on histamine H-1 and H-2 receptor pharmacology: Functionalselectivity, receptor crosstalk, and repositioning of classic histaminergic ligands. Mol. Pharmacol. 90:640–648. Panula, P. 2015. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCVIII. Histamine receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 67:601–655. Feng, C. , S. Teuber , and M. E. Gershwin . 2016. Histamine (scombroid) fish poisoning: A comprehensive review. Clin. Rev. Allerg.Immul. 50:64–69. Mines, D. , S. Stahmer , and S. M. Shepherd . 1997. Poisonings: Food, fish, shellfish. Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 15:157–177. Hughes, J. M. , and M. H. Merson . 1976. Current concepts fish and shellfish poisoning. NEJM 295:1117–1120. Sockett, P. N. 1991. Food poisoning outbreaks associated with manufactured foods in England and Wales: 1980–1989. CDR (Lond Engl.Rev.) 1:R105–R109. Anon . 2005. Unseasonal increase in scombrotoxic fish poisoning in England and Wales. CDR Weekly 15:1–2. Demoncheaux, J. P. 2012. A large outbreak of scombroid fish poisoning associated with eating yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) at amilitary mass catering in Dakar. Senegal. Epidemiol. Infect. 140:1008–1012. Clifford, M. N. , R. Walker , J. Wright , R. Hardy , and C. K. Murray . 1989. Studies with volunteers on the role of histamine in suspectedscombrotoxicosis. J. Sci. Food Agric. 47:365–375. Murray, C. K. , G. Hobbs , and R. J. Gilbert . 1982. Scombrotoxin and scombrotoxin-like poisoning from canned fish. J. Hyg. 88:215–220. Taylor, S. L. 1986. Histamine food poisoning—Toxicology and clinical aspects. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 17:91–128. Merson, M. H. , W. B. Baine , Ej. Gangaros and R. C. Swanson . 1974. Scombroid fish poisoning—Outbreak traced to commerciallycanned tuna fish. JAMA 228:1268–1269. Taylor, S. L. , and M. W. Speckhard . 1983. Isolation of histamine-producing bacteria from frozen tuna. Mar. Fish. Rev. 45:35–39. Klausen, N. K. , and H. H. Huss . 1987. Growth and histamine production by Morganella morganii under various temperature conditions.Int. J. Food Microbiol. 5:147–156. Omura, Y. , R. J. Price , and H. S. Olcott . 1978. Histamine-forming bacteria isolated from spoiled skipjack tuna and jack mackerel. J. FoodSci. 43:1779–1781. Bjornsdottir, K. , G. E. Bolton , P. D. McClellan-Green , L. A. Jaykus , and D. P. Green . 2009. Detection of gram-negative histamine-producing bacteria in fish: A comparative study. J. Food Prot. 72:1987–1991. Bjornsdottir-Butler, K. , S. A. McCarthy , P. V. Dunlap , and R. A. Benner . 2016. Photobacterium angustum and Photobacterium kishitanii,psychrotrophic high-level histamine-producing bacteria indigenous to tuna. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 82:2167–2176. Kim, S. H. , B. Ben-Gigirey , J. Barros-Velazquez , R. J. Price , and H. J. An . 2000. Histamine and biogenic amine production byMorganella morganii isolated from temperature-abused albacore. J. Food Prot. 63:244–251. Emborg, J. , P. Dalgaard , and P. Ahrens . 2006. Morganella psychrotolerans sp nov., a histamine-producing bacterium isolated fromvarious seafoods. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56:2473–2479. Bjornsdottir-Butler, K. , G. E. Bolton , L. A. Jaykus , P. D. McClellan-Green , and D. P. Green . 2010. Development of molecular-basedmethods for determination of high histamine producing bacteria in fish. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 139:161–167.

Bjornsdottir-Butler, K. , J. Bowers , and R. A. Benner . 2015. Prevalence and characterization of high histamine-producing bacteria in Gulfof Mexico fish species. J. Food Prot. 78:1335–1342. Lin, C. S. , H. C. Tsai , C. M. Lin , C. Y. Huang , H. F. Kung , and Y. H. Tsai . 2014. Histamine content and histamine-forming bacteria inmahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) fillets and dried products. Food Control 42:165–171. McCarthy, S. , K. Bjornsdottir-Butler , and R. Benner . 2015. Storage time and temperature effects on histamine production in tuna saladpreparations. J. Food Prot. 78:1343–1349. Ababouch, L. , M. E. Afilal , S. Rhafiri , and F. F. Busta . 1991. Identification of histamine-producing bacteria isolated from sardine(Sardinea pichardus) stored in ice and at ambient temperature. Food Microbiol. 8:127–136. Takahashi, H. , B. Kimura , M. Yoshikawa , and T. Fujii . 2003. Cloning and sequencing of the histidine decarboxylase genes of gram-negative, histamine-producing bacteria and their application in detection and identification of these organisms in fish. Appl. Environ.Microbiol. 69:2568–2579. Emborg, J. , B. G. Laursen , and P. Dalgaard . 2005. Significant histamine formation in tuna (Thunnus albacares) at 2 degrees C—effect ofvacuum- and modified atmosphere-packaging on psychrotolerant bacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 101:263–279. Tahanejad, F. S. , H. Naderi-Manesh , B. Habibinejad , and M. Mahmoudian . 2000. Homology-based molecular modelling of PLP-dependent histidine decarboxylase from Morganella morganii . Eur. J. Med. Chem. 35:567–576. Bjornsdottir-Butler, K. , J. L. Jones , R. Benner , and W. Burkhardt . 2011. Development of a real-time PCR assay with an internalamplification control for detection of Gram-negative histamine-producing bacteria in fish. Food Microbiol. 28:356–363. Lopez-Sabater, E. I. , J. J. Rodriguez-Jerez , M. Hernandez-Herrero , and M. T. Mora-Ventura . 1996. Incidence of histamine-formingbacteria and histamine content in scombroid fish species from retail markets in the Barcelona area. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 28:411–418. Frank, H. A. , J. D. Baranowski , M. Chongsiriwatana , P. A. Brust , and R. J. Premaratne . 1985. Identification and decarboxylase activitiesof bacteria isolated from decomposed mah-mahi (Coriphaena hippurus) after incubation at 0C and 32C. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2:331–340. Kim, S. H. , K. G. Field , D. S. Chang , C. I. Wei , and H. J. An . 2001. Identification of bacteria crucial to histamine accumulation in Pacificmackerel during storage. J. Food Prot. 64:1556–1564. Rodtong, S. , S. Nawong , and J. Yongsawatdigul . 2005. Histamine accumulation and histamine-forming bacteria in Indian anchovy (Stolephorus indicus). Food Microbiol. 22:475–482. Morii, H. , D. C. Cann , and L. Y. Taylor . 1988. Histamine formation by luminous bacteria in mackerel stored at low-temperatures. NipponSuisan Gakk 54:299–305. Lopez-Sabater, E. I. , J. J. Rodriguezjerez , A. X. Roigsagues , and M. A. T. Moraventura . 1994. Bacteriological quality of tuna fish (Thunnus thynnus) destined for canning—Effect of tuna handling on presence of histidine decarboxylase bacteria and histamine levels. J.Food Prot. 57:318–323. Kim, S. H. , K. G. Field , M. T. Morrissey , R. J. Price , C. I. Wei , and H. J. An . 2001. Source and identification of histamine-producingbacteria from fresh and temperature-abused albacore. J. Food Prot. 64:1035–1044. Lopez-Sabater, E. I. , J. J. Rodiguez-Jerez , M. Hernadez-Herrero , A. X. Roig , and M. T. Mora-Ventura . 1996. Sensory quality andhistamine formation during controlled decomposition of tuna (Thunnus thynnus). J. Food Prot. 59:167–174. Kim, S. H. , R. J. Price , M. T. Morrisey , K. G. Field , C. I. Wie , and H. An . 2002. Occurrence of histamine-forming bacteria in albacoreand histamine accumulation in muscle at ambient temperature. J. Food Sci. 67:1515–1521. Ryser, E. T. , E. H. Marth , and S. L. Taylor . 1984. Histamine production by psychrotrophic Pseaudomonas isolated from tuna fish. J. FoodProt. 47:378–380. Bremer, P. J. , C. M. Osborne , R. A. Kemp , P. van Veghel , and G. C. Fletcher . 1998. Thermal death times of Hafnia alvei cells in amodel suspension and in artificially contaminated hot-smoked Kahawai (Arripis trutta). J. Food Prot. 61:1047–1051. Emborg, J. , and P. Dalgaard . 2006. Formation of histamine and biogenic amines in cold-smoked tuna: An investigation of psychrotolerantbacteria from samples implicated in cases of histamine fish poisoning. J. Food Prot. 69:897–906. Torido, Y. 2014. Distribution of psychrophilic and mesophilic histamine-producing bacteria in retailed fish in Japan. Food Control.46:338–342. Niven, C. F. , M. B. Jeffrey , and D. A. Corlett . 1981. Differential plating medium for quantitative detection of histamine-producing bacteria.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:321–322. Chen, C. M. , C. I. Wei , J. A. Koburger , and M. R. Marshall . 1989. Comparison of four agar media for detection of histamine-producingbacteria in tuna. J. Food Prot. 52:808–813. Mavromatis, P. , and P. C. Quantick . 2002. Modification of Niven's medium for the enumeration of histamine-forming bacteria anddiscussion of the parameters associated with its use. J. Food Prot. 65:546–551. Yamani, M. I. , and F. Untermann . 1985. Development of a histidine-decarboxylase medium and its application to detect other Amino-Aciddecarboxylases. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2:273–278. Fletcher, G. C. , G. Summers , and P. W. C. van Veghel . 1998. Levels of histamine and histamine-producing bacteria in smoked fish fromNew Zealand markets. J. Food Prot. 61:1064–1070. Rivas, B. , A. Marcobal , and R. Munoz . 2005. Improved multiplex-PCR method for the simultaneous detection of food bacteria producingbiogenic amines. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 244:367–372. Rivas, B. D. L. , A. Marcobal , A. V. Carrascosa , and R. Munoz . 2006. PCR detection of foodborne bacteria producing the biogenicamines histamine, tyramine, putrescine, and cadaverine. J. Food Prot. 69:2509–2514. Wongsariya, K. , N. Bunyapraphatsara , M. Yasawong , and M. T. Chomnawang . 2016. Development of molecular approach based onPCR assay for detection of histamine producing bacteria. J. Food Sci. Tech. 53:640–648. Kim, S. H. 2003. Detection of Morganella morganii, a prolific histamine former, by the polymerase chain reaction assay with 16S rDNA-targeted primers. J. Food Prot. 66:1385–1392. Chen, M. L. , T. H. Chiu , and Y. H. Cho . 2012. Development of random amplified polymorphic DNA-based specific polymerase chainreaction primers for the detection of the histamine-producing bacterium Photobacterium damselae subsp damselae . Food Control26:466–471. Ferrario, C. , G. Ricci , F. Borgo , and M. G. Fortina . 2012. Species-specific DNA probe and development of a quantitative PCR assay forthe detection of Morganella morganii . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 54:292–298. Podeur, G. 2015. Development of a real-time PCR method coupled with a selective pre-enrichment step for quantification of Morganellamorganii and Morganella psychrotolerans in fish products. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 203:55–62.

Mace, S. 2013. Development of a rapid real-time PCR method as a tool to quantify viable Photobacterium phosphoreum bacteria insalmon (Salmo salar) steaks. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79:2612–2619. Bjornsdottir-Butler, K. , J. L. Jones , R. A. Benner , and W. Burkhardt . 2011. Quantification of total and specific gram-negative histamine-producing bacteria species in fish using an MPN real-time PCR method. Food Microbiol. 28:1284–1292. AOAC International . 1995 Histamine in seafood: Biological method. p. 14-5. In Official Method of Analysis of AOAC International, vol.Method 954.04. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD. Geiger, E. 1944. Histamine content of processed and uncanned fish. A tentative method of quantitative determination of spoilage. FoodRes. 9:293–297. U.S. Food and Drug Administration . 2011. Scombrotoxin (histamine) formation (a chemical hazard) from Fish and Fisheries ProductsHazards and Controls Guidance, 4th ed. AOAC International . 2012 Histamine in seafood: Fluorometric method. In Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International (18th ed.)Method 977.13. Hungerford, J. , and W. H. Wu . 2012. Comparison study of three rapid test kits for histamine in fish: BiooScientific MaxSignal enzymaticassay, Neogen Veratox ELISA, and the Neogen Reveal Histamine Screening test. Food Control. 25:448–457. Lupo, A. , and M. Mozola . 2011. Validation study of a rapid ELISA for detection of histamine in tuna. J. AOAC Int. 94:886–899. Duflos, G. , C. Dervin , P. Malle , and S. Bouquelet . 1999. Relevance of matrix effect in determination of biogenic amines in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and whiting (Merlangus merlangus). J. AOAC Int. 82:1097–1101. EU . 2005. Commision regulation (EC) No 2073/2005. Malle, P. , M. Valle , and S. Bouquelet . 1996. Assay of biogenic amines involved in fish decomposition. J. AOAC Int. 79:43–49. Antoine, F. R. , C. I. Wei , R. C. Littell , and M. R. Marshall . 1999. HPLC method for analysis of free amino acids in fish using o-phthaldialdehyde precolumn derivatization. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47:5100–5107. Brillantes, S. , and W. Samosorn . 2001. Determination of histamine in fish sauce from Thailand using a solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Fish. Sci. 67:1163–1168. Evangelista, W. P. 2016. Quality assurance of histamine analysis in fresh and canned fish. Food Chem. 211:100–106. Frattini, V. , and C. Lionetti . 1998. Histamine and histidine determination in tuna fish samples using high-performance liquidchromatography—Derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde and fluorescence detection or UW detection of “free” species. J. Chromatogr. A.809:241–245. Hui, J. Y. , and S. L. Taylor . 1983. High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of putrefactive amines in foods. J. Assoc. Off. Anal.Chem. 66:853–857. Cinquina, A. L. , F. Longo , A. Cali , L. De Santis , R. Baccelliere , and R. Cozzani . 2004. Validation and comparison of analytical methodsfor the determination of histamine in tuna fish samples. J. Chromatogr. A. 1032:79–85. Bolygo, E. , P. A. Cooper , K. M. Jessop , and F. Moffatt . 2000. Determination of histamine in tomatoes by liquid chromatography/massspectrometry. J. AOAC Int. 83:543–548. Pinto, L. , C. H. D. Nieto , M. A. Zon , H. Fernandez , and M. C. U. de Araujo . 2016. Handling time misalignment and rank deficiency inliquid chromatography by multivariate curve resolution: Quantitation of five biogenic amines in fish. Anal. Chim. Acta. 902:59–69. Song, Y. , Z. Quan , J. L. Evans , E. A. Byrd , and Y. M. Liu . 2004. Enhancing capillary liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometryof biogenic amines by pre-column derivatization with 7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzoxadiazole. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 18:989–994. Oguri, S. , and Y. Yoneya . 2002. Assay and biological relevance of endogenous histamine and its metabolites: Application ofmicroseparation techniques. J. Chromatogr. B 781:165–179. Hungerford, J. M. , and A. A. Arefyev . 1992. Flow-injection assay of enzyme inhibition in fish using immobilized diamine oxidase. Anal.Chim. Acta. 261:351–359. Takagi, K. , and S. Shikata . 2004. Flow injection determination of histamine with a histamine dehydrogenase-based electrode. Anal. Chim.Acta. 505:189–193. Mopper, B. , and C. J. Sciacchitano . 1994. Capillary zone electrophoretic determination of histamine in fish. J. AOAC Int. 77:881–884. Sato, M. 2002. A rapid method for histamine analysis of seafood by paper electrophoresis. ITE Lett. Batt. New Tech. Med. 3:501–503. Sato, M. 2006. A simple and rapid method for the analysis of fish histamine by paper electrophoresis. Fish. Sci. 72:889–892. Lapa-Guimaraes, J. , and J. Pickova . 2004. New solvent systems for thin-layer chromatographic determination of nine biogenic amines infish and squid. J. Chromatogr A 1045:223–232. Lieber, E. R. , and S. L. Taylor . 1978. Thin-layer chromatographic screening methods for histamine in tuna fish. J. Chromatogr.153:143–152. Huang, J. , N. Gan , F. Y. Lv , Y. T. Cao , C. R. Ou , and H. Q. Tang . 2016. Environmentally friendly solid-phase microextraction coupledwith gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of biogenic amines in fish samples. J. Sep. Sci. 39:4384–4390. Marks, H. S. , and C. R. Anderson . 2006. Rapid determination and confirmation of biogenic amines in tuna loin by gaschromatography/mass spectrometry using ethylchloroformate derivative. J. AOAC Int. 89:1591–1599. U.S. Food and Drug Administation . 2001. Scombrotoxin (histamine) formation (a chemical hazard) from fish and fisheries productshazards and controls guidance, 3rd ed. U.S. Food and Drug Administration . 1995. Decomposition and histamine—Raw, frozen tuna and mahi-mahi, canned tuna, and relatedspecies; revised compliance guide; availability. Federal Register 60; (149):39754–39756. Wendakoon, C. N. , and M. Sakaguchi . 1993. Combined effect of sodium chloride and clove and growth and biogenic amine formation ofEnterobacter aerogenes in mackerel muscle extract. J. Food Prot. 56:410–413. Mejlholm, O. , and P. Dalgaard . 2002. Antimicrobial effect of essential oils on the seafood spoilage microorganism Photobacteriumphosphoreum in liquid media and fish products. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 34:27–31. Bjornsdottir-Butler, K. , D. P. Green , G. E. Bolton , and P. D. McClellan-Green . 2015. Control of histamine-producing bacteria andhistamine formation in fish muscle by trisodium phosphate. J. Food Sci. 80:M1253–M1258. Hu, J. W. , M. J. Cao , S. C. Guo , L. J. Zhang , W. J. Su , and G. M. Liu . 2015. Identification and inhibition of histamine-forming bacteria inblue scad (Decapterus maruadsi) and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus). J. Food Prot. 78:383–389. Lopez-Galvez, D. , L. De la Hoz , and J. A. Ordonez . 1995. Effect of carbon dioxide and oxygen enriched atmospheres on microbiologicaland chemical changes in refrigerated tuna (Thunnus alalunga) steaks. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43:483–490. Watts, D. A. , and W. D. Brown . 1982. Histamine formation in abusively stored Pacific mackerel—Effect of CO2 modified atmosphere. J.Food Sci. 47:1386–1387.

Nei, D. , S. Kawasaki , Y. Inatsu , K. Yamamoto , and M. Satomi . 2012. Effectiveness of gamma irradiation in the inactivation of histamine-producing bacteria. Food Control 28:143–146. Mendes, R. , H. A. Silva , M. L. Nunes , and J. M. A. Empis . 2005. Effect of low-dose irradiation and refrigeration on the microflora,sensory characteristics and biogenic amines of Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). Eur. Food Res. Technol. 221:329–335. Kim, D. H. , K. B. W. R. Kim , and D. H. Ahn . 2013. Inhibitory effects of high-hydrostatic-pressure treatments on histamine production inmackerel (Scomber japonicus) muscle inoculated with Morganella morganii and Photobacterium phosphoreum . Food Control 34:307–311. Nitta, Y. 2016. Inhibition of Morganella morganii histidine decarboxylase activity and histamine accumulation in mackerel muscle derivedfrom Filipendula ulumaria extracts. J. Food Prot. 79:463–467. Shakila, R. J. , T. S. Vasundhara , and D. V. Rao . 1996. Inhibitory effect of spices on in vitro histamine production and histidinedecarboxylase activity of Morganella morganii and on the biogenic amine formation in mackerel stored at 30 degrees C. Z Lebensm UntersFor 203:71–76. Kim, D. H. , K. B. W. R. Kim , J. Y. Cho , and D. H. Ahn . 2014. Inhibitory effects of brown algae extracts on histamine production inmackerel muscle via inhibition of growth and histidine decarboxylase activity of Morganella morganii . J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24:465–474. Dapkevicius, M. , M. J. R. Nout , F. M. Rombouts , J. H. Houben , and W. Wymenga . 2000. Biogenic amine formation and degradation bypotential fish silage starter microorganisms. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 57:107–114. Leuschner, R. G. , M. Heidel , and W. P. Hammes . 1998. Histamine and tyramine degradation by food fermenting microorganisms. Int. J.Food Microbiol. 39:1–10. Martuscelli, M. , M. A. Crudele , F. Gardini , and G. Suzzi . 2000. Biogenic amine formation and oxidation by Staphylococcus xylosusstrains from artisanal fermented sausages. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 31:228–232. Lee, Y. C. , C. S. Lin , F. L. Liu , T. C. Huang , and Y. H. Tsai . 2015. Degradation of histamine by Bacillus polymyxa isolated from saltedfish products. J. Food Drug. Anal. 23:836–844. Breidt, F. , and H. P. Fleming . 1997. Using lactic acid bacteria to improve the safety of minimally processed fruits and vegetables. FoodTechnol. 51:44–51.

Tetrodotoxin Asakawa M , Toyoshima T , Shida Y , Noguchi T , Miyazawa K . Paralytic toxins in a ribbon worm Cephalothrix species (Nemertean)adherent to cultured oysters in Hiroshima Bay, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Toxicon 2000;38:763–773. Chulanetra M , Sookrung N , Srimanote P Toxic marine puffer fish in Thailand seas and tetrodotoxin they contained. Toxins (Basel)2011;3:1249–1262. Jang J , Yotsu-Yamashita M . Distribution of tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin, and their analogs among tissues of the puffer fish Fugu pardalis .Toxicon 2006;48:980–987. Mahmud Y , Tanu MB , Noguchi T . First occurrence of a food poisoning incident due to ingestion of Takifugu oblongus, along with atoxicological report on three marine puffer species in Bangladesh. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 1999;40:473–480. Noguchi T , Narita H , Maruyama J , Hashimoto K . Tetrodotoxin in the starfish Astropecten polyacanthus, in association with toxification ofa trumpet shell “Boshubora” Charonia sauliae . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 1982;48:1173–1177. Kim YH , Brown GB , Mosher FA . Tetrodotoxin: Occurrence in atelopid frogs of Costa Rica. Science 1975;189:151–152. Yasumoto T , Yotsu M , Murate M , Naoki H . New tetrodotoxin analogues from the newt Cynops ensicauda . J Am Chem Soc1988;110:2344–2345. Yotsu-Yamashita M , Gilhen J , Russell RW Variability of tetrodotoxin and of its analogues in the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmusviridescens (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae). Toxicon 2012;59:257–264. Bane V , Lehane M , Dikshit M , O'Riordan A , Furey A . Tetrodotoxin: Chemistry, toxicity, source, distribution and detection. Toxins (Basel)2014;6:693–755. Lago J , Rodríguez LP , Blanco L , Vieites JM , Cabado AG . Tetrodotoxin, an extremely potent marine neurotoxin: Distribution, toxicity,origin and therapeutical uses. Mar Drugs 2015;13:6384–6406. Bentur Y , Ashkar J , Lurie Y Lessepsian migration and tetrodotoxin poisoning due to Lagocephalus sceleratus in the easternMediterranean. Toxicon 2008;52:964–968. Katikou P , Georgantelis D , Sinouris N , Petsi A , Fotaras T . First report on toxicity assessment of the Lessepsian migrant pufferfishLagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) from European waters (Aegean Sea, Greece). Toxicon 2009;54:50–55. Noguchi T , Ebesu JSM . Puffer poisoning: Epidemiology and treatment. J Toxicol Toxin Rev 2001;20:1–10. EC. Regulation (EC) No 854/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 Laying Down Specific Rules for theOrganisation of Official Controls on Products of Animal Origin Intended for Human Consumption. Available at:https://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/multimedia/pdfs/h3ojregulation.pdf (accessed on August 5, 2016). EC. Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 Laying down Specific Hygiene Rules forFood of Animal Origin. Available at: https://www.fsai.ie/uploadedFiles/Food_Business/Reg853_2004.pdf (accessed on August 5, 2016). Denac H , Mevissen M , Scholtysik G . Structure, function and pharmacology of voltage-gated sodium channels. Naunyn-SchmiedebergsArch Pharmacol 2000;362:453–479. Bane V , Brosnan B , Barnes P , Lehane M , Furey A . High-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analoguesin puffer fish and shellfish. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016;33:1468–1489. Hagen NA , du Souich P , Lapointe B Tetrodotoxin for moderate to severe cancer pain: A randomized, double blind, parallel designmulticenter study. J Pain Symptom Manag 2008;35:420–429. Shi J , Liu TT , Wang X Tetrodotoxin reduces cue-induced drug craving and anxiety in abstinent heroin addicts. Pharmacol Biochem Behav2009;92:603–607. Goto T , Kishi Y , Takahashi S , Hirata Y . The structure of tetrodotoxin. Tetrahedron Lett 1963;30:2105–2113. Yotsu-Yamashita M , Sugimoto A , Takai A , Yasumoto T . Effects of specific modifications of several hydroxyls of tetrodotoxin on itsaffinity to rat brain membrane. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;289:1688–1696. Chau R , Kalaitzis JA , Neilan BA . On the origins and biosynthesis of tetrodotoxin. Aquat Toxicol 2011;104:61–72.

Vlamis A , Katikou P , Rodriguez I First detection of tetrodotoxin in Greek Shellfish by UPLC-MS/MS potentially linked to the presence ofthe dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum . Toxins 2015;7:1779–1807. Pratheepa V , Alex A , Silva M , Vasconcelos V . Bacterial diversity and tetrodotoxin analysis in the viscera of the gastropods fromPortuguese coast. Toxicon 2016;119:186–193. Turner AD , Higgins C , Higman W , Hungerford J . Potential threats posed by tetrodotoxins in UK waters: Examination of detectionmethodology used in their control. Mar Drugs 2015;13:7357–7376. Jal S , Khora SS . An overview on the origin and production of tetrodotoxin, a potent neurotoxin. J Appl Microbiol 2015;119:907–916. Xiao Z . Biosynthetic Studies of Tetrodotoxin and Its Anticancer Activities Assessment in vitro: Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong;2014. Shokur OA , Magarlamova TY , Melnikova DI , Gorobets EA , Beleneva IA . Life cycle of TTX-producing Bacillus sp. on solid and liquidmedium: Light and electron microscopy studies. Russian J Mar Biol 2016;42:252–257. Kanchanapongkul J , Krittayapoositpot P . An epidemic of tetrodotoxin poisoning following ingestion of the horseshoe crabCarcinoscorpius rotundicauda . Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1995;26:364–367. Shiu Y-C , Lu Y-H , Tsai Y-H , Chen S-K , Hwang D-F . Occurrence of tetrodotoxin in the causative gastropod Polinices didyma andanother gastropod Natica lineata collected from Western Taiwan. J Food Drug Anal 2003;11:159–163. Sui LM , Chen K , Hwang PA , Hwang DF . Identification of tetrodotoxin in marine gastropods implicated in food poisoning. J Nat Toxins2002;11:213–220. Tanu MB , Mahmud Y , Tsuruda K , Arakawa O , Noguchi T . Occurrence of tetrodotoxin in the skin of a rhacophoridid frog Polypedates sp. from Bangladesh. Toxicon 2001;39:937–941. Rodriguez P , Alfonso A , Vale C First toxicity report of tetrodotoxin and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX in the trumpet shell Charonia lampas lampas inEurope. Anal Chem 2008;80:5622–5629. Silva M , Azevedo J , Rodriguez P , Alfonso A , Botana LM , Vasconcelos V . New gastropod vectors and tetrodotoxin potential expansionin temperate waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Mar Drugs 2012;10:712–726. Turner AD , Powell A , Schofield A , Lees DN , Baker-Austin C . Detection of the pufferfish toxin tetrodotoxin in European bivalves,England, 2013 to 2014. Eurosurveillance 2015;20:21009. Zaki MA , Mossa AEW . Red Sea puffer fish poisoning: Emergency diagnosis and management of human intoxication. Egypt J Aquat Res2005;31:370–378. Cohen NJ , Deeds JR , Wong ES Public health response to Puffer Fish (Tetrodotoxin) poisoning from mislabeled product. J Food Protect2009;72:810–817. O'Leary MA , Schneider JJ , Isbister GK . Use of high performance liquid chromatography to measure tetrodotoxin in serum and urine ofpoisoned patients. Toxicon 2004;44:549–553. McNabb PS , Taylor DI , Ogilvie SC First detection of tetrodotoxin in the bivalve Paphies australis by liquid chromatography coupled totriple quadrupole mass spectrometry with and without precolumn reaction. J AOAC Int 2014;97:325–333. Akyol O , Ünal V , Ceyhan T , Bilecenoglu M . First confirmed record of Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) in the Mediterranean Sea.J Fish Biol 2005;66:1183–1186. Danovaro R , Fonda Umani S , Pusceddu A . Climate change and the potential spreading of marine mucilage and microbial pathogens inthe Mediterranean sea. PLoS One 2009;4:1–8. Noguchi T , Akaeda H . Pufferfish poisoning. Jpn J Toxicol 1998;11:339–345. Lin SZ , Hwang DF . Distribution and sources of tetrodotoxin. Sci Dev 2007;419:20–25. Ahasan HA , Mamun AA , Karim SR , Bakar MA , Gazi EA , Bala CS . Paralytic complications of puffer fish (tetrodotoxin) poisoning. SingapMed J 2004;45:73–74. Islam QT , Razzak MA , Islam MA Puffer fish poisoning in Bangladesh: Clinical and toxicological results from large outbreaks in 2008.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2011;105:74–80. Tan YX . Analysis of globefish poisoning from 1977 to 2007 in Jiangyin City. Prev Med Trib 2009;15:356–357. How CK , Chern CH , Huang YC , Wang LM , Lee CH . Tetrodotoxin poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 2003;21:51–54. Hwang PA , Tsai YH , Deng JF , Cheng CA , Ho PH , Hwang DF . Identification of tetrodotoxin in a marine gastropod (Nassarius glans)responsible for human morbidity and mortality in Taiwan. J Food Prot 2005;68:1696–1701. Nagashima Y , Matsumoto T , Kadoyama K Tetrodotoxin poisoning due to smooth-backed blowfish, Lagocephalus inermis and the toxicityof L. inermis caught off the Kyushu coast, Japan. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2012;53:85–90. Wu YJ , Lin CL , Chen CH Toxin and species identification of toxic octopus implicated into food poisoning in Taiwan. Toxicon2014;91:96–102. You J , Yue Y , Xing F , Xia W , Lai S , Zhang F . Tetrodotoxin poisoning caused by Goby fish consumption in southeast China: Aretrospective case series analysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2015;70:24–29. Sims JK , Ostman DC . Emergency diagnosis and management of mild human tetrodotoxin. Ann Emerg Med 1986;15:1094–1098. Cole JB , Heegaard WG , Deeds JR , McGrath SC , Handy SM . Tetrodotoxin poisoning outbreak from imported dried pufferfish—Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2014. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;63:1222–1225. De Souza Simões EM , Mendes TM , Adão A , Haddad Junior V . Poisoning after ingestion of pufferfish in Brazil: Report of 11 cases. JVenom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2014;20:54. Isbister GK , Son J , Wang F Puffer fish poisoning: A potentially life-threatening condition. Med J Aust 2002;177:650–653. Cavazzoni E , Lister B , Sargent P , Schibler A . Blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena sp.) envenomation of a 4-year-old boy: A casereport. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008;46:760–761. McNabb PS , Selwood A , Munday R Detection of tetrodotoxin from the grey side-gilled sea slug – Pleurobranchaea maculata, andassociated dog neurotoxicosis on beaches adjacent to the Hauraki Gulf, Auckland, New Zealand. Toxicon 2010;56:466–473. Salvitti L , Wood SA , Taylor DI , McNabb PS , Cary SC . First identification of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in the flatworm Stylochoplana sp. asource of TTX for the sea slug Pleurobranchaea maculata . Toxicon 2015;95:23–29. Narita H , Noguchi T , Maruyama J Occurrence of tetrodotoxin in a trumpet shell, “boshubora” Charonia sauliae . Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish1981;47:935–941. Hwang DF , Noguchi T . Tetrodotoxin poisoning. Adv Food Nutr Res 2007;52:141–236. Noguchi T , Arakawa O . Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and accumulation in aquatic organisms, and cases of human intoxication. Mar Drugs2008;6:220–242.

Wang D , Wang Y , Huang H , Lin J , Xiao D , Kan B . Identification of tetrodotoxin-producing Shewanella spp. from feces of food poisoningpatients and food samples. Gut Pathog 2013;5:15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Tetrodotoxin poisoning associated with eating puffer fish transported from Japan—California,1996. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996;45:389–391. Hasan S , Nikkon F , Pervin F Biochemical and histopathological effects of tetrodotoxin isolated from puffer fish Tetraodon patoca availablein Bangladesh. Res J Med Med Sci 2008;3:177–181. Saoudi M , Rabeh FB , Jammoussi K , Abdelmouleh A , Belbahri L , Feki AE . Biochemical and physiological responses in Wistar rat afteradministration of puffer fish (Lagocephalus lagocephalus) flesh. J Food Agric Environ 2007;5:107–111. Zimmer T . Effects of tetrodotoxin on the mammalian cardiovascular system. Mar Drugs 2010;8:741–762. Xu Q , Huang K , Gao L , Zhang H , Rong K . Toxicity of tetrodotoxin towards mice and rabbits. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2003;32:371–374. Wang J , Araki T , Tatsuno R Transfer profile of intramuscularly administered tetrodotoxin to artificial hybrid specimens of pufferfish,Takifugu rubripes and Takifugu niphobles . Toxicon 2011;58:565–569. Fukuda A , Tani A . Records of puffer poisonings report 3. Nippon Igaku Oyobi Kenko Hoken 1941;3528:7–13. Leung KS , Fong BM , Tsoi YK . Analytical challenges: Determination of tetrodotoxin in human urine and plasma by LC-MS/MS. Mar Drugs2011;9:2291–2303. Tsai YH , Hwang DF , Cheng CA , Hwang CC , Deng JF . Determination of tetrodotoxin in human urine and blood using C18 cartridgecolumn, ultrafiltration and LC-MS. J Chromatogr B 2006;832:75–80. Meyer TW , Hostetter TH . Uremia. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1316–1325. Nakashima R , Nakata Y , Kameoka M , Hayashi N , Watanabe K , Yagi K . Case of tetrodotoxin intoxication in a uremic patient. ChudokuKenkyu 2007;20:141–145. Kasteel EE , Westerink RH . Comparison of the acute inhibitory effects of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) in rat and human neuronal networks for riskassessment purposes. Toxicol Lett 2017;15:12–16. Abal P , Louzao MC , Antelo A Acute oral toxicity of tetrodotoxin in mice: Determination of lethal dose 50 (LD50) and no observed adverseeffect level (NOAEL). Toxins (Basel) 2017;9:1–6. Benzer TI . Tetrodotoxin Toxicity. eMedicine Emergency Medicine 2014. Hungerford JM . Committee on Natural Toxins and Food Allergens. Marine and freshwater toxins. J AOAC Int 2006;89:248–269. Suzuki H . Differences in susceptibility of mouse strains to tetrodotoxin. Toxicon 2016;119:168–170. Chen T-Y , Hsieh C-H , Hwang D-F . Development of standardized methodology for identifying toxins in clinical samples and fish speciesassociated with tetrodotoxin-borne poisoning incidents. J Food Drug Anal 2017;24(1):9–14. Coleman R , Lemire SW , Bragg W Development and validation of a high-throughput online solid phase extraction–liquidchromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of tetrodotoxin in human urine. Toxicon 2016;119:64–71. Kogure K , Tamplin ML , Simidu U , Colwell RR . A tissue culture assay for tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin and related toxins. Toxicon1988;26:191–197. Campbell K , Barnes P , Haughey SA Development and single laboratory validation of an optical biosensor assay for tetrodotoxin detectionas a tool to combat emerging risks in European seafood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013;405:7753–7763. Reverté L , Soliño L , Carnicer O , Diogène J , Campàs M . Alternative methods for the detection of emerging marine toxins: Biosensors,biochemical assays and cell-based assays. Mar Drugs 2014;12:5719–5763. Vaisocherová H , Taylor AD , Jiang S Surface plasmon resonance biosensor for determination of tetrodotoxin: Prevalidation study. JAOAC Int 2011;94:596–604. Cheun B , Endo H , Hayashi T , Nagashima Y , Watanabe E . Development of an ultra high sensitive tissue biosensor for determination ofswellfish poisoning, tetrodotoxin. Biosens Bioelectron 1996;11:1185–1191. Chew SK , Chew LS , Wang KW , Mah PK , Tan BY . Anticholinesterase drugs in the treatment of tetrodotoxin poisoning. Lancet1984;2:108. Huot RI , Armstrong DL , Chanh TC . Protection against nerve toxicity by monoclonal antibodies to the sodium channel blockertetrodotoxin. J Clin Investig 1989;83:1821–1826. Rivera VR , Poli MA , Bignami GS . Prophylaxis and treatment with a monoclonal antibody of tetrodotoxin poisoning in mice. Toxicon1995;33:1231–1237. Matsumura K . In vivo neutralization of tetrodotoxin by a monoclonal antibody. Toxicon 1995;33:1239–1241. Fukiya S , Matsumura K . Active and passive immunization for tetrodotoxin in mice. Toxicon 1992;30:1631–1634 . Kaufman B , Wright DC , Ballou WR , Monheit D . Protection against tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin intoxication by a cross-protective rabbitanti-tetrodotoxin antiserum. Toxicon 1991;29:581–587. Matsumura K . A monoclonal antibody against tetrodotoxin that reacts to the active group for the toxicity. Eur J Pharmacol Environ ToxicolPharmacol 1995;293:41–45. Xu QH , Wei CH , Huang K , Rong KT . Toxin-neutralizing effect and activity-quality relationship for mice tetrodotoxin-specific polyclonalantibodies. Toxicology 2005;206:439–448. Xu QH , Rong KT , Yun LH . Protection against tetrodotoxin poisoning by an experimental vaccine. In: Proceedings of the 5th Congress ofToxicology in Developing Countries; China; 2003. Xu QH , Rong KT , Yun LH , Wei CH , Gao LS , Huang K . New artificial antigen for tetrodotoxin and its high efficiency on antitoxic effect. JImmunol 2003;19:424–428. Xu QH , Wei CH , Huang K , Gao LS , Rong KT , Yun LH . An experimental vaccine against tetrodotoxin with longer term of validity. Chin JImmunol 2003;19:339–342. Chowdhury FR , Ahasan HA , Rashid AK , Mamun AA , Khaliduzzaman SM . Tetrodotoxin poisoning: A clinical analysis, role ofneostigmine and short-term outcome of 53 cases. Singap Med J 2007;48:830–833. Noh KW , Seon CS , Choi JW , Cho YB , Park JY , Kim HJ . Thyroid storm and reversible thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy after ingestion ofseafood stew thought to contain marine neurotoxin. Thyroid 2011;21:679–682. Tetrodotoxin and regulation of puffer fish as food in other juriductions 2014. Available athttp://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/committee/files/TCF_43/TCF43_e_Regulations_on_Puffer_Fish_e.pdf. Nieto FR , Cobos EJ , Tejada MÁ , Sánchez-Fernández C , González-Cano R , Cendán CM . Tetrodotoxin (TTX) as a therapeutic agentfor pain. Mar Drugs 2012;10:281–305.

Salvitti LR , Wood SA , Winsor L , Cary SC . Intracellular immunohistochemical detection of tetrodotoxin in Pleurobranchaea maculata(Gastropoda) and Stylochoplana sp. (Turbellaria). Mar Drugs. 2015;13(2):756–769.

Cyanogenic Glycosides Gleadow RM , Møller BL . Cyanogenic glycosides: Synthesis, physiology, and phenotypic plasticity. Annu Rev Plant Biol.2014;65:155–185. Miller RE , McConville MJ , Woodrow IE . Cyanogenic glycosides from the rare Australian endemic rainforest tree Clerodendrum grayi(Lamiaceae). Phytochemistry. 2006;67(1):43–51. van Rijssen FW , Morris EJ , Eloff JN . Food safety: Importance of composition for assessing genetically modified cassava (Manihotesculenta Crantz). J Agric Food Chem. 2013;61(35):8333–8339. Chaouali N , Gana I , Dorra A Potential toxic levels of cyanide in almonds (Prunus amygdalus), apricot kernels (Prunus armeniaca), andalmond syrup. ISRN Toxicol. 2013;2013:610648. Omar NF , Hassan SA , Yusoff UK , Abdullah NA , Wahab PE , Sinniah U . Phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and cyanogenicglycosides of organic and mineral-base fertilized cassava tubers. Molecules. 2012;17(3):2378–2387. Nongdam P , Tikendra L . The nutritional facts of bamboo shoots and their usage as important traditional foods of Northeast India. Int SchRes Notices. 2014;2014:679073. Moore BD , Johnson SN . Get tough, get toxic, or get a bodyguard: Identifying candidate traits conferring belowground resistance toherbivores in grasses. Front Plant Sci. 2017;7:1925. Zidenga T , Siritunga D , Sayre RT . Cyanogen metabolism in cassava roots: Impact on protein synthesis and root development. FrontPlant Sci. 2017;8:220. Zacarias CH , Esteban C , Rodrigues GL , Nascimento ES . Occupational exposure to hydrogen cyanide during large-scale cassavaprocessing, in Alagoas State, Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 2017;33(7):e00073416. Jaszczak E , Polkowska Ż , Narkowicz S , Namieśnik J . Cyanides in the environment-analysis-problems and challenges. Environ SciPollut Res Int. 2017;24(19):15929–15948. NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health) . Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM). 4th Ed. Washington, DC: NIOSH;1994. (Publication, 94–113). Abraham K , Buhrke T , Lampen A . Bioavailability of cyanide after consumption of a single meal of foods containing high levels ofcyanogenic glycosides: A crossover study in humans. Arch Toxicol. 2016;90(3):559–574. Cho HJ , Do BK , Shim SM Determination of cyanogenic compounds in edible plants by ion chromatography. Toxicol Res.2013;29(2):143–147. Bolarinwa IF , Orfila C , Morgan MR . Development and application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for thequantification of amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside, in food. J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62(27):6299–6305. Tivana LD , Da Cruz Francisco J , Zelder F , Bergenståhl B , Dejmek P . Straightforward rapid spectrophotometric quantification of totalcyanogenic glycosides in fresh and processed cassava products. Food Chem. 2014;158:20–27. Sauer H , Wollny C , Oster I Severe cyanide poisoning from an alternative medicine treatment with amygdalin and apricot kernels in a 4-year-old child. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2015;165(9–10):185–188.

Grayanotoxins Rezk A , Nolzen J , Schepker H , Albach DC , Brix K , Ullrich MS . Phylogenetic spectrum and analysis of antibacterial activities of leafextracts from plants of the genus Rhododendron. BMC Complement Altern Med 2015;15:67–76. Popescu R , Kopp B . The genus Rhododendron: An ethnopharmacological and toxicological review. J Ethnopharmacol2013;147(1):42–62. Stevens PF . Rhododendron L. In: Davis PH , editor. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press;1978. pp. 90–94. Li Y , Liu YB , Yu SS . Grayanoids from the Ericaceae family: Structures, biological activities and mechanism of action. Phytochem Rev2013;12(2):305–325. Baytop T . Türkiye'de Bitkiler ile Tedavi, Gecmiste ve Bugün (Therapy with Medicinal Plants in Turkey, Past and Present). 2nd ed. Istanbul:Nobel Tıp Basımevi; 1999. Demircan A , Keleş A , Bildik F , Aygencel G , Doǧan NÖ , Gómez HF . Mad honey sex: Therapeutic misadventures from an ancientbiological weapon. Ann Emerg Med 2009;54(6):824–829. Öztaşan N , Altinkaynak K , Akçay F , Göçer F , Dane Ş . Effects of mad honey on blood glucose and lipid levels in rats with streptozocin-induced diabetes. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2005;29(5):1093–1096. Dilber E , Kalyoucu M , Yariş N , Ökten A . A case of mad honey poisoning presenting with convulsion: Intoxication instead of alternativetherapy. Turk J Med Sci 2002;32(4):361–362. Gunduz A , Turedi S , Uzun H , Topbas M . Mad honey poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 2006;24(5):595–598. Saritas A , Kandis IH , Baltaci ID , Ismail II , Iii E . Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and intermittent left bundle branch block: An unusualelectrocardiographic presentation of mad honey poisoning. Clinics 2011;66(9):1651–1653. Lennerz C , Jilek C , Semmler V , Deisenhofer I , Kolb C . Sinus arrest from mad honey disease. Ann Intern Med 2012;10(157):755–756. Wong J , Youde E , Dickinson B , Hale M . Report of the rhododendron feasibility study. School of Agriculture and Forest Studies,University of Wales, Bangor; 2002; pp. 1–73. (available at http://www.safs.bangor.ac.uk). Hikino H . Structure-activity relationship of ericaceous toxins on acute toxicity in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1976;35:303–310. Scott PM , Coldwell BB , Wiberg GS . Grananotoxin. Occurrence and analysis in honey and a comparison in mice. Food Cosmet Toxicol1971;2(9):179–184.

Sütlüpmar N , Mat A , Satganoglu Y . Poisoning by toxic honey in Turkey. Arch Toxicol 1993;67(2):148–150. Terai T , Uda T , Katakawa J , Tetsumi T . Assay of grayanotoxins by gas chromatography. Nippon Nōgeikagaku Kaishi 1994;68:979–981. Kaplan M , Olgun EO , Karaoglu O . Determination of grayanotoxins in honey by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry usingdilute-and-shoot sample preparation approach. J Agric Food Chem 2014;62(24):5485–5491. BfR-Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung [Internet] . Poison by Grayanotoxine rhododendron honeys from Turkish Black Sea Reg.2010;Available from:http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/cases_of_poisoning_through_grayanotoxins_in_rhododendron_honey_originating_from_the_turkish_black_sea_region.pdf Mol HGJ , Van Dam RCJ , Zomer P , Mulder PPJ . Screening of plant toxins in food, feed and botanicals using full-scan high-resolution(Orbitrap) mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A 2011;28(10):1405–1423. Kurtoglu AB , Yavuz R , Evrendilek GA . Characterisation and fate of grayanatoxins in mad honey produced from Rhododendron ponticumnectar. Food Chem 2014;161:47–52. Silici S , Yonar ME , Sahin H , Atayoglu AT , Ozkok D . Analysis of grayanatoxin in Rhododendron honey and effect on antioxidantparameters in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2014;156:155–161. These A , Bodi D , Uecker S A case of human poisoning by grayanotoxins following honey ingestion: Elucidation of the toxin profile bymass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A 2015;32(10):1674–1684. Holstege DM , Puschner B , Le T . Determination of grayanotoxins in biological samples by LC-MS/MS. J Agric Food Chem2001;49:1648–1651. Cho HE , Ahn SY , Kim D-W Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination ofgrayanotoxins in rat blood and its application to toxicokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2014;28(12):1624–1632. Aygun A , Gunduz A , Turedi S Examination using LC-MS/MS determination of grayanotoxin levels in blood, urine, and honey consumedby patients presenting to the emergency department with mad honey intoxication and relations with clinical data: A preliminary study. AnnSaudi Med 2015;35(2):161–164. Ascioǧlu M , Özesmi Ç , Doǧan P , Öztürk F . Effects of acute Grayanotoxin-I administration on hepatic and renal functions in rats. Turk JMed Sci 2000;30(1):23–27. Jang G-U , Choi S-U , Lee K-R . Cytotoxic constituents of Rhododendron brachycarpum . Yakhak Hoeji 2005;49(3):244–248. Gunduz A , Eraydin I , Turkmen S Analgesic effects of mad honey (grayanotoxin) in mice models of acute pain and painful diabeticneuropathy. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014;33(2):130–135. Böckers M , Saeed MEM , Efferth T . Second career for grayanotoxins? Med Aromat Plants 2015;5(1):5–8. Tatli O , Karaca Y , Turkmen S The effect of mad honey on testosterone levels of male rats. Bratisl Med J 2016;117(11):677–680. Jansen SA , Kleerekooper I , Hofman ZLM , Kappen IFPM , Stary-Weinzinger A , Van Der Heyden MAG . Grayanotoxin poisoning: “Madhoney disease” and beyond. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2012;12(3):208–215. Silici S , Atayoglu AT . Mad honey intoxication: A systematic review on the 1199 cases. Food Chem Toxicol 2015;86:282–290. Yilmaz O , Eser M , Sahiner A , Altintop L , Yesildag O . Hypotension, bradycardia and syncope caused by honey poisoning. Resuscitation2006;68(3):405–408. Demir Akca AS , Kahveci FO . An indispensable toxin known for 2500 years: Victims of mad honey. Turk J Med Sci 2012;42(Suppl2):1499–1504. Lim MY , Phua DH , Ooi CK . Heart stopping honey – Not just Turkish honey. Am J Emerg Med 2016;34(9):1915.e1–1915.e3. Fischer HJ , Kooten J , Dauber A , Höcherl E . Sweet honey, bitter effect? Syncope after eating Turkish delight. Der Notarzt2009;25(01):22–24. Klein-Schwartz W , Litovitz T . Azalea toxicity: An overrated problem? J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1985;23(2–3):91–101. Erenler AK . Cardiac effects of mad honey poisoning and its management in emergency department: A review from Turkey. CardiovascToxicol 2016;16(1):1–4. Puschner B , Holstege DM , Lamberski N . Grayanotoxin poisoning in three goats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:573–575. Frohne D , Pfander HJ , editor. A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants: A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, Toxicologists, and Biologists.London: Solfe Publishing; 1983. Moran NC , Dresel PE , Perkins ME . The pharmacological actions of andromedotoxin, an active principle from Rhododendron maximum .J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1954;110:415–432. Seyama I , Narahashi T . Modulation of sodium channels of squid nerve membranes by grayanotoxin I. J Pharmacol Exp Ther1981;219(3):614–624. Yakehiro M , Yamamoto S , Baba N . Structure–activity relationship for D-ring derivatives of grayanotoxin in the squid giant axon. JPharmacol Exp Ther Toxicol 1993;265:1328–1332. Catterall WA . Neurotoxins that act on voltage-sensitive sodium channels in excitable membranes. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol1980;20:15–43. Bayram NA , Keles T , Durmaz T , Dogan S , Bozkurt E . A rare cause of atrial fibrillation: Mad honey intoxication. J Emerg Med2012;43(6):e389–e391. Zoltani CK . Cardiovascular toxicity. In: Gupta RC , editor. Veterinary Toxicology. Tokyo: Elsevier B.V.; 2012;235–245. Gunduz A , Turedi S , Russell RM , Ayaz FA . Clinical review of grayanotoxin/mad honey poisoning past and present. Clin Toxicol (Phila)2008;46(5):437–442. Sharma UR , Surendra V , Jha SKC , Prakash T , Goli D . Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Rhododendron arboreum herb extracton experimental animal. Arch Pharm Sci Res 2009;1(1):58–61. U.S. National Library of Medicine [Internet]. Grayanotoxin. [cited April 2, 2017]; Available from: https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+3463 Narahashi T , Seyama I . Mechanism of nerve membrane depolarization caused by grayanotoxin I. J Physiol 1974;242:471–487. Akera T , Ku DD , Frank M , Broody TM , Iwasa J . Effects of grayanotoxin I on cardiac Na+ K+-adenosine triphosphatese activitiy,transmembrane potential and myocardial contractile force. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1976;199:247–254. Akera T , Ku DD , Frank M , Broody TM , Iwasa J . The effects of grayanotoxin I and alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II on guinea-pigmyocardium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1976;200:363–372. European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 amending, as regards traditional herbal medicinal products, Directive2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use. Off J Eur Union 2004; (L 136/85).

Myristicin Bakkali F , Averbeck S , Averbeck D , Idaomar M . Biological effects of essential oils – A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46(2):446–475. Miller JA , Miller EC . The metabolic activation and nucleic acid adducts of naturally-occurring carcinogens: Recent results with ethylcarbamate and the spice flavors safrole and estragole. Br J Cancer 1983;48(1):1–15. Hallström H , Thuvander A . Toxicological evaluation of myristicin. Nat Toxins 1997;5(5):186–192. Barceloux DG . Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Toxic Plants, and Venomous Animals. FirstEdit. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ. 2008. Raffo A , D'Aloise A , Magri AL , Leclercq C . Quantitation of tr-cinnamaldehyde, safrole and myristicin in cola-flavoured soft drinks toimprove the assessment of their dietary exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2013;59:626–635. Randerath K , Putman KL , Randerath E . Flavor constituents in cola drinks induce hepatic DNA adducts in adult and fetal mice. BiochemBiophys Res Commun 1993;192(1):61–68. Jana S , Shekhawat GS . Anethum graveolens: An Indian traditional medicinal herb and spice. Pharmacogn Rev 2010;4(8):179–184. Ozaki Y , Soedigdo S , Wattimena YR , Suganda AG . Antiinflammatory effect of mace, aril of Myristica fragrans Houtt., and its activeprinciples. Jpn J Pharmacol 1989;49(2):155–163. Council of Europe . 1st report on active principles (constituents of toxicological concern) contained in natural sources of flavouring. 2006. Aggarwal BB , Kunnumakkara AB , Harikumar KB , Tharakan ST , Sung B , Anand P . Potential of spice-derived phytochemicals for cancerprevention. Planta Med 2008;74(13):1560–1569. Anand P , Sundaram C , Jhurani S , Kunnumakkara AB , Aggarwal BB . Curcumin and cancer: An “old-age” disease with an “age-old”solution. Cancer Lett 2008;267(1):133–164. Rietjens I.M.C.M. , Slob W , Galli C , Silano V . Risk assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations intended for use in food and foodsupplements: Emerging issues. Toxicol Lett 2008;180(2):131–136. Eisenberg DM , Davis RB , Ettner SL Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990–1997. JAMA 1998;280(18):1569. Tilburt JC , Kaptchuk TJ . Herbal medicine research and global health: An ethical analysis. Bull World Health Organ2008;8686(8):594–599. Zuba D , Byrska B . Alpha- and beta-asarone in herbal medicinal products. A case study. Forensic Sci Int 2012;223(1–3):e5–9. Stein U , Greyer H , Hentschel H . Nutmeg (myristicin) poisoning—Report on a fatal case and a series of cases recorded by a poisoninformation centre. Forensic Sci Int 2001;118(1):87–90. Demetriades AK , Wallman PD , McGuiness A , Gavalas MC . Low cost, high risk: Accidental nutmeg intoxication. Emerg Med J2005;22(3):223–225. Kar A . Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology. New Age International, New Delhi. 2003. Archer AW . Determination of safrole and myristicin in nutmeg and mace by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A1988;438:117–121. Lopez P , van Sisseren M , De Marco S , Jekel A , de Nijs M , Mol HGJ . A straightforward method to determine flavouring substances infood by GC–MS. Food Chem 2015;174:407–416. Piras A , Rosa A , Marongiu B Extraction and separation of volatile and fixed oils from seeds of Myristica fragrans by supercritical CO2:Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity on Caco-2 cancer cells. J Food Sci 2012;77(4):C448–C453. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) . SAFETY Evaluation of Certain Food Additives. WHO Food Addit Ser 60.IPCS—International Program Chemical Safety 2009: pp. 351–459. Ávila M , Zougagh M , Escarpa A , Ríos Á . Determination of alkenylbenzenes and related flavour compounds in food samples by on-column preconcentration-capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009;1216(43):7179–7185. European Commission . Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008. Off J Eur Union 2008;L 354/34(1334):34–50. A Wei A , Shibamoto T . Antioxidant activities and volatile constituents of various essential oils. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55(5):1737–1742. Porter NG . Composition and yield of commercial essential oils from parsley. 1: Herb oil and crop development. Flavour Fragr J1989;4(4):207–219. Simon JE , Quinn J . Characterization of essential oil of parsley. J Agric Food Chem 1988;36(3):467–472. Dawidowicz AL , Dybowski MP . Determination of myristicin in commonly spices applying SPE/GC. Food Chem Toxicol2012;50(7):2362–2367. Yen KL , Hechavarria E , Bostwick SB . Bidi cigarettes: An emerging threat to adolescent health. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med2000;154(12):1187. Stanfill SB , Brown CR , Yan XJ , Watson CH , Ashley DL . Quantification of flavor-related compounds in the unburned contents of bidi andclove cigarettes. J Agric Food Chem 2006;54(22):8580–8588. Muchtaridi M , Subarnas A , Apriyantono A , Mustarichie R . Identification of compounds in the essential oil of nutmeg seeds (Myristicafragrans Houtt.) that inhibit locomotor activity in mice. Int J Mol Sci 2010;11(11):4771–4781. Dawidowicz AL , Dybowski MP . Simple and rapid determination of myristicin in human serum. Forensic Toxicology. 2013;31(3):119–123. Guénette SA , Ross A , Marier J-F , Beaudry F , Vachon P . Pharmacokinetics of eugenol and its effects on thermal hypersensitivity in rats.Eur J Pharmacol 2007;562(1):60–67. Beyer J , Ehlers D , Maurer HH . Abuse of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.): Studies on the metabolism and the toxicologic detection ofits ingredients elemicin, myristicin, and safrole in rat and human urine using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit2006;28(4):568–575. Kamienski FX , Casida JE . Importance of demethylenation in the metabolism in vivo and in vitro of methylenedioxyphenyl synergists andrelated compounds in mammals. Biochem Pharmacol 1970;19(1):91–112. Anthony A , Caldwell J , Hutt AJ , Smith RL . Metabolism of estragole in rat and mouse and influence of dose size on excretion of theproximate carcinogen 1’-hydroxyestragole. Food Chem Toxicol 1987;25(11):799–806. Guenthner TM , Luo G . Investigation of the role of the 2’,3’-epoxidation pathway in the bioactivation and genotoxicity of dietaryallylbenzene analogs. Toxicology 2001;160(1–3):47–58. Smith RL , Adams TB , Doull J Safety assessment of allylalkoxybenzene derivatives used as flavouring substances—Methyl eugenol andestragole. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40(7):851–870. Phillips DH , Reddy MV , Randerath K . 32P-Post-labelling analysis of DNA adducts formed in the livers of animals treated with safrole,estragole and other naturally-occurring alkenylbenzenes. II. Newborn male B6C3F1 mice. Carcinogenesis 1984;5(12):1623–1628.

Chen X-W , Serag ES , Sneed KB , Zhou S-F . Herbal bioactivation, molecular targets and the toxicity relevance. Chem Biol Interact2011;192(3):161–176. Howes AJ , Chan VS , Caldwell J . Structure-specificity of the genotoxicity of some naturally occurring alkenylbenzenes determined by theunscheduled DNA synthesis assay in rat hepatocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 1990;28(8):537–542. van den Berg S.J.P.L. , Restani P , Boersma MG , Delmulle L , Rietjens I.M.C.M. Levels of Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Ingredients inPlant Food Supplements and Associated Risk Assessment. Food Nutr Sci 2011;2(9):989–1010. Al-Malahmeh AJ , Al-Ajlouni A , Wesseling S Physiologically based kinetic modeling of the bioactivation of myristicin. Arch Toxicol2017;91(2):713–734. Drinkwater NR , Miller EC , Miller JA , Pitot HC . Hepatocarcinogenicity of estragole (1-allyl-4-methoxybenzene) and 1’-hydroxyestragole inthe mouse and mutagenicity of 1’-acetoxyestragole in bacteria. J Natl Cancer Inst 1976;57(6):1323–1331. Ishii Y , Suzuki Y , Hibi D Detection and quantification of specific DNA adducts by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in thelivers of rats given estragole at the carcinogenic dose. Chem Res Toxicol 2011;24(4):532–541. Miller EC , Swanson AB , Phillips DH , Fletcher L , Liem A , Miller JA . Structure-activity studies of the carcinogenicities in the mouse andrat of some naturally occurring and synthetic alkenylbenzene derivatives related to safrole and estragole. Cancer Res1983;43(3):1124–1134. Wiseman RW , Fennell TR , Miller JA , Miller EC . Further characterization of the DNA adducts formed by electrophilic esters of thehepatocarcinogens 1′-hydroxysafrole and 1′-hydroxyestragole in vitro and in mouse liver in vivo, including new adducts at C-8 and N-7 ofguanine residues. Cancer Res 1985;45(7):3096–3105. Wiseman RW , Miller EC , Miller JA , Liem A . Structure-activity studies of the hepatocarcinogenicities of alkenylbenzene derivativesrelated to estragole and safrole on administration to preweanling male C57BL/6J x C3H/HeJ F1 mice. Cancer Res 1987;47(9):2275–2283. Zangouras A , Caldwell J , Hutt AJ , Smith RL . Dose dependent conversion of estragole in the rat and mouse to the carcinogenicmetabolite, 1-hydroxyestragole. Biochem Pharmacol 1981;30(11):1383–1386. Alajlouni AM , Al Malahmeh AJ , Kiwamoto R Mode of action based risk assessment of the botanical food-borne alkenylbenzene apiol fromparsley using physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling and read-across from safrole. Food Chem Toxicol 2016;89:138–150. Iwasaki K , Lum PY , Ioannides C , Parke DV . Induction of cytochrome P-448 activity as exemplified by the O-deethylation ofethoxyresorufin. Effects of dose, sex, tissue and animal species. Biochem Pharmacol 1986;35(21):3879–3884. Jeong HG , Yun CH . Induction of rat hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by myristicin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun1995;217(3):966–971. Jeong HG , Lee SS , Kim HK , Yang K-H . Murine Cyp1a-1 induction in mouse hepatoma Hepa-1C1C7 cells by myristicin. BiochemBiophys Res Commun 1997;233(3):619–622. Yun C-H , Lee HS , Lee H-Y Roles of human liver cytochrome P450 3A4 and 1A2 enzymes in the oxidation of myristicin. Toxicol Lett2003;137(3):143–150. Zheng G , Kenney PM , Zhang J , Lam LKT . Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene-induced tumorigenesis by myristicin, a volatile aroma constituentof parsley leaf oil. Carcinogenesis 1992;13(10):1921–1923. Ahmad H , Tijerina MT , Tobola AS . Preferential overexpression of a class MU glutathione S-transferase subunit in mouse liver bymyristicin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;236(3):825–828. Yang AH , He X , Chen JX Identification and characterization of reactive metabolites in myristicin-mediated mechanism-based inhibition ofCYP1A2. Chem Biol Interact 2015;237:133–140. Hasheminejad G , Caldwell J . Genotoxicity of the alkenylbenzenes α- and β-asarone, myristicin and elemicin as determined by the UDSassay in cultured rat hepatocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 1994;32(3):223–231. Martins C , Doran C , Laires A , Rueff J , Rodrigues AS . Genotoxic and apoptotic activities of the food flavourings myristicin and eugenolin AA8 and XRCC1 deficient EM9 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011;49(2):385–392. Kobets T , Duan JD , Brunnemann KD , Etter S , Smith B , Williams GM . Structure-activity relationships for DNA damage byalkenylbenzenes in Turkey egg fetal liver. Toxicol Sci 2016;150(2):301–311. Randerath K , Randerath E , Agrawal HP , Gupta RC , Schurdak ME , Reddy MV . Postlabeling methods for carcinogen-DNA adductanalysis. Environ Health Perspect 1985;62:57–65. Zhou G-D , Moorthy B , Bi J , Donnelly KC , Randerath K . DNA adducts from alkoxyallylbenzene herb and spice constituents in culturedhuman (HepG2) cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 2007;48(9):715–721. Auerbach SS , Shah RR , Mav D Predicting the hepatocarcinogenic potential of alkenylbenzene flavoring agents using toxicogenomics andmachine learning. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010;243(3):300–314. Cushny AR . Nutmeg poisoning. Proc R Soc Med 1908;1(Ther Pharmacol Sect):39–44. Forrester MB . Nutmeg intoxication in Texas, 1998–2004. Hum Exp Toxicol 2005;24(11):563–566. Ehrenpreis JE , DesLauriers C , Lank P , Armstrong PK , Leikin JB . Nutmeg poisonings: A retrospective review of 10 years experiencefrom the Illinois Poison Center, 2001–2011. J Med Toxicol 2014;10(2):148–151. Carstairs SD , Cantrell FL . The spice of life: An analysis of nutmeg exposures in California. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011;49(3):177–180. Sangalli BC , Chiang W . Toxicology of nutmeg abuse. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000;38(6):671–678. Brenner N , Frank O , Knight E . Chronic nutmeg psychosis. J R Soc Med 1993;86(3):179–180. Lee HS , Jeong TC , Kim JH . In vitro and in vivo metabolism of myristicin in the rat. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl1998;705(2):367–372. de Mello AC , Carlini EA , Dressler K , Green JP , Kang S , Margolis S . Behavioral observations on compounds found in nutmeg.Psychopharmacologia 1973;31(4):349–363. Leiter E , Hitchcock G , Godwin S Evaluation of the anxiolytic properties of myristicin, a component of nutmeg, in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. AANA J 2011;79(2):109–114. Lee JY , Park W . Anti-inflammatory effect of myristicin on RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid.Molecules 2011;16(8):7132–7142. Schepetkin IA , Kushnarenko SV , Özek G Modulation of human neutrophil responses by the essential oils from Ferula akitschkensis andtheir constituents. J Agric Food Chem 2016;64(38):7156–7170. Morita T , Jinno K , Kawagishi H Hepatoprotective effect of myristicin from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) on lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced liver injury. J Agric Food Chem 2003;51(6):1560–1565.

Lee BK , Kim JH , Jung JW Myristicin-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. Toxicol Lett 2005;157(1):49–56. Martins C , Doran C , Silva IC , Miranda C , Rueff J , Rodrigues AS . Myristicin from nutmeg induces apoptosis via the mitochondrialpathway and down regulates genes of the DNA damage response pathways in human leukaemia K562 cells. Chem Biol Interact2014;218:1–9.

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Stegelmeier BL , Colegate SM , Brown AW . Dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity, cytotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Toxins (Basel).2016;8(12). pii:E356. Kakar F , Akbarian Z , Leslie T An outbreak of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in Western Afghanistan associated with exposure to wheatflour contaminated with pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Toxicol. 2010;2010:313280. Chen L , Mulder PPJ , Louisse J , Peijnenburg A , Wesseling S , Rietjens I.M.C.M. Risk assessment for pyrrolizidine alkaloids detected in(herbal) teas and plant food supplements. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017;86:292–302. Mandić BM , Simić MR , Vučković IM Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and fatty acids from the endemic plant species Rindera umbellata and theeffect of lindelofine-N-oxide on tubulin polymerization. Molecules. 2013;18(9):10694–10706. Fu P , La S , MacMillan JB . 1,3-Oxazin-6-one derivatives and bohemamine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids from a marine-derivedStreptomyces spinoverrucosus . J Nat Prod. 2016;79(3):455–462. Hoang le S , Tran MH , Lee JS Anti-inflammatory activity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from the leaves of Madhuca pasquieri (Dubard). ChemPharm Bull (Tokyo). 2015;63(6):481–484. Habs M , Binder K , Krauss S A balanced risk-benefit analysis to determine human risks associated with pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA)—Thecase of tea and herbal infusions. Nutrients. 2017;9(7). pii:E717\. Skoneczny D , Weston PA , Zhu X , Gurr GM , Callaway RM , Weston LA . Metabolic profiling of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in foliage of twoEchium spp. invaders in Australia—A case of novel weapons? Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(11):26721–26737. Kruse LH , Stegemann T , Sievert C , Ober D . Identification of a second site of pyrrolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis in comfrey to boost plantdefense in floral stage. Plant Physiol. 2017;174(1):47–55. Şeremet OC , Bărbuceanu F , Ionică FE Oral toxicity study of certain plant extracts containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Rom J MorpholEmbryol. 2016;57(3):1017–1023. Cheng D , Nguyen VT , Ndihokubwayo N , Ge J , Mulder PPJ . Pyrrolizidine alkaloid variation in Senecio vulgaris populations from nativeand invasive ranges. Peer J. 2017;5:e3686. Cheng D , Kirk H , Mulder PP , Vrieling K , Klinkhamer PG . Pyrrolizidine alkaloid variation in shoots and roots of segregating hybridsbetween Jacobaea vulgaris and Jacobaea aquatica . New Phytol. 2011;192(4):1010–1023. Cheng D , Kirk H , Vrieling K , Mulder PP , Klinkhamer PG . The relationship between structurally different pyrrolizidine alkaloids andwestern flower thrips resistance in F(2) hybrids of Jacobaea vulgaris and Jacobaea aquatica . J Chem Ecol. 2011;37(10):1071–1080. Joosten L , van Veen JA . Defensive properties of pyrrolizidine alkaloids against microorganisms. Phytochem Rev. 2011;10(1):127–136. Macel M . Attract and deter: A dual role for pyrrolizidine alkaloids in plant-insect interactions. Phytochem Rev. 2011;10(1):75–82. Martins CH , Cunha BP , Solferini VN , Trigo JR . Feeding on host plants with different concentrations and structures of pyrrolizidinealkaloids impacts the chemical-defense effectiveness of a specialist herbivore. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0141480. Wei X , Vrieling K , Mulder PP , Klinkhamer PG . Testing the generalist-specialist dilemma: The role of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in resistanceto invertebrate herbivores in Jacobaea species. J Chem Ecol. 2015;41(2):159–167. Liu X , Vrieling K , Klinkhamer PGL . Interactions between plant metabolites affect herbivores: A study with pyrrolizidine alkaloids andchlorogenic acid. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8:903. Colegate SM , Boppré M , Monzón J , Betz JM . Pro-toxic dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids in the traditional Andean herbal medicine"asmachilca". J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;172:179–194. Khordadmehr M , Rezazadeh F , Ashrafi-Helan J , Hosseini-Ghomi MM . The first report of pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning in a gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa)—Histopathologic diagnosis. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2016;9(1):30–33. Diaz GJ . Toxicosis by plant alkaloids in humans and animals in Colombia. Toxins (Basel). 2015;7(12):5408–5416. Neuman MG , Cohen L , Opris M , Nanau RM , Hyunjin J . Hepatotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Pharm Pharm Sci.2015;18(4):825–843. Neuman MG , Cohen LB , Steenkamp V . Pyrrolizidine alkaloids enhance alcohol-induced hepatocytotoxicity in vitro in normal humanhepatocytes. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21(1 Suppl):53–68. Liu W , Li X , Zhou B Differential induction of apoptosis and autophagy by pyrrolizidine alkaloid clivorine in human hepatoma huh-7.5 cellsand its toxic implication. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0179379. He X , Xia Q , Woodling K , Lin G , Fu PP . Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-derived DNA adducts are common toxicological biomarkers ofpyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides. J Food Drug Anal. 2017;25(4):984–91. Wu JS , Poon WT , Ma CK Budd-Chiari syndrome secondary to toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid exposure. Hong Kong Med J.2013;19(6):553–555. Yan X , Kang H , Feng J Identification of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their common hepatotoxicity mechanism. Int J Mol Sci.2016;17(3):318. Bode AM , Dong Z . Toxic phytochemicals and their potential risks for human cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2015;8(1):1–8. Monteiro-Silva F , González-Aguilar G . Evolution through time of pyrrolizidine alkaloids detection and quantification. J arXiv preprint ar Xiv.2013;1312:6633. Kan X , Ye J , Rong X Diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced CT in pyrrolizidine alkaloids-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstructivesyndrome. Sci Rep. 2016;6:37998. Gao H , Ruan JQ , Chen J Blood pyrrole-protein adducts as a diagnostic and prognostic index in pyrrolizidine alkaloid-hepatic sinusoidalobstruction syndrome. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:4861–4868. Colegate SM , Welsh SL , Gardner DR , Betz JM , Panter KE . Profiling of dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides in herbarium-preserved specimens of Amsinckia species using HPLC-esi(+)MS. J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62(30):7382–7392.

Schenk A , Siewert B , Toff S , Drewe J . UPLC TOF MS for sensitive quantification of naturally occurring pyrrolizidine alkaloids inPetasites hybridus extract (Ze 339). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2015;997:23–29. Ji L , Ma Y , Wang Z , Cai Z , Pang C , Wang Z . Quercetin prevents pyrrolizidine alkaloid clivorine-induced liver injury in mice by elevatingbody defense capacity. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e98970.

Solanine (Nightshade Glycoalkaloids) Jain R , Sharma A , Gupta S , Sarethy IP , Gabrani R . Solanum nigrum: Current perspectives on therapeutic properties. Altern Med Rev2011;16:78–85. Lee MR . The Solanaceae: Foods and poisons. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2006;36:162–169. Wackernagel M , Onisto L , Bello P National natural capital accounting with the ecological footprint concept. Ecol Econ 1999;29:375–390. Hawkes JG . The evolution of cultivated potatoes and their tuber-bearing wild relatives. Kulturpflanze 1988;36:189–208. Friedman M. , McDonald GM , Filadelfi-Keszi M . Potato glycoalkaloids: Chemistry, analysis, safety, and plant physiology. CRC Crit RevPlant Sci 1997;16:55–132. Ginzberg I , Tokuhisa JG , Veilleux RE . Potato steroidal glycoalkaloids: Biosynthesis and genetic manipulation. Potato Res 2009;52:1–15. Cantwell M . A review of important facts about potato glycoalkaloids. Perishables Handling Newsletter 1996;87:26–27. Desfosses M . Extrait d'une lettre. J Pharm 1820;6:374–376. Baup M . Extrait d'une lettre sur plusieurs nouvelles substances. Ann Chim Phys 1826;31:108–109. Zwenger C , Kind A . Ueber das Solanin und dessen Spaltungsproducte. European J Org Chem 1861;118:129–151. Kuhn R , Löw I . Die konstitution des solanins. Angewandte Chemie 1954;66:639–640. Fischer R. , Thiele J . Über den Solaninachweis in der Kartoffel mit Blutgelatine. Plant Syst Evol 1929;78:325–334. Bushway RJ , Bureau JL , McGann DF . Alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine content of potato peels and potato peel products. J Food Sci1983;48:84–86. Zitnak A . The occurrence and distribution of free alkaloid solanidine in Netted Gem potatoes. Can J Biochem Physiol 1961;39:1257–1265. Ahmed SS , Müller K . Seasonal changes and the effect of nitrogen-and potash-fertilization on the solanine and α-chaconine content invarious parts of the potato plant. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 1979;142:275–279. Maga JA . Glycoalkaloids in Solanaceae. Food Rev Int 1994;10:385–418. Petersen HW , Mølgaard P , Nyman U , Olsen CE . Chemotaxonomy of the tuber-bearing Solanum species, subsection Potatoe(Solanaceae). Biochem Syst Ecol 1993;21:629–644. Morris SC , Lee TH . The toxicity and teratogenicity of Solanaceae glycoalkaloids, particularly those of the potato (Solanum tuberosum): Areview. Food Technol Aust 1984;36:118–124. Hellenäs KE , Nyman A , Slanina P , Lööf L , Gabrielsson J . Determination of potato glycoalkaloids and their aglycone in blood serum byhigh-performance liquid chromatography: Application to pharmacokinetic studies in humans. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl1992;573:69–78. Barceloux DG . Potatoes, tomatoes, and solanine toxicity (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanum lycopersicum L.). Dis Mon 2009;55:391–402. Sinden S , Sanford LL , Webb RE . Genetic and environmental control of potato glycoalkaloids. Am J Potato Res 1984;61:141–156. Patchett BJ , Cunningham PS , Lill RE . Glycoalkaloid levels in New Zealand potatoes. New Zeal J Exp Agr 1977;5:55–57. Morris SC , Petermann JB . Genetic and environmental effects on levels of glycoalkaloids in cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).Food Chem 1985;18:271–282. Uppal DS . Varietal and environmental effect on the glycoalkaloid content of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Plant Food Hum Nutr1987;37:333–340. Hilton RJ . Factors in relation to tuber quality in potatoes: II. Preliminary trials on bitterness in Netted Gem potatoes. Can J Agric Sci (FKASci Agric) 1951;31:61–70. Sinden SL , Deahl KL , Aulenbach BB . Effect of glycoalkaloids and phenolics on potato flavor. J Food Sci 1976;41:520–523. Schreiber K . Steroid alkaloids: The Solanum group. In: The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology. Mansk RHF , ed. London, UK: AcademicPress, 1968;Vol.X:1–192. Schreiber K. , Aurich O , Osske G . Solanum-alkaloide: XVIII Dünnschichtochromatographie von solanum-steroidalkaloiden undsteroidsapogeninen. J Chromatogr A 1963;12:63–69. Lelario F , Labella C , Napolitano G , Scrano L , Bufo SA . Fragmentation study of major spirosolane-type glycoalkaloids by collision-induced dissociation linear ion trap and infrared multiphoton dissociation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2016;30:2395–2406. Jadhav SJ , Sharma RP , Salunkhe DK . Naturally occurring toxic alkaloids in foods. Crit Rev Toxicol 1981;9:21–104. Marciniak P , Adamski Z , Bednarz P Cardioinhibitory properties of potato glycoalkaloids in Beetles. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol2010;84:153–156. Johnson DF , Heftmann E , Houghland GVC . The biosynthesis of sterols in Solanum tuberosum . Arch Biochem Biophys1964;104:102–105. Johnson DF , Bennett RD , Heftmann E . Cholesterol in higher plants. Science 1963;140:198–199. Schreiber K , Osske G . Isolierung von 4α-methyl-5α-stigmasta-7, 24 (28)-dien-3β-ol ausSolanum tuberosum sowie über die Identitätdieser Verbindung mitα 1-Sitosterin. Cell Mol Life Sci 1963;19:69–71. Kaneko K , Tanaka MW , Mitsuhashi H . Origin of nitrogen in the biosynthesis of solanidine by Veratrum grandiflorum . Phytochemistry1976;15:1391–1393. Liljegren DR . Glucosylation of solasodine by extracts from Solanum laciniatum . Phytochemistry 1971;10:3061–3064. Jadhav SJ , Lutz SE , Mazza G , Salunkhe DK . Potato glycoalkaloids: Chemical, analytical, and biochemical perspectives. In: Antinutrientsand Phytochemicals in Food. Shahidi F , ed. ACS Symposium Series. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997;Vol.662:94–114. Lavintman N , Tandecarz J , Cardini CE . Enzymatic glycosylation of steroid alkaloids in potato tuber. Plant Sci Lett 1977;8:65–70.

Bushway AA , Bushway RJ , Kim CH . Isolation, partial purification and characterization of a potato peel glycoalkaloid glycosidase. Am JPotato Res 1988;65:621–631. Bushway AA , Bushway RJ , Kim CH . Isolation, partial purification and characterization of a potato peel α-solanine cleaving glycosidase.Am Potato J 1990;67:233–238. Harris FW , Cockburn T . Alleged poisoning by potatoes. Analyst 1918;43:133–137. Hansen AA . Two fatal cases of potato poisoning. Science 1925;61:340–341. Wilson, GS . A small outbreak of solanine poisoning. Mon Bull Minist Health Public Health Lab Serv 1959;18:207–210. McMillan M , Thompson JC . An outbreak of suspected solanine poisoning in schoolboys. Q J Med 1979;48:227–243. Van Gelder WMJ . Chemistry, toxicology, and occurrence of steroidal glycoalkaloids: Potential contaminants of the potato (Solanumtuberosum L.). In: Poisonous Plant Contamination of Edible Plants. Rizk A-FM , ed. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1990:117–156. Bushway, RJ , Savage SA , Ferguson BS . Inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase by solanaceous glycoalkaloids and alkaloids. Am Potato J1987;64:409–413. Duan G , Zhou X . Inhibition of potato glycoalkaloids to human blood cholinestrase. Chinese Biochem J 1993;10:575–578. Patil BC , Sharma RP , Salunkhe DK , Salunkhe K . Evaluation of solanine toxicity. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1972;10:395–398. Toyoda M , Rausch WD , Inoue K Comparison of solanaceous glycoalkaloids-evoked Ca2+ influx in different types of cultured cells.Toxicol In Vitro 1991;5:347–351. Michalska L , Nagel G , Swiniarski E , Żydowo MM . The effect of α-solanine on the active calcium transport in rat intestine. GenPharmacol-Vasc S 1985;16:69–70. Phillips BJ , Hughes JA , Phillips JC , Walters DG , Anderson D , Tahourdin CSM . A study of the toxic hazard that might be associatedwith the consumption of green potato tops. Food Chem Toxicol 1996;34:439–448. Cham BE , Daunter B , Evans RA . Topical treatment of malignant and premalignant skin lesions by very low concentrations of a standardmixture (BEC) of solasodine glycosides. Cancer Lett 1991;59:183–192. Daunter B , Cham BE . Solasodine glycosides. In vitro preferential cytotoxicity for human cancer cells. Cancer Lett 1990;55:209–220. Azim A , Shaikh HA , Ahmad R . Effect of feeding greened potatoes on different visceral organs and blood plasma of rabbits. J Sci FoodAgr 1982;33:1275–1279. Dalvi RR . Comparative assessment of the effect of solanine administered orally and intraperitoneally on hepatic dysfunction in male rats.Jpn J Vet Sci 1985;47:657–659. Ness E , Joner PE , Dahle HK . Alpha-solanine tested for mutagenicity with Ames test. Acta Vet Scand 1984;25:145–147. Friedman M , Henika PR . Absence of genotoxicity of potato alkaloids α-chaconine, α-solanine and solanidine in the Ames Salmonella andadult and foetal erythrocyte micronucleus assays. Food Chem Toxicol 1992;30:689–694. Renwick JH . Spina bifida and the potato. New Sci 1972;2:277–279. Swinyard CA , Chaube S . Are potatoes teratogenic for experimental animals? Teratology 1973;8:349–357. Dixit, VP , Gupta RS , Gupta S . Antifertility plant products: Testicular cell population dynamics following solasodine (C27H43O2N)administration in Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta). Andrologia 1989;21:542–546. Keeler RF .Comparison of the teratogenicity in rats of certain potato-type alkaloids and the veratrum teratogen cyclopamine. The Lancet1973;301:1187–1188. Keeler RF , Brown D , Douglas DR , Stallknecht GF , Young S . Teratogenicity of the solatium alkaloid solasodine and of ‘Kennebec'potatosprouts in hamsters. B Environ Contam Tox 1976;15:522–524. Schulzova V , Hajslova J , Roztocil T , Voldrich M . Determination of alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine glycoalkaloids in potatoes byHPLC. Czech J Food Sci 1992;10:281–292. Kodamatani, H , Saito K , Niina N , Yamazaki S , Tanaka Y . Simple and sensitive method for determination of glycoalkaloids in potatotubers by high-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2005;1100:26–31. Lawson DR , Erb WA , Miller AR . Analysis of Solanum alkaloids using internal standardization and capillary gas chromatography. J AgrFood Chem 1992;40:2186–2191. Cataldi TRI , Lelario F , Bufo SA . Analysis of tomato glycoalkaloids by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandemmass spectrometry. Rapid Comm Mass Spectrom 2005;19:3103–3110. Morgan MRA , McNerney R , Matthew JA , Coxon DT , Chan HWS . An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for total glycoalkaloids inpotato tubers. J Sci Food Agr 1983;34:593–598. Scott S , Thomas CMD . Poisonous Plants of Paradise: First Aid and Medical Treatment of Injuries from Hawaii's Plants. Honolulu, HI:University of Hawaii Press, 2000:37–41. Kozukue N , Misoo S , Yamada T , Kamijima O , Friedman M . Inheritance of morphological characters and glycoalkaloids in potatoes ofsomatic hybrids between dihaploid Solanum acaule and tetraploid Solanum tuberosum . J Agr Food Chem 1999;47:4478–4483. Medina T , Fogelman E , Chani E Identification of molecular markers associated with leptine in reciprocal backcross families of diploidpotato. Theor Appl Genet 2002;105:1010–1018. Smith DB , Roddick JG , Jones JL . Potato glycoalkaloids: Some unanswered questions. Trends Food Sci Tech 1996;7:126–131. Arnqvist L , Dutta PC , Jonsson L , Sitbon F . Reduction of cholesterol and glycoalkaloid levels in transgenic potato plants byoverexpression of a type 1 sterol methyltransferase cDNA. Plant Physiol 2003;131:1792–1799. McCue KF , Shepherd LV , Allen PV Metabolic compensation of steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in transgenic potato tubers: Usingreverse genetics to confirm the in vivo enzyme function of a steroidal alkaloid galactosyltransferase. Plant Sci 2005;168:267–273. McCue KF , Allen PV , Shepherd LV The primary in vivo steroidal alkaloid glucosyltransferase from potato. Phytochemistry2006;67:1590–1597. McCue KF , Allen PV , Shepherd LV Potato glycosterolrhamnosyltransferase, the terminal step in triose side-chain biosynthesis.Phytochemistry 2007;68:327–334. Gull DD , Isenberg FM . Lightburn and off-flavor development in potato tubers exposed to fluorescent lights. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci1958;71:446–454. Liljemark A , Widoff E . Greening and solanine development of white potato in fluorescent light. Am Potato J 1960;37:379–389. Kozukue N , Mizuno S . Effects of light exposure and storage temperature on greening and glycoalkaloid content in potato tubers. J JapanSoc Hort Sci 1990;59:673–677.

Schwimmer S , Weston WJ . Chlorophyll formation in potato tubers as influenced by gamma irradiation and by chemicals. Am J PotatoRes 1958;35:534–542. Wu MT , Salunkhe DK . Effects of vacuum packaging on light-induced greening and glycoalkaloid formation of potato tubers. Can I FoodSc Tech J 1975;8:185–187. Wu MT , Salunkhe DK . Control of chlorophyll and solanine syntheses and sprouting of potato tubers by hot paraffin wax. J Food Sci1972;37:629–630. Wu MT , Salunkhe DK . Responses of lecithin and hydroxylated lecithin coated potato tubers to light. J Agr Food Chem 1978;26:513–514. Poapst PA , Price I , Forsyth FR . Prevention of post storage greening in table stock potato tubers by application of surfactants andadjuvants. J Food Sci 1978;43:900–903. Wu MT , Salunkhe DK . Use of spray lecithin for control of greening and glycoalkaloid formation of potato tubers. J Food Sci1977;42:1413–1415. Wu MT , Salunkhe DK . Control of chlorophyll and solanine formation in potato tubers by oil and diluted oil treatments. Hort Sci1972;7:466–467. Sinden SL . Control of potato greening with household detergents. Am J Potato Res 1971;48:53–56. Evans D , Mondy NI . Effect of magnesium fertilization on glycoalkaloid formation in potato tubers. J Agr Food Chem 1984;32:465–466. Munshi CB , Mondy NI . Effect of soil applications of molybdenum on the biochemical composition of katahdin potatoes: Nitrate nitrogenand total glycoalkaloids. J Agr Food Chem 1988;36:688–690. Mondy NI , Naylor LM , Phillips JC . Total glycoalkaloid and mineral content of potatoes grown in soils amended with sewage sludge. J AgrFood Chem 1984;32:1256–1260. Gosselin B , Mondy NI , Evans WD . Effect of method of irrigation on the total glycoalkaloid and nitrate-nitrogen content of Rosa potatoes.Am J Potato Res 1988;65:99–103. Morris SC , Petermann JB . Genetic and environmental effects on levels of glycoalkaloids in cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).Food Chem 1985;18:271–282. Sinden SL , Webb RE . Effect of environment on glycoalkaloid content of six potato varieties at 39 locations. Agricultural Research Service,U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1974; No. 1472:1–28. http://ageconsearch.tind.io//bitstream/160050/2/tb1472.pdf Slanina P . Solanine (glycoalkaloids) in potatoes: Toxicological evaluation. Food Chem Toxicol 1990;28:759–761. Bushway RJ , Ponnampalam R . Alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine content of potato products and their stability during several modesof cooking. J Agr Food Chem 1981;29:814–817. Stanley R . The influence of nitrogen rate, seed sprouting, harvest date and storage on the quality of potatoes for French fry production.Technical Memorandum, Campden Food and Drink Research Association 1990;608:1–16. Ahmed SS , Muller K . Effect of wound damages on the glycoalkaloid content in potato tubers and chips. Lebens-Wissen Technol1978;11:144–146. Friedman M , Dao L . Distribution of glycoalkaloids in potato plants and commercial potato products. J Agr Food Chem 1992;40:419–423. Chowański S , Adamski Z , Marciniak P A review of bioinsecticidal activity of Solanaceae alkaloids. Toxins 2016;8,pii:E60,1–28.

Taxines Hao da C , Huang B , Yang L . Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Taxus inferred from chloroplast intergenic spacer and nuclearcoding DNA. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31(2):260–265. Dubreuil M , Riba M , González-Martínez SC , Vendramin GG , Sebastiani F , Mayol M . Genetic effects of chronic habitat fragmentationrevisited: Strong genetic structure in a temperate tree, Taxus baccata (Taxaceae), with great dispersal capability. Am J Bot.2010;97(2):303–310. Chybicki IJ , Oleksa A , Burczyk J . Increased inbreeding and strong kinship structure in Taxus baccata estimated from both AFLP andSSR data. Heredity (Edinb). 2011;107(6):589–600. Mayol M , Riba M , González-Martínez SC Adapting through glacial cycles: Insights from a long-lived tree (Taxus baccata). New Phytol.2015;208(3):973–986. Sreekanth D , Sushim GK , Syed A , Khan BM , Ahmad A . Molecular and morphological characterization of a taxol-producing endophyticfungus, Gliocladium sp., from Taxus baccata . Mycobiology. 2011;39(3):151–157. Luck K , Jia Q , Huber M CYP79 P450 monooxygenases in gymnosperms: CYP79A118 is associated with the formation of taxiphyllin inTaxus baccata . Plant Mol Biol. 2017;95(1–2):169–180. Yared JA , Tkaczuk KH . Update on taxane development: New analogs and new formulations. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2012;6:371–384. Kajani AA , Moghim S , Mofid MR . Optimization of the basal medium for improving production and secretion of taxanes from suspensioncell culture of Taxus baccata L. Daru. 2012;20(1):54. Pierog J , Kane B , Kane K , Donovan JW . Management of isolated yew berry toxicity with sodium bicarbonate: A case report in treatmentefficacy. J Med Toxicol. 2009;5(2):84–89. Patel P , Patel K , Gandhi T . Evaluation of effect of Taxus baccata leaves extract on bronchoconstriction and bronchial hyperreactivity inexperimental animals. J Young Pharm. 2011;3(1):41–47. Dahlqvist M , Venzin R , König S Haemodialysis in Taxus baccata poisoning: A case report. QJM. 2012;105(4):359–361. Grobosch T , Schwarze B , Felgenhauer N , Riesselmann B , Roscher S , Binscheck T . Eight cases of fatal and non-fatal poisoning withTaxus baccata . Forensic Sci Int. 2013;227(1–3):118–126. Tranca S , Petrisor CL . A fatal case of Taxus poisoning. Clujul Med. 2013;86(3):279–281. Vališ M , Kočí J , Tuček D Common yew intoxication: A case report. J Med Case Rep. 2014;8:4. Bugajski J , Sacha J . Brugada electrocardiography pattern caused by Taxus poisoning. Kardiol Pol. 2015;73(6):463. Arens AM , Anaebere TC , Horng H , Olson K . Fatal Taxus baccata ingestion with perimortem serum taxine B quantification. Clin Toxicol(Phila). 2016;54(9):878–880. Kobusiak-Prokopowicz M , Marciniak A , Ślusarczyk S A suicide attempt by intoxication with Taxus baccata leaves and ultra-fast liquidchromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry, analysis of patient serum and different plant samples: Case report.

BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016;17(1):41. de Vos FY , van Laarhoven HM . Taxus baccata allergy in a breast cancer patient. Neth J Med. 2012;70(5):249–250. Dutta S , Mariappan G , Sarkar D , Sarkar P . Assessment of anti-inflammatory activity of Taxus Baccata Linn. bark extract. Anc Sci Life.2010;29(3):19–21. Durak ZE , Büber S , Devrim E , Kocaoğlu H , Durak I . Aqueous extract from Taxus baccata inhibits adenosine deaminase activitysignificantly in cancerous and noncancerous human gastric and colon tissues. Pharmacogn Mag. 2014;10(Suppl 2):S214–S216. Fu D , Chong T , Li H , Zhang H , Wang Z . Docetaxel inhibits urethral stricture formation, an initial study in rabbit model. PLoS One.2014;9(11):e112097. Wang C , Song X , Li Y Low-dose paclitaxel ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway via miR-140upregulation. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e70725.

Agrochemicals: A Brief Overview Costa, L.G. Toxic effects of pesticides. in Klaassen, C.D. ed., Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 8th Edition,New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2013, 933–980. Ecobichon, D.J. Toxic effect of pesticides, in Klaassen C.D. , ed. Casarett and Doull‘s Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, NewYork, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001, 763–810. Fenner-Crisp, P.A. Risk assessment and risk management: The regulatory process, in Krieger, R. , ed. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology,San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2001; 681–689. EFSA (European Food Safety Agency) . The 2013 European Union report on pesticide residues in food. EFSA J 2015a;13: (11):4038. Hayes, W.J. Pesticides Studied in Man, Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1982, p. 672. Costa, L.G. Current issues in organophosphate toxicology. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 366: 1–13. Baker, S.R. , Wilkinson, D.F. (eds). The Effects of Pesticides on Human Health, Princeton, NJ: Princeton Scientific Publishing, 1990, p.438. Hayes, W.J. , Laws, E.R. (eds). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991, p. 1576. Krieger, R . (ed). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2001, p. 1908. Krieger, R . (ed). Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2010, p. 2342. Casida, J.E. Pest toxicology: The primary mechanisms of pesticide actions. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22: 609–619. Duke, S.O. Overview of herbicide mechanisms of action. Environ Health Perspect 1990; 87: 263–271. Williams, G.M. , Kroes, R. , Munro, I.C. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient,glyphosate, for humans. Reg Pharmacol Toxicol 2000; 31: 117–165. Farmer, D . Inhibitors of aromatic acid biosynthesis. in Krieger, R. ed. Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA: AcademicPress, 2010, 1967–1972. Bai, S.H. , Ogbourne, S.M. Glyphosate: Environmental contamination, toxicity and potential risks to human health via food contamination.Environ Sci Pollut Res 2016; 23: 18988–19001. Bradberry, S.M. , Proudfoot, A.T. , Vale, J.A. Glyphosate poisoning. Toxicol Rev 2004; 23: 159–167. Benachour, N. , Seralini, G.E. Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical, embryonic, and placental cells.Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22: 97–105. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) . Glyphosate, in some organophosphate insecticides and herbicides: Diazinon,glyphosate, malathion, parathion and tetrachlorphinvos. IARC Monograph Progr 2015; 112: 1–92. EFSA (European Food Safety Agency) . Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substanceglyphosate. EFSA J 2015b; 13(3): 4302. JMPR (Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues) . Glyphosate. in Pesticides Residues in Food 2016; Special Session in Geneva,May 9–13, 2016. Williams, G.M. , Aardema, M. , Acquavella, J. A review of the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate by four independent expert panels andcomparison to the IARC assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46: 3–20. Portier C.J. , Armstrong, B.K. , Baguley, B.C. Differences in the carcinogenic evaluation of glyphosate between the International Agencyfor Research on Cancer (IARC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). J Epidemiol Commun Health 2016; 70: 741–745. Bertsias, G.J. , Katonis, P. , Tzanakakis, G. Review of clinical and toxicological features of acute pesticide poisoning in Crete (Greece)during the period 1991–2001. Med Sci Monitor 2004; 10: CR622–7. Nagami H. , Nishigaki Y. , Matsushima S. Hospital-based survey of pesticide poisoning in Japan, 1998–2002. Int J Occup Environ Health2005; 11: 180–184. Lock, E.A. , Wilks, M.F. , Paraquat . In: Krieger, R. , ed. Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2010,1171–1827. Smith, L.L. Mechanism of paraquat toxicity in the lung and its relevance to treatment. Human Toxicol 1987; 6: 31–36. Adam, A. , Smith, L.L. , Cohen, G.M. An evaluation of the redox cycling potencies of paraquat and nitrofurantoin in microsomal and lungslice systems. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 40: 1533–1539. Dinis-Oliveira, R.J. , Duarte, J.A. , Sanchez-Navarro, A. Paraquat poisoning: Mechanisms of lung toxicity, clinical features, and treatment.Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 38: 13–71. Clark, D.G. , McElligott, T.F. , Hurst, E.W. The toxicity of paraquat. Br J Ind Med 1966; 23: 126–132. Smith, L.L. , Heath, D. Paraquat. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 1976; 4: 411–445. Bismuth, C. , Garnier, R. , Dolly, S. Prognosis and treatment of paraquat poisoning: A review of 28 cases. Clin Toxicol 1982; 19: 461–474. Barbeau, A. , Roy, M. , Clourier, L. Environmental and genetic factors in the etiology of Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol 1986; 45:299–306. Shimizu, K. , Ohtaki, K. , Matsubara, K. Carrier-mediated processes in blood-brain barrier penetration and neural uptake of paraquat. BrainRes 2001; 906: 135–142.

McCormack, A.L. , Thiruchelvam, M. , Manning-Bog, A.B. Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: Selective degeneration ofnigral dopaminergic neurons caused by the herbicide paraquat. Neurobiol Dis 2002; 10: 119–127. Miller, G.W. Paraquat: The red herring of Parkinson's disease research. Toxicol Sci 2007; 100: 1–2. Tanner, C.M. , Kamel, F. , Ross, G.W. Rotenone, paraquat and Parkinson's disease . Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119: 866–872. Breckenridge, C.B. , Elridge, J.C. , Stevens, J.J. Symmetrical triazine herbicides: A review of regulatory toxicity endpoints. In: Krieger, R. ,ed. Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2010; 1171–1723. Gammon, D.W. , Aldous, C.N. , Carr, W.C. A risk assessment of atrazine use in California: Human health and ecological aspects. PestManag Sci 2005; 61: 331–355. Alavanja, M.C.R. , Samanic, C. , Dosemeci, M. Use of agricultural pesticides and prostate cancer risk in the agricultural health studycohort. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 800–814. Rusiecki, J.A. , de Roos, A. , Lee, W.J. Cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to atrazine in the Agricultural Health study.J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 1375–1382. Rohr, J.R. , McCoy, K. A qualitative meta-analysis reveals consistent effects of atrazine on freshwater fish and amphibians. Environ HealthPerspect 2010; 118: 20–32. Lim, S. , Ahn, S.Y. , Song, I.C. Chronic exposure to the herbicide atrazine causes mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance. PLoSOne 2009; 4: e5186. Kennepohl, E. , Munro, I.C. , Bus, J.S. Phenoxy herbicides (2,4-D). In: Krieger, R. , ed. Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, SanDiego, CA: Academic Press, 2010; 1829–1847. IOM (Institute of Medicine) . Veterans and Agent Orange. Update 1996, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996, p. 365. Bradberry, S.M. , Proudfoot, A.T. , Vale, J.A. Poisoning due to chlorophenoxy herbicides. Toxicol Rev 2004b; 23: 65–73. Proudfoot, A.T. , Krenzelak, E.P. , Vale, J.A. Position paper on urine alkalinization. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42: 1–26. Garabrandt, D.H. , Philbert, M.A. Review of 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) epidemiology and toxicology. Crit Rev Toxicol 2002;34: 233–257. Munro, I.C. , Carlo, G.L. , Orr, J.C. A comprehensive, integrated review and evaluation of the scientific evidence relating to the safety ofthe herbicide 2,4-D. J Am Coll Toxicol 1992; 11: 559–664. Hoar, S.K. , Blair, A. , Holmes, F.F. Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft-tissue sarcoma. JAMA 1986; 256:1141–1147. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) . Carcinogenicity peer review (4th) of 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 1977. Heydens, W.F. , Lamb, I.C. , Wilson, A.G.E. Chloroacetanilides. In: Krieger, R. , ed. Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego,CA: Academic Press, 2010, 1753–1769. Ashby, J. , Kier, L. , Wilson, A.G.E. Evaluation of the potential carcinogenicity and genetic toxicity to humans of the herbicide acetochlor.Hum Exp Toxicol 1996; 15: 702–735. Leet, T. , Acquavella, J. , Lynch, C. Cancer incidence among alachlor manufacturing workers. Am J Ind Med 1996; 30: 300–306. Costa, L.G. , Galli, C.L. , Murphy, S.D. (eds). Toxicology of Pesticides: Experimental, Clinical and Regulatory Perspectives, Heidelberg:Springer Verlag, 1987, p. 320. Chambers, J.E. , Levi, P.E. (eds). Organophosphates: Chemistry, Fate and Effects, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1992, p. 443. Gupta, R.C. (ed). Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006, p. 763. Satoh, T. , Gupta, R.C. (eds). Anticholinesterase Pesticides: Metabolism, Neurotoxicity and Epidemiology, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley andSons, 2010, p. 625. Gallo, M.A. , Lawryk, N.J. Organic phosphorus pesticides. In: Hayes W.J. , Laws E.R. , eds., Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, SanDiego, CA: Academic Press, 1991, 917–1123. Costa, L.G. Organophosphorus compounds. In: Galli C.L. , Manzo L. , Spencer P.S. Recent Advances in Nervous System Toxicology,New York, NY: Plenum Publishing, 1988, 203–246. Lotti, M. Clinical toxicology of anticholinesterases in humans. In: Krieger R. , ed., Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego,CA: Academic Press, 2010, 1543–1589. Moretto, A. , Tiramani, M. , Colosio, C. Long-term neurotoxicological effects of anticholinesterases after acute or chronic exposure. In:Satoh T. , Gupta R.C. , eds., Anticholinesterase Pesticides: Metabolism, Neurotoxicity and Epidemiology, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley andSons, 2010, 97–108. Pope, C. The influence of age on pesticide toxicity. In: Krieger, R. , ed., Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 2010, 819–835. Mortensen, S. , Chandra, S. , Hooper, M. Maturational differences in chlorpyrifos-oxonase activity may contribute to age-related sensitivityto chlorpyrifos. J Biochem Toxicol 1996; 1: 279–287. Eskenazi, B. , Bradman, A. , Castorina, R. Exposures to children to organophosphate pesticides and their potential health effects. EnvironHealth Perspect 1999; 107(Suppl 3): 409–419. Rauh, V.A. , Perera, F.P. , Horton, M.K. Brain anomalies in children exposed prenatally to a common organophosphate pesticide. ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109: 7871–7876. Flaskos, J. The developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphorus insecticides: A direct role for the oxon metabolites. Toxicol Lett 2012;209: 86–93. Lotti, M. , Moretto, A. Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. Toxicol Rev 2005; 24: 37–49. Ehrich, M. , Jortner, B.S. Organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy. In: Krieger R. ed., Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology,San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2010, 1479–1504. Johnson, M.K. The target for initiation of delayed neurotoxicity by organophosphorus esters: Biochemical studies and toxicologicalapplications. Rev Biochem Toxicol 1982; 4: 141–212. Johnson, M.K. , Glynn, P. Neuropathy target esterase. In: Krieger R. , ed., Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA: AcademicPress, 2001, 953–965. Richardson, J.R. , Hein, N.D. , Wijeyesakere, S.J. Neuropathy target esterase (NTE): Overview and future. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:238–244. Morgan, J.P. , Penovich, P. Jamaica ginger paralysis. Forty-seven-year follow-up. Neurology 1978; 35: 530–532.

Moretto, A. Testing for organophosphate delayed neuropathy. In: Maines, M.D. , Costa, L.G. , Reed, D.J. eds., Current Protocols inToxicology, New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1999, 11.5.1–11.5.14. Goes, A.E. , Savage, E.P. , Gibbons, G. Suspected foodborne carbamate pesticide intoxications with the ingestion of hydroponiccucumbers. Am J Epidemiol 1980; 111: 254–259. Goldman, L.R. , Smith, D.F. , Neutra, R.R. Pesticide food poisoning from contaminated watermelons in California, 1985. Arch EnvironHealth 1990; 45: 229–236. Rossman, Y. , Maharovski, I. , Bentur, Y. Carbamate poisoning: Treatment recommendations in the setting of a mass casualties event. AmJ Emerg Med 2009; 27: 1117–1124. Casida J.E. Michael Elliot's billion dollar crystals and other discoveries in insecticide chemistry. Pest Manag Sci 2010; 66: 1163–1170. Soderlund, D.M. , Clark, J.M. , Sheets, L.P. Mechanisms of pyrethroid neurotoxicity: Implications for cumulative risk assessment.Toxicology 2002; 171: 3–59. Verschoyle, R.D. , Aldridge, W.N. Structure-activity relationships of some pyrethroids in rats. Arch Toxicol 1980; 45: 325–329. Ray, D.E. , Fry, J.R. A reassessment of the neurotoxicity of pyrethroid insecticides. Pharmacol Therap 2006; 111: 174–193. Soderlund, D.M. Toxicology and mode of action of pyrethroid insecticides. In: Krieger R. , ed., Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology,San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2010, 1665–1686. Narahashi, T. Neuronal ion channels as the target sites of insecticides. Pharmacol Toxicol 1996; 78: 1–14. Lawrence, L.J. , Casida, J.E. Stereospecific action of pyrethroid insecticides on the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-ionophore complex.Science 1983; 221: 1399–1401. Forshaw, P.J. , Lister, T. , Ray, D.E. Inhibition of a neuronal voltage-dependent chloride channel by the type II pyrethroid, deltamethrin.Neuropharmacology 1993; 32: 105–111. Bradberry, S.M. , Cage, S.A. , Proudfoot, A.T. Poisoning due to pyrethroids. Toxicol Rev 2005; 24: 93–106. Flannigan, S.A. , Tucker, S.B. , Key, M.M. Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides: A dermatological evaluation. Br J Ind Med 1985; 42: 363–372. He, F. , Wang, S. , Liu, L. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute pyrethroid poisoning. Arch Toxicol 1989; 63: 54–58. Ujvary, I. Pest control agents from natural products. In: Krieger R. , ed., Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 2010, 119–229. Tomizawa, M. , Casida, J.E. Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: Mechanisms of selective action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 45:247–268. Sheets, L.P. Imidacloprid: A neonicotinoid insecticide. In: Krieger R. , ed., Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 2010, 2055–2064. Cimino, A.M. , Boyles, A.L. , Thayer, K.A. Effects of neonicotinoid pesticide exposure on human health: A systematic review. Environ.Health Perspect. 2017; 125: 155–162. Matsuda, K. , Buckingam, S.D. , Kleier, D. Neonicotinoids: Insecticides acting on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. TrendsPharmacol Sci 2001; 22: 573–580. Sanchez-Bayo, F. , Goulson, D. , Pennacchio, F. Are bee diseases linked to pesticides? A brief review. Environ Int 2016: 7–11. Ecobichon, D.J. , Joy, R.M. Pesticides and Neurological Diseases, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1982, p. 281. Vijverberg, H.P.M. , van der Zalm, J.M. , van den Bercken, J. Similar mode of action of pyrethroids and DDT on sodium channel gating inmyelinated nerves. Nature 1982; 295: 601–603. Carson, R . Silent Spring, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1962. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) . DDT: A review of Scientific and Economic Aspects of the Decision to Ban Its Use as aPesticide, Washington, DC: USEPA, 1975, p. 300. Chao, H.R. , Wang, S.L. , Lin, T.C. Levels of organochlorine pesticides in human milk from central Taiwan. Chemosphere 2006; 62:1776–1785. Bouwman, H. , van de Berg, H. , Kylin, H. DDT and malaria prevention: Addressing the paradox. Enviro Health Perspect 2011; 119:744–747. Smith, A.G. Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. In: Hayes W.J. , Laws E.R. , eds., Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 1991, 731–915. Narahashi, T. , Zhao, X. , Ikeda, T. Differential actions of insecticides on target sites: Basis for selective toxicity. Hum Exp Toxicol 2007;26: 361–366. Lee, S.J. , Mulay, P. , Diebolt-Brown, B. Acute illnesses associated with exposure to fipronil-surveillance data from 11 states in the UnitedStates, 2001–2007. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48: 737–744. Isman, M.B. Botanical insecticides, deterrents and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annu Rev Entomol2006; 51: 45–66. Degli Esposti, M. Inhibitors of NADH-ubiquinone reductase: An overview. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1364: 222–235. Betarbet, R. , Sherer, T.B. , MacKenzie, G. Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson's disease. NatureNeurosci 2000; 3: 1301–1306. Sherer, T.B. , Kim, J.H. , Betarbet, R. Subcutaneous rotenone exposure causes highly selective dopaminergic degeneration and α-synuclein aggregation. Exp Neurol 2003; 179: 6–16. Li, A.A. , Mink, P.J. , McIntosh, L.J. Evaluation of epidemiologic and animal data associating pesticides with Parkinson's disease. J OccupEnv Med 2005; 47: 1059–1087. Bakir, F. , Damluji, S.F. , Amin-Zaki, L. Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Science 1973; 181: 230–241. Edwards, I.R. , Ferry, D.G. , Temple, W.A. Fungicides and related compounds. In: Hayes, W.J. , Laws, E.R. , eds., Handbook of PesticideToxicology. Vol. 3, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991, 1409–1470. Chhabra, R.S. , Eustis, S. , Haseman, J.K. Comparative carcinogenicity of ethylene thiourea with or without perinatal exposure in rats andmice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1992; 18: 405–417. Ferraz, H.B. , Bertolucci, P.H. , Pereira, J.S. Chronic exposure to the fungicide maneb may produce symptoms and signs of CNSmanganese intoxication. Neurology 1988; 38: 550–553. Keigwin R.P. Maneb: Cancellation order for a certain pesticide registration. Fed Reg 2010; 75 (73); 19967–19968. Fitzmaurice, A.G. , Rhodes, S.L. , Lulla, A. Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition as a pathogenic mechanism in Parkinson's disease. ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 2013; 110: 636–641.

Parsons, P.P. Mammalian toxicokinetics and toxicity of chlorothalonil, in Krieger R. , ed., Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, SanDiego, CA: Academic Press, 2010, 1951–1966. Arce, G.T. , Gordon, E.B. , Cohen, S.M. Genetic toxicology of folpet and captan. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40: 546–574. Gordon, E.B. Captan: Transition from “B2” to “not likely”. How pesticide registrants affected the EPA cancer classification update. J ApplToxicol 2001; 27: 519–526. Gordon, E.B. Captan and Folpet. In: Krieger R. , ed., Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2010,1915–1949. McLaughlin, J. , Reynaldo, E.F. , Lamar, J.K. Teratology studies in rabbits with captan, folpet and thalidomide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol1969; 14: 641. Clarkson, T.W. Inorganic and organometal pesticides. In: Krieger R. , ed., Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA: AcademicPress, 2001, 1357–1428. Golub, M. , Doherty, J. Triphenyltin as a potential human endocrine disruptor. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2004; 7: 281–295. Ajwa, H. , Ntow, W.J. , Qin, R. Properties of soil fumigants and their fate in the environment. In: Krieger, R. , ed., Hayes’ Handbook ofPesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2010, 315–330. Stott, W.T. , Gollapudi, B.B. 1,3 Dichloropropene. In: Krieger, R. , ed., Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 2010, 551–569. Sanchez-Moreno S. , Alonso-Prados E , Alonso-Prados J.L. Multivariate analysis of toxicological and environmental properties of soilnematocides. Pest Manag Sci 2009; 65: 82–92. Ruzo, L.O. Physical, chemical and environmental properties of selected chemical alternatives for the pre-plant use of methyl bromide assoil fumigant. Pest Manag Sci 2006; 62: 99–113. Pruett, S.B. , Myers, L.P. , Keil, D.E. Toxicology of metam sodium. J Toxicol Env Health Part B 2001; 4: 207–222. Dourson, M.L. , Kahrman-Vincent, M.J. , Allen, B.C. Dose response assessment for effects of acute exposure to methyl isocyanate(MITC). Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 58: 181–188. Tweedy, B.W. Inorganic sulfur as a fungicide. Residue Rev 1981; 78: 43–68. Gammon, D.W. , Moore, T.B. , O'Malley, M.A. A toxicological assessment of sulfur as a pesticide. In: Krieger, R. , ed., Hayes’ Handbook ofPesticide Toxicology, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2010, 1889–1901. Zhang, Z., Jian, X. , Zhang, W., Wang, J., Zhou, Q. PLoS One. Using bosentan to treat paraquat poisoning-induced acute lung injury inrats. 2013;8(10):e75943. Huang, C. , Li, X. Maternal cypermethrin exposure during the perinatal period impairs testicular development in C57BL male offspring.PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96781.

Food Additives FDA . Food Additive Status List. https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm091048.htm FDA . Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). https://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/gras/ Rippe JM , Angelopoulos TJ . Relationship between added sugars consumption and chronic disease risk factors: Current understanding.Nutrients. 2016;8(11). pii: E697. FDA . Overview of Food Ingredients, Additives and Colors.https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm094211.htm Food Additive Codes . http://www.drsref.com.au/foodaddcodes.html Food Intolerance Network . https://fedup.com.au/information/information/complete-lists-of-additives Bechtel DH . Article series: Safety of esterified propoxylated glycerol (EPG), a nonabsorbable fat replacer. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol.2014;70:(Suppl 2):S91–S94. Bechtel DH . Genotoxicity testing of esterified propoxylated glycerol (EPG). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2014;70(Suppl 2):S131–S142. Anderson SE , Franko J , Wells JR , Lukomska E , Meade BJ . Evaluation of the hypersensitivity potential of alternative butter flavorings.Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;62:373–381. Kelly FL , Sun J , Fischer BM Diacetyl induces amphiregulin shedding in pulmonary epithelial cells and in experimental bronchiolitisobliterans. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2014;51(4):568–574. Kreiss K . Work-related spirometric restriction in flavoring manufacturing workers. Am J Ind Med. 2014;57(2):129–137. Starek-Swiechowicz B , Starek A . Diacetyl exposure as a pneumotoxic factor: A review. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2014;65(2):87–92. Moura AG , Santana GM , Ferreira PM , Sousa JM , Peron AP . Cytotoxicity of cheese and cheddar cheese food flavorings on Allim cepa Lroot meristems. Braz J Biol. 2016;76(2):439–443. Nunes RD , Sales IM , Silva SI , Sousa JM , Peron AP . Antiproliferative and genotoxic effects of nature identical and artificial syntheticfood additives of aroma and flavor. Braz J Biol. 2016;77:150–154. Cohen SM , Fukushima S , Gooderham NJ Safety evaluation of substituted thiophenes used as flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol.2017;99:40–59. Soffritti M , Belpoggi F , Esposti DD , Falcioni L , Bua L . Consequences of exposure to carcinogens beginning during developmental life.Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008;102(2):118–124. Buka I , Osornio-Vargas A , Clark B . Food additives, essential nutrients and neurodevelopmental behavioural disorders in children: A briefreview. Paediatr Child Health. 2011;16(7):e54–e56. Cheeseman MA . Artificial food color additives and child behavior. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(1):A15–A16; author reply A17. Weiss B . Synthetic food colors and neurobehavioral hazards: The view from environmental health research. Environ Health Perspect.2012;120(1):1–5. Dwivedi K , Kumar G . Genetic damage induced by a food coloring dye (sunset yellow) on meristematic cells of Brassica campestris L. JEnviron Public Health. 2015;2015:319727. Meyer SK , Probert PME , Lakey AF Hepatic effects of tartrazine (E 102) after systemic exposure are independent of oestrogen receptorinteractions in the mouse. Toxicol Lett. 2017;273:55–68.

Shimada C , Kano K , Sasaki YF , Sato I , Tsudua S . Differential colon DNA damage induced by azo food additives between rats andmice. J Toxicol Sci. 2010;35(4):547–554. Hossain MZ , Gilbert SF , Patel K , Ghosh S , Bhunia AK , Kern SE . Biological clues to potent DNA-damaging activities in food andflavoring. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;55:557–567. Noorafshan A , Asadi-Golshan R , Monjezi S , Karbalay-Doust S . Sodium metabisulphite, a preservative agent, decreases the heartcapillary volume and length, and curcumin, the main component of Curcuma longa, cannot protect it. Folia Biol (Praha).2014;60(6):275–280. Jovanović B . Critical review of public health regulations of titanium dioxide, a human food additive. Integr Environ Assess Manag.2015;11(1):10–20. Zhang X , Bo A , Chi B , Xia Y , Su X , Sun J . Magnesium sulfate induced toxicity in vitro in AGS gastric adenocarcinoma cells and in vivoin mouse gastric mucosa. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(1):71–76. Banerjee S , Das RK , Giffear KA , Shapiro BH . Permanent uncoupling of male-specific CYP2C11 transcription/translation by perinatalglutamate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2015;284(1):79–91. Khalaf HA , Arafat EA . Effect of different doses of monosodium glutamate on the thyroid follicular cells of adult male albino rats: Ahistological study. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(12):15498–15510. López-Miranda V , Soto-Montenegro ML , Uranga-Ocio JA Effects of chronic dietary exposure to monosodium glutamate on feedingbehavior, adiposity, gastrointestinal motility, and cardiovascular function in healthy adult rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil.2015;27(11):1559–1570. Adaramoye OA , Akanni OO . Effects of long-term administration of aspartame on biochemical indices, lipid profile and redox status ofcellular system of male rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2016;27(1):29–37. Saben JL , Asghar Z , Rhee JS , Drury A , Scheaffer S , Moley KH . Excess maternal fructose consumption increases fetal loss andimpairs endometrial decidualization in Mice. Endocrinology. 2016;157(2):956–968. Azad MB , Abou-Setta AM , Chauhan BF Nonnutritive sweeteners and cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis ofrandomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies. CMAJ. 2017;189(28):E929–E939. Caliceti C , Calabria D , Roda A , Cicero AFG . Fructose intake, serum uric acid, and cardiometabolic disorders: A critical review. Nutrients.2017;9(4). pii: E395. Neltner TG , Alger HM , Leonard JE , Maffini MV . Data gaps in toxicity testing of chemicals allowed in food in the United States. ReprodToxicol. 2013;42:85–94. Ajarem J , Altoom NG , Allam AA , Maodaa SN , Abdel-Maksoud MA , Chow BK . Oral administration of potassium bromate inducesneurobehavioral changes, alters cerebral neurotransmitters level and impairs brain tissue of swiss mice. Behav Brain Funct.2016;12(1):14. National Toxicology Program . Safrole. Rep Carcinog. 2011;12:374–375. Costigan S , Meredith C . An approach to ingredient screening and toxicological risk assessment of flavours in e-liquids. Regul ToxicolPharmacol. 2015;72(2):361–369. Werley MS , Kirkpatrick DJ , Oldham MJ Toxicological assessment of a prototype e-cigaret device and three flavor formulations: A 90-dayinhalation study in rats. Inhal Toxicol. 2016;28(1):22–38. Kowitt SD , Meernik C , Baker HM , Osman A , Huang LL , Goldstein AO . Perceptions and experiences with flavored non-menthol tobaccoproducts: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(4). pii: E338. Sharma A , Wongkham C , Prasongwattana V . Proteomic analysis of kidney in rats chronically exposed to monosodium glutamate. PLoSOne. 2014;9(12):e116233.

Phthalates Green R , Hauser R , Calafat AM Use of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-containing medical products and urinary levels of mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in neonatal intensive care unit infants. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113(9):1222–1225. Sathyanarayana S , Karr CJ , Lozano P Baby care products: Possible sources of infant phthalate exposure. Pediatrics2008;121(2):e260–e268. Duty SM , Ackerman RM , Calafat AM , Hauser R . Personal care product use predicts urinary concentrations of some phthalatemonoesters. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113(11):1530–1535. Carruthers CM , Foster PMD . Critical window of male reproductive tract development in rats following gestational exposure to di-n-butylphthalate. Birth Defects Res Part B—Dev Reprod Toxicol 2005;74(3):277–285. Kimber I , Dearman RJ . An assessment of the ability of phthalates to influence immune and allergic responses. Toxicology2010;271(3):73–82. Graham PR . Phthalate ester plasticizers—Why and how they are used. Environ Health Perspect 1973;3(January):3–12. Rusyn I , Peters JM , Cunningham ML . Modes of action and species-specific effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in the liver. Crit RevToxicol 2006;36(5):459–479. NICNAS . National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme. Priority Existing Chemical Draft Assessment Report.Diethylhexyl Phthalate. 2010. Fabjan E , Hulzebos E , Mennes W , Piersma AH . A category approach for reproductive effects of phthalates. Crit Rev Toxicol2006;36(9):695–726. Lyche JL , Gutleb AC , Bergman A Reproductive and developmental toxicity of phthalates. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev2009;12(4):225–249. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . Toxicological profile: Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). 2002. Montgomery J , Welkom L . Groundwater chemicals desk reference. 1990. Staples C , Peterson D , Parkerton T . The environmental fate of phthalate esters: A literature review. Chemosphere 1997;35:667–749. HCWH . Aggregate exposures to phthalates in humans. 2002.

Clark K , Cousins I , Mackay D . Assessment of critical exposure pathways. In: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Berlin,Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2003. pp. 227–262. WHO . Diethyl phthalate. In: Concise International Chemical Assessment. 2003. Main KM , Mortensen GK , Kaleva MM Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductivehormones in infants three months of age. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114(2):270–276. Heudorf U , Mersch-Sundermann V , Angerer J . Phthalates: Toxicology and exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007;210(5):623–634. Chen ML , Chen JS , Tang CL , Mao IF . The internal exposure of Taiwanese to phthalate—An evidence of intensive use of plasticmaterials. Environ Int 2008;34(1):79–85. Fromme H , Gruber L , Seckin E Phthalates and their metabolites in breast milk—Results from the Bavarian Monitoring of Breast Milk(BAMBI). Environ Int 2011;37(4):715–722. Cirillo T , Latini G , Castaldi MA Exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate and bisphenol A through infant formulas. J AgricFood Chem 2015;63(12):3303–3310. Pollack GM , Li RCK , Ermer JC , Shen DD . Effects of route of administration and repetitive dosing on the disposition kinetics of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its mono-de-esterified metabolite in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1985;79(2):246–256. Rhodes C , Orton TC , Pratt IS . Comparative pharmacokinetics and subacute toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in rats andmarmosets: Extrapolation of effects in rodents to man. Environ Health Perspect 1986;65(6):299–308. Ikeda GJ , Sapienza PP , Couvillion JL , Farber TM . Comparative distribution, excretion and metabolism of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate inrats, dogs and miniature pigs. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1980;18(6):637–642. Lake BG , Gangolli SD , Grasso P , Lloyd AG . Studies on the hepatic effects of orally administered di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the rat.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1975;32(2):355–367. Sjoberg P , Lindqvistt NG , Ploen L . Age-dependent response of the rat testes to di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Environ Health Perspect1986;65(19):237–242 . Koch HM , Preuss R , Angerer J , Foster P , Sharpe R , Toppari J . Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP): Human metabolism and internalexposure—An update and latest results. Int J Androl 2006;29(1):155–165. ECB . European Union Risk Assessment Report: Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). 2008. Wittassek M , Koch HM , Angerer J , Brüning T . Assessing exposure to phthalates—The human biomonitoring approach. Mol Nutr FoodRes 2011;55(1):7–31. Kueseng P , Thavarungkul P , Kanatharana P . Trace phthalate and adipate esters contaminated in packaged food. J Environ Sci Health B2007;42(5):569–576. Rudel RA , Gray JM , Engel CL Food packaging and bisphenol A and bis(2-ethyhexyl) phthalate exposure: Findings from a dietaryintervention. Environ Health Perspect 2011;119(7):914–920. Kluwe WM . Overview of phthalate ester pharmacokinetics in mammalian species. Environ Health Perspect 1982;45:3–9. Frederiksen H , Skakkebæk NE , Andersson AM . Metabolism of phthalates in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007;51(7):899–911. Fromme H , Bolte G , Koch HM Occurrence and daily variation of phthalate metabolites in the urine of an adult population. Int J HygEnviron Health 2007;210(1):21–33. Peck CC , Albro PW . Toxic potential of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the context of its disposition and metabolism in primatesand man. Environ Health Perspect 1982;45:11–17. Cresteil T . Onset of xenobiotic metabolism in children: Toxicological implications. Food Addit Contam 1998;15(Suppl):45–51. McKee RH . Phthalate exposure and early thelarche [4]. Environ Health Perspect 2004;112(10):538–543. Kato K , Silva MJ , Reidy JA Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate as biomarkers for humanexposure assessment to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Environ Health Perspect 2004;112(3):327–330. Silva MJ , Reidy JA , Samandar E , Herbert AR , Needham LL , Calafat AM . Detection of phthalate metabolites in human saliva. ArchToxicol 2005;79(11):647–652. Barr DB , Silva MJ , Kato K Assessing human exposure to phthalates using monoesters and their oxidized metabolites as biomarkers.Environ Health Perspect 2003;111(9):1148–1151. Preuss R , Koch HM , Angerer J . Biological monitoring of the five major metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in human urineusing column-switching liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci2005;816(1–2):269–280. Koch HM , Bolt HM , Preuss R , Eckstein R , Weisbach V , Angerer J . Intravenous exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP):Metabolites of DEHP in urine after a voluntary platelet donation. Arch Toxicol 2005;79(12):689–693. Koch HM , Bolt HM , Preuss R , Angerer J . New metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in human urine and serum after singleoral doses of deuterium-labelled DEHP. Arch Toxicol 2005;79(7):367–376. Calafat AM , Needham LL , Silva MJ , Lambert G . Exposure to di-(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate among premature neonates in a neonatalintensive care unit. 2004;429–434. Aylward LL , Lorber M , Hays SM . Urinary DEHP metabolites and fasting time in NHANES. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol2011;21(6):615–624. Wormuth M , Scheringer M , Vollenweider M , Hungerbühler K . What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acidesters in Europeans? Risk Anal 2006;26(3):803–824. CDC . Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. 2009. Available from:http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/pdf/fourthreport.pdf Koch HM , Preuss R , Drexler H , Angerer J . Exposure of nursery school children and their parents and teachers to di-n-butylphthalateand butylbenzylphthalate. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2005;78(3):223–229. Dostal LA , Weaver RP , Schwetz BA . Transfer of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate through rat milk and effects on milk composition and themammary gland. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1987;91(3):315–325. Latini G , De Felice C , Presta G In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and duration of human pregnancy. Environ HealthPerspect 2003;111(14):1783–1785. US EPA . United States Environmental Protection Agency. Phthalates: Action Plan. 2012. Weuve J , Sánchez BN , Calafat AM Exposure to phthalates in neonatal intensive care unit infants: Urinary concentrations of monoestersand oxidative metabolites. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114(9):1424–1431.

Foster PMD . Disruption of reproductive development in male rat offspring following in utero exposure to phthalate esters. Int J Androl2006;29(1):140–147; discussion 181–5. Akingbemi BT , Youker RT , Sottas CM Modulation of rat Leydig cell steroidogenic function by di (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate. Biol Reprod2001;1259(4):1252–1259. Borch J , Ladefoged O , Hass U , Vinggaard AM . Steroidogenesis in fetal male rats is reduced by DEHP and DINP, but endocrine effectsof DEHP are not modulated by DEHA in fetal, prepubertal and adult male rats. Reprod Toxicol 2004;18(1):53–61. Noriega NC , Howdeshell KL , Furr J , Lambright CR , Wilson VS , Gray LE . Pubertal administration of DEHP delays puberty, suppressestestosterone production, and inhibits reproductive tract development in male Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats. Toxicol Sci2009;111(1):163–178. Ge R-S , Chen G-R , Dong Q Biphasic effects of postnatal exposure to diethylhexylphthalate on the timing of puberty in male rats. J Androl2007;28(4):513–520. Ge RS , Chen GR , Tanrikut C , Hardy MP . Phthalate ester toxicity in Leydig cells: Developmental timing and dosage considerations.Reprod Toxicol 2007;23(3):366–373. Swan SH , Main KM , Liu F Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ HealthPerspect 2005;113(8):1056–1061. Borch J , Metzdorff SB , Vinggaard AM , Brokken L , Dalgaard M . Mechanisms underlying the anti-androgenic effects of diethylhexylphthalate in fetal rat testis. Toxicology 2006;223(1–2):144–155. Griswold MD . The central role of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 1998;9(4):411–416. Treinen KA , Dodson WC , Heindel JJ . Inhibition of FSH-stimulated cAMP accumulation and progesterone production by mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in rat granulosa cell cultures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1990;106(2):334–340. Klinefelter GR , Laskey JW , Winnik WM Novel molecular targets associated with testicular dysgenesis induced by gestational exposure todiethylhexyl phthalate in the rat: A role for estradiol. Reproduction 2012;144(6):747–761. Hannas BR , Lambright CS , Furr J , Howdeshell KL , Wilson VS , Gray LE . Dose-response assessment of fetal testosterone productionand gene expression levels in rat testes following in utero exposure to diethylhexyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diisoheptyl phthalate,and diisononyl phthalate. Toxicol Sci 2011;123(1):206–216. Gorski RA . Sexual differentiation of the brain: A model for drug-induced alterations of the reproductive system. Environ Health Perspect1986;70(14):163–175. Andrade AJM , Grande SW , Talsness CE , Grote K , Chahoud I . A dose-response study following in utero and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP): Non-monotonic dose-response and low dose effects on rat brain aromatase activity. Toxicology2006;227(3):185–192. Lovekamp TN , Davis BJ . Mono- (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate suppresses aromatase transcript levels and estradiol production in cultured ratgranulosa cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001;224(3):217–224. Davis BJ , Maronpot RR , Heindel JJ . Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate suppresses estradiol and ovulation in cycling rats. Toxicol ApplPharmacol 1994;128(2):216–223. Wu S , Zhu J , Li Y Dynamic epigenetic changes involved in testicular toxicity induced by di-2-(ethylhexyl) phthalate in mice. Basic ClinPharmacol Toxicol 2010;106(2):118–123. Culty M , Thuillier R , Li W In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exerts both short-term and long-lasting suppressive effects ontestosterone production in the rat. Biol Reprod 2008;78(6):1018–1028. Xu Y , Agrawal S , Cook TJ , Knipp GT . Maternal di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate exposure influences essential fatty acid homeostasis in ratplacenta. Placenta 2008;29(11):962–969. Botelho GGK , Golin M , Bufalo AC , Morais RN , Dalsenter PR , Martino-Andrade AJ . Reproductive effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate inimmature male rats and its relation to cholesterol, testosterone, and thyroxin levels. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2009;57(4):777–784. Gayathri N , Dhanya C , Indu A , Kurup P . Changes in some hormones by low doses of di (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a commonlyused plasticizer in PVC blood storage bags and medical tubing. Indian J Med Res 2004;119(4):139–144. Holahan MR , Smith CA . Phthalates and neurotoxic effects on hippocampal network plasticity. Neurotoxicology 2015;48:21–34. Smith CA , MacDonald A , Holahan MR . Acute postnatal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate adversely impacts hippocampaldevelopment in the male rat. Neuroscience 2011;193:100–108. McEwen BS , Bowles NP , Gray JD Mechanisms of stress in the brain. Nat Neurosci 2015;18(10):1353–1363. Smith CA , Holahan MR . Reduced hippocampal dendritic spine density and BDNF expression following acute postnatal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in male Long-Evans rats. PLoS One 2014;9(10):e109522. Ishido M , Masuo Y , Sayato-Suzuki J , Oka S , Niki E , Morita M . Dicyclohexylphthalate causes hyperactivity in the rat concomitantly withimpairment of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. J Neurochem 2004;91(1):69–76. Masuo Y , Morita M , Oka S , Ishido M . Motor hyperactivity caused by a deficit in dopaminergic neurons and the effects of endocrinedisruptors: A study inspired by the physiological roles of PACAP in the brain. Regul Pept 2004;123(1–3):225–234. Xu Y , Agrawal S , Cook TJ , Knipp GT . Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate affects lipid profiling in fetal rat brain upon maternal exposure. ArchToxicol 2007;81(1):57–62. Xu Y , Cook TJ , Knipp GT . Effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) and its metabolites on fatty acid homeostasis regulating proteinsin rat placental HRP-1 trophoblasts cells. Toxicol Sci 2005;84(2):287–300. Engel SM , Zhu C , Berkowitz GS Prenatal phthalate exposure and performance on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale in amultiethnic birth cohort. Neurotoxicology 2009;30:522–528. Whyatt RM , Liu X , Rauh VA Maternal prenatal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and child mental, psychomotor, and behavioraldevelopment at 3 years of age. Environ Health Perspect 2012;120(2):290–295. Polanska K , Ligocka D , Sobala W , Hanke W . Phthalate exposure and child development: The Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study.Early Hum Dev 2014;90(9):477–485. Cho SC , Bhang SY , Hong YC Relationship between environmental phthalate exposure and the intelligence of school-age children.Environ Health Perspect 2010;118(7):1027–1032. Factor-Litvak P , Insel B , Calafat AM Persistent associations between maternal prenatal exposure to phthalates on child IQ at age 7 years.PLoS One 2014;9(12):1–15. Carbone S , Ponzo OJ , Gobetto N Antiandrogenic effect of perinatal exposure to the endocrine disruptor di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalateincreases anxiety-like behavior in male rats during sexual maturation. Horm Behav 2013;63(5):692–699.

Swan SH , Liu F , Hines M Prenatal phthalate exposure and reduced masculine play in boys. Int J Androl 2010;33(2):259–267. Kim BN , Cho SC , Kim Y Phthalates exposure and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-age children. Biol Psychiatry2009;66(10):958–963. Testa C , Nuti F , Hayek J Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and autism spectrum disorders. ASN Neuro 2012;4(4):223–229. Bornehag CG , Sundell J , Weschler CJ The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust:A nested case-control study. Environ Health Perspect 2004;112(14):1393–1397. Bertelsen RJ , Lodrup Carlsen KC , Calafat AM Urinary biomarkers for phthalates associated with asthma in Norwegian children. EnvironHealth Perspect 2013;121(2):251–256. 93 Stenz L , Escoffier J , Rahban R , Nef S , Paoloni-Giacobino A . Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome and Long-Lasting EpigeneticSilencing of Mouse Sperm Genes Involved in the Reproductive System after Prenatal Exposure to DEHP. PLoS One.2017;12(1):e0170441.

Heavy Metals Ibrahim D , Froberg B , Wolf A , Rusyniak DE . Heavy metal poisoning: Clinical presentations and pathophysiology. Clin Lab Med.2006;26(1):67–97. Zwolak I , Zaporowska H . Selenium interactions and toxicity: A review. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2012;28(1):31–46. Agarwal P , Sharma S , Agarwal US . Selenium toxicity: A rare diagnosis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2016;82(6):690–693. Jaishankar M , Tseten T , Anbalagan N , Mathew BB , Beeregowda KN . Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals.Interdiscip Toxicol. 2014;7(2):60–72. Caravati EM , Erdman AR , Christianson G . Elemental mercury exposure: An evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospitalmanagement. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2008;46(1):1–21. Satarug S , Garrett SH , Sens MA , Sens DA . Cadmium, environmental exposure, and health outcomes. Environ Health Perspect.2010;118(2):182–190. Hinwood AL , Callan AC , Ramalingam M Cadmium, lead and mercury exposure in nonsmoking pregnant women. Environ Res.2013;126:118–124. Patlolla AK , Barnes C , Yedjou C , Velma VR , Tchounwou PB . Oxidative stress, DNA damage, and antioxidant enzyme activity inducedby hexavalent chromium in Sprague-Dawley rats. Environ Toxicol. 2009;24(1):66–73. Asomugha RN , Udowelle NA , Offor SJ Heavy metals hazards from Nigerian spices. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2016;67(3):309–314. Galanis A , Karapetsas A , Sandaltzopoulos R . Metal-induced carcinogenesis, oxidative stress and hypoxia signalling. Mutat Res.2009;674(1–2):31–35. Teixeira MC , Carvalho FM , Lins L . Health-related quality of life of former lead workers in Brazil. Int J Environ Res Public Health.2015;12(11):14084–14093. Abelsohn AR , Sanborn M . Lead and children: Clinical management for family physicians. Can Fam Physician. 2010;56(6):531–535. Aguilar Madrid G , Téllez-Cárdenas L , Juárez-Pérez CA Blood lead determinants and the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms infirearm users in Mexico. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2016;29(2):219–228. Houston MC . Role of mercury toxicity in hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).2011;13(8):621–627. Bernhoft RA . Mercury toxicity and treatment: A review of the literature. J Environ Public Health. 2012;2012:460508. Park JD , Zheng W . Human exposure and health effects of inorganic and elemental mercury. J Prev Med Public Health.2012;45(6):344–352. Nogué S , Sanz-Gallén P , Torras A , Boluda F . Chronic overexposure to cadmium fumes associated with IgA mesangialglomerulonephritis. Occup Med (Lond). 2004;54(4):265–267. Adebambo OA , Ray PD , Shea D , Fry RC . Toxicological responses of environmental mixtures: Environmental metal mixtures displaysynergistic induction of metal-responsive and oxidative stress genes in placental cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2015;289(3):534–541. Hunter P . Essentially deadly: Living with toxic elements: Humans and plants have evolved various mechanisms to deal with and evenadopt toxic heavy metals. EMBO Rep. 2015;16(12):1605–1608. Pohl HR , Roney N , Abadin HG . Metal ions affecting the neurological system. Met Ions Life Sci. 2011;8:247–262. Rzymski P , Tomczyk K , Rzymski P , Poniedziałek B , Opala T , Wilczak M . Impact of heavy metals on the female reproductive system.Ann Agric Environ Med. 2015;22(2):259–264. Sanders AP , Burris HH , Just AC Altered miRNA expression in the cervix during pregnancy associated with lead and mercury exposure.Epigenomics. 2015;7(6):885–896. Thévenod F , Lee WK . Toxicology of cadmium and its damage to mammalian organs. Met Ions Life Sci. 2013;11:415–490. Lemire J , Appanna VD . Aluminum toxicity and astrocyte dysfunction: A metabolic link to neurological disorders. J Inorg Biochem.2011;105(11):1513–1517. Wu Z , Du Y , Xue H , Wu Y , Zhou B . Aluminum induces neurodegeneration and its toxicity arises from increased iron accumulation andreactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Neurobiol Aging. 2012;33(1):199.e1–199.e12. Siddique A , Kowdley KV . Review article: The iron overload syndromes. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(8):876–893. Mohamed Fel B , Zaky EA , El-Sayed AB Assessment of hair aluminum, lead, and mercury in a sample of autistic Egyptian children:Environmental risk factors of heavy metals in autism. Behav Neurol. 2015;2015:545674. Yoon S , Han SS , Rana SV . Molecular markers of heavy metal toxicity—A new paradigm for health risk assessment. J Environ Biol.2008;29(1):1–14. Koedrith P , Seo YR . Advances in carcinogenic metal toxicity and potential molecular markers. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(12):9576–9595. Martinez-Zamudio R , Ha HC . Environmental epigenetics in metal exposure. Epigenetics. 2011;6(7):820–827. Rusyniak DE , Arroyo A , Acciani J , Froberg B , Kao L , Furbee B . Heavy metal poisoning: Management of intoxication and antidotes.EXS. 2010;100:365–396.

Sinicropi MS , Amantea D , Caruso A , Saturnino C . Chemical and biological properties of toxic metals and use of chelating agents for thepharmacological treatment of metal poisoning. Arch Toxicol. 2010;84(7):501–520. Jang DH , Hoffman RS . Heavy metal chelation in neurotoxic exposures. Neurol Clin. 2011;29(3):607–622. Gautam S , Platel K , Srinivasan K . Higher bioaccessibility of iron and zinc from food grains in the presence of garlic and onion. J AgricFood Chem. 2010;58(14):8426–8429. Bernhoft RA . Cadmium toxicity and treatment. Sci World J. 2013;2013:394652. Privangika SMTN , Karunarathna WG , Livanage I . A rare case of self-injection of elemental mercury. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:189. Ayinde OC , Ogunnowo S , Ogedegbe RA . Influence of Vitamin C and Vitamin E on testicular zinc content and testicular toxicity in leadexposed albino rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2012;13:17. Hegazy R , Salama A , Mansour D , Hassan A . Renoprotective effect of lactoferrin against chromium-induced acute kidney injury in rats:Involvement of IL-18 and IGF-1 inhibition. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0151486.