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ARTICLE IN PRESSBRE-148; No. of Pages 9r e v b r a s r e u m a t
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REVISTA BRASILEIRA DEREUMATOLOGIA
w ww.reumato logia .com.br
eview article
ccupational therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: whatheumatologists
need to know?
edro Henrique Tavares Queiroz de Almeidaa,, Tatiana Barcelos
Pontesa,oo Paulo Chieregato Matheusa, Luciana Feitosa Munizb,icia
Maria Henrique da Motab
Universidade de Braslia - Brasilia, DF, BrazilHospital
Universitrio de Braslia, Universidade de Braslia, Braslia, DF,
Brazil
r t i c l e i n f o
rticle history:
eceived 11 April 2014
ccepted 10 July 2014
vailable online xxx
eywords:
heumatoid arthritis
ehabilitation
ctivities of daily living
ccupational therapy
a b s t r a c t
Interventions focusing on education and self-management of
rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by
the patient improves adherence and effectiveness of early
treatment. The combination of
pharmacologic and rehabilitation treatment aims to maximize the
possibilities of inter-
vention, delaying the appearance of new symptoms, reducing
disability and minimizing
sequelae, decreasing the impact of symptoms on patients
functionality. Occupational ther-
apy is a health profession that aims to improve the performance
of daily activities by the
patient, providing means for the prevention of functional
limitations, adaptation to lifestyle
changes and maintenance or improvement of psychosocial health.
Due to the systemic
nature of RA, multidisciplinary follow-up is necessary for the
proper management of the
impact of the disease on various aspects of life. As a member of
the health team, occupa-
tional therapists objective to improve and maintaining
functional capacity of the patient,
preventing the progression of deformities, assisting the process
of understanding and cop-
ing with the disease and providing means for carrying out the
activities required for the
engagement of the individual in meaningful occupations, favoring
autonomy and indepen-
dence in self-care activities, employment, educational, social
and leisure. The objective of
this review is to familiarize the rheumatologist with the tools
used for assessment and
intervention in occupational therapy, focusing on the
application of these principles to thetreatment of patients with
RA.Please cite this article in press as: de Almeida PHTQ, et al.
Occupational therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: what rheumatologists
need to know?Rev Bras Reumatol. 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbre.2014.07.008
2014 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.
Institution: Faculdade de Ceilndia Course of Occupational
Therapy; Hospital Universitrio de Braslia Rheumatology
Outpatientlinic of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. Corresponding
author.E-mail: [email protected] (P.H.T.Q. de Almeida).
ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbre.2014.07.008255-5021/ 2014
Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbre.2014.07.008dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbre.2014.07.008http://www.reumatologia.com.brmailto:[email protected]/10.1016/j.rbre.2014.07.008
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ARTICLE IN PRESSRBRE-148; No. of Pages 92 r e v b r a s r e u m
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Terapia ocupacional na artrite reumatoide: o que o
reumatologista precisasaber?
Palavras-chave:
Artrite reumatoide
Reabilitaco
Atividades cotidianas
Terapia ocupacional
r e s u m o
Intervences voltadas para a educaco e o autogerenciamento da
artrite reumatoide (AR)
pelo paciente aumentam a adeso e a eficcia da abordagem precoce.
A combinaco de trata-
mento medicamentoso e tratamento de reabilitaco visa a
potencializar as possibilidades de
intervenco, retardar o aparecimento de novos sintomas, reduzir
incapacidades, minimizar
sequelas e reduzir o impacto dos sintomas sobre a funcionalidade
do paciente. A terapia
ocupacional uma profisso da rea da sade que objetiva a melhoria
do desempenho
de atividades pelo paciente e fornece meios para a prevenco de
limitaces funcionais,
adaptaco a modificaces no cotidiano e manutenco ou melhoria de
seu estado emocional
e participaco social. Devido ao carter sistmico da AR o
acompanhamento multidisciplinar
necessrio para o adequado manejo do impacto da doenca sobre os
mais diversos aspetos
da vida do paciente. Como membro da equipe de sade, o terapeuta
ocupacional objetiva
a melhoria e manutenco da capacidade funcional do paciente,
prevenir o agravamento de
deformidades, auxiliar o processo de compreenso e enfrentamento
da doenca, fornecer
meios para as atividades necessrias para o engajamento do
indivduo em ocupaces signi-
ficativas, favorecer sua autonomia e independncia em atividades
de autocuidado, laborais,
educacionais, sociais e de lazer. O objetivo desta reviso
familiarizar o reumatologista com
as ferramentas de avaliaco e intervenco usadas na terapia
ocupacional, com enfoque na
aplicaco desses princpios para o tratamento de pacientes com
diagnstico de AR.
2014 Elsevier Editora Ltda. Todos os direitos
reservados.Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune
diseasecharacterized by impairment of the peripheral joints,
espe-cially hands and feet.1 A prevalence of up to three times
higheramong women is observed, with increasing incidence afterthe
age of 25 years, with greater involvement of populationsbetween 35
and 55 years.2
Although there is no consensus on the etiology of RA, it
isobserved that the combination of inflammation and
synovialhypertrophy favor cartilage and bone destruction,
promot-ing joint damage and instability,3 predominantly affecting
thejoints of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal and
proximalinterphalangeal joints of upper limbs.4 For these reasons,
thetreatment of patients diagnosed with RA should be started assoon
as possible, aiming to reduce the inflammatory activityof the
disease and even to obtain remission of symptoms.5
Despite advances in the pharmacological treatmentachieved in the
last 30 years, especially with the adventof disease-modifying
anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs),6 thechronicity of RA implies
interventions aimed to the edu-cation and self-management of the
disease to favor thetreatment, increasing the adherence and
effectiveness of anearly approach.7,8
The combination of drug treatment and rehabilitationtherapy aims
to maximize the possibilities of intervention,9
delay the onset of new symptoms, reduce disability,
minimizesequelae and diminish the impact of symptoms on
function-ality of the patient.10,11Please cite this article in
press as: de Almeida PHTQ, et al. Occupational thRev Bras Reumatol.
2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbre.2014.07.008
Occupational therapy (OT) is a health care profession whichaims
at improving the performance of activities by the patient,providing
a means for the prevention of functional limitations,adaptation to
lifestyle changes and maintenance or improve-ment of his/her
emotional state and social participation.12
The aim of this review is to familiarize the rheumatologistwith
the assessment and intervention tools used in occupa-tional
therapy, focusing on the application of these principlesto the
treatment of patients diagnosed with RA.
Multidisciplinary treatment practice ofoccupational therapy
Due to the characteristic joint impairment of RA, the
function-ality of the patient is reduced not only by the painful
condition,but also by those motor constraints associated.13 The
diffi-culty in performing daily tasks is one of the main
complaintsof patients with the disease14,15 causing restrictions in
most oftheir areas of performance16: from simple activities related
toself-care and home maintenance to complex work tasks, thepatient
presents limitations in doing many of his/her activitiesof daily
living (ADLs).17
It is observed that such restrictions affect not only the
per-formance of the activities independently and autonomously,but
has a negative impact on the emotional state, social rela-tionships
and quality of life of the patient.7,18
Given the participation constraints and the importanceof
engaging in productive activities for the maintenance ofphysical
and psychosocial health of this population, the occu-pational
therapist is an integral part of the multidisciplinaryteam of care
for patients with RA, being concerned with theperformance of ADLs
and the inclusion of the patient in mean-erapy in rheumatoid
arthritis: what rheumatologists need to know?
ingful occupations for his/her everyday life.19,20
Due to the multiplicity of involvements motivated by thedisease
and the singularity represented by the daily activities
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Table 1 Standardized instruments for the functional assessment
of patients with RA.
Assessment tool Objective Data collection method
Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder andHand (DASH)
Measures the level of functional impactresulting from the
impairment of theupper limb to perform activities of dailyliving
related to self-care, mobility, homemaintenance and recreation. The
devicehas optional modules specific to assessthe impairment of work
activities and thepractice of sport and musical activities.
Structured, self-administeredquestionnaire. Score from 0 to 100
points,indicating increasing disability due toinvolvement of upper
limbs.24,25
Sequential Occupational DexterityAssessment (SODA)
Assesses the patients performance ontwelve tasks, performed
unilaterally andbilaterally, including writing, handlingobjects and
pieces of clothing and handhygiene.
Structured test. Scored by the therapist,according to the
patients performance onthe tasks described.26,27
Health Assessment Questionnaire(HAQ)
Measures the level of functionality basedon the difficulty
reported by the patient toperform activities in eight
areas,including reaching, self-care, mobilityand object
holding.
Standardized questionnaire consisting of20 questions, scored
from 0 to 3,indicating increasing disability.28,29
Canadian OccupationalPerformance Measure (COPM)
Assesses the patients perception of theimportance of ADLs in
self-care,productivity and leisure areas, as well ashis/her
satisfaction on theimplementation and performance ofthese
tasks.
Qualitative questionnaire in a format ofsemi-structured
interview. Provides twoscores (for performance and
satisfaction),allowing the patients pre- andpost-intervention
evaluation.30,31
Handgrip dynamometry JAMAR
DynamometerAssesses handgrip strength by measuringthe maximum
force exerted by thepatient when pressing a
hydraulicdynamometer.
Standardized test, measured in pounds orkg/F. Requires
standardization of posturesand grip forms utilized during
theevaluation.32,33
Digital pinch dynamometry Pinch Gauge Dynamometer
Measures the digital pinch strength of thepatient with three
types of tweezers,using the fingers I, II and III, representingboth
fine movement (opposition betweenfingers I and II) and grip
strength (lateralgrip).
Standardized test, measured in pounds orkg/F. Requires
standardization of posturesand grip forms utilized during
theevaluation.32,33
Manual Dexterity and FunctionTesting
Measure manual dexterity through themanipulation of objects and
utensilscommon to ADLs. Examples:JebsenTaylor function test,
PurduePegboard, OConnor Finger Dexterity.
Standardized tests, generally using as aparameter for evaluation
the timerequired for manipulation of objectsduring the course of
systematic tasks.27
Hospital Anxiety and DepressionScale (HADS)
Evaluates the occurrence of symptoms ofanxiety and depression
among patients.
Standardized questionnaire containingseven questions to assess
anxiety andseven for depression, scored from 0 to 3.The final score
is the sum of the points;
fetTitr
A
Teoph
or each patient, the first step toward the realization of
anffective therapeutic intervention is to obtain relevant data onhe
state of the disease and its impact on the patients ADLs.he
evaluation is an ongoing process, which enables the mon-toring of
treatment and the interventions needed, as well ashe modification
of these during periods of exacerbation andemission.21
ssessment in occupational therapy
he evaluation aims at obtaining data relating to the
physical,Please cite this article in press as: de Almeida PHTQ, et
al. Occupational thRev Bras Reumatol. 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbre.2014.07.008
motional and social state of the patient, as well as the impactf
the disease on his/her ADLs, providing objective data on theatients
occupational performance that allow monitoring ofis/her evolution
during treatment.22results >7 suggest states of anxiety
and/ordepression.18
Historically, occupational therapists combine the use
ofsemi-structured interviews and standardized tools for gather-ing
information to enable the establishment of a baseline forthe
therapy: disease status and functional limitations, expan-sion of
the understanding of the contexts of a patients life,identification
of his/her priorities, monitoring of the diseaseand the
effectiveness of proposed interventions.21 The selec-tion of
assessment methods should take into considerationthe main
complaints of the patient and their relevance to theclinical
presentation.23 Table 1 illustrates some of the stan-dardized
assessment tools that comprise the evaluation ofpatients with RA by
the occupational therapist.
Independent of the choice of instruments for assessment,erapy in
rheumatoid arthritis: what rheumatologists need to know?
is important that the information obtained is related to
theoccupational performance of the patient, i.e., the data mustaim
not only to measure the intensity of a particular symptom
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbre.2014.07.008
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Table 2 Principles of joint protection and
energyconservation.
Joint protectionRespect the pain Use it as a sign to change the
activityDistribute the load on more than one jointReduce the
strength and the effort required to perform someactivity, changing
the way to perform it, using assistive devicesor reducing the
weight of utensilsUse each joint in its most stable and functional
anatomical planeAvoid positions or forces in directions that favor
deformitiesAlways use the stronger and larger joint to workAvoid
staying in the same position for a prolonged timeAvoid holding
objects with excessive forceAvoid awkward postures and
inappropriate ways to pick up andhandle objectsMaintain muscle
strength and range of motion
Energy conservationAdjust your day balancing moments of activity
and rest,alternating light and heavy tasks and performing
activities at aslower pacePlan the conduction of your activities:
prioritize important tasks,use equipment to reduce the effort and
delegate tasks whennecessaryWhen tired, avoid starting tasks that
cannot be interruptedimmediately4 r e v b r a s r e u m a t o
(fatigue, pain, functional capacity), but also the influence
ofthis on the patients ability to engage and perform tasksrelevant
to his/her day-to-day.12,21
Interventions of occupational therapy
Patient guidance and education changing habits to copewith
illness
The transmission of knowledge and the understanding of
thepatient about his/her condition do not guarantee, by itself,
anychange of attitudes necessary for the management of
compli-cations arising from a chronic disease; so that OT has as
mainobjective the voluntary change of habits, extended to all
areasof the patients performance and not only to those
activitiesafflicted by pain or biomechanical imbalances driven by
thedisease.24
The multidisciplinary interventions for patients with RAaim to
control pain and fatigue, aiming their functionalimprovement by
combining different modalities of treatment.
Among some of the interventions focused on patientadjustment and
empowerment concerning the disease, thetechniques of joint
protection and energy conservation areexamples of changes in
habits, by the way of conducting ADLs,which promote changes not
only on functional capacity, butalso on the psychological
well-being, personal control andself-acceptance fundamental
concepts for improving thequality of life of the patient.34
Joint protection and energy conservation
Joint protection techniques are a set of guidelines and
preven-tive strategies used in the management of pain and
fatigue,35
associated with other symptoms in patients with RA, whichaim to
apply ergonomic and biomechanical principles whileperforming ADLs
to protect joint structures of normal andabnormal forces that may
contribute to the installation ofdeformities or aggravate
deformities already present.36,37
This approach was first described in 1965,38 through theanalysis
of motor impairments motivated by the inflam-matory process common
to RA and its combination withbiomechanical principles, aiming to
minimize the action offorces that favored the development of joint
deviations anddeformities during performing daily tasks,39 for
example,hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the
fingerI, ulnar deviation of metacarpophalangeal joints of the
fin-gers IIV and installation of deformity standards, such as
swanneck, hammer toe or buttonhole toe, through involvement
ofdistal interphalangeal joints.40
Due to the importance and constancy necessary for
theaccomplishment of ADLs, modifications in their performanceallow
a significant reduction in joint stress and energy expen-diture,
facilitating or enabling the participation of the patientin
meaningful occupations.36,37 Table 2 illustrates the mainguidelines
of the concepts of joint protection and energy con-Please cite this
article in press as: de Almeida PHTQ, et al. Occupational thRev
Bras Reumatol. 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbre.2014.07.008
servation.By modifying work methods and environments, use of
assistive devices (assistive technologies) and inclusion
ofbreaks in the routine, the objective here is the reduction
ofModify the environment according to practices of jointprotection
and ergonomics
pain at rest and during movement, by minimizing nocicep-tive
stimuli on the inflamed joint capsules, decreasing theforce
incident on the joints and controlling energy expendi-ture during
daily activities, enabling joint preservation andimprovement or
maintenance of the patients functionality.41
Moreover, conducting activities to strengthen the periartic-ular
muscles and maintain joint range of motion, especiallyin the upper
limbs, are also resources that contribute tothe maintenance or
improvement of the patients functionalcapacity,42,43 allowing a
better performance and preservationof joint structures impaired by
RA.
Practical examples of some of the techniques of joint
pro-tection and energy conservation44 are illustrated in Fig.
1.
Randomized trials with high levels of evidence on
theeffectiveness of methods of joint protection and energy
con-servation showed significant improvement with respect topain
reduction among patients receiving the guidelines forchanges in
their ADLs.4547 Improvement in fatigue andincreased social
participation,47 reduction of morning stiff-ness, lower incidence
of deformities in the hands48 andimproved functionality49 were
observed, even among patientswith severe RA state.50
Modifying activities and work environments
Although most functional assessments have focused on
thedifficulty presented by the patient while performing
self-careand mobility activities, dysfunctions related to work
activitiesrepresent a serious consequence of RA.51
The rate of retirement for reasons related to RA can varyerapy
in rheumatoid arthritis: what rheumatologists need to know?
from 7% of cases in the first year after diagnosis up to 39%of
patients with over 15 years of diagnosis in the absence oftreatment
targeted to labor difficulties51; with respect to NorthAmerican and
European populations, is expected that up to
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Fig. 1 Examples of modifications in performing activitiesof
daily living. The items on the left indicate movementpatterns in
which the position of the joints of the wrist andfingers enhance
mechanical forces toward deformitiescommonly observed among
patients with RA. Theillustrations on the right suggest
modifications that favorthe use of other, more stable, joints, or
the distribution ofthe load among multiple joints, avoiding painful
andp
ot
lmwqmratt
iwap
wgiw
iatf
Although to date there is no conclusive evidence on
theotentially harmful positions.
ne third of patients will abandon the work during the firsthree
years of the disease.52
Abandonment of employment is a last resort, face to
theimitations encountered by patients with RA: before retire-ent,
increases of stress levels, job changes, restrictions onorkload,
loss of promotion opportunities and greater fre-uency of
absenteeism and of job changes are observedore often among this
population.53 It is estimated that the
eduction in productivity motivated by RA caused losses
ofpproximately 7000 Euros/year per patient,54 and up to 25% ofhe
working period may be affected by conditions related tohe
disease.55
The early treatment conducted by a multidisciplinary teams an
effective method to minimize complications related toork,
maintaining the work capacity of these patients for
period of time similar to that found among the
healthyopulation.51,55
Given the multiplicity of situations and perceptions aboutork
activity reported by patients, individualized strate-ies are
indicated as the best approach to labor difficulties,ncluding a
specific evaluation of the situation and of theorkplace.52
Changes for a better performance of the activity maynclude the
organization of the tasks that compose the workPlease cite this
article in press as: de Almeida PHTQ, et al. Occupational thRev
Bras Reumatol. 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbre.2014.07.008
ctivity, changing shifts, and a fair division of the
workloadhroughout the day56; ergonomic modifications such as
newurniture and changes in the workplace, ensuring a proper 4;x x
x(x x):xxxxxx 5
joint positioning during activity, replacement of fixtures
byother of smaller weight or with better handgrip57 and guidanceon
stress management and acquisition of strategies (coping)to handle
with the workload.58
Although some review studies show no high level evidenceon the
effectiveness of specific ergonomic interventions toreduce problems
related to upper limbs,59 there is satisfac-tory evidence to
support such interventions with respect topatients with RA,57
suggesting improvement in functionality,pain and satisfaction with
the work in the long term, whencompared to individuals who did not
get these interventions.
Assistive technologies orthotics and adaptations
The concept of assistive technology includes devices,
guide-lines and practices that aim to maintain, enhance or
facilitatethe performance of self-care, instrumental,
educational,employment or social activities.60
Among the range of instruments available to patients withRA, the
adaptations of utensils and the use of orthotics aresome of the
major resources to promote improved grip, biome-chanical alignment
and joint stress reduction, as well as toallow the development of
activities and occupations, con-tributing to the patients
functionality and autonomy.61
The adaptation of utensils requires a thorough analysis ofthe
activity performed by the patient, in order to determinewhat are
the main challenges encountered and possible solu-tions to be
proposed. Such modifications may include fromchanges in the way of
conducting the activity (such as guid-ance on joint protection and
energy conservation) to changesin the shape, weight and size of
utensils.
Thicker handles and adaptations to facilitate or replace
thehandgrip strength, for example, elastic or neoprene strips,favor
the handling of cutlery, writing instruments and per-sonal hygiene
materials, such as toothbrushes and haircombs.
The replacement of drinking glasses for mugs, the use ofmodified
cutting boards, soap and detergent dispensers andclotting
adaptations are examples of simple devices whichpromote important
functional changes to the patient.6264
Examples of adaptations to promote improvement in perform-ing
ADLs are illustrated in Fig. 2.
Orthoses (splints) are resources used by therapists to pro-mote
better joint support, reduce pain and optimize
functionalperformance of the patient.65 Although several models
areavailable, clinical reasoning used for prescribing an
orthosisinvolves the needs for each case; the same orthosis can
beprescribed for multiple objectives.
Among the most common indications, pain control,decreased
morning stiffness, mechanical support for joints,encouragement of
joint motion and functionality, and cer-tain postoperative
situations (where the combination of jointalignment, immobilization
and application of traction forcesis required) can be cited.6668
Some models of orthoses com-monly indicated are illustrated in Fig.
3.erapy in rheumatoid arthritis: what rheumatologists need to
know?
effectiveness of orthoses for improved functionality and
hand-grip strength,65 some studies suggest that the use of
orthoticsfor hands and wrists positioning during inflammatory
phases
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Fig. 2 Adapted utensils. The proposed adjustments are based on
the principles of joint protection and energyconservation, with
distribution of mechanical loads and promoting the use of larger
joints during activities.
er limFig. 3 Examples of orthoses for upp
promote improvement in pain and morning stiffness for
thepatient.68,69
Braces used for stabilization of the interphalangeal jointsalso
exhibit significant levels of evidence in reducing pain,although no
significant changes on hand function or strengthduring its use have
been observed.70
Conclusions
Due to the systemic nature of RA, a multidisciplinary
follow-Please cite this article in press as: de Almeida PHTQ, et
al. Occupational thRev Bras Reumatol. 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbre.2014.07.008
up is necessary for the proper management of the impactof the
disease on various aspects of life of the patient. Asa member of
the health team, the occupational therapistaims to improve and
maintain his/her patients functionalbs, suggested for patients with
RA.
capacity, preventing the worsening of deformities, aiding inthe
process of understanding and coping with the disease,and providing
means for carrying out the activities requiredfor the engagement of
the individual in meaningful occupa-tions, contributing to his/her
autonomy and independence inself-care, labor, educational, social
and leisure activities.
It is important that the rheumatologist become aware ofthe
general principles of therapy, so that he/she can suggesttheir use
more consciously, as an additional tool in the treat-ment of
patients diagnosed with RA.erapy in rheumatoid arthritis: what
rheumatologists need to know?
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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