Richard P. Halgin Susan Krauss Whitbourne University of Massachusetts at Amherst slides by Travis Langley Henderson State University Abnormal Psychology Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders 5e yright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or displ
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Richard P. HalginSusan Krauss Whitbourne
University of Massachusetts at Amherst
slides by Travis LangleyHenderson State University
Abnormal Psychology
Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders 5e
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 1
Understanding Abnormality:A Look at History and Research Methods
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
DO YOU THINK ANY OF THESE BEHAVIORS ARE ABNORMAL? Having a “lucky” seat in an exam? Being unable to eat, sleep, or study for days after
the breakup of a relationship? Breaking into a cold sweat at the thought of being
trapped in an elevator? Refusing to eat solid food for days to stay thin? Thorough hand-washing after riding a bus? Believing government agents monitor your phone
calls? Drinking a 6-pack daily to be “sociable”?
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR:
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Distress Impairment Risk to self or
other people Socially and
culturally unacceptable behavior
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
What Causes Abnormality?
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Causes of Abnormality Biological genetic inheritance
medical conditionsbrain damageexposure to environmental stimuli
Psychological traumatic life experienceslearned associationsdistorted perceptionsfaulty ways of thinking
Sociocultural disturbances in intimate relationshipsproblems in extended relationshipspolitical or social unrestdiscrimination toward one’s social group
Causes of Abnormality
Three dimensions of the causes of abnormality: biological psychological sociocultural
Social scientists use the term BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL to characterize the interactions among these three dimensions.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Biological Causes
Possible biological causes Genetics Disturbances in physical functioning
Medical conditions (e.g., thyroid problem) Brain damage Ingestion of substances Environmental stimuli (e.g., toxins)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Psychological Causes
Possible psychological causes Troubling life experiences
Interpersonal – between people(e.g., arguments)
Intrapsychic – within thoughts and feelings(e.g., irrational interpretations)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sociocultural Causes
Sociocultural circles of influence Immediate circle – people with whom we
interact most locally. Extended circle of relationships such as
family back home or friends from high school.
People in our environment with whom we interact minimally.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Biopsychosocial Perspective
Diathesis-Stress Model:The proposal that people are born with a predisposition (or "diathesis”) that places them at risk for developing a psychological disorder if exposed to certain extremely stressful life experiences.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Abnormal Psychology Throughout
History
The mystical The scientific The humanitarian
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Three prominent themes in explaining psychological disorders recur throughout history:
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Prehistoric Times: Abnormal Behavior as Demonic Possession Trephining Exorcism
Ancient Greece and Rome: Emergence of the Scientific Model
Hippocrates (circa 460-377 B.C.) Theory of 4 Humors
• Black bile (“melancholic”)• Yellow bile (“choleric”)• Phlegm (“phlegmatic”)• Blood (“sanguine”)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Ancient Greece and Rome: Emergence of the Scientific Model Hippocrates (circa 460-377 B.C.)
Galen (130-200 A.D.)
Aesclepiades (1st Century B.C.)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Middle Ages and Renaissance: Re-emergence of Spiritual Explanations
Explanations: Superstition, astrology, alchemy
Treatments: Magical rituals, exorcism, folk medicines
Witch hunts Asylums
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Europe and the United States in the 1700s: The Reform Movement
Vincenzo Chiarugi Philippe Pinel
Jean-Baptiste Pussin
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
More Reformers
William Tuke, Moral Treatment
Benjamin Rush Dorothea Dix,
State Hospital Movement
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Benjamin Rush’s Methods
Rush and his contemporaries thought that the fright induced by their methods would counteract their patients’ mental illnesses.
Source of illustration: National Library of Medicine.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1800s to 1900s:
AlternativeModels Medical Model
Mesmerism, Hypnotism
Psychoanalytic Model Psychoanalysis Psychotherapy
Source of illustration: Corbis/Bettmann.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Late Twentieth Century: The Challenge of Providing Humane and Effective Treatment
Medications Deinstitutionalization Movement Managed Health Care
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Research Methods in Abnormal
Psychology
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Scientific Method
Objectivity Observation Hypothesis Formation Ruling Out Competing Explanations
With Proper Controls
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Experimental Method
independent variable
(the possible cause)
dependent variable
(the outcome measured)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Correlational Method
correlation:an association (or co-relation) between two variables.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Correlational Method
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Correlational Method
The Survey Method
Incidence:The frequency of new
cases within a given time period.
Prevalence:The number of people
who ever had a disorder or the total number of cases at a given time.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Researcher use the survey method to gather information from a sample considered representative of a particular population.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Case Study Method
Single-Subject Design
Studies of Genetic Influence
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Human Experience of Psychological
Disorders
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MYTHS OF MENTAL ILLNESS
Creative people are a little “crazy.” People with mental disorders are dangerous. Most older people are senile. Freud was only concerned with sex. Criminals are born “bad.” Asthma is caused by emotional problems. Suicidal individuals rarely talk about suicide. People with schizophrenia have multiple
personalities.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Impact on the Individual
Stigma
Stigma:A label that causes certain people to be regarded as different, defective, and set apart from mainstream members of society.
Distress
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Impact on the Family
Affected by loved ones’ distress. Also share a sense of stigma.
Impact on the Community and Society Homelessness Health attention Communities divided
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
http:/www.mhhe.com/halgin6e
For more information on material covered in this chapter, visit our Web site:
Related Documents
