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(PhD) .
Rich Harris (PhD)
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(Ovis ammon L.,1758), (Capra sibirica L.,1758)
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Page 22
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Page 23
2009
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Page 24
2009
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Page 29
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Page 30
2009
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1315,9 ² [=1315,9*414/
(2*3,14*4*21)] 1000±33 .
,
.
.
:
- 89.70 2;
- 150.16 2;
- 50.89 2;
- - 68.33 2;
- 219.91 2;
- ,
122.18 2;
- 61.83 2,
98.56 2, 120.20 2, 28.19 2,
47.87 2;
Page 55
2009
53
- 254.32 2
.
1335.0 2
,
.
15- .
,
1 78
.
13- .
Page 56
2009
54
2004
: : : 1.2:3.8:1:1.7 .
/13- /.
- 2004 100:45
(90%) .
- 26% /
, 2004/.
, ,
2004 , -
, .
3430 2 8972
( , 2004).
, 2009
, - ,
.
8- .
/ 2/
/ /
1
150.16 800-1000
2
89.70 50
3
68.33 200
4 ,
122.18 300
5
219.91 2000
6
50.89 100
7 , , ,
,
356.65 620
8
254.32 500
1312.14 4570-4770
76 1 .
, , ,
Page 57
2009
55
, , , , , ,
o
1:500,000 .
1335 2 1900
.
, ,
( , 2008). ,
6 , 7
. , 2001
1991
19.8%- , 15.6-24%- . 2001
, ,
,
. 2004
2001 8%-
45%- 2 .
, .
2004, 2009
79.8%- 100 28.1%-
20.7%- , 32%- .
.
, .
, ,
.
Page 58
2009
56
,
,
.
,
.
, , , ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
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.
,
, .
2007 217255
, 2005 199733 -
. 2008 2004
893 - ,
1472 - ,
. 2007
2003 24 ,
24 , 92 ,1 ( , 2004) ,
.
, .
. (6.7%)
Page 59
2009
57
.
,
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.
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,
.
,
,
,
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.
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,
.
“ ”
, .
,
,
. “ ” - 2009
2003 72.5%- , 2007
51.2%- ,
.
,
Page 60
2009
58
, .
.
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.
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.
.
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.
.
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.
Page 61
2009
59
. .
80%-
, 14 272 .
216
341 . 5 ,
2 .
33 780 .
1246
2200 . 4 ,
2 .
.
1992
.
,
, , .
16- . , 2009
Page 62
2009
60
17- . , 2009
9- .
1 1992 3000 5000
2 2001 2000 - ,
3 2007 476 4191 , , “ ”
4 2008 690 3444 “
”
5 2009
10
2311 4532 , “
”
, , ,
.
.
341 .
Page 63
2009
61
2001
.
Richard Harris- .
3172,6 ² .
2 10 11 183 .
multiply survey 4 -
18,84 ²
(S=2 R) .
251,2 ² 272 .
3172,6 ² [=3172,6*272/(2*3,14*4*10)] 2300±11
.
, ,
4 144 39
27.1% , 60 41.6% , 23 16% ,
22 15.3% .
: : : 27.1%:41.6%:16%:15.3% .
1:0.6 : 1:0.3,
: 1:0.4 .
, , , ,
27 1273
.
. 5-128 (10- ).
10- . (2009 10 )
1-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-
3 4 1 1 1 3
9 51 24 36 49 259
2.1% 11.9% 5.6% 8.4% 11.4% 60.5%
, ,
Page 64
2009
62
,
.
, , ,
. , , , ,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
, 2000-2003 4
, 2001-2002 .
, .
:
o .
, 2002-2004
. .
o
, .
o ,
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1990-
.
,
.
.
,
Page 65
2009
63
.
1992 ,
,
.
, . , ,
, ,
, , , 3
163 , 2 115 , 2, 2
.
,
.
,
, ,
. .
. -
12162 215 12 72
( 3-10) 85.8% . 50
.
16 83 . 12 6-
. 1-13- ( x =5.2, SD = 3.4).
83 , 38 , 20 , 16 , 9
. (> 2 ) ,
.
2 (hazard rate key function with a maximum
of 2 cosine adjustments, half-normal key function with maximum of 2 cosine
adjustments) ,
. 1,236 (SE = 282m)
0.321 / 2 (95%
Page 66
2009
64
0.137 – 0.753), 12,162 2 1556 (95%- 1,666 - 9,158)
.
2001 -
6 6263,84 2
,
69.5% .
-
. , . 2007 -
27.3%-
.
2009 ( “ ” ),
, ,
, ( ) ( “ ”
) , .
,
.
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,
.
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.
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.
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Page 67
2009
65
.
(5- 11- )
, ,
,
.
.
,
.
2003
2-3 .
, ,
, .
, ,
,
.
3719 7 . . 3707
, 6 . . 343 ,
3 . . 3397 ,
. . 3526 .
, , , ,
, - “ ” “ ”
.
, ,
, .
,
, .
Page 68
2009
66
- :
- ,
.
. 624,22 2 .
.
- 190 2 .
, -
.
. 60
.
- 638.70 2
2 .
.
- - - ,
136.9 2
,
- ,
,
.
- , 393,59 2 .
- 316.82 2
.
,
. ,
,
, ,
.
.
Page 69
2009
67
18- . -
2001
-
, , , 670 2 40
, , , ,
650 2 20 , ,
2470 2 90 , ( ) , ,
780 2 200 , 6364 2 380
.
3164 2 380
, 1000 - 0.6 .
-
. , . 2007
Page 70
2009
68
, , , ,
, 57 .
2009 ,
, - “ ” , , ,
, 16 83
(11- ).
11- . -
-
2 14 10 4 3 13 4 7 2
3 9 5 4 , 2 7 3 2 2
3 14 4 4 2 3 1 3 26 5 13 8
16 83 31 26 14 11
2 14, 3 13,
3 9, 2 7, - -
3 14, 3 26
.
258.28 2 14,
2057.57 2 13, , 597.59 2
9, 1228.27 2 7, - -
820.97 2 14, 258.28 2 26
.
12- .
2007 2009
- 14
- 13
- 9
- 7
- - 7 14
25 26
- 25 -
57 83
Page 71
2009
69
, , , ,
, .
- , 2007 7 2009
14 . 2007 25
2009 26 .
,
.
, .
14 - . ,
2001
1:1.4, 1:1.5, 1:1.7 2007
: : : 2.3: 4.8: 1: 1.1 . :
1:2.07, 1:4.8, 1:4.1
.
3 (21.4%)
, (35.7%) , 6 (42.9%) .
,
1: 5.8 .
-
2001 -
6364 2 380 .
Page 72
2009
70
-
. , . 2007 -
4.597 484±24
. 2001
27.3%- .
1-13- ( x =5.2, SD = 3.4). 83
, 38 , 20 , 16 , 9 .
(> 2 ) ,
.
2 (hazard rate key function with a maximum of 2
cosine adjustments, half-normal key function with maximum of 2 cosine adjustments)
, .
1,236 (SE = 282m)
0.321 / 2 (95% 0.137 – 0.753),
12,162 2 1550 .
2009 , 2001
.
-
.
3900 .
.
.
- 6449,7 ² .
2 11 11 50
.
- multiply survey 4 -
25,2
² (S=2 R) .
207,2 ² 50 .
6449,7 ² [=6449,7*50/(2*3,14*4*11)] 1550±6
.
Page 73
2009
71
-
1:500,000
, .
. - 32
314 . 7 34
. 12
140
. , 13 314
258-
135 , 71 , 34 , 18 .
(> 2 ) ,
.
, ,
, . , -
, , , -
, ,
.
6 78
. 14
.
:
, , , , ,
, , , , , ,
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, , , , ,
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, , , , ,
, , , , , ,
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, , , ,
, , - , , ,
, , , , , ,
Page 74
2009
72
, , , , , , -
, , , , , ,
, , .
2006
281 10 2 12,54
.
, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , 1155,6 2,
, , , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , 2 , ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
.
19- .
Page 75
2009
73
- “ ”
.
. , ,
. , , ,
, .
100 .
-
,
, .
, ,
. ,
,
. 8 10
.
2007
, ,
.
, ,
.
13- . -
2007 2009 - 71
- 112 - 3
- 14 - 14
- 7 - - 14
- 30 197 47
- 16 4 -
11 - 26 -
2 - 1 -
241 328
Page 76
2009
74
, ,
,
,
, .
14- . ,
-
2009 32 328 129 77 38 17 54
2007 6 241 23 99 90 29
2007 241 23 (9.5%) , 99 (41%)
, 90 (37.3) , 29 (12.2%) 2009
32 328 , 129 (39.3%),
77 (23.4%), 38 (11.5%), 17 (5.1%) .
2007 2009 ,
. , 2007
2009 16 .
, .
, , ,
.
,
.
-
-
. , . -
21543,07 2 5720±286
1000 - 2.6 .
13 154
.
1,865m, (SE = 92m)
0.404 / 2 (95%
0.195 – 0.837), 12,162 2 3
Page 77
2009
75
4913 (95%- 2,372 - 10,180)
.
.
10 , , , , ,
, , .
- ,
.
.
. , (16
83 )
.
,
. -
, . -
, .
.
.
15000
.
.
.
. 2001
6 3142,38 2
, , - ,
,
. 2009 ,
, - , ,
,
.
Page 78
2009
76
, ,
(2001 ). ,
. 2
, .
.
.
.
,
.
,
(2001 ) .
2008
,
. -
,
. -
2009 10- 10- 2010
5-
.
Page 79
2009
77
20- .
- , ,
(2001 ) .
, -
. ,
. .
,
(2001 ) .
.
Page 80
2009
78
(2001 ).
.
,
(2001 )
, .
(20- ).
,
1<5 6 ( 40,0%)
18 ( 12,6%), 6<10
5 ( 33,3%) 42 (
29,4%), 11<15 2 ( 13,3%)
27 ( 18,9%), 16<20 1 (
6,7%) 16 (
11,2%), 31<40 1 ( 6,7%) 40
( 28,0%) (15- ) .
15- .
, 100:62.5, , 100:6.3, ,
100:34.4 .
6.3% 34.4% .
, ,
15 143 14
62 . 20
Page 81
2009
79
14.0% , 32 22.4% , 2 1.4%
, 11 7.7% . 12
4,393 ² 3,561 ²
50 95%-
444-927,
572 .
2009
49,3%- .
.
( ) .
. ,
, , , .
, ,
,
, .
.
. ( ) 6
39 310 .
1- 50- ( x =7.9, SD = 9.1). 192 ,
90 , 53 , 1 , 48 .
(> 2 ) ,
. , ,
1,160 -2,368, 4
1,756 . , .
1000 .
, 50-60
Page 82
2009
80
, .
.
, 50-60
. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
50-60, 10-20, 10 ,
. 2-3
,
. ,
. 2
10 . 21-
.
21- .
4 (2 , 2 ) . ,
, , , ,
Page 83
2009
81
.
, (22- ).
2568.9 2 330
100 - 1.3 .
22- .
3 12 , 2 ,
2 .
.
31 23-
8,743 2 80.8% . 194 (
1-41). 112 .
17 102 . 23 11-
. 1- 22- ( x = 4.6, SD = 4.7).
Page 84
2009
82
66 , 41 , 15 , 3 , 7
. (> 2 )
, .
half-
normal key function with maximum of 2 cosine adjustments
1,006 (SE = 140 ).
0.275 / 2 (95% 0.137 – 0.555),
2,404 2 2,123 (95% 1,198 - 4,852)
.
2001
14 9937 2 3044
6.1% , , , , 4.8%
, , , , 3.2%
, , , .
- 473 2 60 ,
, 316 2 50 , - ,
481 2 140 , 570 2 110 , , 348 2
90 , , 86,0 2
50 , , , ,
1792 2 1150 , - 42 2 20 , , , 1395 2 280 , , , 1040 2
460 , 629 2
210 ( 2001).
2007
8890.77 2 956
, 1000 - 1.06
.
4945.8 2 2018
, 1000 - 4.08
( 2007).
Page 85
2009
83
10- , 683 2
.
2007 100 , 553 2008
48 192 , 108 743
.
-
.
- , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
251 (
) . ,
11 175 , 77
. ,
11 25 , 24 ,
, , .
,
.
G-10 9 32 , 23
. -
,
. ,
.
6 5.3
28 12 , 3 , 5 , 8
. 43 %- ,
1.5:1
.
Page 86
2009
84
4 23 5.75
.
.
. 9 35 , .
6 5.83
, .
20 11 , 3 , 2 , 4 .
55 , 15 , 10 , 20
. ,
. 3.66:1
.
9
2008
, – , –
. ,
.
, 21 44 , 9 .
.
. - ,
.
.
, ,
.
. 9
4.88 .
.
33 13 , 8 , 7 , 5 .
Page 87
2009
85
40 , 24 , 21
, 15 . 2.66:1
.
1.66:1 .
3 .
, .
. 3 .
12 12 , 1 .
2007 , ,
. 3
4 . 2 8
.
, ,
. 24
29 , 2 .
, , ,
,
.
.
13 2.2
1 . 26 11
, 3 , 8 , 4 . 42
, 12 , 31 , 15 .
2.8:1
. 3.5:1 .
9 2 , .
21
, 7 , ,
.
.
Page 88
2009
86
. , .
3 ,
, , “ ”, “ ”
.
( ) 10
14 .
. 6
2.5 8 3 , 1 , 2 ,
2 . 1.48:1 ,
2.8: 1 2.8 .
.
3 14 ,
9
. 3 2 , 6 , 1 , 2 .
2 . ,
.
. 2007 3
. 10
.
. 2
.
14 3 5 .
.
.
. . .
17 22 .
, ,
, .
.
Page 89
2009
87
7 25 .
.
23- .
. , ,
.
2001, 2007
,
. 2001 9937 2
4044
.
25 14 56% , 7 28%
, 4 16% .
, , ,
.
,
, (568,48 2), (113,65 2) . ,
, , ,
. 5 24
.
Page 90
2009
88
24 4 17% , 11 46% , 1
4% , 6 25% 2 8%-
.
.
24- .
,
1990- . , .
1995 1000 - 5,7 , 0,8 , 1996
1000 - 6,4 , 1,2 .
1995 2977, 1996 3333 , 1997
3250±1071 3000-3300
(Reading R.P 1997).
2001
14 9937 2 3044
1000 - 3.1 ( . 2001).
2007
8890.77 2 956
1000 - 1.06
. 4945.8 2 2018
, 1000 - 4.08
( 2007).
Page 91
2009
89
31 23-
8,743 2 80.8% . 194 (
1-41). 112 .
17 102 . 23 11-
. 1-22- ( x = 4.6, SD = 4.7). 66
, 41 , 15 , 3 , 7
. (> 2 )
, .
.
half-normal key function with maximum of 2 cosine adjustments
1,006 (SE
= 140 ). 0.275 / 2 (95% 0.137 –
0.555), 2404 (95% 1,198 - 4,852)
.
13 6
. 249 109- , 78 , 6 , 2
, 23 . 52 (190 ) distance
. 2 (hazard rate key function
with a maximum of 2 cosine adjustments, half-normal key function with maximum of 2
cosine adjustments) 530
(SE = 682 ). 1.524 / 2 (95%
0.877 – 2.65), 12,162 2
13324 (95% CI 7,671 - 23,169)
.
Page 92
2009
90
16- .
2000- 3000
2001 2007
. , ,
2000
. 2009 2404
, . 2007
( , , , )
.
,
,
.
.
, . ,
.
, .
Page 93
2009
91
,
.
( X = 530 )
.
,
,
.
,
.
. ,
.
, .
.
, .
, , , ,
.
200 1 2009 10- 15-
. - 10 12- 7
.
Page 94
2009
92
.
1401 2 24 21-
11 .
25- .
72 . 19 142 .
1-17- ( x = 7.5, SD =4.6). 142 ,
84 , 26 , 7 , 25 .
half-normal key function
with maximum of 2 cosine adjustments
894 (SE = 1160 ).
0.595 / 2 (95% 0.298 – 1.188), 1,401 2 834
(95% 417 - 1,664) .
1
11 ( ) .
, .
Page 95
2009
93
26- .
2009 10- 6- 57 , 10-
8- 11 .
, , .
.
0.6 / 2 .
, .
, .
.
11 4,010.05 2
8 3,587.6 2 , 6
494.22 2 , ,
. 2009 11 . - ,
, , , ,
Page 96
2009
94
,
.
- - , , ,
, , , ,
,
.
27- .
46 293
20 (8%) , 176 (75,%) , 3(1%) , 37 (16%)
. 2-12
2007 2009
0,6%- 1,2%, 11,2%, 1,8%- .
: : : 6,7:58,7:1:12,3 .
1,7% .
98,3 .
- 58,7:1
.
Page 97
2009
95
, :
2007 1.6:1 2009 4.8:1 .
,
,
, , .
2001
, 410 2 100 ,
186 2 20 , ,
410 2 110 , 886 2
10 , , , , ,
, , 957 2 200 ,
, 421 2 60 ,
342 2 20 , - 155 2
30 , 157 2 20 ,
, 126 2 110
, 3924 2 850 .
21 18- (
4,439 km2 96%). 108 6 . 90
( 2-9) . 49
. 46 293 . 1-27-
( x = 6.2, SD =5.9). 236 ,
176 , 20 , 3 , 37 .
half-normal
key function with maximum of 2 cosine adjustments
619 (SE = 1370 ).
1.084 / 2 (95% 0.339 – 3.471), 4,439 2
2330 .
2007 2001 1,5%-
2009 2007 0,7%- .
2007 2001 1,3%- , 2009 2007 30,6%-
.
Page 98
2009
96
.
4800
.
.
.
1723,5 ² .
46 58 293
.
49 multiply survey
.
line transect 108
, 2 -
216 ² .
216 ² 293 .
1723,5 ² [=1723,5*293/216] 2338
.
5 1564.7 2
.
, ,
, , ,
.
Page 99
2009
97
28- . , 2009
,
. ,
, - , ,
, , ,
14 75 .
.
7
,
10 (28,6%) , 16 (45,7%) , 2 (5,7%) ,
32 (20%) .
: : : 5:8:1:3,2 . :
8:1 . :
8:3,2 43,8%- . , ,
,
. 2007 2665.4 2
. 2009 21 6- .
1-20- ( x = 5.3, SD =5.1). 35 ,
16 , 10 , 2 , 7 .
Page 100
2009
98
half-normal key function with maximum
of 2 cosine adjustments
703 (SE = 65 ).
0.634 / 2 (95%
0.2889 – 1.392), 4439 2 1520 (95%
1,278 - 6,179) .
. :
1.
2. ,
,
3. ,
,
4. ,
5.
.
5 (310, 75, 6, 5,35) , 1 6 , 4 , 1
.
Distance sampling
, .
,
. ,
K.
.
, , (40-50 ),
, (10- ), (10
), (60-70 ), , , (3-4),
Page 101
2009
99
(15 ), , , , (100
), (10), , , (20 ),
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
9825,4 2 (29- ).
, , ,
. , ,
. .
. ,
. .
,
.
1-32
. 1-5 (14 ) 41,2%-
. 1-10 70,6%- . 15-
, 17- .
15- .
% % 1- 5 14 36 41.2 11.0 6- 10 10 80 29.4 24.4 11- 15 2 24 5.9 7.3 16-20 3 55 8.8 16.8 21-25 2 44 5.9 13.4 25-30 2 57 5.9 17.4 31-35 1 32 2.9 9.8
Page 102
2009
100
17- .
0.05.0
10.015.020.025.030.035.040.045.0
1- 5 6- 10 11- 15 16-20 21-25 25-30 31-35
% %
, 1- 22
(..- , ..- ). 1-5 (49)
69,0%- . 1-10 87,3%-
63,8% .
16- .
% % 1- 5 49 143 69.01 38.34 6- 10 13 95 18.31 25.47 11- 15 6 78 8.45 20.91 16-20 2 35 2.82 9.38 21-25 1 22 1.41 5.90
71 373 100.00 100.00 14.20 74.60 20.00 20.00
SE 8.95 21.73 12.61 5.82
18- .
Page 103
2009
101
, .
, , 34 328
. 282
86.6% .
: : : 23,4: 69,9: 3,2: 3,5 .
67 .
, 841 -3,561, 4
2050 .
.
. 324 .
~ 121 32
189 . DISTANCE 1.63
/ 2 (95% 0.59 – 3.29) , 539 (95%
196-1,082) .
– 467 .
24-98, 58.1 . 4
19-223-
91.4 . 25 8
(7 , 1 ) ( 12 ). 7 .
461 (95%- 278 – 643), 191 (95%-
81 – 379), 652 (%- 359-1,022) 779
(95%- 269 – 1,289), 268 (95%-
5 – 820), 1,047 (%- 274 – 2,109)
.
( ) 2773 .
Page 104
2009
102
29- .
,
, , -
.
- 2009 9, 10, 11-
.
98 941 . 1-5
35,7%- , 1-10 66,39-
. 10-
.
Page 105
2009
103
16- . -
% % 1- 5 35 119 35.71 12.65 6- 10 30 230 30.61 24.44 11- 15 15 194 15.31 20.62 16-20 9 161 9.18 17.11 21-25 5 109 5.10 11.58 26-30 2 55 2 6 31-35 0 0 0 0 36-40 2 73 2 8
98 941 100 100 12.25 117.63 12.50 12.50
SE 4.75 26.78 4.85 2.85
19- .
6 22
, .
,
. -
2000 .
2009 9, 10, 11-
. 3
: : : 26,9: 41,8:
12,6: 18,7 (20- ).
Page 106
2009
104
20- . -
100 ,
10 ,
10 , 120
.
30- .
Page 107
2009
105
2008 12-
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