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Practical On-Farm Perspectives

Dr Phil Baynes FRSB

How is the pig farmer paid?

Various contracts available depending on the marketing of the final products.

Red Tractor

Freedom Foods

Organic

Etc.

UK industry paid by combination of Deadweight & Backfat

Start at the end!

Example Contract

Based on the premise that as carcase weight increases, backfat increases.

The UK is the only Pig Industry to use backfat depth as characteristicof payment

Most contracts are based around the SPP price (Standard Pig Price) launched in July 2014 and is a voluntary survey of pig abattoirs which provide their weekly kill data including weight, probe, sex and price

What is a pig worth?

Date w/e 17th August

Number of pigs 82242

Average DW (kg) 83.56

Average Probe (mm) 10.9

Price p/kg DW (SPP) 153.05

Gross Carcase Value £127.89

Ref: AHDB Pork

Taking our contract ‘Q’ at each end of the scale:

65kg Deadweight @ 11mm P2 = £99.48105kg Deadweight @ 15mm P2 = £160.70A difference of £61.22

Reality – Individual Variation

R² = 0.0163

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65 75 85 95 105

Total Deadweight vs Backfat

R² = 0.0283

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65 75 85 95 105

Boar Deadweight vs BackfatR² = 0.0041

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65 75 85 95 105

Gilt Deadweight vs Backfat

1 load of 204 pigs killed 15.8.19

Relative to Europe

EU countries have benefitted from the ASF situation in China.UK prices have not seen this uplift and are now the lowest in the EU

It is therefore critical that UK producers maximise their return on theirContract

SPPEU Reference Price

Source - AHDB

26th August 2019 – UK 153.72p/kg, Germany 174.18p/kgEU Average 164.57p/kg

Additional Issues - condemnation

Behavioural ViceTail Biting Flank Biting

Mortality on farm (euthanasia)Abscess and partial or total condemnation at slaughter

What are the triggers?

Consistency is critical

Assuming: Consistent Genetics

Consistent Health

Consistent Environment

Consistent Management

Consistent Feed Inputs

Consistent Behaviour

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% in Q

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Q Grade Pigs by Load

% in Spec Target % in Spec Linear (% in Spec)

Inconsistency is damaging

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Source – AHDBRearing & Finishing 7-110kg

Achieving consistency:

Feed formulation

UK diets based on Cereal & Soya

Fibre & Fat High Fat Diet decreases Bifidobacterium spp and is inversely correlated to body weight,

fat mass, insulin resistance, and low‐grade inflammation (Cani & Everard, 2016)

Significant changes in raw material composition will impact on microbiota – particularly levels of Lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, NSP’s

RM quality risks:

Mycotoxins

ZON/DON/Ochratoxin etc (wheat/barley)

Ergot (triticale/rye)

Aflatoxin B1

Achieving consistency:

Feed additives

Antibiotic Growth Promoters

Trace Elements

Organic Acids

Essential Oils

Probiotics

Prebiotics

(and others)

Definition & History of Antibiotics

Definition: Any substance produced by a microorganism which harms or kills another microorganism.

Fleming in 1928 discovered Penicillin

Domagk in 1932 discovered Sulphonamides

World War 2 – purification of Penicillin and the start of research into Chemotherapeutics.

1946 Moore & 1950 Jukes reported beneficial effects on livestock

Ionophores, Macrolides, Fluroquinones, Tetracyclines etc. all been developed.

Effects of AGP’s

Control toxin production (Solomon et al 1991)

Prevent bacteria adherence (Larsen et al 1986).

Less food is wasted in maintaining the integrity of the gut lining.

There is a larger surface area for absorption through a thinner gut wall (Fiems et al 1991).

Nutrient sparing effects

A cost effective intervention in the production of pigmeat

AGP problems

Selection of resistant bacterial genotypes

Virulent bacteria can become resistant to therapeutic medicines

Potential cross-resistance to other bacterial serotypes through plasmid transfer.

1st resistance cases reported in 1951 (Starr & Reynolds) for streptomycin.

Resistance to tetracycline reported in 1958 & 1959 (Elliott & Barnes)

Licensed use of AGP’s was introduced into the EU in 1970 with complete regulation imposed in 1972.

In Europe Many AGP’s lost their license in 1999 and completely banned from 1st January 2006

Commercial Appreciation

of the Microbiome

There has been growing appreciation of the impact of feed formulation or additives on the microbial stability of the gut.

Changes in EU regulations has driven the need to utilise improved gut health for: Digestion and Feed Conversion

Immune Function

Expression of genetic traits

Modification of aberrant behaviour

No longer have reliance on antibiotics and some trace elements (Copper & Zinc)

Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio becoming more of a focus for grading at slaughter.

Properties, continued

Acid Region of Activity Main impact on Microbe

Proprionic Acid Stomach Yeast & Mould

Sorbic Acid Taste & Stomach Bacteria, Yeast & Mould

Fumaric Acid Taste & Stomach Bacteria

Benzoic Acid Gut Bacteria, Yeast & Mould

Lactic Acid Taste & Stomach Bacteria

Formic Acid Stomach Bacteria & Yeast

Citric Acid Taste & Stomach Bacteria

Water Provision

Red Tractor Assurance – 1st April 2019

Post weaning considerations

Problem in the first weeks of life of the piglet:

Insufficient HCl secretion in stomach

pH of piglet stomach is higher than in the adult.

Feed ingredients have high buffering capacity

Solution : supply acid blends

↓ of undigested feed

↓ substrate for pathogenic flora

Stomach pH

Pepsinogen

Pepsin

Slowing down of

gastric emptying

Greater protein

digestion

Improvement in

performance

Carvacrol

Cinamaldehyde

Capsaicin

SS

O

Allicin

Essential Oils

Activities of plant extracts

Name Main Compound Properties

Nutmeg Sabinene Digestion stimulant, antidiarrhoeic

Cinnamon Cinnamaldehyde Appetite and digestion stimulant, antiseptic

Clove Eugenol Appetite and digestion stimulant, antiseptic

Cardamom Cineole Appetite and digestion stimulant

Coriander Linalol Digestion Stimulant

Cumin Cuminaldehyde Digestive stimulant, calmative

Anise Anethole Digestion stimulant

Celery Phtalides Appetite and digestion stimulant

Parsley Apiol Appetite and digestion stimulant, antiseptic

Fenugreek Trigonelline Appetite stimulant

Capsicum Capsaicin Antidiarrhoeic, anti-inflammatory, stimulant

Pepper Piperine Digestion stimulant

Horseradish Allyl isothiocyanate Appetite stimulant

Mustard Allyl isothiocyanate Digestion stimulant

Ginger Zingerole Gastric stimulant

Garlic Allicin Digestion stimulant, antiseptic

Rosemary Cineole Digestion stimulant, antiseptic, antioxidant

Thyme Thymol Digestion stimulant, antiseptic, antioxidant

Sage Cineole Digestion stimulant, antiseptic, calmative

Bay Laurel Cineole Appetite and digestion stimulant, antiseptic

Peppermint Menthol Appetite and digestion stimulant, antiseptic

Combined effect of EO & OA

Probiotics

“Probiotics are live microorganisms intended to provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut flora.”

Élie Metchnikoff, Pasteur Institute in Paris 1907 first suggested the idea of modifying gut microbiota using lactic acid bacteria.

According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (US): "Although some probiotics have shown promise in research studies, strong

scientific evidence to support specific uses of probiotics for most health conditions is lacking.“

2019, “The European Food Safety Authority rejects all petitions by commercial manufacturers for health claims on probiotic products in Europe due to insufficient evidence thus inconclusive proof of effectiveness.”

Probiotic Products:

Bioplus 2B – Chr Hansen (Denmark) Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis - spores

BioGrow – Provita (Northern Ireland) Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis - spores

Levucell SB – Lallemand Sacchromyces cervisiae boulardii

Lacto-sacc – Alltech Sacchromyces cervisiae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecium,

Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Bacillus subtilis

Miya Gold (Huvepharma) Clostridium butyricum - spores

Actisaf Sc47 (Lesaffre) Sacchromyces cervisiae Sc47

Calsporin (Orffa) Bacillus subtilis - spores

Mode of Action

Competitive Exclusion

Production of other products to support gut health.

Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis

Improved Starch, protein and fat digestibility (enzyme production)

≈10% improvement in ADG ≈5% improvement in FCR

Clostridium butyricum- production of Butyric acid

Control of enteric pathogens, repair of Tight Junctions in epithelial wall

Sacchromyces cervisiae

Neutralising of pathogenic bacterial toxins

Binding of flagella of E.coli and Salmonella

Stimulates enzyme production and cell wall integrity

Increases villus height and crypt depth in small intestine

Prebiotics

Non-digestible food components which support/stimulate lactobacilli and bifidobacter within the gut – FOS, GOS, inulin (>9 Sugar Units).

Glucose

Fructose

GF2

GF3

GF4

• Unbreakable linkage between the glucose &

fructose prevents digestion and absorption by

host

• Promotes fermentation to VFA – specifically

butyric acid.

FOS & GOS Mode of Action

Act as a food source for the beneficial bacteria Fermented FOS/GOS/TOS decrease gut pH and create unfavourable environment

for pathogenic species.

FOS increases total VFA, goblet cells and villi height. (Chuanlai Xu, Xudong Chen, Cheng Ji, Qiugang Ma and Kai Hao (2005))

Products that supply only short chain sugars are likely to produce rapid fermentations in the Small intestines. (Houdijk, J.G.M., 1998, Wageningen Agricultural University, Holland, Effects of

Non-digestible oligosaccharides)

GOS enriched products increase bifidobacteria (Jeurink, P. V; Van Esch, B. C; Rijnierse, A; Garssen, J; Knippels, LM (2013))

Typical Prebiotics in EU

Profeed – pure scFOS from sugar beet, Beghin Meiji (GF2- GF4)

Agrimos – Lallemand, yeast cell wall

Actigen- Alltech, yeast cell wall

Active MOS (Orffa)

Inulin - Chicory pulp

Dairy Crest GOS

MOS serve as an alternative attachment site in the intestinal tractfor undesirable enteric pathogenic organisms

Alltech – Bio-Mos, Actigen

MOS Mode of Action

What have I missed?

Organic Trace Elements

Nucleotides

Phytase

NSP enzymes

Mycotoxin binders

Ammonia blockers

Etc…

Commercial Problems

Feed Additives 2013/2014

This list is dynamic and growing

The Confusion/Debate

Feed Formulation (Fibres)Acids (Organic/Inorganic)Essential OilsProbioticsPrebioticsOrganic Trace ElementsNucleotidesPhytaseNSP enzymesMycotoxin bindersAmmonia blockersEtc…

All impact on the Microbiome:which combination results in best economic benefit?

Conclusion

Consistency is critical for survival.

Use of additives to modify & regulate microbiome is key.

More research & dissemination is needed to capitalise.

Current approach is too disjointed with far too many products and claims.

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