H&Q: 1 of 22 Hansen & Quinn Greek Study Guide
Introduction (Hansen & Quinn) Accent: Recessive and Persistent
General rules (Introduction) o No matter how many syllables a word
may have, the accent can only appear over the last three syllables.
o The syllable names o ultima = last syllable o penult = second to
last syllable o antepenult = next to last syllable o Acute accent o
appears over all three syllables o appears over long and short
vowels and diphthongs o Restrictions: Can appear over the ultima
only when a paus follows, i.e. at the end of a sentence or before a
comma or semicolon Cannot appear over the penult when it is
accented and contains a long vowel or a diphthong and the ultima
contains a short vowel. Can appear over the antepenult only when
the contains a short vowel o Grave accent: o appears only over the
ultima o appears over short vowels or long vowels and diphthongs o
Restrictions Must replace an acute accent over the ultima when
another word follows directly without a pause and cannot appear
otherwise. o Circumflex accent o appears only over the ultima and
the penult. o appears only over long vowels or diphthongs o
Restrictions: Must appear over the penult when the penult is
accented and containsa long vowel or diphthong and the ultima
contains a short vowel. Cannot appear over the penult when the
ultimate contains a long vowel or a diphthong.
H&Q: 2 of 22
Recessive: for verbs (pg 9) Recessive accent means that the
accent goes back as far as permitted by the rules of accentuation.
o If the ultima contains a short vowel, the accent can go back as
far as the anipenult. o If there is a long ultima, it prevents the
accent from going beyond the penult and also prevents the accent on
the penult from being a circumflex. o If there are only two
syllables and the first one is long or a diphthong and the last one
is short, then the accent is a circumflex over the penult o If
there are only two syllables and the first one is long or a
diphthong and the second one is long, the accent is acute over the
penult. Persistent: for nouns and adjectives Persistent accent
tries to stay over the same vowel or diphthong unless forced to
chanbe by the rules of accentuation. o If the accent is over the
penult when the ultima is short, it may remain over the penult when
it becomes long. However, if the original accent is a circumflex
and the ultima becomes long, it must change to acute. o If the
accent is over the antepenult and the ultima becomes long, the
accent must move over the penult o If the accent is over the penult
in a two syllable word (whether the ultima is long or short) and
the word adds a syllable, it may stay there so long as the new
ultima is long (but if it is a circumflex it must change to acute).
If the new ultima is long, it must move forward to the penult.
Chapters (Hansen & Quinn) Summery of the Greek Case System
(Chapter 1) o Nominative: subject, predicate nominative, naming
things o Genitive: of (as in the English possessive), away from,
out of
H&Q: 3 of 22 o Dative: to, for (indirect object); by, with
(often instrumental); in, at (often locative-place or time when) o
Accusative: direct object, motion toward, duration/length of a
space or time o Vocative: shows that a noun is being addressed
directly by the speaker Relationships between the cases: ACCUSATIVE
DATIVE on Motion to/into in under GENITIVE Motion away from/out
of
Special uses of the cases: Genitive: Partitive Genitive (Chapter
6): genitive of the part of the whole. Genitive of Time Within
Which (Chapter 6): Translated into "during" or "within which"
Dative: Dative of Time at Which (Chapter 6): Time at which or when.
Translate as "on" Accusative: Accusative of Extent of Time (Chapter
6): This explains the duration of time. Translate as "for"
Accusative of Extent of space (Chapter 6): This indicates distance
travelled. Translate as the number or "for". Declensions (Chapter
1, 4, 6) To decline any noun, take the genitive singular, remove
the genitive singular ending to get the stem, and then add the
proper set of endings to the stem. The accent, however, is
persistent based on the nominative singular. In terms of accent,
the final diphthongs - and - are short. In first and second
declension, when a noun has an acute accent on the ultima in the
nominative, the accent is changed to a circumslex in the genitive
and dative, in both the singular and the plural (e.g , , and , ,
where the final 's are long) First Declension Nouns (a few rare
contract paradigms in Greek Paradigm Handbook page 4) - (fem) -
(fem) - (fem) - (fem) - (masc) - (masc) Nom - - - - - - Gen - - - -
- - Dat - - long - - long - - Acc - - - - - - Voc - - - - -, - Nom
- - - - - - Gen - - - - - -
H&Q: 4 of 22 Dat Acc Voc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
First Declension Examples - (fem) - (fem) - (fem) - (fem) -
(masc) - (masc) Nom Gen Dat long Acc Voc Nom Gen Dat Acc Voc In
nouns that have a stem ending in , , , the endings of the
nominative, dative, and accusative singular have instead of . The
vocative singular of these nouns have instead of . For accenting,
the accent over the genitive plural in the first declension is
always a circumflex. it does not obey the regular rules of accent.
Second declension nouns Nom Gen Dat Acc Voc Nom Gen Dat Acc Voc
Second Declension Examples Nom Gen Dat Acc Voc Nom Gen Dat - (masc)
- (neut) - (masc/fem) - - - - - - - - - - - (neut) - - - - - - - -
- -
H&Q: 5 of 22 Acc Voc
In all neuter nouns, the accusative and the vocative are the
same as the nominative in both the singular and the plural. The
nominative, accusative, and the vocative plural of all neuter nous
is -. The accent on the vocative singular , , is irregular (), but
for other words, the accent stays on the ultima in the vocative.
The accent over the genitive plural, unlike in the feminine first
declension, follows the regular rules of accent rather than being
accented. Third Declension Nouns: Consonant Stems (Chapter 6) The
accent is persistent. But third declension nouns with monosyllabic
stems accent the ultima in the genitive and dative, singular and
plural; genitive plural takes a circumflex. The masculine and
feminine nouns are identical in the vocative and nominative
singular when either (1) the nominative singular ends in - or - or
(2) when the nominative singular ends in - or - and accents the
ultima (e.g. ). Otherwise, the vocative singular consists of the
stem alone with any final dental dropped (e.g. ). Endings--
Consonant Stem (Chapter 6) M/F N Nom --------------------------Gen
- - Dat - - Acc -/- * ------------Voc - ------------Nom - - Gen - -
Dat -() -() Acc - - Voc - - *Stems which end in -,-. or -, and
which do not accent this iota, drop the final consonant from the
stem and employ the ending -. e.g. , but . The Definite Article The
masculine and feminine nominative, both singular and plural, have
neither the initial which appears in the rest of the forms nor an
accent. such words without accent which are pronounced closely with
the folliwng word are called proclitics. The accent changes from
acute to circumflex in the genitive and dative, both singular and
plural. Masculine Feminine Neuter Nom Gen Dat Acc
H&Q: 6 of 22 Voc Nom Gen Dat Acc Voc long
Uses of the article: Possibilities: 1. It points to a particular
individual or group 2. The article is used with generic classes 3.
The article is used with abstract nouns 4. Used with the names of
famous or previously mentioned persons 5. Sometimes the article can
be used in place of a possessive pronoun (clerified by context) 6.
The article is often not used in Greek with words that refer to
something unique and well known Relative Pronoun (Chapter 6):
relative pronoun refers to the antecedent in the independent clause
and agrees in gender and number, but the case is dependent on its
gramatical function Masculine Feminine Neuter Nom Gen Dat Acc Nom
Gen Dat Acc long Note (Chapter 6): Relative pronoun plus often has
causal force. Adjectives (Chapter 4) Like nouns, the accent of
adjectives is persistent and is given by the neuter nominative
singular adjectives of the first and second declension, when
accented on the ultima, take a circumflex in the genitive and
dative, singular and plural. However, the accent in the feminine
genitive plural unlike that of first declension nouns does not
shift to the ultima but follows the regular rules of accent.
Adjectives must agree with the noun in gender, number, and case.
Three Termination Adjectives-- 212 (Chapter 4): - (masc) 2 Nom -
Gen - Dat - Acc - Voc - Nom - - (fem) 1 - - - - - - - (neut) 2 - -
- - - -
H&Q: 7 of 22 Gen Dat Acc Voc - - - - - - - - - (fem) 1 - - -
- - (neut) 2
e.g. , , (good) - (masc) 2 Nom - Gen - Dat - Acc - Voc - Nom Gen
Dat Acc Voc
Two Termination Adjectives-- Second Declension (Chapter 4): -
(masc/fem) - (neut) Nom - - Gen - - Dat - - Acc - - Voc - - Nom - -
Gen - - Dat - - Acc - - Voc - - e.g. , (unjust) Nom Gen Dat Acc Voc
Nom Gen Dat Acc Voc - (masc) - (neut)
H&Q: 8 of 22 Substantive Uses of Adjectives and Articles
(Chapter 5) For the adjective, the substantive can be used when any
adjective has the general meaning of man, woman, ore thing. In
general, to seems that the singular uses require an article, while
the plural do not. Substantive articles, are either women, men, or
things. They often go along with .... Notes on Word Order (Chapter
1, 2, 4) Attributive Position (Chapter 2): Any words which limit or
depend upon a noun (e.g. genitives, prepositional phrases, and
adjectives) and which are preceded by an article which agrees with
the noun in gender, number an case, are in attributive position.
This can occur in three ways: 1. Modifiers can appear between the
article and the noun with which it agrees, e.g. (the words of the
brother) 2. Sometimes the article is repeated after the noun and
the modifiers follow the second article, e.g (the words of the
brother) 3. Sometimes even, the article does not appear before the
noun but only after it, e.g. (the words of the brother) Predicate
Position (Chapter 4): An adjective which agrees with a noun
accompanied by the article, but which itself is not preceded by the
article, is in the predicate position. The phrase consisting of the
noun and article becomes the subject and the predicate adjective of
a complete sentence. To translate, use the linking verb "is". This
is called a nominal sentence. This can also be done with a noun
with a presumed linking verb. One noun will include the definite
article, but this noun-article can go first or second. Brief Note
on SOV (Chapter 1): Greek word order is arbitrary. However, SOV is
usual unless a particular order is needed for emphasis. Verbs
Overview (Chapter 2) Noun-Verb Agreement: All nouns as subjects of
verbs must be nominative and agree with the noun in person and
number. However, neuter plural nouns often take singular verbs.
Most verbs have: 1. Person 2. Number 3. Tense-- can convey
information about time and in moods other than the indicative
conveys only information about aspect. Possible aspects are simple,
progressive, repeated, and completed. Unless the verb form is an
iterative, the progressive and repeated aspects are the same. a.
Greek has 7 tenses in the indicative mood: i. Present tense
(progressive/repeated) ii. Future tense (simple or
progressive/repeated) iii. Perfect tense (completed) iv. Pluperfect
tense (completed)
H&Q: 9 of 22 v. Future Perfect (completed) vi. Imperfect
(progressive/repeated) vii. aorist (simple) 4. Voice: active,
middle (usually active with special personal involvement, except
for deponents and certain verbs where it may be translated
passively), and passive 5. Mood: the type of statement a person is
making a. Indicative mood-- factual statements and questions b.
Subjunctive mood-- hortatory, potential, etc c. Optative mood--
wish, prayer, etc d. Imperative Mood-- give a command Principle
Parts: 1. First person singular present indicative active:
Present/imperfect -- 2. First Person Singular Future Indicative
Active: Future Active/Middle-- 3. First Person Singular Aorist
Indicative Active: Aorist Active/Middle-- 4. First Person Singular
Perfect Indicative Active: Perfect Active, Pluperfect Active,
Future Perfect Active -- 5. First Person Singular Perfect
Indicative Passive: Perfect Middle/Passive, Pluperfect
Middle/Passive, Future Perfect Middle/Passive-- 6. First Person
Singular Aorist Indicative Passive: Aorist Passive, Future Passive-
Present Indicative Active (Chapter 2): take off the first person
ending from the first principle part and add the appropriate ending
to the stems. Stems are not accented until they are inflected.
Singular Plural First Person - - Second Person - - Third Person -
-() e.g. First Person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural
()
Imperfect Indicative Active (Chapter 2): take off the first
person ending from the first principle part and add the appropriate
ending to the stems and add a temporal augment () to the stem.
Stems are not accented until they are inflected. Singular Plural
First Person - - Second Person - - Third Person -() - e.g. First
Person Singular Plural
H&Q: 10 of 22 Second Person Third Person ()
Future Indicative Active (Chapter 2): take off the first person
ending from the second principle part and add the appropriate
ending to the stems. Stems are not accented until they are
inflected. Singular Plural First Person - - Second Person - - Third
Person - -() e.g. First Person Second Person Third Person Singular
Plural ()
orist Indicative Active (Chapter 2): take off the first person
ending from the third principle part and add the appropriate ending
to the stems and add a temporal augment () to the stem. Stems are
not accented until they are inflected. Singular Plural First Person
- - Second Person - - Third Person -() - e.g. First Person Second
Person Third Person Singular () Plural
Perfect Indicative Active (Chapter 3): take off the first person
ending from the fourth principle part and add the appropriate
ending to the stems. Stems are not accented until they are
inflected. Singular Plural First Person - - Second Person - - Third
Person -() -() e.g. First Person Second Person Third Person
Singular () Plural ()
H&Q: 11 of 22 Pluperfect Indicative Active (Chapter 3): take
off the first person ending from the fourth principle part and add
the appropriate ending to the stems and add a temporal augment.
Stems are not accented until they are inflected. Singular Plural
First Person - - Second Person - - Third Person -() -() e.g. First
Person Second Person Third Person Singular () Plural () Pluperfect
() Future Perfect* -------------------------
Thematic Active Indicative Verb Summery (Chapter 2, 3) Present
Imperfect Future Aorist Perfect 1 2 3 1 2 3 ( ) () ( ) () ()
( ( ) )
*The Future Perfect (Smyth 584) is formed periphrastically
(future of + perfect participle) for all verbs with the exception
of (I set) which yields the perfect form (I stand) and yields the
future perfect (perfect stem + + future personal endings) meaning
"I shall stand." The other is from (I die) with the perfect (I am
dead) and yields the future perfect meaning "I shall be dead."
However, it appears that any verb can be formed simply with the
fourth principle part - personal ending + (which usually melds with
the to form ) + future endings. For a summery of the paraphrastic
form, see Greek Paradigm Handbook page 100. The Subjunctive and
Optatitve (Chapter 3): They show the speaker views an action as non
factual. Subjunctive and optative have only aspect-- they do not
show tense. The only tenses that appear in the subjunctive are
aorist (simple aspect), present (progressive/repeated aspect), and
perfect (completed aspect). There is no future subjunctive. The
Perfect Subjunctive (Chapter 3): the perfect subjunctive is created
periphrastically with in the subjunctive and the perfect participle
(H&Q 734). It looks from Smyth 1860 that it can also be formed
by adding the subjunctive endings to the perfect stem. See below
for the nonparaphrastic construction. Independent Uses of the
Subjunctive (Chapter 5): Hortatory, deliberative, prohibative.
H&Q: 12 of 22 Hortatory Subjunctive: expresses emphatically
the will of the speaker. Translate at "Let Us" and has a negative
with . Deliberative Subjunctive: expresses uncertainty about what
he or she is going to do. Translate as "am I to"/"are we to".
Negative is . Prohibitive Subjunctive: With the negative the second
person of the aorist subjunctive (but not the present subjunctive)
expresses prohibition. This is called the prohibitive subjunctive.
Positive commands are expressed in the imperative mood. Present
Subjunctive Active: (Chapter 3) Take the first principle part and
remove the personal endings. Then add the appropriate ending to the
stem. Stems are not accented until they are inflected. Singular
Plural First Person - - Second Person - - Third Person - -() e.g.
First Person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural ()
Aorist Subjunctive Active: (Chapter 3) Take the third principle
part and remove the personal ending and the temporal augment (as
the aorist subjunctive does not indicate time). Then add the
appropriate ending to the stem. Stems are not accented until they
are inflected. Singular Plural First Person - - Second Person - -
Third Person - -() e.g. First Person Second Person Third Person
Singular Plural ()
Perfect Subjunctive Active: (Greek Paradigm Handbook page 92)
Take the fourth principle part and remove the personal endings.
Then add the appropriate ending to the stem. Stems are not accented
until they are inflected. Singular Plural First Person - - Second
Person - - Third Person - -() e.g.
H&Q: 13 of 22 Singular Plural () Aorist () Perfect ()
First Person Second Person Third Person
Subjunctive Summery For Thematic Verbs Present First Person
Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person
()
Present Optative Active: (Chapter 3) Take the first principle
part and remove the personal endings. Then add the appropriate
ending to the stem. Stems are not accented until they are
inflected. Singular Plural First Person - - Second Person - - Third
Person - - Note: for the purposes of accentuation, the final - in
the optative third person singular counts as long rather than
short. e.g. Singular Plural First Person Second Person Third Person
Aorist Optative Active: (Chapter 3) Take the third principle part
and remove the personal ending and the temporal augment (as the
aorist subjunctive does not indicate time). Then add the
appropriate ending to the stem. Stems are not accented until they
are inflected. Singular Plural First Person - - Second Person - -
Third Person -/-() -/- Note: The final - in the third person
singular of the aorist optative active counts as long for the
purposes of accentuation. e.g. Singular Plural First Person Second
Person
H&Q: 14 of 22 Third Person /() /
Perfect pative Active: (Greek Paradigm Handbook page 92) Take
the fourth principle part and remove the personal endings. Then add
the appropriate ending to the stem. Stems are not accented until
they are inflected. Singular Plural First Person -/- - Second
Person -/- - Third Person -/- - e.g. First Person Second Person
Third Person Singular / / / Plural
Future Optative Active: (Greek Paradigm Handbook page 76) Take
the second principle part and remove the personal ending. Then add
the appropriate ending to the stem. Stems are not accented until
they are inflected. Singular Plural First Person - - Second Person
- - Third Person - - Note: The final - in the third person singular
of the aorist optative active counts as long for the purposes of
accentuation. e.g. Singular Plural First Person o o Second Person o
o Third Person o o The Infinitive (Chapter 2, 3, 5 Greek paradigm
handbook): Infinitives have only tense (which indicates aspect) and
voice. In the infinitive, the syllable preceding the ending - is
always accented. If an infinitive ending is accented, it does not
obey the rules of accent. Uses of the infinitive (chapter 2, ):
Some verbs take a complementary infinitive such as (I command
accusative to infinitive). Present Active Infinitive: Take the
first person singular of the first principle part and remove the
ending. Then add -, e.g. . Present Middle/Passive Infinitive
(Chapter 5): Take the first person singular of the first principle
part and remove the ending. Then add -, e.g. .
H&Q: 15 of 22
Aorist Active Infinitive: Take the first person singular of the
third principle part and remove the ending and the temporal
augment. The accent is always on the penult. The add -, e.g. .
Aorist Middle Infinitive (Chapter 7): Take the third principle
part, remove the temporal augment, and add the ending -, e.g. .
Aorist Passive Infinitive (Chapter 5): Take the sixth principle
part and remove the personal endings and temporal augment. Then add
-, e.g. . Perfect Active Infinitive: Take the first person singular
of the fourth principle part and remove the ending. The add -, e.g.
. Perfect Middle/Passive Infinitive (Chapter 5): Take the fifth
principle part and remove the personal ending and add - , e.g. .
Future Active Infinitive (Greek Paradigm Handbook page 77): Take
the first person singular of the second principle part and remove
the ending. Then add -, e.g. . The Articular Infinitive (Chapter
5): The infinitive is the direct object of the verb under certain
circumstances. e.g. . The infinitive can also stand in for an
English gerund. The Middle System (Chapter 7) The nominative is
doing the action, but the action always returns to the nominative.
Most middle forms are identical to the passive forms. However, the
aorist and future tense of the middle voice are different than the
passive. Future Indicative Middle (Chapter 7): Singular First
Person - Second Person -/ Third Person - e.g. First Person Second
Person Third Person Singular / Plural Plural - - -
Aorist Indicative Middle (Chapter 7): Take the third principle
part Singular Plural First Person - - Second Person - - Third
Person - -
H&Q: 16 of 22
e.g. First Person Second Person Third Person Singular Plural
Plural - - - Plural
Aorist Subjunctive Middle (Chapter 7): Singular First Person -
Second Person - Third Person - e.g. First Person Second Person
Third Person Singular
Aorist Optative Middle (Chapter 7) Singular First Person -
Second Person - Third Person - e.g. First Person Second Person
Third Person Singular
Plural - - - Plural
The Passive System (Chapter 5) Present Indicative Passive:
(Chapter 5) take the first principle part and remove the personal
ending, then add the primary tense passive endings: Singular Plural
First Person - - Second Person -/ - Third Person - - e.g. First
Person Second Person Singular / Plural
H&Q: 17 of 22 Third Person
Present Subjunctive Passive (Chapter 5): take the first
principle part and remove the personal ending, then add the present
subjunctive passive endings. Singular Plural First Person - -
Second Person - - Third Person - - e.g. First Person Second Person
Third Person Singular Plural
Present ptative Passive (Chapter 5): take the first principle
part and remove the personal ending, then add the present optative
passive endings. Singular Plural First Person - - Second Person - -
Third Person - - e.g. First Person Second Person Third Person
Singular Plural
Imperfect Indicative Passive (Chapter 5): take the first
principle parts and remove the personal ending, then add the
secondary tense passive endings: Singular Plural First Person - -
Second Person - - Third Person - - e.g. First Person Second Person
Third Person Singular Plural
Aorist Indicative Passive (Chapter 5): take the sixth principle
parts and remove the personal ending, then add the secondary tense
passive endings: Singular Plural First Person - -
H&Q: 18 of 22 Second Person Third Person e.g. First Person
Second Person Third Person Singular Plural - - - -
Aorist Subjunctive Passive (Chapter 5): take the sixth principle
parts and remove the personal ending and the temporal augment, then
add the subjunctive endings: Singular Plural First Person - -
Second Person - - Third Person - -() e.g. First Person Second
Person Third Person Singular Plural
Aorist Optative Passive (Chapter 5): take the sixth principle
parts and remove the personal ending and the temporal augment, then
add the appropriate endings: Singular Plural First Person - - / -
Second Person - - / - Third Person - - / - e.g. First Person Second
Person Third Person Singular Plural / / /
Future Indicative Passive (Chapter 5): take the sixth principle
part and remove the temporal augment and the personal ending. Then
add the suffix -- and add the primary tense passive endings.
Singular Plural First Person - - Second Person -/ - Third Person -
- e.g.
H&Q: 19 of 22 Singular Plural
First Person Second Person Third Person
Perfect Indicative Passive (Chapter 5): Take the fifth principle
part and remove the personal ending, then add the primary tense
passive endings without the thematic voewl. Singular Plural First
Person - - Second Person - - Third Person - - e.g. First Person
Second Person Third Person Singular Plural
**NOTE: Perfect subjuntive and optative middle passive are made
paraphrastically with the perfect middle/passive participle and the
subjunctive or optative of . Pluperfect Indicative Passive (Chapter
5): Take the fifth principle part and remove the personal ending,
then add the secondary tense passive endings without the thematic
voewl. Singular Plural First Person - - Second Person - - Third
Person - - e.g. First Person Second Person Third Person Sequence of
Moods: (Chapter 3) Primary Tenses: those that refer to the present
and future (present, future, future perfect, perfect). Takes the
subjunctive mood and the tense shows aspect. Secondary Tenses:
those that refer to past time (imperfect, aorist, pluperfect).
Takes the optative mood and the tense shows aspect. Sequence of
Tenses: In complex sentences, certain kinds of dependent clauses
will have a verb in either the subjunctive or the optative mood,
depending on whether the main verb of the sentence is either a
primary or secondary tense of the indicative and therefore triggers
either primary or secondary sequence, respectively. Singular
Plural
H&Q: 20 of 22 Purpose Clauses: (Chapter 3) Purpose Clause
Words: , , all mean "in order that." can be added to (after) any of
these indicating a negation which can translated as "in order
that...not" or "lest." Translating the sequence of Tenses: Primary
sequence should be translated with "may," while secondary sequence
should be translated with "might." Conditional Sentences: (Chapter
4, chart appendix 750-751): a conditional sentence consists of two
statements: an assumption (protasis) and a conclusion (apotasis).
Future More Vivid: Protasis: (if) + subjunctive, Apotasis: future
indicative, Translation: does/will do Future Less Vivid: Protasis:
(if) + optatitive, Apotasis: optative + , Translation: should/would
Present General: Protasis: (if) + subjunctive, Apotasis: present
indicative, Translation: does/does Present Contrafactual: (if) +
imperfect indicative, Apotasis: imperfect indicative + ,
Translation: were doing/would be doing Past General: Protasis: (if)
+ optatitive, Apotasis: imperfect indicative, Translation: did/did
Past Contrafactual: (if) + aorist, Apotasis: aorist + ,
Translation: had done/would have done Protasis (negative ) , [, , ]
+ present or perfect indicative: is doing, has done [, , + ] or
e.g., + subjunctive: does , [, , ] + imperfect indicative: were
doing , [, , ] + any past indicative: did, was doing, had done [, ,
+ ] or e.g., + optative: did , [, , ] + aorist indicative: had done
or + imperfect indicative: had been doing, had done (habitually) ,
[, , ] + future indicative: does [, , + ] or e.g., + subjunctive:
does Apodosis (negative ) Present or perfect indicative: is doing,
has done Present indicative: does imperfect indicative + : would be
doing Any past indicative: did, was doing, had done Imperfect
indicative: did Aorist indicative + : would have done imperfect
indicative + : would have been doing, would have done (habitually)
future indicative: will do Future indicative: will do
Present Simple Present General Present Contrafactual Past Simple
Past General Past Contrafactual
Future Most Vivid Future More Vivid
H&Q: 21 of 22 Future Less Vivid , [, , ] + optatitve: should
do optative + : would do
Questions (Chapter 2): o indicates a question, although a
question can also simply be indicated by the question mark (;).
means "of course," "evidently," etc. "Big" , i.e. with a circumflex
is + , where is the original question word. o Questions can also be
indicated by simply adding " " to the end of a sentence, an exact
parallel to the English "or not" Prepositions (Various Chapters,
flashcards, James Morewood 56-59) , , (chapter 1): All are
proclitic. Meanings in italics in the chart. In compound verbs:
(James Morwood, 56-59) -- "up", "up to" --"thoroughly", "right
through", "parting" "entirely" -- "in", "into", "to" , -- "out of",
"thoroughly" -- "upon", "over", "against", "after" -- "down",
"against", intensifier -- "after", sharing, changing -- "beside" --
"all around", "exceedingly", "very" -- "forward", "on behalf of",
"before" -- "to", "against", "besides" -- "together," "together
with" -- "over", "greatly", "on behalf of" -- "under", "gradually",
"in an underhand way", "secretly", "slightly" Italics indicate
primary meaning Genitive Dative Accusative Together with, at the
same time as Concerning, for the About, concerning, Round about,
near sake of for the sake of Upon Up along, over, though, among,
throughout Instead of, opposite, in return for From, away from,
off, after, by reason of Through, by means On account of, of,
during thanks to Into, to, for
H&Q: 22 of 22 (purpose), against, up to, as far as, until,
in regard to, toward, at (with time) , Out of, from On, by, in the
time of Under, down from, down into, against With, together with,
among From (the side of) In, on, near, among, at, in the time of
Upon, on, pertaining to, on the condition that, because of To,
onto, forward, for, against, over Down, on over, according to,
throughout, entire after At (the side of), chez, by the side of,
with, near Around, about, concerning To (the side of), beside,
contrary to, beyond, during, to the presence of Around, concerning,
round about, near
Concerning, about Before, in front of, on behalf of, in
preference to, rather than In the eyes of, in the name of, by, on
the side of, characteristic of Over, above, on behalf of By (+gen
of personal agent), under
Near, in addition to, close by, at With, in company with Under,
under the power of, subject to
Toward, with a view to, in proportion to, against
,
g
Over, beyond (of motion or measure) Under (with motion), toward
(with time), about, at (with time) To (with people)