Grammar for Corporate Workers

8/13/2019 Grammar for Corporate Workers

1/146

WHAT IS A SENTENCE?

Sentence

To make our meaning clear we use a single word; such as, come, go, sit, run, etc.

But generally we use words in groups to make our meaning clear: such as

1. The children are playing in the garden.

2. The Taj Mahal is in Agra.

ence a !entence is a group o" words that makes complete sense.

A !entence always starts with a capital letter and ends with a "ull stop.

#hen we make a sentence, we name a person or a thing and then we say

something a$out that person or thing.

#hat you name is called the SUBJECT o" the sentence.

#hat you say a$out the !u$ject is called the PREDICATE o" the sentence.

Thus e%ery sentence is made o" a Subject and a Predicate.

E.g. Mary had a little lam$.

Subject Predicate

&'ercise

!eparate the su$ject and the predicate in the "ollowing sentence.

1. (ature is the $est physician.

2. Man is a social animal.

). The earth re%ol%es round the sun.

*. The sun rises in the east.

+. Mother Teresa is a great social worker

. -iana is %ery $eauti"ul

. /illian is going to school today.

0. ome was not $uilt in a day.

. 3olum$us disco%ered America.

1


2/146

Kinds of Sentences:

!entences are di%ided into "our kinds, namely:

. Dec!arati"e Sentences

A -eclarati%e sentence makes a statement or declares something.e.g. 4ohn is playing cricket.

-elhi is the capital o" 5ndia.

The children are going to Agra

#. Interrogati"e Sentences

An 5nterrogati%e sentence asks a 6uestion .

e.g. #hen is he going to -elhi7

#ill you play cricket today75s he coming with us7

$. I%&erati"e Sentences

An 5mperati%e !entence e'presses a command or a re6uest.

e.g. 3lose the door and keep still.

8lease knock $e"ore you enter the room.

Always speak the truth.

'. E(c!a%ator) SentencesAn &'clamatory !entence e'presses some strong and sudden "eeling.

e.g. #hat a $eauti"ul painting9

ow glad 5 am that you ha%e come9

#hat a great mo%ie9

The sentence "ormula "or a simple sentence is:

. 5nterrogati%e Au'iliary !u$ject 3omplement.

A1. !u$ject Au'iliary 3omplement.A2. !u$ject (egati%e Au'iliary 3omplement.

Any con%ersation with a person will $e in 6uestion and answer "orm. The answer

will $e positi%e or negati%e. 5n this $ook we shall use . "or 6uestions, A1 "or

positi%e answers and A2 "or negati%e answers.

The di""erence $etween A1 and A2 is in the au'iliary. ?or A1 we use a positi%e

au'iliary and A2 a negati%e au'iliary.

!tudy the sentence "ormula gi%en a$o%e and memori@e it.

2


3/146

Q I / Q II

#e usually ask a 6uestion either to get the answer in the positi%e or the negati%e

e.g. Are you coming with me7 =r to get a reason e.g.: #hy are you coming with

me7 Asking 6uestions in &nglish in all the tenses as well as with Au'iliaries

mentioned in a later 3hapter should $e practiced $y the student. ere we shall

"irst identi"y the 6uestion. CetDs say, the 6uestion which can $e answered in the

positi%e or negati%e are 1 and the 6uestion which can $e answered with a

reason are 55 At this stage, students should just identi"y the sentence .

5denti"y the sentence 5 or 55

#hether the answer could $e yes or no 5

#hether the answer couldnDt $e yes or no 55

1. -o 5 ha%e to come7

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

2. #hat did you do7


). a%e you read this $ook7


*. Am 5 not $eauti"ul7


+. #hy is his shirt $etter than yours7

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE . #hy must we watch this mo%ie7


. !hall we watch the mo%ie now7


0. !hall we $uy the stereo set today7

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

)


4/146

. !hould 5 wait "or you today7


1F. #onDt you come with me7


11. #hat would you like to $uy7


12. Are you com"orta$le7


1). #ould you like to join us7

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 1*. #hy canDt we tra%el $y train7


1+. #ere you "ast asleep7


1 . -o you like this apartment7

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 1 . ArenDt you sleepy7


10. #hy did you distur$ me7


1 . #here do you wish to ha%e your dinner7

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 2F. 3an /anguly $at as well7


21. ow did you get hurt7


22. May we ha%e a $reak7


*


5/146

Sentence Pattern

SUBJECT / OBJECT / VERBS

Subject* The su$ject o" a sentence is generally the person or thing a$out which

something is said and can usually $e "ound $y asking the 6uestion GwhoG or GwhatG

$e"ore the %er$.

e.g. !he went near the ri%er, in this sentence GsheG is the su$ject.

+bject* The o$ject o" a %er$ is the person or thing to which the action denoted $y the %er$ passes o%er "rom the doer. 5t can generally $e "ound $y asking the

6uestion GwhomG or GwhatG a"ter the %er$.

e.g. 5 $ought a $ook on cooking in this sentence the G$ookG is the o$ject

,erb* The %er$ is the most important part o" a sentence and tells us or asserts

something a$out the su$ject. 5t shows an action or state and may consist o" oneword or more than one word.

e.g. !he has "orgotten her $ag. 5n this sentence Ghas "orgottenG is the %er$.

Break up the "ollowing sentence into su$ject %er$ o$ject !H


6/146

E(ercise

Inderline the !u$ject,


7/146

PARTS OF SPEECH

Introduction

#ords are used "or di""erent purposes. They, in other words, per"orm a %ariety o"

"unctions.

They, sometimes, name persons, places and things and on occasion, they are used

in place o" other words or they descri$e things, persons or places. #ords are also

used to descri$e actions, show relationships and to com$ine words or sentences.

#ords may also $e used to modi"y another word and to e'press some sudden

"eeling.

They are classi"ied into eight kinds $ased on their "unctions.

#ords which are "re6uently used in speech or writing are called &arts of s&eec-:

1. (ouns

2. Adjecti%es

). 8ronouns

*.


8/146

ARTICLES

Artic!es: GAG, GanG and GtheG are known as Articles.

Kinds o" Articles: There are two types o" articles.

. Definite Artic!e: An Article which is used to re"er to a particular person or

thing is known as the -e"inite Article.

&': the

#. Indefinite Artic!e: An Article which does not re"er to any particular person

or thing is known as the 5nde"inite Article.

&': a, an

A. T E SE/ECTI+0 +1 2A2 +R 2A02

The selection $etween GaG and GanG is determined $y sound.

ints:1. JAD is used $e"ore a word $eginning with a consonant sound.

&': a man, a chair, a uni%ersity, a horse, a yard.

2. JAD is also used $e"ore a word $eginning with GhG and also with GyG and GuG.

&': a horse, a historical place, a youth, a year, a yell, a yellow "lower, a

young man, a use"ul thing, a unit, a &uropean, a uni"orm, a union

). JAD is used $e"ore a word $eginning with a GwG sound. &': a one legged soldier, a one man tri$unal, a one rupee note, such a one.

*. JAnD is used $e"ore a word $eginning with a %owel sound.

&': an hour, an heir, an honest citi@en, an ass, an enemy, an orange, an

uncle, an ice cream.

0


9/146

B. T E USE +1 I0DE1I0ITE ARTIC/E

The 5nde"inite Article JaD or JanD is used in the sense o" 2one of a 3ind2 .

&': 5 met a colleague, means one o" some>all colleagues

5 read a maga@ine, means one o" some>all maga@ines

5t is used to represent a whole class or in the sense o" a!! or an).

&': A pupil should $e o$edient, means all or any pupil

A mother must lo%e her children, means all or any mother

5t is used in the sense o" GoneG.

&': This is a $ook.

C. 2A2 +R 2A02 IS 0+T USED

A or An is not used with a plural noun.

&': cats, toys, $ooks not a cats, a toys, a $ooks

#ith material nouns.

&': glass, cloth, sil%er, $read, wheat, sand, water, wine, rice, iron, paper,

sugar.

#ith a$stract nouns

&': happiness, pleasure, $eauty, lo%e, "ear, a""ection, "riendship, wisdom

D. T E USE +1 DE1I0ITE ARTIC/ES

The -e"inite Article GtheG is used when we speak o":

Particu!ar &ersons or t-ings

GTheG is used to talk a$out particular persons or things.

&': The old man you met yesterday is my grand"ather.

The lady you saw at the theatre is my sister.

Persons or t-ings %entioned for t-e second ti%e

GTheG is used to talk a$out persons or things mentioned "or the second time.

&'.: 5 saw a dress. The dress is %ery $eauti"ul.

5 went to a restaurant. The restaurant is %ery well designed.


10/146

Singu!ar nouns re&resenting t-e 4-o!e c!ass

&': The lion is the king o" the jungle. all or any lion

The teacher should lo%e her students.Le%ery or all teachers

0a%es of ri"ers5gu!fs5seas5grou&s of is!ands5%ountain ranges and

oceans

&': the /anges, the 8ersian /ul", the imalayas, the 8aci"ic =cean

6e!!*3no4n boo3s

GTheG is used with the names o" well known $ooks.

&': the Bi$le, the Bhaga%ath /ita, the amayana, the Koran

Su&er!ati"e adjecti"es

JTheD is used $e"ore superlati%e adjecti%es.

&': the tallest tower, the $iggest mountain, the largest island, the longest tunnel.

Directions

GTheG is used with directions.

&': the north, the east, the south, the west

istorica! bui!dings

GTheG is used with historical $uildings.

&': the Taj Mahal, the !tatue o" Ci$erty, the ed ?ort, the &i""el Tower.

0e4s&a&ers and %aga7ines

&': the industan Times, the 5ndian &'press, the Times o" 5ndia.

0a%es of countries

GTheG is used with the names o" certain countries and pro%inces.

&': the 8unja$, the Inited Kingdom, the Inited !tates, the -eccan

1a%ous -istorica! e"ents

GTheG is used with historical e%ents.

&': the enaissance, the American #ar o" 5ndependence.

1F


11/146

Trains8 s-i&s and aero&!anes

GTheG is used with the names o" trains, ships and aeroplanes.

&': the /ujrat Mail, the 3oncord, the Titanic, the ajdhani &'press

E. +9ISSI+0 +1 T E ARTIC/E

Pro&er nouns: Mona, 5ndia, 5nor$it mall

Abstract nouns: wisdom, honesty, courage

9ateria! nouns: gold, cloth, mar$le .

/anguages: indi, ?rench, &nglish .

0a%es of %ea!s8 ga%es8 diseases8 co!ours8 seasons: lunch, cricket, "lu,

pink 8summer.

1. REPETITI+0 +1 T E ARTIC/E

&.g.

The "irst and the second "light.

The accountant and the analyst

E(ercise:

1i!! in t-e b!an3s 4it- 2a28 2an2 or 2t-e2.

1. My aunt is EEEEEEEE teacher in EEEEEEEEuni%ersity.

2. EEEEEEEE imalayas lie in EEEEEEEE north o" 5ndia.

). ?rench is EEEEEEEE easy language.

*. EEEEEEEE sun shines $y day, and EEEEEEEE moon $y night.

+. !he is EEEEEEEE &nglish writer who li%es in ?rance.

. 4ohn returned a"ter EEEEEEEE hour.

11


12/146

. 5 just met him EEEEEEEEyear ago.

0. -o you see EEEEEEEE $lue sky7

. 4ack has $ought EEEEEEEE $icycle. EEEEEEEE$icycle is green.

1F. Australia is EEEEEEEEisland.

11. 3opper is EEEEEEEEuse"ul metal

12. Mr. -a%is, EEEEEEEEhonoura$le man, li%es near EEEEEEEEMall.

1). ustom is EEEEEEEEyoung 8arsee.

1*. EEEEEEEE/anga is EEEEEEEE sacred ri%er.

1+. EEEEEEEE school will close shortly "or EEEEEEEE-iwali holiday.

1 . EEEEEEEElion is EEEEEEEEking o" EEEEEEEEjungle.

1 . #ho is EEEEEEEEowner o" this house7 5 think, Mr 4ack.

10. -o you know EEEEEEEEe'act time o" the start o" EEEEEEEEe'hi$ition

1 . !anskrit is EEEEEEEEdi""icult language

2F. !he is EEEEEEEE untidy girl.

12


13/146

THE NOUN: KINDS OF NOUNS

1 #hat is a (oun7

A noun is a word used as the name o" a person, place or thing.

2 ow many kinds o" (ouns are there7

There are "i%e kinds o" (ouns.

; < A Co%%on 0oun:* is a name gi%en in common to e%ery person or thing o"

the same class or kind.

e.g.: 1 girl, $oy, woman, man, animal.

;#< A Pro&er 0oun: * is the name o" some particular person or place.

e.g.: 1 8erson


14/146

T E C+RRECT USE +1 S+9E 0+U0S

1 (ouns which are always used in the plural

The "ollowing (ouns are always used in the plural

iches thanks stocks proceeds

tidings surroundings premises "etters

spectacles alms pantaloons measles

shorts $illiards eata$les arms

trousers mo%a$les scissors tongs %alua$les

goods wages stockings jeans

2 (ouns : 8lural in appearance $ut !ingular in usemathematics athletics physics

gymnastics statistics gallows

news mechanics economics

summons innings classics

politics ethics

) 3ollecti%e (ouns used in the 8luralgentry mankind police cattle

people poultry audience pu$lic

nation "olk

* A$stract (ouns ha%e no plural

&'.: hope, charity, lo%e, kindness

+ Material (ouns are not used in the plural&.g.: copper, iron, tin, wood, gold, water, milk.

0ote: These words may $e used in the 8lural with a di""erent meaning.

&'. coppers means copper coins

irons N "etters, chains

tins N cans made o" tin

woods N "orest

1*


15/146

Cetters, ?igures and other sym$ols are turned plural $y adding an

apostrophe and GsG

&'.: There are two MGs and two TGs in the word committee. ?i%e +Gs are

twenty "i%e.

8eople means a nation and it may $e used $oth as singular and plural

&'.: The 8arisians are creati%e people.

0 (ouns used in the singular

scenery o""spring

rice a$use "uel

issue alpha$et mischie" stationery "urniture in"antry

in"ormation ad%ice luggage

machinery $aggage hair

GMeansG is used as singular or plural

&'.: The 3inema is a means o" entertainment. (ote: But it is plural in the sense o" wealth

&'.: e is a man o" means. is means are plenti"ul .

0+U0: 0U9BER

0u%ber: The word which indicates whether a noun is singular or plural is

known as the num$er o" the noun.Kinds of 0u%bers: A noun has two num$ers:

1. The !ingular (um$er

2. The 8lural (um$er

. T-e Singu!ar 0u%ber: a noun which denotes one person or thing is known

as singular num$er.

&'. tree, $o', o', man, $oy, girl, cow, $ird, pen, $ook.

1+


16/146

#. T-e P!ura! 0u%ber: a noun which denotes more than one person or thing

is known as plural num$er.

&': trees, $o'es, o'en, men, $oys, girls, cows, $irds, pens, $ooks.

+6 T+ 1+R9 P/URA/S

Singu!ar P!ura! Singu!ar P!ura!

$alloon $alloons day days

"ace "aces lake lakes

kite kites prince princes

lion lions state statesshoe shoes tongue tongues

toe toes uncle uncles

#e can see "rom the a$o%e, that most nouns "orm their plurals $y adding GsG to the

singular.

2. (ouns ending with GchG, GsG, GssG, GshG, "orm their plurals $y adding GesG to the

singular.


$ranch $ranches gas gases

catch catches $us $usesinch inches dress dresses

peach peaches cross crosses

torch torches wish wishes

watch watches crash crashes

1


17/146

). (ouns ending with GyG which ha%e a consonant $e"ore JyD "orm their plural

$y changing GyG into GiesG


army armies $a$y $a$ies

$ody $odies city cities

copy copies country countries

cry cries diary diaries

duty duties "airy "airies

"amily "amilies "ly "lies

0ote: But onlyGsG is added to the singular, i" the GyG comes a"ter a %owel.e.g.ray, toy, key

*. (ouns ending with G" or G"eG "orm the plural $y changing G"D or G"eG into G%esG


cal" cal%es lea" lea%es

loa" lea%es shel" shel%es

thie" thie%es wol" wol%eskni"e kni%es li"e li%es

But the e'ceptions are:


chie" chie" dwar" dwar"s

grie" grie"s gul" gul"s

hoo" hoo"s proo" proo"s

+. Most nouns ending with GoG are turned plural $y adding GesG the singular.


Bu""alo $u""aloes echo echoes

ero heroes mango mangoes

mos6uito mos6uitoes cargo cargoes

potato potatoes tomato tomatoes

&'ceptions:

1


18/146


$am$oo $am$oos dynamo dynamos

photo photos piano pianos

. !ome nouns "orm their plural $y %owel change.


man men woman women

"oot "eet tooth teeth

goose geese mouse mice

o' o'en child children

. 3ompound nouns are turned plural $y adding GsG to the principal word.Singu!ar P!ura!

3ommander in chie" 3ommanders in chie"

!on in law !ons in law

-aughter in law -aughters in law

!tep son !tep sons

!tep daughter !tep daughtersMaid !er%ant Maid !er%ants

8asser By 8assers By

=n looker =n lookers

Man o" war Men o" war

and"ul and"uls

Arm"ul Arm"uls!poon"ul !poon"uls

3up"ul 3up"uls

10


19/146

/reek words:


a'is a'es crisis crises

$asis $ases analysis analyses

parenthesis parentheses hypothesis hypotheses

phenomenon phenomena criterion criteria

thesis theses oasis oases

Catin words:

Singu!ar P!ura!datum data

inde' indices or inde'es

radius radii

"ormula "ormulae, "ormulas

memorandum memoranda

terminus terminimedium media

E(ercise *

3hange the num$er o" the "ollowing words

ing Ball ?lower 3up /irl Bottles

Bag 3olour Button /lass !titch 3rises#atch Man ?ish 8ony Ba$y ?ly

Cady Cea" #i"e 3al" 8roo" Thie"

=re ?oot Tooth 3hild Mouse -atum

adius ?ormula -aughter in law Maid ser%ant

8asser$y

1


20/146

E(ercise #

3hange the num$er o" the noun in the sentence and make necessary changes

accordingly:

e.g. The goat came home

/oats came home.

A monkey chatters

Monkeys chatter

#here is the parrot7

#here are the parrots7

1. The girl is writing a letter.

2. 3ows gi%e us milk.

). There are + cups on the ta$le.

*. The inkpots are new.

+. My sister can sing well.

. ?leur plucked many "lowers

. Cea%es are "alling "rom the trees

0. Ba$ies ha%e $een crying.

. The thie" stole e%erything he could carry.

1F. The room has "our doors

11. The child plays in the garden.

12. e ga%e me two pencils1). The $oys $roke the $ottles o" ink.

1*. There is a $ird on the tree.

1+. e $roke the glass.

2F


21/146

0+U0: >E0DER

>ender: /ender indicates whether a person or an animal is masculine or

"eminine. The word GgenderG originated "rom Catin word GgenusG which means

kind or sort.

Kind of >ender: 5n &nglish languages genders are o" "our kinds:

1. Masculine /ender

2. ?eminine /ender

). 3ommon /ender

*. (euter /ender

1. 9ascu!ine >ender: A noun which denotes a male person or an animal is

known as masculine gender.

&'.: $oy, $rother, "ather, hus$and, horse, dog, drone, king, lord, man, monk,

nephew, son, stag, uncle, wi@ard, author.

2. 1e%inine >ender: A noun which denotes a "emale person or an animal isknown as "eminine gender.

&'.: girl, sister, mother, wi"e, mare, $itch, $ees, 6ueen, lady, woman, nun,

niece, daughter, hind, aunt, witch, authoress.

). Co%%on >ender: A noun which denotes $oth male and "emale person or

an animal is known as common gender.

&'.: parents, painter, dri%er singer, cousin, child, artists, cook, judge, rider,"riend, pupil, thie", ser%ant, relation, enemy, person.

*. 0euter >ender: A noun which denotes neither male nor "emale person or

animal is known as neuter gender.

&'.: $ook, pen, pencil, ta$le, lamp, house, radio, al$um, photograph,

camera, glass, college, school, science, poetry, car.

21


22/146

S+9E 1ACTS AB+UT >E0DER

1. (ote the use o" the "ollowing words:

!alesman !aleswoman or girl

!pokesman !pokeswoman>spokesperson

3hairman 3hairperson

But salesperson, chairperson, spokesperson are pre"erred.

2. !hips and 3ountries are treated as "eminine gender.

&'.: The ship has lost all her crew.

5ndia is proud o" her heritage and culture.). =$jects noted "or strength and %iolence are treated as masculine gender.

&'.: sun, summer, winter, time, death.

The sun shed his $eams o" light on the rich and the poor alike.

=ld ?ather Time ne%er rests.

*. =$jects nota$le "or $eauty, grace, gentleness, and admiration are treated as

"eminine gender.&'.: moon, earth, spring, autumn, nature, li$erty, justice, mercy, peace,

hope, charity.

The moon has hidden her "ace $ehind the cloud.

!pring has spread her mantle o" green o%er the earth.

8eace has her %ictories no less renowned than war.

masculine gender "eminine gender masculine gender "eminine gender "ather mother son daughter Incle aunt nephew niece

gentleman lady monk nunero heroine $achelor spinster

prince princess king 6ueenauthor authoress emperor empress

/reat uncle great aunt heir heiress3@ar c@arina master mistress peacock peahen jack ass jenny ass

22


23/146

8oet poetess lion lioness

shepherd shepherdess priest priestess patron patroness prophet prophetess

steward stewardess peer peeresstraitor traitoress waiter waitresswi@ard witch stag hindCord lady horse mare

E(*$: *

3hange the gender and rewrite the sentence correctly.

1. The cow is gra@ing in the "ield.2. My uncle has le"t "or his o""ice.

). Their niece is a doctor.

*. The princess was dressed in a shimmering gown.

+. The king rode the horse.

. The host was charming

. The emperor "ought alongside his troops.0. The peacock danced in the rain.

. My son in law works in the !tandard 3hartered Bank.

1F. The lion is on the prowl in the jungle.

11. The gentleman $owed $e"ore the king.

12. The actress injured hersel".

1). e died a $achelor.1*. ?ather scolded his son.

1+. The c@ar o" ussia was honoured $y his courtiers.

The word OactressP has $ecome outdated. ?emale actresses are called JactorsD

now.

2)


24/146

0oun >rou& 0a%e

ere we shall learn the group name "or a noun.

!r. (o. A /roup (ame o" (oun

1. a Band o" musicians

2. a $atch>class o" students

). a Bench o" magistrates

*. a Board o" directors

+. a Bou6uet o" "lowers

. a Bo' o" cigars

. a Brood o" chickens

0. a Bunch o" "lowers

. a Bunch o" "ruit

1F. a Bundle o" sticks

11. a 3ara%an o" tra%ellers

12. a 3hoir o" singers

1). a cloud>swarm o" locusts

1*. a cluster>constellation>gala'y o" stars

1+. a 3ode o" laws

1 . a 3ollection o" stamps

1 . a army>$attalion>company o" soldiers

10. a congregation o" worshippers

1 . a consignment o" goods2F. a 3ouncil o" ad%isers

21. a 3ouple o" things

22. a 3ourse o" lectures

2). a -o@en things

2*. a -ro%e o" cattle

2+. a ?amily o" mem$ers

2 . a ?leet o" ships

2*


25/146

2 . a ?lock o" $irds

20. a /ang o" dacoits

2 . a /ang o" workers

)F. a /arland o" "lowers

)1. a /allery o" pictures

)2. a /ro%e o" trees

)). a heap o" ruins

)*. a eap o" sand

)+. a erd o" cattle

) . a erd o" cows) . a erd o" elephants

)0. a i%e o" $ees

) . a Kennel o" dogs

*F. a Ceague o" nations

*1. a Cegion o" de%ils

*2. a Ci$rary o" $ooks

*). a Citter o" pigs

**. a Cock o" hair

*+. a nest>swarm o" ants

* . a (ursery o" plants

* . a 8ack o" wol%es

*0. a 8acket o" cigarettes

* . a 8air o" scissors+F. a 8air o" socks

+1. a 8arade o" soldiers

+2. a ui%er o" arrows

+). a range>chain o" mountains

+*. a etinue o" "ollowers

++. a !chool o" thinkers

+ . a !eries o" e%ents

+ . a !et o" chairs

2+


26/146

+0. a !et o" tools

+ . a shea">stack o" corn

F. a !hoal o" "ish

1. a !hower o" rain

2. a !ta"" o" o""icials

). a stock>string o" goods

*. a !ta$le o" horses

+. a !warm o" $ees

. a Team o" players

. a Troop o" artillery

Cearning>understanding>memori@ing the a$o%e, would ena$le you to enrich your

con%ersation.

E(.: * ?ill in the $lanks with correct group name or noun.

1 A choir o" EEEEEEEEE sang the hymns in the church.

2 A EEEEEEEEE o" tra%ellers crossed the dessert.

) 5 recei%ed a EEEEEEEEE o" "lowers on my $irthday.

* The EEEEEEEEE o" goods was deli%ered to the e'porter.

+ A EEEEEEEEEEEE o" locusts destroyed the entire corn"ield.

The "isherman netted a EEEEEEEEE o" "ish.

3an you gi%e me a EEEEEEEEE scissors.

0 The EEEEEEE o" cows was gra@ing in the meadow.

e was attacked $y a EEEEEEEEE o" $ees.

2


27/146

0oun*Co%&arisons

The "ollowing list may help you not only in enriching your %oca$ulary $ut also

in impro%ing your writing skills. These are striking comparisons. They gi%e

%i%idness to the language. They are known as similes.

S. 0o. As Co%&arison as 0oun1. As /entle as a lam$2. As Black as coal>crow>ink>midnight). As Blind as a $at>mole

*. As Blue as the sky+. As Bra%e as a lion. As Bright as day. As Brittle as glass

0. As Busy as a $ee. As 3alm as the night

1F. As 3lear as starlight11. As 3lear as crystal>day>sapphire12. As 3ool as a cucum$er 1). As 3ruel as death1*. As 3unning as a "o'1+. As -ark as night1 . As -ead as a door nail1 . As -eep as the ocean10. As -ry as the desert1 . As &asy as a poetDs dream2F. As &ternal as the sky21. As ?air as a gem22. As ?ierce as "ire>a tiger 2). As ?luid as thought2*. As ?ree as air 2+. As ?resh as a rose>daisy2 . As ?ierce as an eagle2 . As /audy as a $utter"ly20. As /entle as a lam$2 . As /race"ul as a swan)F. As !erious as a judge)1. As /reedy as a wol">dog

)2. As /reen as grass)). As appy as a king)*. As ard as $ron@e>stone

2


28/146

)+. As armless as a do%e) . As ea%y as lead) . As igh as hea%en)0. As ope"ul as the day $reak

) . As uge as A hippopotamus*F. As 3old as ice*1. As impassi%e as a statue*2. As impatient as the wind*). As 5nnocent as a child**. As /ra%e as ashes>a ghost*+. As Keen as the ra@orGs edge* . As Cight as air>a "eather * . As Coud as thunder

*0. As -istant as a star * . As Modest as a hermit+F. As Mute as an ice$erg+1. As numerous as the stars+2. As =ld as the hills+). As 8ale as death>wa'+*. As 8lay"ul as a kitten++. As 8lenti"ul as $lack$erries+ . As 8ure as prayer>holy+ . As emote as a hidden star +0. As !harp as a ra@or + . As !illy as sheep

F. As !lender as a thread1. As !low as a snail>tortoise2. As !mooth as silk>%el%et>$utter ). As !o"t as $utter *. As !our as %inegar +. As !till as death

. As !teady as a clock

. As !traight as an arrow0. As !tupid as an ass

. As !ure as deathF. As !weet as honey1. As Tall as a gira""e2. As Timid as a hare). As Tricky as a monkey*. As #atch"ul as a hawk +. As #elcome as a "riend

. As #hite as milk>snow

. As Mute as a "ish0. As ?ast as a hare

20


29/146

. As ot as "ire0F. As #arm as wool01. As uick as thought02. As -ry as dust

0). As !tupid as a donkey0*. As appy as a king0+. As Bright as a $utter"ly0 . As Merry as a cricket0 . As ich as the sea00. As -eep as a well0 . As ?at as a whale

F. As Bright as day1. As Blind as a $at

2. As &asy as A.B.3.). As ed as $lood*. As Coud as thunder +. As Igly as a toad

. As Qellow as sa""ron

. As !harp as a needle0. As /reen as grass

. As -ea" as a doorpost1FF. As ipe as a cherry1F1. As ?lat as a $oard1F2. As ungry as a hawk 1F). As 3lear as day1F*. As ?air as a rose1F+. As 3unning as a "o'1F . As /race"ul as a swan1F . As elpless as a $a$y

E(.:* ?ill in the $lanks with suita$le comparisons.1 Kate #inslet is asEEEEEEEEE as a swan.

2 The little girls was as EEEEEEE as a lam$.

) -onGt $e as silly as a EEEEEEEEE.

* is $rains are as EEEEEEEEEEas a ra@or.

+ is answers were as stupid as an EEEEEEEEEE.

The teacherDs ga@e was as steady as a EEEEEE.This news is as EEEEEEEEEEEas death

2


30/146

0 The $ag is as light as EEEEEEEEEEE.

The children were as play"ul as EEEEEEEEEE.

1F !ome people are as EEEEEEE as a monkey.

PRONOUNS

A pronoun is a word used instead o" a noun.

e.g. 5 am young.

#e are young

e is young

They are young.

5, we, you, he, she, it, are called personal pronouns $ecause they stand "or three

persons.

1. The person speaking.

2. The person spoken to

)F


31/146

). The person spoken o"

?orms o" 8ersonal 8ronouns

1IRST PERS+0!ingular 8lural

(ominati%e

8ossessi%e

Accusati%e

5

mine

me

#e

ours

us

SEC+0D PERS+0

(ominati%e Qou 8ossessi%e yours

Accusati%e you

T IRD PERS+0

Singu!ar P!ura!

(ominati%e8ossessi%e

Accusati%e

Masculine

hehis

him

?eminine

shehers

her

(euter

itits

it

All genders

theytheirs,

themE(a%&!e of 0o%inati"e &ronouns

1. 5 am a $oy

2. #e are going to the $a@ar.

). e is a naughty $oy.

*. !he lo%es music.

+. 5t is a pencil.

. Qou are a good man.

. They are waiting "or you.

E(a%&!e: Possessi"e Pronouns

These are mine.This $ook is mine.

)1


32/146

=urs is the $est house

This house is ours.

This key is yours.

#e know this cell phone is his.

ers is another story.

This $ag is hers.

Theirs is the only BM#

E(a%&!e of Accusati"e Pronouns

1. The principal has called me.

2. e told me a$out the party.

). #hy are you so sad7

*. -id you call him7

+. The 4udge ga%e her the pri@e.

. That is your $ook, take it away.

. #e ha%e to play with them.

J5tD is used "or things without li"e as here is your pen, take it away. 5t is also used

"or animals or child i" we do not want to speak o" them as male or "emale.

e.g.: 1. e lo%es his dog and cannot li%e without it.

E?* :* ?ill in the $lanks with correct pronouns, "rom those gi%en in $rackets

1. EEEEEEEEEE are playing in the /arden they, she

2. EEEEEEEEEE is a naughty $oy. he, you, they

). EEEEEEEEEE is going to 3ali"ornia. we, she, you

*. This $ag is not EEEEEEEEEE yours, your, them

)2


33/146

+. That car is EEEEEEEEEE. my, mine, your

. This "lat is EEEEEEEEEE . their, theirs, mine

. #hen 5 saw the child EEEEEEEEEE was crying, it, its, they

0. There is a $ook on the ta$le, EEEEEEEEEE yours, it, itDs, they

. The doctor ga%e EEEEEEEEEEthe medicine, her, she, he

0ote: #hen we talk a$out oursel%es and another person, we must always use the

pronoun "or the other person "irst.

e.g. Qou and 5 shall do this work.

ari and 1.........5nstead o" 5 and ari.........

e and 5.........

5nstead o" 5 and he.........

Indefinite &ronouns: * A pronoun that does not re"er to any person or thing in

particular is called an 5nde"inite pronoun.

e.g. !ome$ody has stolen my watch.

(o$ody was there to rescue the child.

Many o" them were war %eterans.

-id you ask any$ody to come7

All were drowned.

Re!ati"e &ronouns: * #ords like GwhoG, GwhomG, GwhichG, GwhoseG are called

elati%e pronouns $ecause they relate to some noun preceding it which is calledits Antecedent.

e.g. 5 met 4im. 4im had just returned.

5 met 4im who had just returned, who relati%e pronoun, 4im antecedent

5 ha%e "ound the pen. 5 lost the pen.

5 ha%e "ound the pen which was lost.

ere is the $ook. Qou ga%e me the $ook.ere is the $ook which you ga%e me.

))


34/146

That is the dress. 5 wanted that dress.

That is a dress which 5 wanted.

That is the $oy. e was $eaten $y his teacher.

e is the $oy who was $eaten $y his teacher.

Ref!e(i"e and E%&-atic Pronouns:

mysel", yoursel", himsel", hersel", oursel%es, themsel%es.

#hen the a$o%e are used a"ter a


35/146

5 injured mysel" while playing.

-id you ask any$ody to come7

All the $oys swam in the ri%er.

This is the $oy whose $rother was awarded a medal "or his $ra%ery.

The $oys hid themsel%es.

That is a lion, the king o" the jungle.

&%ery$ody was told to get out.

/lenda cried hersel" to sleep.

They themsel%es drew this.

These sketches are painted $y M.?. ussain himsel".5 will write it mysel".

This is the man who came to our house.

&%eryone knows the truth a$out his escapade.

)+


36/146

VERBS I / II / III

,erbs: * A %er$ is descri$ed as a word o" action and no sentence is complete

without a %er$.

e.g.: 1 !hall 5 $ring you some co""ee7 $ring R


37/146

&'.: -onald is writing a letter

ere the sentence is in the acti%e "orm as O-onaldP is the -oer in the sentence

there"ore O-onaldP is the su$ject, #rite is the %er$ and the letter is the o$ject.

As the sentence is in the present continuous "orm, the "ormula will $e,

! H am > is > are H % H ing H o, there"ore the sentence will $e: -onald is writing

< H ing a letter o . !imilarly, a !entence can $e "ramed in other tenses too

.

TENSES

)


38/146

The word Tense comes "rom the Catin word GtempusG which means time.

The Tense o" a will

writeS1 shall>will play

5n any language, tense is di%ided into three classes namely:

Present Tense: #hen a %er$ is used to show that an action takes place in the present, it is known as the 8resent Tense.

&': e speaks &nglish well.

5t rains e%eryday.

Past Tense: #hen a %er$ is used to show that an action was completed, it is

known as the 8ast Tense.

&': e went to 8une yesterday.5 spoke to her "or three hours.

1uture Tense: #hen a %er$ is used to show that an action will take place in

"uture, it is known as the ?uture Tense.

&': They will tra%el a$road this year.

5 will $e late today.

Present Tense

!imple 8resent tense

8resent 3ontinuous Tense

8resent 8er"ect Tense

8resent 8er"ect continuous Tense

Past Tense

!imple 8ast Tense

)0


39/146

8ast 3ontinuous Tense

8ast 8er"ect Tense

8ast 8er"ect continuous Tense

1uture Tense

!imple ?uture Tense

?uture 3ontinuous Tense

?uture 8er"ect Tense

?uture 8er"ect continuous Tense

AU?I/IAR@ ,ERBS

Au(i!iar) ,erb : A %er$ which helps other %er$s to "orm di""erent tenses is

known as an Au'iliary


40/146

A "ew o" the regular > irregular %er$s with their past and the past participle "orms

are mentioned $elow. The list is e'hausti%e. Qou are re6uired to memorise at

least 2FF>2+F


41/146

to care cared caredto carry carried carriedto cele$rate cele$rated cele$ratedto challenge challenged challenged

to change changed changedto cheat cheated cheatedto check checked checkedto clari"y clari"ied clari"iedto clean cleaned cleanedto clim$ clim$ed clim$edto close closed closedto collect collected collectedto comment commented commented

to compare compared comparedto complete completed completedto con"irm con"irmed con"irmedto connect connected connectedto construct constructed constructedto continue continued continuedto control controlled controlledto cook cooked cookedto copy copied copiedto correct corrected correctedto co%er co%ered co%eredto cure cured curedto cut cut cutto dance danced dancedto decide decided decidedto declare declared declaredto decorate decorated decoratedto de"eat de"eated de"eatedto demand demanded demandedto depend depended dependedto descri$e descri$ed descri$edto desire desired desiredto despatch letter etc. despatched despatchedto destroy destroyed destroyedto de%ote de%oted de%otedto die died diedto dig dug dugto disappear disappeared disappeared

to discuss discussed discussedto dislike disliked dislikedto distri$ute distri$uted distri$uted

*1


42/146

to di%ide di%ided di%idedto dou$t dou$ted dou$tedto drop dropped droppedto dry dried dried

to earn earned earnedto educate educated educatedto elect leader etc. elected electedto employ employed employedto enjoy enjoyed enjoyedto en6uire en6uired en6uiredto enter entered enteredto esta$lish esta$lished esta$lishedto e'change e'changed e'changed

to e'cuse e'cused e'cusedto e'pand e'panded e'pandedto e'pect e'pected e'pectedto e'perience e'perienced e'periencedto e'plain e'plained e'plainedto e'port e'ported e'portedto e'tend e'tended e'tendedto "ace "aced "acedto "ail "ailed "ailedto "eed "ed "edto "ight "ought "oughtto "ill "illed "illedto "ind "ound "oundto "inish "inished "inishedto "latter "lattered "latteredto "ollow "ollowed "ollowedto "orce "orced "orcedto "orm "ormed "ormedto "orward "orwarded "orwardedto gain gained gainedto greet greeted greetedto grum$le grum$led /rum$ledto halt halted altedto handle handled andledto hang hanged angedto harass harassed arassedto harm harmed armedto help helped elped

to hire hired iredto hoist "lag etc. hoisted oistedto hold held eld

*2


43/146

to honour honoured onouredto hope hoped opedto hunt hunted untedto hurry hurried urried

to identi"y identi"ied 5denti"iedto imagine imagined 5maginedto imprison imprisoned 5mprisonedto increase increased 5ncreasedto indicate indicated 5ndicatedto in"orm in"ormed 5n"ormedto injure injured 5njuredto install installed 5nstalledto instruct instructed 5nstructed

to insult insulted 5nsultedto inter%iew inter%iewed 5nter%iewedto introduce introduced 5ntroducedto in%ent in%ented 5n%entedto in%est in%ested 5n%estedto in%ite in%ited 5n%itedto join joined 4oinedto jump jumped 4umpedto kidnap kidnapped Kidnappedto kill killed Killedto knock knocked Knockedto laugh laughed Caughedto 9earn learnt>learned learnt>learnedto lend lent Centto lie lied Ciedto li"t li"ted Ci"tedto light lighted>lit lighted>litto li%e li%ed Ci%edto locate located Cocatedto look looked Cookedto lose lost Costto lo%e lo%ed Co%edto maintain maintained Maintainedto manage managed Managedto marry married Marriedto melt melted Meltedto mention mentioned Mentionedto mind minded Minded

to miss missed Missedto mo%e mo%ed Mo%edto murder murdered Murdered

*)


44/146

to narrate narrated (arratedto need needed (eededto nominate nominated (ominatedto note noted (oted

to notice noticed (oticedto nourish nourished (ourishedto o$lige o$liged =$ligedto o$ser%e o$ser%ed =$ser%edto o$tain o$tained =$tainedto occur occurred =ccurredto o""end o""ended =""endedto o""er o""ered =""eredto omit omitted =mitted

to open opened =penedto operate operated =peratedto oppose opposed =pposedto order ordered =rderedto o%erlook o%erlooked =%erlookedto owe owed owedto pack packed packedto pain pained painedto pardon pardoned pardonedto paste pasted pastedto pat patted pattedto patrol patrolled patrolledto pick picked pickedto pity pitied pitiedto place placed placedto play played playedto please pleased pleasedto polish polished polishedto pollute polluted pollutedto practice practiced practicedto praise praised praisedto pray prayed prayedto pre"er pre"erred pre"erredto prepare prepared preparedto pretend pretended pretendedto print printed printedto produce produced producedto promise promised promised

to protect protected protectedto pro%e pro%ed pro%edto pro%ide pro%ided pro%ided

**


45/146

to pu$lish pu$lished pu$lishedto pull pulled pulledto push pushed pushedto put put put

to 6uarrel 6uarreled 6uarreledto 6uestion 6uestioned 6uestionedto rain rained rainedto raise raised raisedto reach reached reachedto reali@e reali@ed reali@edto recei%e recei%ed recei%edto recti"y recti"ied recti"iedto reduce reduced reduced

to re"ine re"ined re"inedto re"lect re"lected re"lectedto re"und re"unded re"undedto re"use re"used re"usedto regret regretted regrettedto reject rejected rejectedto rela' rela'ed rela'edto remem$er remem$ered remem$eredto remind reminded remindedto remo%e remo%ed remo%edto renew renewed renewedto repeat repeated repeatedto reply replied repliedto report reported reportedto represent represented representedto reser%e reser%ed reser%edto resign resigned resignedto respect respected respectedto rest rested restedto re%eal re%ealed re%ealedto re%ise re%ised re%isedto ro$ ro$$ed ro$$edto rush rushed rushedto sa%e sa%ed sa%edto search searched searchedto seem seemed seemedto select selected selectedto separate separated !eparated

to ser%e ser%ed !er%edto settle settled !ettledto share shared !hared

*+


46/146

to shout shouted !houtedto sign signed !ignedto smell smelt>smelled smelt>smelledto sol%e sol%ed !ol%ed

to spare spared !paredto spend spent !pentto stare stared !taredto start started !tartedto state stated !tatedto stay stayed !tayedto stick stuck !tuck to stop stopped !toppedto study studied !tudied

to succeed succeeded !ucceededto su""er su""ered !u""eredto suggest suggested !uggestedto supply supplied !uppliedto support supported !upportedto surprise surprised !urprisedto sur%ey sur%eyed !ur%eyedto sweep swept !weptto sympathi@e sympathi@ed !ympathi@edto talk talked Talkedto taste tasted Tastedto tease teased Teasedto tempt tempted Temptedto test tested Testedto thank thanked Thankedto threaten threatened Threatenedto tie tied Tiedto tolerate tolerated Toleratedto touch touched Touchedto trade traded Tradedto trans"er trans"erred Trans"erredto translate translated Translatedto transport transported Transportedto tra%el tra%eled Tra%eledto treat treated Treatedto trou$le trou$led Trou$ledto trust trusted Trustedto try tried Tried

to turn turned Turnedto use used Isedto utili@e utili@ed Itili@ed

*


47/146

to %alue %alued


48/146

-raw drew drawn-ream dreamed dreamt-rink drank drunk -ri%e dro%e dri%en

&at ate eaten?all "ell "allen?eed "ed "ed?eel "elt "elt?ight "ought "ought?ind "ound "ound?ling "lung "lung?ly "lew "lown?or$id "or$ade "or$idden

?orget "orgot "orgotten?orgi%e "orga%e "orgi%en?ree@e "ro@e "ro@en/et got got/i%e ga%e gi%en/o went gone/rind ground ground/row grew grown

ang hanged, hung hanged, hungKeep kept keptKneel knelt kneltKnow knew knowCay laid laidCead led ledCeap leaped, leapt leaped, leaptCearn learned, learnt learned, learntCea%e le"t le"tCend lent lentCet let letCight lighted, lit lighted, litCose lost lostMake made madeMay might Mean meant meant!ew sewed sewed, sewn!hake shook shaken!hall should!hed shed shed

!hine shone shone!hoot shot shot!how showed showed, shown

*0


49/146

!hrink shrank shrunk !hut shut shut!ing sang sung!ink sank sunk

!it sat sat!leep slept slept!lit slit slit!mell smelled, smelt smelled, smelt!ow sowed sowed, sown!peak spoke spoken!pell spelled, spelt spelled, spelt!pend spent spent!pill spilled, spilt spilled, spilt

!pin spun spun!plit split split!pread spread spread!pring sprang sprung!tand stood stood!teal stole stolen!tick stuck stuck !ting stung stung!trike struck struck !wear swore sworn!weep swept swept!well swelled swelled, swollen!wim swam swumTake took takenTeach taught taughtTear tore tornTell told toldThink thought thoughtThrow threw thrownThrust thrust thrustInderstand understood understoodIndertake undertook undertaken#ake woke woken#ear wore worn#ea%e wo%e wo%en

*


50/146

So%e "erbs -a"e t-e sa%e for% in t-e Present8 Past and Past &artici&!e

Present tense Past tense Past &artici&!e

Bid $id $idBroadcast $roadcast $roadcastBurst $urst $urst3ast cast cast3ost cost cost3ut cut cut

it hit hiturt hurt hurt

Cet let let8ut put put

id rid rid!et set set!hed shed shed!hut shut shut!lit slit slit!plit split split!pread spread spreadThrust thrust thrust#et wet wet

+F


51/146

,ERBS 6IT T6+ DI11ERE0T PARTICIP/ES

There are certain %er$s in &nglish which ha%e two di""erent past participles. 5nsuch cases one is used as a %er$ and the other is used as an adjecti%e.

1. Bind Bound Bound

Bounden

&': !he is ne%er $ound $y her promises.

5t is our $ounden duty to help the poor.

2. -rink -rank -runk

-runken&': 5 ha%e drunk the water "rom the jug.

5 "ound him in a drunken stupor.

). /et /ot /ot

/otten

&': !hirley has got into a lot o" trou$le.

e donated his ill gotten money to the home "or -estitutes.

*. ide id ididden

&': e hid the kni"e care"ully.

5 could not make out the hidden meaning o" the poem.

+. Coad Coaded Coaded

Caden

&': e loaded his ri"le to go hunting.The tree was laden with "ruit.

. !ink !ank !unk

!unken

&': The ship has sunk.

They "ailed to trace out the sunken ship.

. !trike !truck !truck

!tricken&': !he has struck me on the head.

5 ha%e sympathy "or the hunger stricken.+1


52/146

0. Melt Melted Melted

Molten

&': The !now has melted.

The molten la%a spread in all directions.. !ha%e !ha%ed !ha%ed

!ha%en

&': By 0.FF a.m., he had sha%ed and was set "or the day.

The police suspected him $ecause o" his sha%en head.

1F. !well !welled !welled

!wollen

&': is "oot has swelled as a result o" the sprain.5t is di""icult "or her to walk with swollen "eet.

11. Thri%e Thri%ed Thri%ed

&': e thri%ed on the inheritance that he got at his "atherDs death.

The thri%en Lrich people do not help the poor.

12. Cight Cighted Cighted

Cit&': !he has lit the lamp.

The lighted candle shone in the dark.

+2


53/146

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE


54/146

E(a%&!es:

1. oger sings a song.

A song is sung $y oger.

2. usain is painting a picture.

A picture is $eing painted $y usain.

). 4ulie has posted a letter.

A letter has $een posted $y 4ulie.

*. arry $roke the window.

The window was $roken $y arry.

+. /andhi preached (on %iolence. (on %iolence was preached $y /andhi.

. Mother had cooked a nice meal.

A nice meal had $een cooked $y Mother.

5t is not possi$le to turn 8resent and 8ast 8er"ect 3ontinuous Tenses and ?uture

3ontinuous and ?uture 8er"ect 3ontinuous into 8assi%e


55/146

3ontinuous they 4ere bui!ding a newairport.

ago, a new airport 4as beingbui!t .

8resent

per"ect

Cook9 They -a"e &ainted the

door.These shirts are clean. !ome$ody-as 4as-ed them.!ome$ody -as sto!en my car.

Cook9 The door -as been

&ainted.These shirts are clean. They-a"e been 4as-ed .My car -as been sto!en .

8ast per"ect Ann said that some$ody -adsto!en her car.

Ann said that her car -adbeen sto!en.

6i!! 5 can 5 %ust 5 -a"e to etc. Modal Au'iliaries

Acti"e Passi"e

!ome$ody will clean the o""icetomorrow.

The o""ice will $e cleaned tomorrow.

!ome$ody must clean the o""ice. The o""ice must $e cleaned.5 think theyDll in%ite you to the party. 5 think youDll $e in%ited to the party.They canDt repair my watch. My watch canDt $e repaired.Qou should wash this sweater $y hand. This sweater should $e washed $y

hand.They are going to $uild a new airport. A new airport is going to $e $uilt.!ome$ody has to wash these clothes. These clothes ha%e to $e washed.They had to take the injured man tohospital.

The injured man had to $e taken tohospital.

!ome changes in the 8ronouns when the


56/146

(o$ody > &%ery$ody (o passi%e %oice

+


57/146

Tr) understand t-e fo!!o4ing in )our %ot-er tongue ;if necessar)does H not H < H =

8ositi%e: ! H < R 55 H =

(egati%e: ! H didnDt H < H =

! H will>shall H (ot H < H =

= H am>is>are H < R 555 H $y H !

= H was>were H < 555 H $y H !

= H will>shall H $e H < 555 H $y H !*. 3ontinuous 8resent Tense

+. 3ontinuous 8ast Tense

. 3ontinuous ?uture Tense

! H am>is>are < H ing H =

! H was>were H shall H $e H < H ing H =

= H am>is>are H $eing H < 555 H $y H !

= H was>were H $eing H < H 555 H $y !

. 8er"ect 8resent Tense

0. 8er"ect 8ast Tense

. 8er"ect ?uture Tense

! H ha%e>has H < R 555 H =

! H had H < R 555 H =

! H will>shall H ha%e H < R 555 H =

= H ha%e>has H $een H < 555 H $y H !

= H had H $een H < 555 H $y H !

=Hwill>shall>ha%eH$eenHhas H $een H < H ing H =! H had $een H < H ing H =

! H will>shall H ha%e $een H < H

ing H =

T-e fo!!o4ing sentences are fra%ed based on t-e for%u!a c-art.

C ART 6IT SE0TE0CE

SI9P/E PRESE0T TE0SE ACTI,E P+SITI,E

?ormula ! H < s,es H = To write

Sentence I II5 write the letter < 5 -o 5 write the letter7 #hy do 5 write the letter

Qou write the letter < 5 -o you write the letter7 ow do you write the letter7

e writes the letter < 5 -oes he write the letter7 #here does he write the letter7

!he writes the letter < 5 -oes she write the

letter7

#hen does she write the letter7

They write the letter < 5 -o they write the letter7 #hich letter do they write7 (ote: here

the o$ject comes ne't to the JwhD

6uestion

#e write the letter < 5 -o we write the letter7 #hose letter do we write7 (ote : here

the o$ject comes ne't to the JwhD

6uestion

/len writes the letter does H not H %H o (egati%e

+0


59/146

5 do not write or 5 donDt

write the letter

-o 5 not or -onDt 5 write

the letter7

#hy do 5 not =r #hy donDt 5

write the letter Qou do not write -o you not write>-onDt

you

ow do you not or ow donDt

you ..

e does not write> edoesnDt

-oes he not or -oesnDthe

#here does he not or #hy doesnDthe

!he does not or !he

doesnDt

-oes she not or -oesnDt

she

#hen does she not or #hy

doesnDt she

They do not>they donDt -o they not or -onDt

they

#hich letter do they not write7

#e do not > #e donDt -o we not or -onDt we #hose letter do we not write7/len does not> /len

doesnDt

-oes /len not or -oesnDt

he

#hy does /len not or #hy

doesnDt he .

SI9P/E PRESE0T TE0SE*PASSI,E P+SITI,E

?ormula: o H am H is H are H < 555 H $y s To gi%e

Sentence I II5 am gi%en the $ook $y s 7 Am 5 gi%en the $ook $y

s 7

#hy am 5 gi%en the $ook $y s 7

Qou are gi%en the $ook $y

s 7

Are you gi%en the $ook $y

s 7

ow are you gi%en the $ook $y

s 7e is gi%en the $ook $y

s 7

5s he gi%en the $ook $y s 7 #here is he gi%en the $ook $y s 7

!he is gi%en the $ook $y

s 7

5s she gi%en the $ook $y

s 7

#hen is she gi%en the $ook $y

s 7

They are gi%en the $ook $y

s 7

Are they gi%en the $ook $y

s 7

#hich $ook are they gi%en $y s 7

#e are gi%en the $ook $y

s 7

Are we gi%en the $ook $y

s 7

#hose $ook are we gi%en $y s 7

/len is gi%en the $ook $y

s 7

5s /len gi%en the $ook $y

s 7

#hy is /len gi%en the $ook $y

s 7

SI9P/E PRESE0T TE0SE PASSI,E 0E>ATI,E

?ormula: o H am>is>are H not H < 555 H $y s (ot to gi%e

Sentence I II5 am not gi%en the $ook Am 5 not gi%en the $ook7 #hy am 5 not gi%en the $ook7Qou are not gi%en the $ook Are you not> ArenDt you ow are you not> ow arenDt

+


60/146

youe is not gi%en the $ook 5t he not>5snDt he #here is he not>where isnDt he

!he is not gi%en the $ook 5s she not>5snDt he . #here is she not>where isnDt

sheThey are not gi%en the

$ook

Are they not>ArenDt they #hich $ook are they not7... (ote:

the o$ject J$ookD comes closer to

the JwhD 6uestion#e are not gi%en the $ook Are we not>ArenDt we . #hose $ook are we not . (ote:

the o$ject J$ookD comes closer to

the JwhD 6uestion/len is not gi%en the $ook 5s /len not>5snDt /len #hy isnDt /len

(otre: 5t is not important that e%ery sentence should ha%e a su$ject. 5t is howe%er understood

that there is a su$ject present.

F


61/146

E(ercise

Turn the "ollowing sentences "rom the Acti%e


62/146

9aster 1or%u!a C-art

ACTI,E,+ICE

1+R9U/A UESTI+0 UESTI+0 * II

1. !imple 8resentTense

8ositi%e : !H< s,es H = (egati%e : ! H do>does Hnot H < H =

-o>does H not H!HdoesH notH!H#hoesH=Hdo>does H!Hare H not His>are H ! H is>are H ! H were H not Hwere H ! H were H ! H shall H not H $eH shall H ! H $e Hshall H ! H $e Hhas H not H $een H has H ! H $een Hhas H ! H $een Hshall H not Hha%e $een H shall H ! H ha%e $een H shall H! H ha%e $een H


63/146

1F. ad to ! H had to H < H =>! H didHnot H ha%e to H < H =

-id H not H ! H ha%eto H < H = H7

# H did H not H ! H ha%e to H< H = H7

11. -id ha%e to ! H did ha%e to H < H = -id H not H ! H ha%eto H < H = H7

# H did H not H ! H ha%e to H< H = H7

12. #ill > !hallha%e to

! H #ill>shall H not Hha%e to H < H =

#ill>shall H not H ! Hha%e to H < H = H7

# H will>shall H not H ! H ha%eto H < H = H7

1). !hould ha%e ! H !hould H not H ha%eH < 555 H =

!hould H not H ! Hha%e H < 555 H = H7

# H !hould H not H ! H ha%e H< 555 H =H7

1*. 3ould ha%e ! H 3ould H not H ha%e H< 555 H =

3ould H not H ! Hha%e H < 555 H = H7

# H 3ould H not H ! H ha%e H< 555 H =H7

1+. Must ha%e ! H Must H not H ha%e H< 555 H =

Must H not H ! H ha%eH < 555 H = H7

# H Must H not H ! H ha%e H< 555 H =H7

1 . Might ha%e ! H Might H not H ha%e H< 555 H =

Might H not H ! Hha%e H < 555 H = H7

# H Might H not H ! H ha%e H< 555 H =H7

1 . #ould ha%e ! H #ould H not H ha%eH < 555 H =

#ould H not H ! Hha%e H < 555 H = H7

# H #ould H not H ! H ha%e H< 555 H =H7

PASSI,E,+ICE

1+R9U/A UESTI+0 UESTI+0 * II

1. !imple 8resentTense

= H am>is>are H not H < R555 H $y H !

Am>is>are H = H < R 555H $y H ! H7

# H am>is>are H = H < 555 H $yH ! H7

2. !imple 8astTense

= H was>were H not H < R 555 H $y H !

#as>were H = H < R 555H $y H ! H7

# H was>were H = H < 555 H $yH ! H7

). !imple ?utureTense

= H will>shall H not H $eH< R 555 H $y H !

#ill>shall H = H < R 555H $y H ! H7

# H will>shall H = H $e H < 555 H$y H ! H7

*. 3ontinuous8resent Tense

= H am>is>are H not H $eing H < R 555 H $y H !

Am>is>are H = H $eing H< 555 H $y H !H7

# H am>is>are H = H $eing Hwere H not H $eing H < R 555 H $y H !

#as>were H = H $eing H< 555 H $y H ! H7

# H was>were H = H $eing Hsince 1 +.

+. old these pigeons ti!!5unti! sunset.

. B) t-e end of the month, she will ha%e le"t "or Condon.

. The matches will $e played fro% !eptem$er to (o%em$er.

0. Qou can see me before5after my o""ice hours.

D. PREP+SITI+0S +1 DIRECTI+0 A0D DISTA0CE

These prepositions include across, along, down, up, towards, o"", away, to, into,

out o%er, onto

=$ser%e the "ollowing sentences:

1. The cat ran u& the stairs.

2. The $ear was coming to4ards the two "riends.

). The child ran across the road carelessly.

*. 5 took a walk a!ong the $ank o" the ri%er.

+. The tiger jumped t-roug- the ring o" "ire.

. The man jumped fro% the running $us.

. The $ird "lew a4a) to its nest.

0. The gun went off suddenly and killed a passer $y

. The cat rushed out o" the room and got onto the roo".

1F. The $oulder rolled do4n the hill.

0


79/146

T E C+RRECT USE +1 CERTAI0 PREP+SITI+0S

. Beside and besides

Beside W $y the side o", ne't to, at the side o".Besides W in addition, more, plus, including.

&': #e $uilt a house $eside the "actory.

Besides ?rench, he also speaks &nglish.

#. Since and for

J!inceD is used "or a point o" time and J"orD is used "or a period o" time in

the 8er"ect Tense.

!ince W point o" time

?or W period o" time

&': #e ha%e $een here since * =Gclock,

#e ha%e li%ed here "or two years.

A%ong and bet4een

JAmongD is used "or a group and J$etweenD is used "or two persons and

things.

Among W more than two persons or things

Between W two persons or things

&': They di%ided the cake among themsel%es.

There was an argument $etween the two girls.

$. B) and 4it-

JByD is used "or agent and JwithD is used "or instrument.

By W agent

#ith W instrument

&':

America was disco%ered $y 3olum$us.

5 usually write with a $all point pen.

'. In and at


80/146

JAtD is used "or small towns and %illages and JinD is used "or large places,

countries and towns.

At W small towns and %illages

5n W large places, countries and towns&': e was $orn at Andheri and li%ed in Mum$ai all his li"e.

=. +n and in * At and b)

=n W days o" week>month

5n W period

At W e'act time

By W point o" time

&': !he will come on !unday.

!he was married on the 2F th o" April, 2FF1.

#e will go to Kashmir in summer.

is "light will arri%e at *.FF p.m.

!he will lea%e $y the end o" the day.

F. In and into

J5nD is used "or things or persons in the position o" rest; and JintoD is used

"or things or persons in motion.

5n W things or persons in the position o" rest.

5nto W things or persons in motion

&': Manisha was in the room.

5 walked into the theatre,

e is in the hospital.

G. +n and u&on

J=nD is used "or things at rest and JuponD "or things in motion.

=n W things or persons at rest

Ipon W things or persons in motion

&': The 8resident was seated on the dais.

e leaped upon the wall.

0F


81/146

H. In and 4it-in

5n W at the end o" #ithin W $e"ore the end o" during

&': 5 shall type the letters in two hours.

5 shall complete the work within three hours.

5 shall pay you the money in a week.

!he will return the $ook within a week

. Before and for

JBe"oreD is used "or a point o" time and J"orD is used "or a period o" time.

Be"ore W point o" time

?or W period o" time

&': 5 shall $e $ack $e"ore =Gclock,

5 shall stay here "or three weeks.

. After and in

JA"terD denotes the end o" a period in the past and JinD denotes the end o" a

period in "uture.

A"ter W at the end o" a period in the past

5n W the end o" a period in "uture

&': !he returned a"ter a week.

#e will "inish the $ook in a week,

. 1ro% and since

Both are used "or a point o" time. But JsinceD is used only in per"ect tenses

and J"romD is used in any tense.

&': #e ha%e stayed here since 1 F.

#e shall $e on the jo$ "rom tomorrow.

#. Ti!! and to

Till is used "or time and to is used "or place.

Till W time

01


82/146

To W place

&': 5 waited "or Karen till * =Gclock.

They went to the market.

$. To and at

JToD is used "or things or persons in motion; and JatD "or things or persons at

position or rest.

To W mo%ement

At W position

&'. #e are going to the seaside.

e is waiting at the $us stop.

PREP+SITI+0S A0D T E DETER9I0ER T E

T-e nouns Schurch, hospital, school>college, $ed, sea, work, prison,

court do not ta3e the before t-e% if an) of t-e% is "isited for its &ri%ar)

&ur&ose as

1. #e go to sc-oo! as pupils.

2. #e go to &rison as prisoners.

). #e go to court as litigants.

*. #e go to 4or3 as workers.

+. #e go to bed to sleep.

. #e return fro% sc-oo!.

. #e escape fro% &rison5-os&ita!5sc-oo!.

0. #e get out of bed5-os&ita! .

But when these places are %isited not "or their primary purpose, JtheD is used

$e"ore them; asS

1. 5 went to t-e te%&!e to see the priest.

2. 5 went to t-e sc-oo! to attend the Annual -ay.). 5 went to t-e &rison to inter%iew some inmates.

02


83/146

T E 6+RD +9E

The wordShomeSis used without any preposition when it is alone:

1. #e reached -o%e %ery late. 2. e returned -o%e sa"ely.

E(ercise

#rite a suita$le preposition in each $lank:

1. !he was not..........................................home when 5 went to see her.

2. #e were sun $athing................................................................the $each.

). The $oy...................................................a hat on his head is my son.

*. 3an you see that girl standing.....................................................there7

+. 5 was $orn......................................................................March, 1 0).

. The popular leader li%ed.................................................nearly +F years.

. e arri%ed in 5ndia.....................................................the 2* th o" April this year.

0. #e stayed at !himla.................................................three weeks in 4une.

. The dog jumped................and struggled...........................the running thie".

1F. The goat ran.............................................the hill to drink water at the spring.

E(ercise

3omplete the "ollowing paragraph putting a suita$le preposition in each $lank:

=h, 5 "orgot to tell you that we all went.............the circus last week. Qou must go

and see it. There are so many wonder"ul things.............it. Tigers

jump.............rings o" "ire. The girls mo%e $ackwards and "orwards.............swings

high..................................the air. A young girl jumps.............a $oard.............a

small tank. Acro$ats clim$.............ropes. And the clowns, it is "antastic really,

put eggs.............peopleGs pockets and push one another.............the water tank.

ow "unny indeed9

0)


84/146

E(ercise

1i!! in t-e b!an3s 4it- suitab!e &re&osition:

1. The i%er "lows EEEEEEEEEE the $ridge, in, under, $elow

2. e is a"raid EEEEEEEEEE the dog. $y, at, o"). 5 am "ond EEEEEEEEEE music, "rom, "or, o"

*. e goes EEEEEEEEEE!unday EEEEEEEEEE3hurch, $y, "rom on, to

+. The steam engine was in%ented EEEEEEEEEE4ames #att. in, o", $y

. The $urglar jumped EEEEEEEEEEthe compound wall. at, o%er, to, upon

. e spoke EEEEEEEEEEme EEEEEEEEEE!panish. at, in, to

0. They li%e EEEEEEEEEEthe same roo". under, in, into

. 5 ha%e not seen him EEEEEEEEEElast #ednesday. "or, $y, since

1F. 5 am tired EEEEEEEEEEhim. $y, "or, o"

11. e has not reco%ered EEEEEEEEEEhis illness, $y, "rom, o"

12. 5 shall do it EEEEEEEEEEpleasure, in, $y, with

1). /od is good EEEEEEEEEE me. at, with, to

1*. 5 am sorry EEEEEEEEEEwhat 5 ha%e done. o", "or, "rom

1+. 5 $ought it EEEEEEEEEE"i"teen rupees, $y, in, "or

1 . 5t has $een raining EEEEEEEEEEyesterday, $y, "rom, since

1 . The poetry was written EEEEEEEEEEme EEEEEEEEEEa 3amlin pen. to,$y,

"rom, with

10. #ill you come EEEEEEEEmy home7 said /anesh to !uresh in, into, at, to

1 . 5t is ten oGclock EEEEEEEEEEmy watch, "rom, in, $y

2F. They dro%e EEEEEEEEEEMum$ai to 8une. to, "rom, $y

21. e li%es EEEEEEEEEE ydera$ad EEE *0, Tilak !treet, at, in, $y

22. e le"t EEEEEEEEEEsi' EEEEEEEEEEthe morning, at, on, in

2). The portrait was painted EEEEEEEEEEan artist who was "amous

EEEEEEEEEE si'teenth century. with, o", $y, in

2*. The child has $een missing EEEEEEEEEEyesterday, "rom, since, at

2+. #e should reach our destination EEEEEEEEEEsunset, $e"ore on, in

2 . !uddenly, he rushed EEEEEEEEEEmy room suddenly, in, at, into

0*


85/146

2 . The train departs EEEEEEEEEE) p.m. $y, to, at

20. e has spent his li"e EEEEEEEEEECondon. on, in, $y

2 . #hile 5 was EEEEEEEEEE-elhi he was EEEEEEEEEEMum$ai. at, on, in, $y

)F. e was killed EEEEEEEEEthe ro$$er EEEEEEEEa kni"e, "rom, with, $y, o")1. EEEEEEEEEE a scooter, he also has a car. $esides, $y, o"

0+


86/146

CONJUNCTIONS

3onjunctions are used to join two or more sentences, words or phrases.

E(ercise

a Monte could not achie%e academic e'cellence.$ Monte did not get much time to study.

aH$ Monte could not achie%e academic e'cellence $ecause he did not get much

time to study.

There are the "ollowing kinds o" conjunctionsG.

. Coordinating Conjunctions are used to join the sentences or clauses o" e6ualrank.

and $ut neither... nor either... or

yet or not only...$ut also

E(ercise

>ordon and oger are $rothers.

The path was "ull o" twists and $ends )et we managed to reach your house.

#ork hard or you wonDt "are well.

e is stern but kind.

#. Corre!ati"e Conjunctions are used in pairs

not only... $ut also either... or neither... nor although... yet whether...or

E(ercise

(either 8eter nor his "riends ha%e turned up "or the match.

3hoose either this tea set or these wine glasses.

(ot only does she speak &nglish, $ut she also speaks /erman e6ually

well.

0


87/146

$. Subordinating Conjunctions join together a dependent clause and a main

clause.

#hen since as $e"oreA"ter until unless i" that

!o that pro%ided that $ecause till

The su$ordinating conjunctions can $e classi"ied as under:

A Subordinating Conjunctions of Ti%e: until, till, when>while, $e"ore, as,

since, a"ter

Qou will not touch anything in the room unti! 5 ti!! you are allowed

to do so.

-aniel will $e $ack before the day is done.

The guests arri%ed soon after we had "inished dinner.

!he has $een li%ing in this house since she was "i%e years old.

!ome$ody called out to me 4-en 5 4-i!e 5 was dri%ing past the house.

B Subordinating Conjunctions of P!ace: where, where%er

8lease go 4-ere there are $etter opportunities "or progress.

5 shall "ollow you 4-ere"er you may go.

C Subordinating Conjunctions of Pur&ose: lest, that, so that

#alk slowly !est you should "all.

#e eat t-at we may li%e.

My "ather works day and night so t-at we may ha%es a good li"e.

D Subordinating Conjunctions of Cause 5 Reason: as, since, $ecause

!he is weeping $itterly as she has lost her purse.

Since he had met with an accident, he could not attend the meeting.

0


88/146

4ack was admitted to a local hospital because he had su""ered a heart attack.

E Subordinating Conjunctions of Condition: unless, pro%ided that, i"

Qou wonGt $e allowed to $oard the train un!ess you show me your ticket.

If you use more "orce on the rope, it will snap.

5Gll lend you the $ook &ro"ided you return it to me $y the end o"

this month.

1 Subordinating Conjunctions of Resu!t: so, that

e set o"" on his journey $e"ore day$reak, so he reached -elhi $e"ore am.

e was so $usy t-at he could not spend time with me.

> Subordinating Conjunctions of Co%&arison 5 Concession

Co%&arison * than, as

!he is "atter t-an you are .

e is as weak as you are.

5 lo%e him t-oug- he hates me.

5 donGt like milk a!t-oug- it is good "or health.

'. Co%&ound Conjunctions are the phrases, which are used to join together

two or more clauses.

As i" . 5n order to as soon as as well as e%en i"

E(ercise

e $oasts as if he were the star o" the show.

As soon as the child saw the clown he started laughing with delight.

In order to reach the Airport in time "or his "light, Mr. 4ohn took a ta'i.

00


89/146

E?ERCISE

Join t-e fo!!o4ing sentences using Coordinating Conjunctions.

1. a ose is going to America tonight.

$ -olly is going to America tonight.2. a /ordon will not $e sanctioned lea%e "or a week.

$ Karen will not $e sanctioned lea%e "or a week.

). a 3lip the hedges o" my lawn neatly.

$ Cea%e the place.

*. a The newspaper was "ull o" glaring errors

$ -a%id identi"ied them all.

+. a 8ut some "ertili@er to the plants immediately.

$ The plants may wither.

A. C+99+0 ERR+RS I0 T E USE +1 S+9E C+0JU0CTI+0S

1. #hen correlati%e conjunctions are used, care should $e taken to see that

the two nouns and %er$s are joined properly.

&': Qou should either come today or tomorrow. L5ncorrect

Qou should come either today or tomorrow. L3orrect

(either he is a "ool nor a mad man. L5ncorrect

e is neither a "ool nor a mad man. L3orrect

2. (either is always "ollowed $y nor

&': 5 recei%ed neither any letter or a telegram. L5ncorrect

5 recei%ed neither a letter nor a telegram. L3orrect5 know neither !am or his wi"e. L5ncorrect

5 know neither !am nor his wi"e. L3orrect

). &ither is "ollowed $y or

&': !he is either a teacher nor a student.L5ncorrect

!he is either a teacher or a student. L3orrect

0


90/146


91/146

11. JCestD is always "ollowed $y JshouldD

&': !tart early lest you may miss the train. L5ncorrect

!tart early lest you should miss the train. L3orrect

12. JThatD is not used in indirect speech with GwhG words&': !he asked me that whether 5 had posted the letter. L5ncorrect

!he asked me whether 5 had posted the letter. L3orrect

8lease tell me that where you are staying now. L5ncorrect

8lease tell me where you are staying now. L3orrect

1). J!inceD must $e preceded $y a present or past per"ect tense.

&': ?i%e years passed since 5 saw 8rerna. L5ncorrect

?i%e years ha%e passed since 5 saw 8rerna. L3orrect

E?ERCISE

?ill in the $lanks with suita$le conjunctions:

1. EEEEEEEE these di""erent classes and their mutual con"licts there was

common $ond which united them in 5ndia.

2. =ur own poet EEEEEEEE teacher whom we call gurude%a has named it in

his song.

). There is no "reer li"e in 5ndia EEEEEEEE the li"e o" our children at

!hantiniketan.

*. Their "aces tell the story o" their joy EEEEEEEE their "reedom.

E?ERCISE3orrect the "ollowing sentences:

1. Mona worked hard lest she may "ail in her attempt.

2. Though 5 tried hard $ut 5 "ailed in the e'amination.

). !ean does not speak like me.

*. 5 had no sooner reached the $us stop when it started raining.

+. 5 lo%ed $oth 4ohn as well as 4ames.. 5 am not sure i" she will return "rom -elhi.

1


92/146


93/146

INTERJECTIONS

The word JinterjectD means to interpose throw in suddenly.

#hile speaking to someone, the speaker sometimes may $e e%otiona!!)

e(cited. 5n such a case, he>she shouts some words unconsciously under thein"luence o" the emotion. These words $ecome a part o" his>her speech. 5n other

words, they get interjected into his>her speech. !uch words are called

Interjections.

5nterjections are o"ten e'claimed louder than other words. &ach

interjection indicates the emotion under which it is e'claimed. 3ommon

emotions include jo)8 sorro48 4onder8 &raise8 anger8 -atred8 regret etc.!ometimes words are e'claimed to attract attention as well. All these words are

interjections. Cet us study some e'amples.

1. urra- 9 we ha%e won the match. joy

2. A!as 9 my pet dog is no more. sorrow

). A- 9 what a lo%ely rose9 wonder

*. Bra"o 9 well done, my son9 praise

+. us- 9 the $a$y is sleeping, warning

. /oo3 9 you must ne%er come here again. anger

. /o 9 there comes daddy with toys. attention

0. +- 9 how careless 5 ha%e $een9 regret

. Poo- 9 what a dirty place9 hatred

1F. 1ie 9 how shame"ul o" you9 re$uke

All the words in $old type in the sentences gi%en a$o%e show emotion.

They are shouted suddenly under the in"luence o" %arious emotions. !o, they are

interjections.

An Interjection is a word e'claimed under the in"luence o" a sudden

emotion.

)


94/146

E?C/A9ATI+0S

A sentence starting with an 5nterjection is called an

&'clamation>&'clamatory sentence.

All the ten sentences gi%en a$o%e are &'clamations. An &'clamation can $e easily changed into a statement; asS

Ah9 what a lo%ely child. e'clamation

5t is a %ery lo%ely child. statement

May you li%e a long li"e9 e'clamation

5 wish that /od may grant you a long li"e. statement

E(ercise

!ort out the interjection in each sentence and name the emotion that it indicates.

1. urrah9 Mother has $rought me toys. ......................................

2. Alas9 we are undone ......................................

). Ah9 what a lo%ely day9 ......................................

*. Bra%o9 you ha%e carried the day. ......................................

+. ello9 how do you do7 ......................................

. ?ie9 shame on you "or doing it. ......................................

. =h9 i" 5 were a minister. ......................................

0. ark9 the siren is sounding a warning.

*


95/146

Answer:

a #hat is an 5nterjection7

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE $ #hat is an &'clamation7


EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

c #rite ten common 5nterjections and the "eelings they e'press.


EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

3hange each &'clamation into a statement or %ice %ersa:

1. #ould that 5 were a minister9


2. The 6ueen is e'tremely charming.


+


96/146

INTRODUCTION TO PUNCTUATION

T-e different for%s of &unctuation in t-e Eng!is- !anguage inc!ude t-e

fo!!o4ing:

They are R ?ull stop . 3omma , uestion mark 7 &'clamation mark 9

Apostrophe J 5n%erted comma OEP !emi 3olon ; 3olon : -ash 3apital

Cetter.

1u!!sto& ;.< 5t is used to end a sentence.

e.g. e is going to school.

uestion %ar3 ; < 5t is used to indicate a 6uestion has $een asked.

e.g. #hat is your name 7

E(c!a%ator) %ar3 ;L< 5t is used to e'press strong positi%e or negati%e

emotions.

e.g. urrah 9 5ndia won the cricket match.

Co%%a ;8< 5t is used when we ha%e to separate a list o" persons>things in a

sentence.

e.g. Tina, eena, Meena and


97/146

T-e Se%i*Co!on ; < 5t is used to show a pause which is longer than a comma. 5t

is also used to separate two connected simple sentences.

e.g. This dog is a "riendly animal; he will not $ark at you.

T-e Co!on ;:< 5t is used to gi%e out a list o" names or articles one $y one.e.g. Many students secured a "irst class. They are: oger, !onia, 8eter

Anne .

T-e das- ;*< is used when there is a sudden stop or change o" thought.

e.g. My relati%es and "riends they all enjoyed the party.

Ca&ita! /etter 5t is used to $egin a sentence, "or 8roper nouns, "or titles, "or the

letter J5D when it is used in the "irst person and the interjection J=D

Punctuate t-e fo!!o4ing:

a lecturer at Mum$ai uni%ersity when e'plaining stress management to his

students raised a glass o" water and asked how hea%y is this glass o" water the

students answers ranged "rom )FFg to +FFg the lecturer replied the actual weight

does not matter it depends on how long you try to hold it i" 5 hold it "or a minute

thatDs not a pro$lem i" 5 hold it "or an hour ill ha%e an ache in my right arm i" 5

hold it "or a day youDll ha%e to call an am$ulance what a tragedy.


98/146

MODALS (AU ILIARIES!

Modals are also said to $e e!&ing ,erbs.

The "ollowing are commonly used Modal Au'iliaries:

!hall !hould can could

#ill would may might

Must must not used to ought to

(eed need not neednDt

#. 9oda! Au(i!iaries:


99/146

9ain 1eatures: Modals ha%e some speci"ic "eatures o" their own.

. 9oda! Au(i!iaries cannot be used a!one. T-e) s-ou!d be co%bined

4it- Princi&a! ,erbs.

&': Qou may go now.!he can speak &nglish.

e must tell the truth.

(ote: 8rincipal


100/146

The $oy appears to ha%e le"t the room.

2. 8articiple:

&': The house is $eing $uilt

They are $eing 6uestioned.

T E USE +1 OCA0

. Can is used to e(&ress abi!it)

&': 5 can teach &nglish.

!he can understand the poem.

e can type the letters.

#. To e(&ress ca&acit)

&': e can work hard.

!he can deal with customers.

e can $uild a house.

$. To e(&ress &er%ission

&': 3an 5 speak to the manager7

3an 5 ha%e a cup o" tea7

3an 5 go early today7

'. To e(&ress &ossibi!it)

&': e can come tomorrow.

!he can go to the party.

Qou can speak in &nglish i" you try.

1FF


101/146

T E USE +1 OC+U/D

. Cou!d is used to e(&ress &ast abi!it)

&': 5 could walk longer i" 5 tried harder.

!he could work $etter when she was young.e could not attend the ceremony $ecause o" hea%y rain.

#. Cou!d is used in indirect s&eec-

&': !he told me that she could help me.

They said they could lend me the money.

#e said we could "inish the work $y the end o" the month.

$. Cou!d is used to e(&ress &ossibi!it)

&': 5 could do it easily with your help.

5" only Tom were here, 5 could ask him a$out it.

5" she had a degree, she could apply "or the post.

'. Cou!d is used to %a3e a &o!ite re uest

&': 3ould you post this letter "or me7

3ould you ha%e dinner with me this e%ening7

3ould you teach me &nglish grammar7

=. Cou!d is used to see3 &er%ission

&': 3ould 5 smoke in the room7

3ould 5 talk to your $rother7

3ould 5 $orrow your maga@ine "or a while7

T E USE +1 O9A@

. 9a) is used to re uest &er%ission

&': May 5 open the window7

May 5 use your phone7

May 5 park the car in your compound7

1F1


102/146

#. 9a) is used to e(&ress a &o!ite re uest

&': May 5 speak to Miss 4ackson7

May 5 join the 3lu$7

May 5 come with you7$. 9a) is a!so used to e(&ress &ossibi!it)

&': !he may come tomorrow.

Qou may pass the e'am.

e may $e elected president o" the association.

'. 9a) is used to e(&ress a 4is-

&': May /od $less you9

May /od help you9

May you li%e long9

=. 9a) is used in subordinate c!auses to e(&ress &ur&ose

&': Cearn that you may teach others.

&arn that you may spend.

&at that you may li%e.

T E USE +1 O9I> T

. Q9ig-t is t-e &ast tense of Q%a) and it is used in indirect s&eec-

&': e said that he might change his mind a$out $uying the house.

!he said that she might come the ne't day.

They told me that they might apply "or a $ank loan.

8adma said that she might $ecome a nurse.

#. 9ig-t is used to e(&ress &ossibi!it)

&': 5t might rain today.

!he might $e happy to see him.

e might $e award

Grammar for Corporate Workers

Documents