ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN SIGNS FOCUS ON GRAMMAR GRAMMAR CHARTS CONTENTS GRAMMAR CHART TRANSPARENCIES PRESENT AND FUTURE TIME................................................................................................................................................... 3 PAST TIME .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 ENGLISH TENSES IN SIGNS ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 ACTION AND NON-ACTION VERBS / STATIVE VERBS ........................................................................................................... 9 BE AND AUXILIARIES IN ADDITIONS, TAGS, AND SHORT ANSWERS ................................................................................ 11 MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF NECESSITY............................................................................................................... 13 MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF CERTAINTY............................................................................................................... 14 NOUNS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES ................................................................................................................................... 17 QUANTIFIERS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 18 ADJECTIVES WORD ORDER ................................................................................................................................................... 19 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ............................................................................................................................................................ 20 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AND PHRASES ................................................................................................................................... 22 THE PASSIVE: REVIEW AND EXPANSION ........................................................................................................................... 24 THE PASSIVE TO DESCRIBE SITUATIONS AND TO REPORT OPINIONS ........................................................................... 27 GERUNDS ................................................................................................................................................................................. 28 INFINITIVES .............................................................................................................................................................................. 29 ADVERBS: FUNCTIONS, TYPES, PLACEMENT, AND MEANING ........................................................................................ 33 ADVERB CLAUSES .................................................................................................................................................................. 35 ADVERB AND ADVERBIAL PHRASES ..................................................................................................................................... 36 CONNECTORS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 37 NOUN CLAUSES: SUBJECTS, OBJECTS, AND COMPLEMENTS ........................................................................................ 39 INDIRECT SPEECH .................................................................................................................................................................. 40 CONDITIONALS: OTHER WAYS TO EXPRESS UNREALITY ............................................................................................... 44 MORE CONDITIONS: THE SUBJUNCTIVE ............................................................................................................................ 47 WORD ORDER ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
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ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN SIGNS FOCUS ON GRAMMAR GRAMMAR CHARTS
CONTENTS
GRAMMAR CHART TRANSPARENCIES
PRESENT AND FUTURE TIME................................................................................................................................................... 3
PAST TIME .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
ENGLISH TENSES IN SIGNS ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
ACTION AND NON-ACTION VERBS / STATIVE VERBS ........................................................................................................... 9
BE AND AUXILIARIES IN ADDITIONS, TAGS, AND SHORT ANSWERS ................................................................................ 11
MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF NECESSITY............................................................................................................... 13
MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF CERTAINTY............................................................................................................... 14
ADJECTIVES WORD ORDER ................................................................................................................................................... 19
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AND PHRASES ................................................................................................................................... 22
THE PASSIVE: REVIEW AND EXPANSION ........................................................................................................................... 24
THE PASSIVE TO DESCRIBE SITUATIONS AND TO REPORT OPINIONS ........................................................................... 27
CONDITIONALS: OTHER WAYS TO EXPRESS UNREALITY ............................................................................................... 44
MORE CONDITIONS: THE SUBJUNCTIVE ............................................................................................................................ 47
WORD ORDER ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
GRAMMAR CHART TRANSPARENCIES
The purpose of the grammar charts is to help students notice the form of the structure, to pre-teach some of the grammar notes that follow, and to familiarize
students with grammar terminology. The Focus on Grammar (FOG) transparencies are designed to help instructors use the charts more effectively in class
by engaging students as they tackle a new grammar point together.
Here are some suggestions for using the transparencies.
Ask questions that will help students become aware of the form of the structure.
For example, for modals to express degrees of certainty (FOG 5, Unit 6, pages 91-92), ask students to study the charts looking for examples where the
negative is expressed in the usual way (e.g., must, must not, may, may not, might, might not). Now have them look for examples where a modal doesn‘t
have a negative counterpart using the same modal (have [got] to, had to, should, ought to).
Have students use the examples in the charts to practice the form.
In the unit on modals to express degrees of certainty (FOG 5, Unit 6, pages 91-92), you might ask students for the opposites of:
It must be true. (It can‘t be true./ It couldn‘t be true./It must not be true.) It can‘t be true. (It must be true. not It can be true.)
Use the charts with Grammar in Context.
Ask students to look at Grammar in Context and find examples that illustrate the points in the grammar charts. Students can also use the grammar terms in
the charts to label items in Grammar in Context.
Compare charts.
For example, for the passive (FOG 5, Unit 13, p. 222-223), there are charts for active and passive sentences. Ask, ―What happens in a passive sentence to
the object of an active sentence?‖ (It becomes the subject of the passive sentence.) ―What happens in a passive sentence to the subject of the active
sentence?‖ (It becomes the object of by used to indicate the agent.) Ask, ―What happens in a passive sentence to the verb in the active sentence?‖ (It is
replaced by a form of be + the past participle.)
Help students understand grammar terminology through the use of the charts.
All Focus on Grammar charts are clearly labeled. (Simple Present, Present Progressive, Action Verbs, Most Non-Action Verbs, Statement, Tag, Short
Answer, Speculations about the Present, Speculations about the Past, etc.) Ask questions to make certain students understand what the labels mean.
Use the charts to practice items from a list. For example, in FOG 5, Unit 9, page 143, students could practice the quantifiers by making up sentences
about themselves and classmates. Instead of ―She bought a couple of gifts, ‖they could say, ―I read a couple of books,― ―I borrowed a few CDs,‖ ―I have many
friends,‖ ―I didn‘t use much salt,‖ etc.
Ask students to provide personal examples.
For example, Unit 15, page 260 of FOG 5, says, ―They enjoy kayaking. I went swimming.‖
Ask students to say what they enjoy and what they did (over the weekend, e.g.). (―I enjoy playing soccer. I went shopping.‖)
1. had been ing… 2. had not beening 3. Had been ing ?
1. have been ing… 2. has not been ing 3. Have been ing?
1. will have been ing… 2. will not have been ing 3. Will have been ing ?
1. would have been ing… 2. would not have been ing 3. Would have been ing ?
GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
ACTION AND NON-ACTION VERBS / STATIVE VERBS
Action Verbs
SIMPLE FORM PROGRESSIVE FORM
They normally drive to work. Today they‘re taking the bus.
Most Non-Action Verbs
SIMPLE FORM NO PROGRESSIVE FORM
People know he is a good employee. They want to understand his problem. This building belongs to the company.
Some Non-Action Verbs
SIMPLE FORM (Stative Use) PROGRESSIVE FORM (Active Use)
I have a new cell phone. She appears very happy about the job. They think they need a new car.
I‘m having problems with it. She is appearing in a new play. Please don‘t bother me; I‘m thinking.
Action Verbs + Adverb
He works constantly. The computer is working well today.
Some Non-Action Verbs
THERE + BE Simple Form
+ Adjective (Stative Use) + Adverb (Active Use) There were many requests for a new version. There are some problems with the invention. There won’t be an alternative technology. There appears to be a need for a simple
device.
Your car looks good. The soup tastes delicious. She feels bad about what she said.
He looked thoughtfully at the message. You should taste that carefully — it‘s hot! The doctor felt the bruise gently.
The professor teaches nutrition. Professor Lee heads the Nutrition Institute.
Countable and Non-Countable Nouns
COUNT NOUNS
NON-COUNT NOUNS
Article or Number Noun Verb Noun Verb
A / One snack is refreshing.
Rice is
nourishing.
The / Two snacks are Nutrition important.
Nouns with Count and Non-Count Meanings
Count Meaning
Non-Count Meaning
There‘s a hair in my soup! A chicken escaped from the henhouse. My favorite works of art are from China.
Sandra has black hair. We had chicken for dinner. It takes work to prepare a meal.
Non-Count Nouns in Countable Form
Non-Count Noun
Countable Form
I‘ll have tea. You need advice. Let‘s play tennis. The stew needs more spice. Fruit is nutritious.
I‘ll have a cup of tea. Let me give you a piece of advice. Let‘s play a game of tennis. There are several spices in this stew. Many different fruits are grown in California.
Non-Count Nouns in Uncountable Use
Non-Count Nouns in Countable Use
I‘d like some coffee. Cheese is produced in France. The sun provides light.
Please bring us two coffees. Brie is a soft cheese. I see a light in the window.
Non-count nouns are things that you cannot count separately. For example, in English you can say gold, but you cannot say a gold or two golds. Non-count nouns usually have no plural forms. We usually do not use a/an with non-count nouns. To the right are some categories and examples of non-count nouns.
Abstract words courage, education, time
Activities exploring, sailing, farming
Fields of study geography, history
Food corn, chocolate, fish
Gases air, oxygen, steam
Liquids water, milk, coffee, gasoline
Materials cotton, plastic, silk
Natural forces cold, electricity, weather
Particles dust, sand, sugar, salt, rice
Some common non-count nouns do not fit into these categories. You must memorize nouns such as the ones to the right.
advice furniture jewelry money clothing garbage luggage news equipment homework mail work food information
► Be careful! Non-count nouns take singular verbs and pronouns.
Reed is a good material for boats.
It floats in the heaviest storm.
GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES
A/An: INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Non-Specific Generic
Singular Count Nouns He saw a statue at an exhibition. A statue is a three-dimensional figure.
Zero Article (NO ARTICLE)
Non-Specific Generic
Plural Count Nouns Easter Island has impressive statues. Statues are made in all shapes and sizes.
Non-Count Nouns The statues are made of stone. Stone is an important building material.
Proper Nouns Ms. Johnson spent a year on Easter Island. She worked in Egypt and Hawaii. She now lives in New York City.
The: DEFINITE ARTICLE
Specific Generic
Singular Count Nouns He finally got a computer. The computer he got is good. It‘s the best computer in the world.
The computer is a great invention.
Plural Count Nouns The rain forests in America are being cut down. The rain forests are in danger everywhere.
Non-Count Nouns The stone from that quarry is very soft.
Proper Nouns She crossed the Sahara, visited the Pyramids, and sailed down the Nile.
One store is open. Each coin is valuable. Every bank is closed.
X* X X
Two Both A couple of Several
Two stores are open. Both stores are nearby. She bought a couple of gifts. She bought several gifts.
X X X X
Few A few Many A great many
They have few investments. She has a few investments. Does he own many buildings? He owns a great many buildings.
X X X X
Little A little Much A great deal of
X X X X
They have little money. She has a little money. Does he have much property? He owns a great deal of property.
No Any Some Enough A lot of / Lots of Plenty of Most All
They have no bonds. They don‘t have any bonds. They have some stocks. You have enough stocks. He has a lot of / lots of clients. He has plenty of clients. Most banks are safe. All banks are insured.
They have no insurance. They don‘t have any insurance. They have some cash. You have enough cash. He has a lot of / lots of patience. He has plenty of patience. Most work is useful. All work is tiring.
Pronouns ―Andy, are you listening?‖ Mary asked. Mary asked Andy if he was listening.
Possessives The boss said, ―Sue, bring your camera.‖ The boss told Sue to bring her camera.
This ―Can I have this film?‖ Sam asked. Sam asked if he could have that film.
Here Mrs. Brown asked, ―Will you be here?‖ Mrs. Brown asked if I would be there.
Ago ―We came a year ago,‖ Jim said. Jim said (that) they had come one year previously / before.
Now Bob asked, ―Are you leaving now?‖ Bob asked if I was leaving then.
Today ―I need to work today,‖ Jack said. Jack said (that) he needed to work that day.
Yesterday He asked, ―Did you call yesterday?‖ He asked if I had called the previous day / the day before.
Tomorrow ―Are you arriving tomorrow?‖Sarah asked. Sarah asked if we were arriving the next day.
place here there time now then, immediately
this that today that day
these those tonight that night
this week that week
verbs can could tomorrow the next day, the following day
may might next week the following week
must must, had to the day after tomorrow two days later
will would ago before
come go yesterday the day before, the previous day
bring take the day before yesterday two days before Focus on Grammar English Grammar in Signs
REQUESTS, ORDERS GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
She
He
told asked
me
us
to
not to
1
2
She told him to call on her as soon as possible. He asked me to give him a hand.
warned begged invited advised reminded instructed
3
4
5
6
7
8
She warned them not to walk on the ice as it wasn‘t thick. He begged me not to tell them the truth about the accident. They invited us to come in and look round. She reminded me to switch all the lights. I have been told to wait for her. He said not to wait for him. (the informal use)
STATEMENTS
He
She
Ann
said told (me)
that
was ing
had
would should
1
2 He said (that) he found the book interesting. She told him she was going home.
pointed out exclaimed admitted agreed hoped remarked explained
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Ann pointed out that I had made a mistake in my test. He exclaimed with delight that he had passed the exam. She hoped we would have a good time in the mountains. I remarked that my door was being painted at the moment. He explained that the bus had broken down. She complained the alarm clock had stopped the day before. He suggested that we should leave the town at once.
QUESTIONS
He
She
Ann
asked (me)
wondered
wanted to know
if whether
() … . No inversion in the ‗question‘ clause
…the cold wind was still blowing. …the apples in the orchard were ripe. …we had done our lessons.
what where why how
…she was going to be. …they had been all that time. …we didn‘t want to go there. …she would go to Spain.