Grammar

NOUN is a Latin word that refers to “Name”

TYPES OF NOUN

PROPER NOUN

COMMON NOUN

MATERIAL NOUN

ABSTRACT NOUN

COLLECTIVE NOUN

1 PROPER NOUN

It is the name that is used to specified in various E.g. Narendra Modi, Patna,

N1 It is always in singular form

N2 Its 1st letter is always in block letter.

N3 Almost not used article. E.g. The great poet & dramatis the shakespeare Shakespeare never had any university education.

N4 Proper noun use article “The” for praising one. E.g. Doctor Kalam can be called the Bhabha of modern India.

N5 It may take an article “A/AN” if it is used for mocking. E.g. Every Girls things herself A Prinkya Chopra of his area.

2 COMMON NOUN

Those name which is used to call more than one person things etc. E.g. River, Mother, Father etc.

N1 Common noun always arrive one of the two forms singular or plural form.

N2 When it is in singular it takes article “the”.

N3 It almost didn’t take article when it is in plural form.

N4 When common noun in plural form made particular it will take article “the”. E.g. pupils The pupils of this college having prepared well to appear in the test.

3 MATERIAL NOUN

It is used to call to those tangible things that are not easily counted but it can be weighted. e.g. Sugar, Milk

N1 It is always use in singular form. E.g. Selling Peanuts peanaut on the road the only means of earning. In respect of most of the people.

N2 “Drugs” is only one material noun that is Plural and takes plural verb. E.g. drugs is are stinking.

N3 It almost doesn’t take any article before it. E.g. The milk is vital source of energy.

N4 If material noun made particular it will take article “The”. E.g. The water of the Ganges plays very important Role in the life of the Hindus.

4 ABSTRACT NOUN

It is an intangible things, it feels only with soul and mind. E.g. Love, Affection, Malice Etc.

N1 It only takes singular verb, E.g. Love is blind.

N2 It almost doesn’t take any article before it. E.g. The bravery is the boon of the God.

N3 If an Abstract noun made particular it will take article “The”. The bravery of John.

5 COLLECTIVE NOUN

It shows the crowd or bunch of homogeneous or heterogeneous things. E.g. Army, scenery, Police Etc.

NOUN

Type of collective noun

Generalizing collective

noun (heterogeneous)

Those type of collection which is made with miscellaneous things. E.g. Furniture, Crockery, scenery,

N1 It is singular and always takes singular verb.

N2 Article “the” arrive before it. E.g. Sceneries The scenery of Kashmir is more beautiful than any other site.

Group collective

noun

(Homogeneous)

It is type of that collection which made with similar members. E.g. Police, Army, Artillery, cattle

N1 It is plural and takes plural verb.

N2 It didn’t suffix with s/es.

N3 It didn’t take “The” E.g. The cattles cattle are grazing in my field.

Distributive collective

noun

That collective noun that may be distributed in various parts is called Distributive collective noun. E.g. Jury, Committee, Party, Etc.

N1 When it is in union than it singular and take “the” E.g. The Government is united.

N2 When is separated than it is plural and take plural verb, and preceding with “the”

In the view of counting the whole noun is divided in two parts

(A)-COUNTABLE NOUN (B) UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

COUNTABLE NOUN UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

It is easily counted. E.g. Boy, chair Etc.

It is not easily counted. E.g. Milk water Etc.

It may be occurred in both forms singular and plural.

It occupied only in singular form. E.g. Pride is dangerous.

It refers to only alive creatures. It refers to only non living things.

In the view of Gender whole noun is divided in four parts

A Masculine gender Those nouns that seems to male. E.g. father, King, Hero, Etc.

B Feminine gender Those nouns that seems to female. E.g. Queen, mother, girl, Etc.

C Common gender This doesn’t shows that it is either male or female. E.g. Student, Citizen, Voter Etc.

D Neuter gender Noun that is undeveloped mentally and sexually is called Neuter gender. E.g. Child, Pen, Cat, insane, insolvent Etc.

1 Noun is almost in singular form that is made plural by various grammatical tools. Generally it made plural by adjoining “s/es”

Table Tables Chair Chairs

Pen Pens Car Cars

2 When a word end with “ch/sh/z/x” , then it will be made plural by adjoining “S/ES”. E.g.

Tax Taxes Virus viruses Topaz Topazes Torch Torches

3 When a word end with ”CH” and made pronunciation as “k”, then it will be made plural by adjoining “S” E.g. Stomach= Stomachs, Monarch= Monarchs

4 When a word end with “Y” and “Y” is preceded by a vowel letter, then it will be made plural by adjoining “S” E.g. Day= Days, Key= Keys

5 When a word end with “Y” and “Y” is preceded by a consonant letter, then it will be made plural by adjoining “IES” E.g. Baby=Babies, Lady=Ladies, Army=Armies etc.

6 But a proper noun, a technical and a word except noun like “verb, preposition, pronoun, etc. never follow any rule, it will be made plural only by adjoining “S” E.g.

Brief= Briefs Prove=Proves Off=Offs Strike=Strikes

February=Februarys Dynamo=Dynamos Tornado=Tornados Negro=Negros Zero=Zeroes

7 Which words that ends with “O” and proceeded by a vowel letter, then it will be made plural by adjoining “S”. E.g.

Bamboo Bamboos Portfolio Portfolios

8 When a word that is end with “O” and proceeded by a consonant letter, then it will be made plural by adjoining “ES”. E.g.

Hero Heroes Mango Mangoes Tomato Tomatoes

9 When a words that ends with “F/VE” then it will be made plural by adjoining “VES” after eliminating “F/VE”

Life= Lives Leaf= Leaves

10 There are some those type of word which has been taken from another language, so its follows on rules.

Man Men Ox Oxen

Child Children Mouse Mice

Louse Lice Goose Geese

Foot Feet Tooth Teeth

Mr. Masers Mrs. Mistress

11 Those compound noun which is end with “Full” is use to adjoining “S” after “full” to change in plural. E.g. I am very tired so I want to a cupful cupfuls of tea.

12 Those compound that is separated by HYPHEN (-) is used make plural only his main part, to change his whole part in plural. E.g.

Class-rooms Arm-Chairs Note-books

13 Those compound nouns that is separated by (-), with a preposition is used to make plural to the word that is arrive before preposition, to change his whole part in Plural. E.g.

Father-in-law Fathers-in-law Passers-on Passers-on

14 Those compound noun that is separated by Hyphen (-), but “Man/Woman” is arrived in any part of that word is used to make plural to all part of that word. E.g.

Man-servant Men-servants Woman-Engineer Women-Engineers

15 Those type of compound noun in which any one part is another than noun in that word only noun is used to make plural to make his whole part in plural E.g.

High-Way High-Ways Head-Light Head-Lights

New-Comer New-comers Push-Back Push-Backs

16 Those type of Latin word that is end with “US”, is used to make plural by adjoining “I” after eliminating “US”

Fungus Fungi Radius Radii Syllabus Syllabi

Locus Loci Cactus Cacti Nucleus Nuclei

Stimulus Stimuli Focus Foci Genius Genii

17 Those type of Latin word that is end with “IS”, is used to make plural by adjoining “ES” after eliminating “IS”

NUMBER

Basis Bases Crisis Crises Diagnosis Diagnoses Hypothesis Hypotheses

Thesis Theses Analysis Analyses Axis Axes Synthesis Syntheses

18 Those type of Latin word that is end with “UM”, is used to make plural by adjoining “A” after eliminating “UM”

Bacterium Bacteria Pendulum Pendulum Medium Media Dictum Dicta

19 Those type of Latin word that is end with “A”, is used to make plural by adjoining “E” after eliminating “A”

Formula Formulae Vertebra Vertebrae

20 Those type of Latin word that is end with “ON”, is used to make plural by adjoining “A” after eliminating “ON”

Phenomenon Phenomena Criterion Criteria

21 Those word that shoes a couple things useless at the absence of another those type of word always come with “S” E.g. Shoes, Trousers Etc. It treats as plural. But when it use a Pair of then it is treated as Singular. A pair of shoes were was standing in the corner.

22 Those organs of human body that is occupied only one in whole body is always treated as singular. E.g. Nose, Tongue, Mouth Etc.

23 Those organs of human body that is Two in whole human body But both is necessary for being alive is plural and takes plural verb. E.g. Bowels, Intestine, Lungs

24 Riches, Alms, Eaves are plural word that always used plural verb. E.g. Alms are is given to the beggars.

25 Name of subject is singular and takes singular verb, but when a subject arrives as personal assets of a person then it is treated as plural. E.g. Mathematics is difficult subject

26 Country’s name is plural and always takes plural verb, but when a country name is treated as a team then it become plural and takes plural verb. E.g. India is the best.

27 Police are is Govt. personnel. (Here Police is referred to whole department.) My brother is a Police policeman. (Singular) Some Policeman is Policemen are honest. (Plural)

28 “Poetry” is always treated as Singular. “Poetries” isn’t plural form of “Poetry” E.g. Poetry is nice. But “Poem” is singular word & Poems is Plural word. E.g. There are no poetry poems in my book.

29 The + Adj. = Whole class is treated as plural it doesn’t suffix by “S” and noun never arrive after it. The poor, The poor people, The poors poor, The poor man/Men The condition of hospital in India is not hood because the seek /seeks seek are not looked after proper.

30 Many+ Plural countable noun E.g. Somebody has broken the window by throwing many stone/stones at it.

31 Many + a/an+ singular countable noun E.g. Many a man men attended the meeting last night held in community hall.

32 Some singulars word

Iron=Loha Irons= Hand locker Sand= Balu Sands= Deserts

Number Numbers= Poem Custom=Ritual Customs=Boarder tax

Land Lands=country Pain Pain= Effort

Powder Powders=Dose Compass= Boarder Compass= Direction eqp.

Manners=tarika Way Manners=Ways Premise= preamble Premises= union/org.

Wood Woods= forest Advice Advices=information Fruit Fruits Time Times=period

Water Waters=Ocean Color Colors=Flag

33 Generally those word that ends with”RY” is singular for instances scenery, crockery, etc. Except Poultry, Cavalry, Infantry, Artillery, Gentry, Peasantry are plural. E.g. I was shocked that the gentry of the town has/have not been invited.

34 Any/ one + singular verbE.g. One is missing.

35 Any/one + singular countable noun +Singular verb. E.g. One solutions/solution is to avoid the imposes together by taking a slight different.

36 One of + Plural countable noun + singular verb E.g. One of my good quality/qualities is that I don’t take think/thinks like very seriously.

37 Cross road is a singular word and take singular verb. E.g. The cross road is block.

38 Sheep, Deer, Fish, Offspring, Piece, is use as singular as plural, its verb is decide that subject is plural or singular.

39 Mischief, Bread, Advise, Information are uncountable noun its makes plural after making countable. E.g.

Mischief An act of mischief Information A piece of information

Advise A piece of advice Bread A loaf of bread

40 When two similar words are adjoin with a preposition then both word is in singular form and verb also arrive in singular form. E.g. Women/Woman after woman/women.

41 When two different words are combined to each other, then verb arrive according to first word. E.g. The largest remittance & army send to India were/was from overseas.

42 Score /Grass/Stone, + Dozen/Hundred/thousand etc, these word takes “a/an” before it or suffixed with “S”. E.g. A dozen, Dozens

43 Half an Hour = 1 & 30 Minute.

44 When subject of sentence is living/nonliving thing then verb is arrive as for as. E.g. Teacher is teaching. Students are studying. The pens are new. The pencil is old.

45 When subject is measurement unit then it may be singular/ plural. E.g. Milles have to go before I sleep. The mile is a unit of distance.

When a measurement unit comes with a number then unit is change as for as. And it takes singular verb. E.g. He walks five mile/miles which are/is really great distance

46 When subject is any type of speculation then it is always in singular. E.g. 420 is a famous number.

47 When subject is number of human then it is singular when number of human is only one, and if number of human is more than one then it becomes plural. E.g. Over a thousand tourists from all over the world come/comes to visit the National Park every day. Two elephants/elephant from his herd were missing.

48 Number + Measurement unit (always in singular) + Measured things (sin./plural) E.g. Often parents of five year/years old child are seemed anxious.

49 Number1 (decisive for verb) + Number2 + Measurement unit (always in singular) + Measured things (sin./plural as per Number1) E.g. A five member committee was/were. Two five hundred rupees was/were found.

50 “Feet” is used to measure only length, depth & slope. E.g. The length of the brick is one feet and the length is wall is 50 feet. Foot is used to measure only height. E.g. The pole is 10 foot high. The pig is one foot height.

HOT TIPS OF NOUN 1 O’ clock is use to show only accurate time like 5 O’clock. That means “pakka time”

2 Brother & sister is never arrived with cousin.

3 “Miser, coward, fool” are those adjective that doesn’t take any noun after it, but it take article. E.g. Tom called me a fool.

4 SUIT= For Gents DRESS= For Ladies “UNIFORM” doesn’t mean dress or any suit, but it refers to “CONSISTENT”.

5 GOOD MORNING =In Light E.g. Good morning I am fine but the day is very hot. GOOD EVENING =Off Light E.g. Good evening I am fine but the night is very dark. GOOD NIGHT=it is used to leave some body. E.g. Good night see u tomorrow.

6 Cost refers to purchasing price or money is spent after manufacturing a product. “Price” refers to “Selling Price” E.g. Price is fixed.

7 There is no place/room for you.

8 Witness is living thing. E.g. Her wife is the witness of murder. Evidence is non living thing E.g. The number plate is an evidence of the case.

9 Brother E.g. Ram & Laxman are brothers. Brethren= As brother. E.g. We all are brethren.

10 Bachelor E.g. Bajpayee is a bachelor. Maiden E.g. Mamta Banarjee is a maiden.

11 House= It is refers to property that is used for living. I live in a rent house. Home= it refers to own house where us family are living. I am going home.

Dual Meaning words 12

Singular Plural, or singular/plural

Work E.g. I have to do all work. Works E.g. These all are my works.

Word-Promise E.g. I give you a word. Words – texts E.g. “India is the best” these are words.

Genius Genii/Genie

Wages-Punishment E.g. The wages of sings is death. Wages E.g. The wages of hard work is/are sweet. Issue- Sishu E.g. Lalu has nice issue. Issues-Unemployment /& corruption is a great issue/issues.

Force – Power E.g. Force is being used. Forces – Army

Light E.g. Light is coming Lights- There is 3 lights in my room.

Use of Noun

1 Subject

It may be a subject of a sentence. E.g. An unexpected raise in the cost of living as well as declined in employment opportunity resulted in the rapid implementation of new program.

2 Object After Verb

The collection committee of India has made an arrange/arrangement. Ram eat a mango.

3 Verb’s complement It is truth that India is the largest consumer of Gold in the world.

4 Object of Preposition Yogesh know the value of obedient/ obedience

5 Owner of Proposition It may come before preposition. E.g. There was a huge crowd/crowded in front of the actor’s house on his birthday.

6 Noun +’s

It was It was indian’s India’s victory.

7 Noun +’s+ Noun

The company decision is to issue bonus share clearly indicates. Management’s

confident/confidence about the future.

8 Article+ Noun

The company is prepared to lend us the developing/development of the necessary amount required for the developing of the region.

9 Adjective + Noun In spite of being a best worker he was not given the best employee/employer of the year award.

10 No+ Noun

We informed customers that those will be No interruption interrupting in our bank service tomorrow.

INCORRECT AS A NOUN CORRECT

1 Study Studies

2 Lookings/Looks/looking looks

3 Remaining Remaining 4 Greeting Greetings

5 Surrounding Surroundings E.g. The beautiful surrounding/surroundings of the place.

6 Congratulation Congratulations

7 Regard Regards

8 Proceeding Proceedings

9 Order Orders E.g. The jazz has pass the order/orders

10 Lodging Lodgings

11 Teaching Teachings

12 Earning Earnings

13 Ruin Ruins

14 Waste Wastes

15 Inning Innings

16 Belonging Belongings E.g. the place with all its belonging/belongings was sold.

17 Play, Service Plays, Services E.g. The company orders a wide circle range of product and service/services

ADJECTIVEAS A NOUN 18 Sweet Sweets

19 Breakable Breakables

20 Durable Durables

21 Essential Essentials

22 Vegetable Vegetables E.g. I have said the servant to bring fresh vegetables/vegetable.

23 Where about Where abouts

24 Error Error

25 Family member The member of the family. 26 Adopt/adapt Adaptations E.g. The article management should not that ultimate

passenger unfriendliness is to have their plane crash due to the adopted unsafe of procedure.

27 Ground (when ground is used for sale & purchase) A plot of ground

28 Watch theatre Watch plays

29 Typist Typewriter (as a tools)

30 Typewriter Typist (as a person)

31 Hough paint Shorts

32 Sell Sells

33 Peoples People(for person) E.g. Many peoples/ people were providing rescue.

34 People Peoples (For Nation)

34 Speak truth, speak a truth Speak the truth 35 Tell lie, tell the lie Tell a lie

36 Sign Signature

37 Billiard Billiards

38 Economical condition Financial condition

39 Fooding Food, feeding

40 Try pack Trial pack

41 Necessary Necessity E.g. It is necessarily/Necessity to you to save money.

42 Fail Fall E.g. The monsoon shower & the fail/fall in temperature have brought smile on many faces.

43 Populations Population E.g. Most of the Indian populations Populations is still live in village.

44 Wedding Weddings

45 Meals Meal E.g. Meals Meal will be serve to all guest outside the terrace.

46 Amounts Amount E.g. A certain amounts/amount is distributed among all students.

47 In details In detail E.g. The committee will discussed the draft in details/detail

48 Perfumeries Perfumery

49 Ends of the fingers End of the finger

50 Vacations Vacations

51 Sympathies Sympathy

52 Arrear Arrears

53 Meassle Measles

54 Non- productive Unproductive E.g. Organization is non-productive/unproductive

55 Afterward Afterwards E.g. And afterward/afterwards you went there alone in arcade for a long while standing where stood remembering the soft melodious voice.

56 Audiences Audience

PERSONAL PRONOUN

1 “It” is use with natural event, nonliving things, children, celebrities, great personality, & for which that is out of view.

E.g., It is Monday. It is raining. (natural event) E.g., A child became familiar with his/its mother.(children) E.g., Planetarium with his / it’s down selling. (non living thing) E.g., It is Sachin who played in Patna. (Celebrities) E.g., Who is it. It is me. (Unknowns) E.g., I seen the Tajmahal It is so beautiful.(out of view)

2 When topic of sentence is plural, then “They” family is used. E.g., To improve its/there efficiency all income tax officers will be provided with laptop.

3 “Those” is use for “who” E.g., The NGO provides free daily meal to them/those who are under BPL.

4 All pronouns are arrange in order of 231,but for accomplishment & confession it is use in order of 123. E.g., I, you & He are responsible for vital mistake. (confession) E.g., you ram & I will proceed journey.

5 All pronouns have own auxiliary verb they not intrude in each other’s. E.g., One should be honest to his/ one’s word.

6 If one refers to “a single person” then it takes family of “He”. E.g., only of you is not using one/his mind.

7 Auxiliary verbs come according to “we” family” if several people’s Pronoun is arrive in a sentence whether it arrive according to”you” family. E.g.,

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN

8 THIS It is use for singular number that is at close place. E.g., This is her coaching.

THESE It is use for plural number that is at close place. E.g., These are pens.

THAT It is use for singular number that is situated at far. E.g., Look at the star that is very far.

THOSE It is use for plural number that is situated at far. E.g., Look at the stars those are very bright.

THIS(For recognition) E.g., Meet him this is my new friend.

THAT(For recognition) Look at the man that is Sarad Yadav.

9 “That/Those” is use to avoid repetition in comparative degree. E.g., According to expert Indian banking system is better than that of every developed country.

DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN (EACH, EITHER, NEITHER, EVERY-ONE Etc.)

10 These are singulars and take singular verb. E.g., Everybody knows that his failure can be attributed to his lack of practice.

1 2 9 4 5 6 7 8

PERSNAL

PRONOUN

DEMONSTRATIVE

PRONOUN

DISTRIBUTIVE

PRONOUN

INDEFINITIVE

PRONOUN

REFLEXIVE

PRONOUN

EMPHATIC

PRONOUN

RELATIVE

PRONOUN

INTEROGATIVE

PRONOUN

E.g.

I

WE

HE

SHE

IT

THEY

ONE

YOU

Etc.

E.g.

THIS

THAT

THESE

THOSE

Etc.

E.g.

EACH

EITHER

NEITHER

EVERYONE

Etc.

E.g.

ALL

SOME

MORE

MOST

ENOUGH

Etc.

E.g.

THEMSELF

HERSELF

HIMSELF

MYSELF

Etc.

E.g.

MYSELF

HIMSELF

Etc.

E.g.

THAT

WHAT

WHICH

WHICH OF

WHO

WHOSE

WHOOM

BY WHOOM

Etc.

WHO

WHAT

WHOOM

WHEN

WHICH

Etc.

PRONOUN

11 Distributive pronoun + preposition + plural noun/ pronoun.+ singular verb. E.g., Each of us plays a game.

12 Its takes singular verb even when two distributive pronoun adjoin with “and”. E.g., Each and everyone are is satisfied.

13 Its takes plural verb when it arrive after noun/pronoun. E.g., We each are preparing for examination.

14` It takes assistant from “he” family. E.g., Each of them along with their /his family & pet is going to Goa. for the summer vacation.

INDEFINITE PRONOUN (All, some, more, most, enough,)

15 When it comes for uncountable then treated as singular number, & when it is come for countable noun then treated as plural number. E.g., All is well. All can take it. E.g., some are of course laborious. They will succeed.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.

16 All noun/pronoun have own reflexive pronoun. It never intrudes on each other’s reflexive pronoun. E.g., We can enhance development by giving women more opportunity to develop herself/ themselves.

17 Reflexive comes after main verb. E.g., They learn themselves.

EMPHATIC PRONOUN

18 Emphatic pronoun arrives just before main verb. So neither emphatic nor “reflexive” pronoun initiate a sentence. E.g., I my self cook.

INTEROGATIVE PRONOUN (Who, what, when, whom, when, which, of which, by whom)

19 It arrives at the beginning of any sentence and finish with (”?”) E.g., Who are you?

RELATIVE PRONOUN (That, what, which, which of, who, whose, whom )

Which pronoun that arrives instead of “A Noun” to show the relation with him.

20 A. It arrive on at the middle of sentence. B. Conversation of “JA” is arrived after Hindi translation of these sentences. C. It end with the symbol of “?” D. MASTER OF RELATIVE PRONOUN + RELATIVE PRONOUN + VERB E. Relative pronoun takes verb according to that for which it arrives.

E.g. He is one of the novelist that have/has ever leaved in England in 18th century

TYPE OF CASE

SUBJECTIVE CASE- When a noun is work as subject then it is called subjective case. E.g. I (sub. case) am learning English.

POSSESIVE CASE – when a noun shows his authority at anything then this stage of noun/ pronoun

Called possessive case. E.g. Ram’s Ayodhay ,The price of the pen, My mobile

OBJECTIVE CASE- when a noun/pronoun effected by any action or verb cause then this stage of its is called objective case. E.g. The teacher teaches me

Possessive case of noun 1 To show the possessive case of non living things we introduced “s’”

E.g. Lalu’s wife.

To show the possessive case of non-living things we introduced “ of and the”. E.g. The key (at which we have to show the authority) of the lock (Noun)

EXECPTION (of non-living things) 2 When non-living thing is very huge.

E.g. Ocean’s roar, Sun’s orbit.

3 When a non-living thing expresses him as living-thing or in hyperbolic term then it takes S’ to show his authority. E.g. Jungle’s rule, court’s order, Death’s hand.

4 When a non-living thing work as a measurement then it takes S’ to show his authority. E.g. Have you found guilty of the murder of three years’ of imprisonment.

5 Various idioms and phrases also used “s’” Cat’s paw At arm’s length At stone’s throw distance Heart’s context Moment’s rest

Bird’s eye view Tent’s evil Love’s labor’s lost Wit’s end Fortune’s favorite

EXECPTION (of living things)

6 Living thing also takes ”of” when it shows relation in spite of authority. E.g., The movie of Amir Khan in which he takes baleen role.

7 Living thing takes “of” when it show relation with “The + adjective” (to show the status of whole group) E.g., The condition of the poor.

8 Living thing also takes “of” to keep close with that word for which relative pronoun arrived. E.g., I like the policy of Manmohan Singh who is a great scholar.

9 To avoid use of “s’” subsequently two time in a sentence, “of” is to be used for another word. E.g., My brother’s secretary’s car, The car of my brother’s secretary.

10 Those word which are finish at one/body/ (one/body+else) take “s’” to make his possessive case.(Despite that those word are pronoun.) E.g., Someone’s mobile is ringing. This is someone else’s duty.

11 When various noun are arrived in a sentence then all noun takes “s’” respectively to show his

SUBJECTIVE

CASE

POSSESIVE

CASE

OBJECTIVE

CASE

authority. E.g., John’s and Mohan’s identity cards.

12 When various nouns are arrived in a sentence then last noun takes “s’” to show his authority in a union. E.g., There is no money in Sohan’s & Mohan’s joint account.

13

Those compound noun which are divide by hyphen (-) with a preposition takes “s’” in a last word to show his authority. E.g., father in law’s, sister in law’s.

14 When a noun finish with S it takes only ( ‘ ) To show his authority. E.g., Mr. Ros’ house. Girls’ hostel.

15 To show authority on office, house, shop and church by a noun it doesn’t take “s’”. E.g., I am gong to barber’s Shop.

16 POSSESIVE CASE+ GERUND(V1 + ING) E.g., They insisted on me/my (possessive case) staying here.

17 To show the authority of an abbreviation it takes “s’” at last character. E.g., M.L.A’s flat

18 “S’” arrive after surname of a person’s name if it avails. E.g., Barak’s Obama Barak Obama

19 Natural incident and event never takes OF/ S’ E.g., Winter season, summer vacation.

20 When two subject effect each other then it use each other. But when they effect each other’s authority then it takes “each other’s “ E.g., Fishing & swimming are two different activities independent on each other. Modi & Nitish criticize each other’s policy.

21 When more than two subjects affect one other then it use one other. But when they effect one other’s authority then it takes “one other’s “ E.g., All members in the council are begin shouting at one another/each other. E.g., The four friends were very different from one another yet they come to help each other’s /one another’s Aid when required.

22 Comparison takes place at only in same case. Subjective Case comparison with Subjective Case. E.g., He is taller than me/I

Objective case = objective case. E.g., My teacher scold me more than her. Possessive case= Possessive case. E.g. My shoes are better than yours.

23 SUBJECT + VERB E.g., They/them were very discipline very quite. 24 VERB + OBJECT E.g., The business lobby wanted to take over he/him. 25 LET + VERB + OBJECT. E.g. Let me go. 26 LIKE + OBJECT E.g., She is like me. 27 PREPOSITION + OBJECTIVE CASE E.g., Of me, of his , in her house. At his museum. 28 BUT (CONJ.) + SUBJECTIVE CASE E.g., You are a student but I am a teacher. BUT (PRE.) + SUBJECTIVE CASE E.g., Nobody but I always solve. 29 AS + SUBJECT + VERB. E.g., Do as I say.

30 IT + A.V + SUBJECTIVE CASE E.g., It was me/I who was responsible for train mishap. 1 EITHER To select one between two (It takes singular verb.)

E.g., Either Ram & Ravan was defeated. {kisi ek k pas} 2 ANYONE To select any one among more than two. (It takes singular verb.)

E.g., Any one of three. 3 NEITHER When nothing is selected between two, then it is used.

E.g., He is a professor but of his two sons none/neither has any merit. 4 NONE When nothing is selected among more than two. E.g., The jazz was convince that neither/none of

five accused was guilty of murder. 5 BOTH It is used to select both (all) between two. E.g., Both of Ram & Ravan were strong. 6 ALL It is used to select all among more than two. E.g., All of us learning English.

7 EACH It is used to show each person subsequently between two.{Sabke pas} E.g., Each of Bajpaye & Manmohan has ruled India.

8 EVERY It is used to show every person subsequently among more than two. E.g., Everyone/all witness of yesterday accident has been asked separately.

9 ONE One is use for advice at place of everyone. E.g., One should come in time. 10 SOMEON

E It is use for a person that is unknown. E.g., Someone is making noise.

NOTE(REFLEJXIVE PRONOUN)

ABSENT, PERSENT, ENJOY, AVAIL, ADOPT, ADEPT are always come with “Reflexive Pronoun” E.g., instead of lying to the workers the company decided to ask them/themselves to avail voluntary recruitment.

SLEEP, SEAT, SWIM, LAUGH, WEEP, BATH, GO, STAND are never taken reflexive pronoun. E.g., I laugh myself 11 WHO “Who” use in W.H sentence when it makes action or work. E.g., Who made a record? = Sachin 12 WHOSE It is a possessive case, which is use in W.H question to show possession at anything.

E.g. Whose wife is C.M? lalu’s wife is C.M. 13 WHOM “Whom” is an Objective case, it is used in W.H sentence when a person is affected by any action.

E.g., Whom was police arrested? Police had arrested Sri Sant. 14

WHAT

It use for non-living thing when it is a topic of issue. E.g., what is the matter? It is use for non-living thing when it makes action. E.g., Who is disturbing student? The A.C is disturbing student.

It is used as an objective case when a non-living thing is affected by any action in W.H sentence. E.g., What has she purchased? She purchased a pen.

15 OF WHICH It is used for ask question about non-living thing. E.g., Of which price is 100Rs? The price of mango is hundred Rs.

16 WHICH It is use for both living and non-living thing but when a question asked to choose/select anything from various. E.g., The master didn’t know which/who of the bank became insolvent.

17 THAT

Interrogative sentence takes “that “if required E.g. Is there any student that couldn’t understand me?

W.H. sentence takes “that “as a relative pronoun if it is required. E.g. Who is there that doesn’t know Gandhi Jee.

ONE OF+PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUN+THAT E.g. This is one of three companies who /that have done well for past two years.

Indefinite pronoun take that just after itself when it is required. E.g. All that glitters is not gold.

When living-thing and non-living thing arrive along with each other than living-thing place at first and non-living thing take that. E.g. The name of his dog who/that was missing have been found safe and sound.

18 SUCH+ THAT “That” is used along with “such” when it shows intensity, velocity and stage of in work. E.g. That state administrator is in such a mass there/that is no leader to set the things right.

19 SO + THAT wahi

“That” is used along with “so” when it show aim of work. E.g., The passage was so difficult that I could not comprehend in 1st reading.

20 SAME + AS

WAISSA HEE. E.g., This is same ice-cream vendor which/that sold ice-cream when I am kid.

21 WHO It use for relative pronoun when it comes for human who does in subjective case. E.g., He was a man who died in accident.

22 WHOSE It is used as relative pronoun when it comes for human who does in possessive case to show his authority. E.g., This is the man who/whose advice is very difficult to follow for anyone.

23 WHOM It is used for relative pronoun when it comes for human who is in objective case. E.g., I know who/whom this job should be interested to for smooth handling.

24 WHAT It is used as a relative pronoun when there is no ANTECEDENTS in sentence. E.g., What can’t be cure? What is done can’t be undertaken? E.g., even after hearing the leader for a long time the follower could not make out which/ what he was talking about.

25 OF WHICH It is used for relative pronoun for non-living things. E.g., Bhutan is beautiful country which/of which 80% population live in the village.

IT + A.V + SUBJECTIVE CASE E.g., It was me/I who was repose for making all arrangement for the successful competition of his students.

26 IT When distributive collective nouns have consent in a issue then it takes “IT” family. E.g. Although the advisory commission of central America has completed their /it report that address the political tension in that area.

When more than one Post are arrived in a sentence & only 1st Post takes article before it then it take singular verb and treated as singular E.g., The prime-minister & chairman of planning commission has canceled his all new plan.

When more than one Post are arrived in a sentence & all Posts takes article before it then it take plural verb and treated as plural with “ they” family. E.g., The prime minister & the railway minister cancel there meeting. 27

THEY

When there is no consent among member of distributive collective noun then it takes “they family”. e.g., The committee left there/it seat after deciding the matter.

When more than one adjective arrived in a sentence & either one adjective takes article then IT take singular verb and treated as singular. E.g., A black & white cat has eaten its food. When more than one adjective arrived in a sentence & both adjective take article then THEY take plural verb and treated as plural. E.g., A black & a white dog are eating their food. 28 MY, YOUR Etc. These words always arrived at present of a Noun.

E.g., my book is new. This is my book. 29 MINE, OURS These words never arrived at present of a Noun.

E.g., This book is mine. That is yours. My book is the new one and ______ is the torn one. A) your B) yours, C)The book of

30 ONE It use for avoid repetition of singular noun. E.g., There are two books on the table of which one is torn.

31 ONES It use for avoid repetition of plural noun. E.g. There are many rooms in the flat of which several ones are fully prepared.

There is no repetition of pronoun is consider in a sentences without any cause. E.g., He being a house holder he is entitled to vote in this election.

AUXILIARY VERB

(1) Singular sub Used singular verb & Plural subject used plural verb. E.g. The R.B.I which monitors operations (don’t have / doesn’t has) the resource to carry out the investigation. E.g.-Some college has reopened

(2) When to singular N/P attached with “AND” then it used plural verb. (But when). When two word joint with “and” And seems as a pair then it is treated as singular number and take singular verb. E.g., The poverty is still remnant in Indian economic growth & commercial development has/have to reduce. E.g., The sum and substance of his speech were essential.

(3) When or nor used to join two noun/pronoun then singular word comes primarily, then after plural n/p arrived. Hence Its gives preference to last n/p, so it uses plural verb when any plural n/p join with It (or-nor). E.g., Because they refuse to follow the dress code neither Shivam nor his friends is/are invited to the function.

(4) When two N/P adjoin with NOT ONLY BUT ALSO then verb is arrived according to last subject (N/P). There is no restriction of the arrangement of N/P E.g., Not only the students but the leader also have/has tried for good result.

(5) MOST OF + PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUN + PLURAL VERB. E.g., Most of students are appeared in examination. MOST OF + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN + SINGULAR VERB. E.g., Most of the milk boiled.

(6) When two N/P are adjoined with following words then verb always arrived according to 1st subject.

AS WELL AS WITH ALONG WITH LIKE

UNLIKE EXCEPT RATHER THEN AND NOT,BUT

E.g., Silver as well as Gold have/ has fallen considerably in price.

(7) A set of A chain of A team of A band of A crowd of A group of

A class of An army of A series of A bunch of A pair of A yolk of

A herd of A fleet of A batch of A garland of A collection of Etc.

After these words, PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUN just arrived with singular verb. E.g. A series of matches were/was to be played between India & Pakistan.

(8) “Were” is used with unfulfilled desire of present time .E.g., I wish I were the richest person of the world.

(9) HAD BEEN “ is used to show those imagination of past time, that may not be possible on that time (past time) “ E.g., If I had been a cricketer of a Kapildev team.

(10) “SHOULD” is used in beginning of the sentence to show the imagination of future tense. E.g., Should you need my help please feel free to tell me about it.

(11) “Had” is used to show the deficiency or scarcity. E.g. If we had been one better batsman in our team would have been won all the matches.

IS AM ARE

DO DOES DID

HAS HAVE HAD

SHALL - SHOULD OUGHT TO USED TO

WAS WERE

MUST NEED DARE

WILL - WOULD

CAN - COULD MAY - MIGHT

VERB

(12) a. A number of+ Plural countable number.+ Plural verb E.g., A number of people were poisoned.

b. The number of + Plural countable number + singular verb. E.g., The number of animals was poisoned.

c. None + Singular verb E.g., None of us is happy.

d. More than one + Singular countable noun + Singular Verb. E.g., More than one student has passed.

e. More + Plural countable noun + Then+ One + P.V. E.g., more people then one has/ have been poisoned.

(13) There take verb according to That word for that it is arrived in the sentence. E.g., Today there is one billion people living below poverty line in India.

(14) No/Neither /Not Never/ Nor + + Sub + P.V E.g. No sooner than the advertisement appears/ appear in the newspaper.

(15) Verb comes arrive according to that N/P which comes before preposition. E.g. The % of good person is small. E.g. 40% of students are intelligent. E.g. 50% of milk is consumed.(U.C.N

(16) Nothing but” always takes always takes singular verb, even when N/P is singular. E.g. Nothing but books is need.

(17) Name of book, disease, story, country, picture, Hotel. Are singular & always takes singular verb. E.g. The Arabian night is/are indeed an interesting book.

(18) Can is used to show the ability to do anything at present time. E.g. I can pass the examination.

(19) Could have” is used to show ability to do anything at past time but when this ability is not yet maintain. E.g. Police could have arrested Srisant long ago.

(20) MAY(PRESENT) MIGHT (PAST)

It is used to show the aim at present time E.g. We are laboring that we may succeed.

It is used to show the aim of past time. E.g., They were laboring that they might succeed.

It is used to show the possibility or surmise. E.g., It may Santosh.

It is used to show the possibility of surmise in past time. E.g., yesterday It might Santosh.

It is used to show Curse & bless. E.g. May Bajpaye live long.

It also shows the doubt. At present time. You may miss the Train.

It also shows the doubt. At past time. E.g. He feared that he might fail.

(21) When somebody pervaded from a miss incident in past then “might have’ is used. E.g. You might have missed the train.

(22) “Would have” is used to depict imagination in Past tense. E.g. If India would have won more Gold medal in Olympic.

(23) Sub. + Shall be+ Able + to v1 is used to shows the ability in feature. E.g. Nitish shall be able to defeat Lalu in election.

(24) To threaten somebody & for make promise “will” is used. E.g. I will kill you.

(25) Shall/will don’t be used more than one time in a sentence but when two narration of future is arrived in a sentence then another is in Present indefinite tense .E.g. If he will obtains too marks I shall give him suitable watch.

(26) Should is used to give the advice. E.g. I suggest that he should goes to the doctor.

(27) To make careful another from un-auspicious incident of future “lest” is used with should. E.g. He ought to start at once lest he may/should miss the train.

(28) When something should have done but it is not done. . E.g.. He travelled by the bus but should/ have travelled by the train to save time.

(29) “Ought to “ used to show the moral duty. E.g. You ought to help the poor

(30) “ought to have” is used to show the violation of moral duty. E.g. Leader ought to have visited Nigmanand.

(31) When something is obligatory to done then “must’” is used with the sentence. E.g. You must done the task.

(32) When something is obligatory to done despite that it doesn’t be happened then “must have” is used in the sentence. E.g. You must have come in time

(33) To show the compulsion of time & destiny “has to /have to / had to” is used in the sentence. E.g. As I was to reach early I left in an Airplane instead going by train.

(34) Has, have, had is three form of verb so it is used as a main verb in a sentence. E.g. Have you had your breakfast?

(35) To show the “Narration of future” in sentence of past Tense “Would” is used. E.g. He remembers his VISA will/would expire in a month.

(36) Imagination of to do anything “Would have” is used, & “were” is used to become anybody/anything. E.g. If I would have fly.

(37) “Would” is not be used more than one time in a sentence. E.g. I would come If you would call me.

(38) “Would have” is use to show the imagination of past time. E.g. If India would have won more gold Medal in Olympic.

(39) “Would have” is not be used more than one time in a sentence. E.g. I would have asked him to leave our house immediately If my father would not have had not been at home & awaked,

(40) Rather is comes with will family . E.g., I would have rather resign then suffering justice.

(41) When “else” is use to wary from un-auspicious incident then “will” is used in the sentence. E.g., Hurry up else, we shall miss the train.

(42) “Used to” is use to the hobbit/ addiction of past time. E.g. He used to come late. E.g. Do we used to labor hard?

(43) To make emphasize in a affirmative sentence DO/DOES/DID is uses. E.g. Mahatma Gandhi did not solve all the problems of future but he did solve all the problem of present.

(44) Need & dare cast himself according to sentence ( only in affirmative sentence except negative & interrogative sentence E.g. He needs not to go.). E.g. The report states India needs to invest heavily.

(45) When anything should not to be done but it happened then “need not” is used in the sentence. E.g. You need not to water tree because It is raining.

(46) Participle & gerund always treated as singular and take singular verb. E.g. To walk is a good exercise. E.g. We must realize that learning from mistakes is an important part of life.

.

1 IN 1 When something already occupied in any precincts or boundary then it Is used. E.g., The young shoulder was taken to the hospital because he had been seriously wounded in/ on battlefield.

2 IN TO 1 When something enters in any boundary by transgressing its boundary line then it is used. E.g., The bird dropped a big loaf of bread in/ into the pound.

3 BETWEEN 1 To depict a thing between two things it is used. E.g., The ongoing merger between/among the two companies will have an adverse impact on consumers.

4 AMONG 1 To depict a thing between more than two things it is used. E.g., Ram is the best among all the student of the class.

5 WITH 1 When any work does with the help of any part of body and equipment then it is used. E.g., We write with pen.

6 BY 1 When the human does something, it is used. E.g., I am bitten by the teacher.

7 FROM 1 When something separate from something then it is used. E.g., Small pox has been eradicated from India.

8 ON 1 When something is kept on something and in touch of that thing then it is used. E.g., The cup of tea which was kept upon /on the table fails down.

9 ABOVE When something is above something & these are not in touch then it is used. E.g. The fan is above us.

10 OVER 1 When something clouded over something but not in touch then it is used. E.g., The Gandhi Satu is above the Ganges.

11 BESIDE When something kept beside (bagal) something then it is used. E.g., Payal kept her drum besides/ beside her always and plays wisely.

12 AT 5 Before the name of Street , Village, Small town, it is used. E.g., at Rajendra nagar, at Jeradai. etc

13 IN 2 Before the name of big town, country, state, continent it is used. E.g. The famous dancer died in/on Mumbai recently.

NOTE- WHEN OWNER OF TWO “IN” IN A SINGLE SENTENCE ARE ARRIVE AGAINST EACH OTHER BY INSTALLING YET/BUT THEN “AT” IS USED WITH LESS PROMINENT PLACE & “IN” IS USED WITH MORE PROMINENT PLACE. E.g., Nehru was born in Allahabad but now he is live in New Delhi.

14 ON 2 Those medium of journey that is without ceiling or open is used “ON” E.g., on foot, on bicycle, on horse

15 BY 2 Those medium of journey that is with ceiling or packed is used “by E.g., Ram go to Patna by the train.

16 IN 3 Those medium of journey that is with ceiling or packed is used “in: but when traveler is the owner of the vehicle. E.g., I shall in my own car.

17 AT 4 To show the watch time it is used. E.g., At 5o’ clock

18 ON 3 It uses to show the Day /date. E.g., The examination starts on Monday.

19 ABOUT 1 (K bare me) E.g., we are talking about next election.

20 ABOUT 2 Approximate E.g., Kaitrina Kaif was about 27 year old.

21 AMID (In middle). When something establish among various thing then it is used. E.g., There is a pound amid our village.

22 OF When a new thing is made of something without terminating his entity then it uses by the sentence.

23 FROM 2 When to make a new product a manufacturer product is terminate his own entity. Then It use in the sentence.

24 AGAINST When somebody is go against somebody then it will be used. E.g. alleged go against verdict.

25 ACROSS To cross something by touching its surface. E.g. He swims across the Ganges.

26 THROUGH To cross something through going under them. E.g., The train runs through the tunnel.

27 OVER 2 To cross without touching the surface E.g., The thief jumps over the wall.

28 PASS To pass in front of something. E.g., We went pass Patna College.

29 TO 1 To show the destination it is used. E.g., The travel agency made all the arrangement for our journey for/to England.

30 TOWARD To show the movement toward the direction it is used. E.g., I go to coaching toward Kahitan Market.

31 BEHIND When something occupied/occur after something it is used. E.g., Ram’s friend is seating behind him.

32 ROUND It shows the movements around something. E.g. Galileo proved that the earth revolves around/round the Sun.

33 UP It shows the movements from down to up but without any destination. E.g., Jack and jeel went up.

34 UPTO It shows the movements down to up with destination. E.g., I shall go up to the classroom

35 UPON When something kept upon something, it is used. E.g., The lion jump upon the deer.

36 COME DOWN It show the movement from up to down. E.g., Jack & Jell come down the hill.

37 BEYOND When something exceeds beyond the limit / transgresses the boundary line, then it is used. E.g., the ball went beyond the boundary line.

38 BENEATH When something kept bellow something but in touch Then it is used. E.g., Shankar was lying beneath the feet of kali.

39 BELLOW When something kept under & in touch of other thing then it is used. E.g., We are seating bellow the fan.

40 UNDER 1 When something kept below the something & that is clouded over that thing.

41 BESIDES (Sahit) When we have to show that “that thing is comes with that thing it is used. E.g. Besides the chairperson all committee members were presented.

42 EXCEPTS (Rahit) when we have to show that “that thing is comes without something” it is used. E.g. the company haven’t any device except close the factory.

43 PAST Excessive time from o’clock time it is used. E.g. it 15 past nine.

44 TO 2 It shows the before time from O’clock. E.g., it 5 to 9 p.m

45 WITH 2 With ticket

46 WITHOUT Without ticket

47 ALONG When something is occupies in corner of something in straight way it used. E.g., people were standing along the road.

48 AROUND 2 When something is occupies in corner of something in circular path. E.g., there are trees around the Gandhi Maidan.

49 AFTER It shows behind of something that is in motion. E.g., Ram’s car runs behind Mohan’s car.

50 SINCE It uses in present perfect continuous tense to show the “Point of time”. E.g., she shared all her secret with her mother since 1996.

51 FOR 1 It uses in present perfect continuous to show the duration of time. E.g., I have been living here for five months.

52 BY 3 BEFORE 1

It uses in future perfect tense. When Something is accomplished at to the point/fixed time. I shall finish my work by 8 O’clock.

53 It uses in future perfect tense. When somebody accomplishes any work before the point of time / fixed time. E.g., I shall have finished my work before 9 O’clock.

54 FROM 3 It uses in future perfect continuous tense. E.g., I shall have been doing this job from December 2013.

55 IN 4duration

WITHIN

It uses in all indefinite & imperfect tenses to show that work is finished in fixed period. E.g. our country has ambitious goal to eliminating poverty in/within 10 years.

56 It uses in all indefinite & imperfect tenses to show that work is done before / within period. E.g. Under this skim letter & parcel are delivering with in/ in a give frame of time.

57 BY 4to the point

BEFORE 2

It uses in all indefinite & imperfect tenses to show that work is done at “to the point” he will come by 5 O’clock.

58 It uses in all indefinite & imperfect tenses to show that work is done before “to the point”. E.g., He came before 9 O’clock.

59 TILL It shows the time of accomplishment when work finish by a fix time. E.g. stay here till 9 O’clock

60 UP TO It also shows the time of accomplishment when something complete before the fixed time. You may stay here up two hours.

61 DURING It shows the period of accomplishment.

62 ON 4 It shows dependency over something. The Indian farmer depends on rain.

63 THROUGH It uses to show the medium of joy. E.g., he got admit ion in PMCH through Ranjeet Don.

64 FROM 4 It shows medium of sorrow. The whole country is suffering from financial crisis.

65 IN TO 2 When we have to show the transformation from one thing to other thing, it is used. E.g. change into passive voice.

66 IN 5 It uses with all type of apparel & beauty cosmetics. E.g. Woman go every were in full-makeup.

67 OVER 2 It shows “excess from relevant” E.g. Don’t spend over your income.

68 UNDER 2 It shows “bellow from relevant” E.g. She thing herself under the age.

69 OFF When somebody death off prolong ate disease it is used. E.g. The child off/by jaundice

70 FROM 5 It shows that causes of death that kill instantly. E.g., My friend’s father died from TTC fever.

71 UNTO (With respect of /k prati) It shows interpersonal behavior with respect of one person to another person. E.g., The teacher is very cruel unto us.

72 AT 3 At night , at moon, at noon

73 IN 6 In morning, in evening,

74 AT 2 At dusk, at down,

75 FOR 2 It uses all type of barter and sell purchase. E.g., tit for tat, I got a pen for 5 rs.

76 FACING When two living things are facing each other than it is used.

E.g., The leader is delivering speech facing to public.

77 BEFORE 3 When two living things are stand as like queue then it is used.

78 OPPOSITE When two nonliving things are facing each other than it is used. E.g., My coaching is opposite Rajdhani market.

79 IN FRONT OF When two nonliving things are stand as like queue then it is used E.g., the Mahaveer mandir is in front of Patna junction.

80 IN 7 When somebody is busy in any profession then it is used. E.g. In service, In army

81 But (NOTHING EXCEPT SOMETHING) E.g., The govt. has no choice then/but to curtail the subsidies in order to content fiscal deficit.

82 ONTO (Opposite of upon) when something and somebody kept or jumped on something then it is used. E.g., the cat jump onto the table from roof.

83 ABOUT 3 It use to depict close location of any place. E.g., he walk about the coaching about 6 o’clock.

84 AROUND 1 It use to depict different locations of a place. E.g., Police were deputed around the town.

85 AHEAD When location is ahead but not visible then it is used. E.g., your destination is ahead you.

86 ABACK When destination is back from current location then it is used. E.g., you have left your destination aback you.

87 BY 5 It use for nonliving thing only then when it work as subject. E.g., London was brunt by unknown fire.

88 WITH 3 It used for human only then when it is work as assistant /object. E.g., Ram killed Ravan with help or Hanuman.

89 BY 6 When any non-living thing becomes more powerful and destructive then it is used. E.g.Hiroshima was destroyed by atom Bomb.

90 BETWEEN 2 It used to depict cordial and companionship between two or more persons. E.g., There is friendship between all gulf countries.

91 AMONG 3 It used to depict animosity between two or more persons. E.g. There is enmity among Pakistan and India.

92 ON 5 It is used for big issue at place of “about (ka bare me)”E.g., There was talking on corruption.

93 AMONGST Amongst is used at place of among when first latter of preceding word of among is vowel. E.g., There is enmity amongst India and Pakistan

94 AMIDST Amidst is used at place of midst when first latter of preceding word of midst is vowel. E.g., There is a temple amidst of our village.

95 AT 1 It is used for place of landing of plain and train. E.g., Our plane landed at Patna.

96 IN 8 It is used to show the location. E.g., I go to coaching in Dariyarpur.

CONJUCTIONS IS A WORD THAT JOINS WORD OR SENTENCES TOGETHER

TYPE OF CONJUCTION

CO-ORDINAT CONJ. SUB-ORDINAT CONJ. CO-RELATIVE CONJ.

1. CO-ORDINAT CONJ. = It joins same kinds of Part of Speech.

Eg. But, Or, Nor, Yet, Till, Etc..

2. SUB-ORDINAT CONJ. = It joins different kinds of Part of Speech.

Eg. That, which, when, who etc.

3. CO-RELATIVE CONJ.= it joins same kinds of Past of Speech By coming Itself in pair

Eg. Neither- - - nor, Either - - - or, But - - - - also, Both - - - and, etc.

USE OF CONJUCTION

AS SOON AS

It is use with +ve abstract. It is use in all type of Tense.

It is use in affirmative sentence. Eg. As soon as I came here I took the seat.

NO SOONER THAN

It is use with –ve abstracts. It is use in only past tense. It is use in as like interrogative sentence.

Eg. Did he come then I open the door.

LIKE

It is use as a conjunction for compare. Noun /pronoun just arrive after “LIKE” Only objective case of Pronoun is arrived after

it.

Eg. Though ant is very small it is very intelligent as/ like

an elephant.

AS

It is use as a conjunction for compare. Noun /pronoun + verb just arrived after it. Subjective case of Pronoun is use after it.

Eg. No other typist is as slow as her/she is.

IF

It is using that interrogative sentence that shows doubt.

“Don’t” is not use with it. It is use to show the condition. It is not use in the condition of “what should be

do or not” When the meaning of “mind” is “bura maan

lena” then it is use.

WHETHER

It is use in all type of interrogative /w.h sentence.

“Don’t “ not be used with weather. It is not use to show the condition. It is use in the condition of “what should be do or

not” When the meaning of “mind “is” bura maan lena”

then it is not be used.

SINCE (chuki) When it is use to show the condition then it shows the reason. It is use in beginning of the sentence. Since show firstly reason then result. Eg. Since I have a order of large no. of book the salesman agreed to give me a discount.

BECAUSE

It is also show the reason. It is use in middle of the sentence. It firstly shows result and finally shows the reason. Eg.

CONJUCTION

UNTIL

It is use to join two sentences when something is prohibited with time Eg. Don’t go until it is 9 O” clock.

UNLESS

It is use to join two sentences when something is prohibited with any action. Eg. She will not attend the meeting at any cost until

/unless she is invited properly

AS WELL AS

It joins the two different valued things. Eg. Pakistan as well as India guilty.

AND

It joins the two same valued things. Eg. Ram and Ravan were strong.

DUE TO

It shows the cause Eg. I came here due to heavy rain/traffic.

IN ORDER TO

It shows the aim. Eg. I came here in order to learn English.

AS LONG AS (to)

It shows the end of the work in during a period. Eg. Keep living as long as you live

TILL (since)

It shows the termination of the work at fixed time. Eg. Till suffering till your death if you wants “Mokhya”

WHEN(JAB)

It is use to join two sentence when work of both sentences done one after another. Eg. You will be ready to start when he come to receive for the office.

WHILE (JAB)

it is use to join two sentences when work of both sentences done simultaneously eg. They had a narrow escaping as roaring avalanched just missed them

SO

It used to show the minor result Eg. I was busy so I didn’t complete the task

THEIR FORE

It us used to show the major result. Eg. He killed his time their fore he is unemployed.

AS

It is use to show the minor cause Eg. As the road was block I couldn’t came in time.

FOR

It is used to show the major reason.

BUT

It shows the antagonism about noun/pronoun/ adjective Eg. I am poor but satisfied.

YET

I shows the antagonism about the verbs. Eg. I find my best yet couldn’t be succeeded.

INSPITE OF

“Inspite of” always come with of He deserve the reward because he manage to complete the assignment inspite of many difficulty.

DESPITE

Despite always comes without”of”. Eg. The city people remain stayed despite a rumor of a terrorist attack in the area.

CONSIST OF

It used with nonliving

Eg. The secretariat consist of many air conditioner.

COMPRISE

It used with human. Eg. The committee comprises many leading businessman.

INSTEAD OF

It is used when something is placed with something except Human

ON BEHALF OF

It is use when somebody is placed by somebody(human )

CONJUCTION USE WITH NEVER USE

1. EITHER OR NOR

2. NEITHER NOR OR

3. HARDLY ANY OTHER

4. ANY OTHER BUT

5. NO OR NOR

6. NOT OR NOR

7. SELDOM NEVER EVER

8. NOTHING ELSE BUT YET

9. WHETHER OR NOR

10. REASON WHY THAT

11. RATHER THAN THEN

12. SO AS SO

13. AS AS THEN/THAN

14. BOTH AND AS WEL AS

15. THOUGH YET BUT

16. HARDLY WHEN/BEFORE THEN

17. SCARCELY WHEN/BEFORE THEN

18. NO SOONER Than WHEN

19. NO OTHER OR WHEN

20. OTHER THAN THEN

21. AS MUCH AS SO

22. NOTHING BUT YET

23. SUCH THAT THEN

24. DOUBT WHETHER IF

25. NOT ONLY BUT ALSO TOO

26. NOT EITHER OR NOR

27. WITHOUT EVER NEVER

28. BETWEEN OR NOR

29. ELSE BUT THAN

30. ALTHOUGH YET BUT

(N1)- Above conjunction which are use in pair are precaution able because either conjunction should

be provide service to word of same part of speech.

Eg. I neither saw (v) nor consulted (v) Raman

(N2)- when” as if ” or I WISH used in sentence for imagination then “were” is used at place of auxiliary verb.

Although also used “were” at place of auxiliary verb.

Eg. I wish I were a doctor.

Eg .In India the guest always regarded as/like a god

Define As

Portray As

Depict As

Persons As

Regard As

Unless, Till, Until, Lest, Else not arrived with No, Never, Not, in same sentence. But it used in

another sentence that is join in first sentence by any conjunction.

Eg. We can’t handle this complicated case today unless full details are not given to us by now.

If , While, When, Whether, are not arrived with then/than.

Eg. If there is a guarantee then we are prepare to place a bulk order for your product.

1 PROPER

ADJECTIVE Those adjective that is made by “Proper Noun” is called proper Adjective.

N1 It is used before that word for which it is used.

N2 1st later is in capital latter.

N3 It takes “The” before it. E.g. The Italian bike

2 DEMONSTRATIVE

ADJECTIVE It is a type of adjective that comes with noun to demonstrate (depict) it.

N1 It comes before noun.

N2 Singular noun arrived after “This, That”

N3 Plural noun is arrived after “These, Those” E.g. This These questions is forces us to face the truth. E.g. These kind kinds of problems are not being asked now a day.

3 DISTRIBUTIVE

ADJECTIVE It shows to Noun in distributive form.

N1 It comes before noun

N2 It is singular and takes singular verb.

N3 “Noun” that is come after it is also in singular form. E.g. In his opinion every senior citizens citizen will benefit from the new rule. E.g. Each participant are is expected to be present of an hour before the competition.

4 POSSESIVE

ADJECTIVE Those pronouns that show his possession at a “noun” are possessive adjective. E.g. My house, His wife etc.

5 INTERROGATIVE

ADJECTIVE Those noun that kept with noun and they question about noun is called Interrogative

adjective. E.g. what session, which month etc.

N1 It is at the beginning of sentence. E.g. Which month is the shortest month?

6 ADJECTIVE OF

QUANTITY

OR

ADJECTIVE OF

NUMBER

Those nouns that kept with (before) noun to show the quantity of the noun. E.g. Some, little , much, less N1 All nouns that come with it singular countable noun, and takes singular verb.

CORDINAL ADJECTIVE OF NUMBER ORDINAL ADJECTIVE OF NUMBER

It shows the number of quantity. It shows place and position of a noun.

It doesn’t take article. It takes “the” as an article.

These all are plural except one. These all are singular

E.g. one teacher, five girls The 2nd

book, The 3rd

umpire.

N1 The +ordinal + cardinal Noun E.g. The 1

st three three 1

st installment of the loan.

N2 “All” several, few, many some, both,” are adjective of number so these are plural noun and takes plural verb. E.g. Many students are playing.

N3 When A/An is just arrived after “Many” then it is singular and takes plural verb.

7 ADJECTIVE OF

QUALITY Those adjectives that kept with a noun to show Pros & Cons of Noun are “adjective of quality”.

It can use before or after Noun. E.g. A good girl, a girl is good.

ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY OR DEGREE

POSITIVE DEGREE COMPARATIVE DEGREE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

1 2 9 4 5 6 7

PROPER

ADJECTIVE

DEMONSTRATIVE

ADJECTIVE

DISTRIBUTIVE

ADJECTIVE

POSSESIVE

ADJECTIVE

INTEROGATIVE

ADJECTIVE

ADJECTIVE

OF NUMBER

ADJECTIVE

OF QUALITY

E.g.

The Italian

bike

E.g.

THIS

THAT

THESE

THOSE

Etc.

E.g.

EACH

EITHER

NEITHER

EVERYONE

Etc.

E.g.

My

HIS

YOUR

Etc.

E.g.

WHAT

WHICH

WHO

HOW

Etc.

E.g.

ONE

TWO

FIRST

THIRD

Etc.

E.g.

GOOD

BETER

BEST

Etc.

ADJECTIVE

Good Better Best

1 Adjective of quality is almost in Positive Degree. And it change into comparative degree by adding “ER” and it change into superlative degree by adjoining “EST”. E.g. Young-Younger than-The youngest, Tall-Taller than-The tallest, True- Truer than-The truest (here R is already available.)

2 When a word ends with “Y” & a vowel is occupied before it follows normal rule.

Gay- Gayer than- The gayest, Gray-Grayer than- The grayest Etc.

3 When a word ends with “Y” & a consonant is occupied at 2nd

last position than “Y” is transform into “I” & follows general rule.

Dirty-Dirtier than- The dirtiest Heavy-Heavier than-The heaviest lovely- Lovelier than-The loveliest, Busy-Busier than- The busiest

4 When an adjective is so tinny like 3 or 4 letters and its 2nd

last letter is a vowel than last letter is become double and after it follows general rule. E.g.

Thin –Thinner than- The thinnest Big-Bigger than-The biggest Fit –Fitter than- The Fittest

Sad – sadder than –The saddest Thin –Thinner than- The thinnest

5 Those words which have more than 1syllabi are use “more & most “to make comparative & positive degree. E.g. E.g. Handsome- More handsome than-The most handsome, Stupid-More stupid- The most stupid,

6 Some adjective occupied in English that have on rule of degree transformation.

Good-Better than- The best Well –better than – The best, Many-More than- The most

Much –More than –The most Little –Less–Least, Bad-Worse–Worst Far –Farther –Farthest

7 To change degree of compound noun It will have to change his main Adjective. E.g.

Well known-better known than- the best known Hard working-Harder working than-The hardest working.

Good nature-better nature than- the best nature Cruel body –more cruel body- the most cruel.

8 Some adjective in comparative degree takes “TO” in spite of “Than” E.g. Junior, superior, He is junior than to ram.

9 “More/Most + adjective+ Est/Er” this type of sentence is wrong. E.g. Whale is the most large largest animal in the world. E.g. The weather is more warm warmer than tomorrow.

10 When a person or thing is compared with itself than it take more in all comparative degree. E.g. He is more taller than his age.

11 To qualify a subject with more than one noun, there should be same degree for all Adjective. E.g. He is the most intelligent also he is more taller the tallest student in his class.

12 When there is no comparison is shown in a sentence so there is only positive degree of adjective is used. E.g. Ram was tall and handsome.

13 When there is comparison is between two then comparative degree is being used. E.g. Our conclusion is the between Nitish & Lalu, Nitish is the best/better.

14 When comparison is done among more than two the superlative degree is used. E.g. She is more/the most beautiful in her class.

15 When there is more than one positive degree of adjective is occupied in a sentence then it is sorted in ascending order in view of the word formation of adjective. E.g. Ram was the tallest and most handsome most handsome and tallest boy in class. Ram is tall and handsome.

16 When more than one adjective is occupied in a sentence then article “A/AN/THE” is introduced at only in first adjective of the sentence, and “than” is introduced at the last adjective. E.g. China is stronger and more peaceful than Pakistan. Ram was the tallest and most handsome boy in his class. India is a rich and peaceful country.

17 “any/other/ills” is not be used with superlative degree. E.g. There is no arrangement against the fact that humans are the most intelligent of all other species.

18 But in comparative degree it may be possible with singular noun with “any other”. E.g. Ram is more talented most talented than is any other.

19 “All” is used at place of “any” but when subject is plural. E.g. The Nil is said to be largest than all other river.

20 else is used in comparative degree but it is preceding before “THING, BODY , SOMEONE” E.g. Rita was smarter than any other else in the class.

21 The stage of promotion & demotion is also shown with comparative degree. E.g. With a fresh coat of paint the school can look much nice/nicer

22 It is also used to show gradual promotion & demotion of something and somebody. E.g. The day is getting hot/hotter and hotter in every part of the world.

23 When something is gradually increase, & by its effect any other thing is simultaneously increase or decrease with it then “The” + comparative degree is used.

E.g. The greater the demand the higher ____ price.

24 “Latter/ Former” take the before it. E.g. I like the former chapter.

25 Relatively / Comparatively + Positive degree E.g. The rate of metabolism of a body is comparatively lowest low when it is at rest. E.g. At this junction we are living in relatively better good condition than that of our ancestors.

26 Rather + comparative degree E.g. The performance of players was rather worst worse than I had expected.

27 “As + Positive degree + As” is used to show similarity after comparison. E.g. Mohan as faster/fast as he could s that he would not miss the train. Ram is as taller tall as if not taller than Ram.

28 Five, seven etc. + times + comparative degree. E.g. India is hundred times stronger than Pakistan.

29 UNIQUE UNIVERSAL IDEAL SQUARY

CHIEF IMPOSIBLE WROUNG PERFECT

These word is already in superlative degree so it can’t change according to degree or take “the”. E.g. All know that Rani is the most unique speaker of her class.

30 One of + the + superlative degree + Plural countable noun + that + Plural verb. E.g. The Indian stock market is one of the worst/worse performing stock market in recent time.

31 Prefer /Preferable + to /then E.g. He has a scheme of his own which he thinks preferable to than that of any other person’s.

32 Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree

A few Fewer than The fewest

A little Less then The least

33 “Exceed” is already a superlative degree so it didn’t take “more/ than & the” E.g. The short story student exceeds more than 200 words in any situation.

Article is a kind of adjective which is used before a noun to make it definite & indefinite.

Definite article Indefinite article

Use of A/AN 1 It is used with unknown and uncertain.

E.g. A boy is calling you.

2 It is also used when we deliberately became unknown with some body and something. E.g. He is a teacher & teaches in school.

3 When some is not recognizing by his name than it is used. E.g. A Ram Singh is standing on the door.

4 It is use at place of “per” E.g. 5 Km An Hour

5 When “Dozen, Grass, Score, Century, Stone, Hundred “ are in singular form then it takes A/An before it. E.g. A stone, A dozen.

6 Rather(quiter/thoda) + A/An E.g. It is rather a hot day.

7 Quite + A/An E.g. Quite a boring picture.

8 Those abbreviations takes A/an which have separate pronunciations of each letter & it take “the” for combined pronunciation. E.g. An M.B.A, The shrark.

9 It is also used a numerical value of “one/1” E.g. According to a/one survey it has became clear the next election winner is.

10 Singular noun takes article “A/An” but when it arrives 2nd

time in a sentence take the before it. E.g. The postman has just put a letter under the door the letter is your brother.

11 When adjective is quality is used to show quality of a person then it is used. E.g. Ram is a good boy.

12 Adjective of category used A/An before it. E.g. 1942 is a love story. Ram is an O.B.C candidate.

13 Adjective of purpose also take article A/an E.g. A face cream

14 Adjective of age & stage also takes article A/An. E.g. A young man.

15 Adjective is made with a material noun or a common noun takes article A/An. E.g. A village doctor, A golden watch.

16 When “what/how/such/too/so/this/that” is used to show surprise & wonder then it is used just before it. E.g. Our opinion is the venue is too small to accommodate such the/a large no. of candidate.

17 BAD DECISION GREATDEAL MISTAKE GOOD MANY

FIRE JOURNEY PHONE CALL LOT OF PROFIT

HOARY NOISE DEBT BATH WORK

WORD NAP LIE HEDACHE

These words take A/An before it. E.g. Don’t make a noise because I have a headache.

1819

Amount Attempt Effort Exercise Excuse Exemption Offer

These words take A/an just before it. E.g. He is taking an exercise.

20 “Kind of/ Sort of/number of” takes A/an before it. E.g. This is a kind of parabola. A number of students are going to appear in cgl 2014.

21 When “little” is use to show nominal quantity of something then it is used “a/an”

22 When “few” is used to show small number of quantity then it is used. E.g. The doctor advised him to rest for a few days.

USE OF THE

1 “The” is use to specify the certain things. E.g. I know a/The doctor where are referred by hospital.

2 When an adjective is used to show whole kind then it take “the” before it. E.g. The poor are backward.

3 When “kind/sort of” is

4 When “ number of “ is used to show countable noun then it take ”the” before it. The number of student in class is 20.

5 When few is used to show small certain quantity then it take “the”. E.g. I have cooked the small quantity of rice E.g. I have spent the few that my father was sent.

6 Name of all FOREST DESERT COMMITTEE FORCES

CLUB FESTIVAL HOLIDAY INVENTION

INCIDENT DIRECTIONS NOVEL DRAMA

SERIAL CINEMA MUSICAL INSTRUMENT NEWSPAPER

MAGZINE RELIGION SUBCAST CAST

BRID INLAND CANAL, LAKE RIVER

BARRAGE POLTICAL PARTY TRAIN AIRCRAFT

SHEEP LINEAGE PART OF BODY MOUNTAINPICK &

MOUNTAIN SERIES OCEAN, VALLEY, BAY

FOREST

CLUB

INCIDENT

SERIAL

MAGZINE

BRID

BARRAGE

DESERT

FESTIVAL

DIRECTIONS

CINEMA

RELIGION

INLAND

POLTICAL PARTY

COMMITTEE

HOLIDAY

NOVEL

MUSICAL INSTRUMENT

SUBCAST

CANAL

FORCES

INVENTION

DRAMA

NEWSPAPER

CAST

RIVER

7 VILLAGE CITY MUHALLA DISTRICT

STATE MESSALES PIMPLES

8

9

10

11

12

13

OMMISION OF ARTICLE

1 A FEW (NOTHING)

2 A LITTLE NOTHING

3 POSSESIVE

4 DEMONSTRATIVE

ADJECTIVE

5 DISTRIBUTIVE

ADJECTIVE

6 HEAVEN/HELL

PARADISE

7 NAME OF

GAME/

LITERATURE/

SUBJECT

WEATHER/

8

9

10

11

12 DECLARE APPOINT CROWN ELECT

SELECT BECOME MAKE

13 When somebody made with fake cast & religion then it didn’t take any article. E.g. Gandihijee was the Christian in his behave.

14 School College Jail Prison House

Court hospital Bed Court

15 Sun rise & Sun set didn’t take article before it.

16 When a common noun arrives before a proper noun then it didn’t take an article. The prime minister Manmohan Singh………………….

17 The noun that arrives after preposition, it didn’t take article. E.g. The story was inspired by a chance meeting with an Algerian duke.

18 What + a + Kind of/sort of

19

USE OF ADJECTIVE

1 FORMER

LATTER

Previous between two. E.g. of the two films in which stared I think first/ former is the better.

2 After between two. E.g. Both Lalu & Naresh latter is called Balia Naresh.

3 FARTHER

FURTHER

It is used to show far distance. E.g. The bus station is farther.

4 It is use to show far time or future. E.g. Kindly note your new address and use it in all the Further communication.

5 ONE

OTHER

ANOTHER

E.g. He by two pen, he gave me one

6 E.g. I ask my aunt to bring two Paris of jeans one for me another other for my brother.

7 I am waiting of for the news of another scam.

8 LAST

LATEST

E.g. What is last/latest score of the match was being played between India & Pakistan?

9 New arrival E.g. What is last/latest score of the match is being played between India & Pakistan?

10 MUTUAL

COMMON

It is use between two. E.g. Husband & wife are mutual assistance to each other.

11 It is used among more than two. E.g. Dropati was common wife of pandava’s.

12 ELDER

OLDER

13

14 NEAREST

NEXT

NEXT TO

It is used to show closest. E.g. Which is the nearest metro station?

15

16 It is used to show next thing that is in touch. E.g. Mohan & Sohan is next by to post office……

17 COOL

COLD

18

19 WARM

HOT

20

21 WHOLE

BOTH

ALL

22

23 .

24 ORAL

VERBAL

WRITTEN

25

26

27 MUCH

MANY

SEVERAL

28

29

30 SOME

ANY

31

32 OWN

RESPECTIVE

33

34 PLENTY OF

A NUMBER OF

35

36 FOREMST

FIRST

37

38 VERY

CERTAIN

39