Grammar 4

SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

THE RELATIONS OF FORMS AND MEANINGS

LILIA INDRIANI

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT-FKIP

TIDAR UNIVERSITY OF MAGELANG

[email protected]

WHAT DO YOU THINK WHEN YOU HEAR THE WORD GRAMMAR?

S + v1/ VS/ VES + O

S + HAS/HAVE + V3

BLA…BLA…BLA…

WHAT IS GRAMMAR? Is a theory of language, of how

language is put together and how it is works.

It is the study of wordings.

WHAT IS WORDINGS?

Time flies like an arrow.

Wording is the words and their order

Folk Terminology:

Meaning – wording –letters/ sound

Linguistic Terminology:

Semantics – lexicogrammar – orthography/ phonology

APPROACHES TO GRAMMAR

Formal Grammar Grammar as a set of rules Specifies all the possible

grammatical structures of a language

Focused on forms of grammatical structures and their relationships to one another.

Functional Grammar Grammar as a resource

for making and exchanging meanings

Specifies meanings of forms in different contexts

Focused on the appropriateness of form for a particular communicative purpose.

TRADITIONAL /FORMAL GRAMMAR

Times flies like an arrowNoun Verb Prepositional

Phrase

Tim told of a tragic case

Noun Verb Prepositional Phrase

FUNCTIONAL GRAMMARTimes flies like an arrowParticipant:ACTOR

Process:MATERIAL

Circumstance:MANNER

Tim told of a tragic case

Participant:SAYER

Process:VERBAL

Circumstance:MATTER

SUMMARYFORMAL FUNCTIONAL

PRIMARY CONCERN

HOW IS THIS SENTENCE BE STRUCTURED?

HOW ARE THE MEANINGS OF THIS TEXT REALISED?

UNIT OF ANALYSIS

SENTENCE WHOLE TEXT

LABGUAGE LEVEL OF CONCERN

SYNTAX SEMANTICS

LANGUAGE IS A SET OF RULES FOR SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION

A RESOURCE FOR MEANING MAKING

THE CONTEXT-TEXT

CONNECTIONGEROT AND WIGNELL (p.10)

CONTEXT-TEXT CONNECTION All meaning is situated context of

situation and culture.e.g. just put it beside those other ones.

what’s the time? let’s shower!

Context of culture determines what we can mean through being who we are, doing what we do, saying what we say

CONTEXT OF SITUATION can be specified through use of the

register variables: FIELD, TENOR, MODE FIELD (What is going on): activity and

object focus. TENOR (the social relationship between

those who taking part): status of power, affect, contact.

MODE (how language is being used) : spoken/ written, action/ reflection.

TEXT

CULTURE

Genre (Purpose)

Situation

Who is involved?

(Tenor)

Subject matter Channel

(Field) (Mode)

Register

RECONSTRUCTING THE CONTEXT The wordings of text simultaneously

encode three types of meaning:

Ideational MeaningInterpersonal MeaningTextual Meaning

IDEATIONAL MEANINGS Meanings about phenomena About things and goings on About circumstances surrounding the

happenings and doings Realized in wordings through

Participants, Processes and circumstances

Centrally influenced by the field of discourse

EXAMPLES

Polar bears eat fish

Participant:Actor

Process:Material

Participant:Goal

Polar bears are good hunters

Participant:Carrier

Process:Attributive

Participant:Attribute

WHAT DOES THE SENTENCE MEAN? We can answer by explaining what it is about. It is about an animal (polar bears) performing

a habitual action (eat) onto another animal (fish).

This is known as experiential meaning. This represents our experience of the world as

well as thoughts and feelings. Concerned with how we talk about actions,

happenings, feelings, beliefs, situations, states, etc.

INTERPERSONAL MEANINGS

Express a speaker’s attitudes and judgments For acting upon and with others Realized in wordings through MOOD and

modality. Most centrally influenced by tenor of

discourse

No 2 is still a statement, but it introduces into the sentences an assessment by the speaker whether or not the statement is true.

No 2 and 3 differs in the way s in which we act upon one another through language.

1. POLAR BEARS EAT FISH2. POLAR BEARS MIGHT BE GOOD HUNTERS.3. DO POLAR BEARS EAT FISH?

EXAMPLES(GEROT AND WIGNELL 1995:13)• Declarative: We inspect the growing plants every week• Imperative: Brock, get those plants inspected right now!

Consider the interpersonal relations between speakers.

EXAMPLES

Brock, do you really expect me to believe this crap? Mr. Brock, I find your position untenable

Consider the degree of informality or formality

EXAMPLES Mr. Brock is a fine, upstanding employee. Brock is a lazy, incompetent fool.

Consider the attitudinal lexis which express affect, the degree of like and dislike

EXAMPLES: MODALITY

Unfortunately, Brock is an inspector. Fortunately, Brock is an inspector.

Consider the Mood Adjunct which reveal attitude or judgment.

• The crop might be inspected.• The crop should be inspected• The crop must be inspectedConsider modal operators revealing the speaker’

certainty.

TEXTUAL MEANINGS

Express the relation of language to its environment (including what has been spoken or written before),

Realized through patterns of Theme and cohesion, Most centrally influenced by mode of discourse, Has to do with the ways in which a stretch of language is

organized in relation to its context Is important in the creation of coherence in spoken and

written texts.

The linguistic differences between the following spoken and written texts below relate primarily to differences in thematic choices and patterns of cohesion.

This is yer phone bill and you hafta go to the Post Office to pay it – uh, by next Monday – that’s what this box tells ya – or they’ll cut yer phone off!

All phone bills must be paid by the date shown or service will be discontinued.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTEXT, MEANINGS AND WORDINGS

Context Text Semantics Lexicogrammar (meanings) (wordings)

Field Ideational Transitivity(what is going on) (Processes, Participants,

Circumstances

Tenor Interpersonal Mood and Modality(Social relations) (Speech roles, attitudes)

Mode Textual Theme, Cohesion(Contextual coherence)

THE MOUNTAIN

Long ago, a great mountain began to rumble and shake. People came from far and near to see what would happen.

“A great river will be born,” said one.“A mighty dragon will come out,” said another.“A god himself will spring from these rocks,” said a

third.Finally, a small crack appeared in the mountainside.

And out popped a mouse.

THE PRAYER I pray you'll be our eyes

And watch us where we goAnd help us to be wiseIn times when we don't know

Let this be our prayerAs we go our wayLead us to a placeGuide us with your GraceTo a place where we'll be safe

LOVE CHANGES EVERYTHINGLove, love changes everything

Hands and faces, birds and sky

Love, love changes everythingHow you live and how you die

Love can make the summer flyOr a night seem like a lifetimeYes, love, love changes

everythingNow I tremble at your nameNothing in the world will ever

bethe same

Love, love changes everythingDays are longer, words mean

moreLove, love changes everythingPain is deeper than before

Love will turn your world around

And that world would last forever

Yes, love, love changes everything

Brings you glory, brings you shame

Nothing in the world will ever be the same

Love, into the world we goPlanning future, shaping

yearsLove does its acts suddenlyAll our wisdom disappears

Love makes moves on everyone

All the rules we make are broken

Yes, love, love changes everything

Live or perish in its nameLove will never, never let you

be the same

CANDLE IN THE WIND

Goodbye England's roseMay you ever grow in our heartsYou were the grace that placed itselfWhere lives were torn apartYou called out to our countryAnd you whispered to those in painNow you belong to heavenAnd the stars spell out your name

* And it seems to me you lived your lifeLike a candle in the windNever fading with the sunsetWhen the rain set inAnd your footsteps will always fall youAlong England's greenest hillsYour candle's burned out long beforeYour legend never will

Loveliness we've lostThese empty days without your smileThis torch we'll always carryFor our nation's golden childAnd even though we tryThe truth brings us to tearsAll our words cannot expressThe joy you brought us through the years

• And it seems …

Goodbye England's roseMay you ever grow in our heartsYou were the grace that placed itselfWhere lives were torn apartGoodbye England's roseFrom a country lost without your soulWho'll miss the wings of your compassionMore than you'll ever know

* And it seems…

MOOD- CHAPTER 2

GEROT AND WIGNELL (p.21-50)

CONSTITUENT OF MOOD There are three main elements of

MOOD constituent:1. an expression of polarity: either YES (positive polarity) or NO (negative polarity)

2. a nominal-type element, which we will call the SUBJECT

3.a verbal-type element, which we will call the FINITE.

SUBJECT SUBJECT realizes the thing by

reference to which the proposition can be affirmed or denied. It provides the person or thing in whom is vested the success or failure of the proposition, what is “held responsible”

The identification of the SUBJECT can be achieved by the tag test: the element that gets picked up by the pronoun in the tag is the SUBJECT.

Another test is to change the verb from singular to plural or plural to singular.

FINITE Halliday (1985) defines the FINITE in

terms of its function in the clause to make the proposition definite, to anchor the proposition in a way that we can argue about it. (see: Eggins 1994:157-159)

The definition of the FINITE again involves the tag test: the verbal part of the tag tells you which element the FINITE is. (see: Eggins: 1994: 158-1959)

EXAMPLES (P.24)

I DIDN’TWHO DID

MICHAEL DIDSUBJECT FINITE

MOOD

EXAMPLES• I sleep.

• I am sleeping.

• I could sleep .

SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

MOOD RESIDUE

SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

MOOD RESIDUE

SUBJECT

FINITE :MODAL

PREDICATOR

MOOD RESIDUE

CONSTITUENT OF RESIDUE The RESIDUE component of the

clause is that part of the clause which is somehow less essential to the arguability of the clause than is the MOOD component.

RESIDUE component can also contain a number of functional elements: a PREDICATOR, one or more COMPLEMENTS, and any number of different types of ADJUNCTS.

PREDICATOR The PREDICATOR is the lexical or

content part of the verbal group. PREDICATOR fills the role of specifying

the actual event, action, process being discussed.

The verbal group contains two elements. The first part of the verbal group is the FINITE. The second part is the PREDICATOR.

COMPLEMENT COMPLEMENT is defined as a non-

essential in the clause, a participant somehow effected by the main argument of the proposition.

It is identified as an element within the Residue that has the potential of being Subject but is not. A Complement can get to be Subject through the process of passivizing the clause.

COMLEMENT functions to describe the Subject, to offer an attribute of it. Technically, Attributive Complements cannot become Subjects (they cannot form passives).

EXAMPLES Henry Jameswrote “The

Bostonians”

Simon gave George a book.

He isn’t contemporary.

SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

MOOD RESIDUE

SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

COMPLEMENT

MOOD RESIDUE

SUBJECT FINITE COMPLEMENT

MOOD RESIDUE

ADJUNCTS ADJUNCTS are clause elements which

contribute some additional (but non-essential) information to the clause.

They can be identified as elements which do not have the potential to become Subject – i.e. they are not nominal elements, but are adverbial, or prepositional.

We can differentiate between three broad classes of Adjuncts, according to whether their contribution to the clause is principally experiential, interpersonal or textual:

Circumstantial Adjuncts (experiential); Modal Adjuncts (interpersonal); Textual Adjuncts.

There are four main types of Modal Adjuncts: Mood Adjuncts, Polarity Adjuncts; Comment Adjuncts; Vocative Adjuncts.

CIRCUMSTANTIAL ADJUNCTS They add experiential content to the

clause, by expressing some circumstance relating to the process represented in the clause.

They refer to time (when), place (where), cause (why), matter (about what), accompaniment (with whom), beneficiary (to whom), agent (by whom).

EXAMPLES CIRCUMSTANTIAL ADJUCT (PLACE): Ann bought some apples in the

supermarket.

In New York I should have been very busy.

S F P C A: CIRCUMSTANTIAL

MOOD RESIDUE

A: CIRCUM.

S F P C

MOOD RESIDUE

EXAMPLES CIRCUMSTANTIAL ADJUCT (TIME): They can’t do that these

days.

Since March I have studied Grammar 4.

SUBJECT

FINITE: MODAL/ NEGATIV

E

PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

A: CIRCUM.

MOOD RESIDUE

A: CIRCUM. SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

MOOD

RESIDUE

EXAMPLES CIRCUMSTANTIAL ADJUCT (CAUSE): You read books for

fun.

I get a job for money.

SUBJECT

FINITE PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

ADJUNCT: CIRCUMSTANCIAL

MOOD RESIDUE

SUBJECT

FINITE

PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

ADJUNCT: CIRCUMSTANCIAL

MOOD RESIDUE

EXAMPLES CIRCUMSTANTIAL ADJUCT (MATTER): Henry James writes about

women.

I am thinking about you.

SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

ADJUNCT: CIRCUMSTANCIAL

MOOD RESIDUE

SUBJECT

FINITE PREDICATOR ADJUNCT: CIRCUMSTANCIAL

MOOD RESIDUE

EXAMPLES CIRCUMSTANTIAL ADJUCT (AGENT):

George was reading “The Bostonians” by Simon.

June is watching “ Harry Potter” by Steven S.

S F P COMPLEMENT ADJUNCT: CIRCUMSTANCIA

L

MOOD RESIDUE

S F P C ADJUNCT:CIRCUMSTANCIAL

MOOD RESIDUE

MODAL ADJUNCTS (INTERPERSONAL) Are clause constituents which add

interpersonal meaning to clause. They add meanings which are some how

connected to the creation and maintenance of the dialogue.

There are four main types of Modal Adjunct:1. MOOD ADJUNCTS2. POLARITY ADJUNCTS3. COMMENT ADJUNCTS4. VOCATIVE ADJUNCTS

MOOD ADJUNCTS They provide a ”second chance” for the

speaker to add his judgment of probability.

Expressions of :probability : perhaps, may be, probablyusuality : sometimes, usually, etc.intensification : really, absolutely, just, somewhatpresumption: evidently, presumably, obviouslyinclination: happily, willingly

EXAMPLE OF MOOD ADJUNCTCamels probably walk like that.

I always love you all the way.

SUBJECT ADJUNCT: MOOD

FINITE PREDICATOR

ADJUNCT: CIRCUMSTANCIAL

MOOD RESIDUE

S ADJUNCT:

MOOD

FINITE PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

ADJUNCT:CIRCUMSTANCI

AL

MOOD RESIDUE

POLARITY ADJUNCTS1. Polarity Adjuncts

when YES and NO are “standing in” for an ellipsed clause.eg.A: Henry James was a guy that could write.B: Yes.

Yes: means He was.

ADJUNCT: POLARITY

MOOD

TEXTUAL ADJUNCTS2. When YES and NO (yea, na, yep, nope)

occur in unstressed initial position, introducing a clause.eg.A: Oh now he’s talking about Romeo and Juliet.B: Yea, I know.

ADJUNCT: TEXTUAL

SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

MOOD RESIDUE

COMMENT ADJUNCTS They function to express an assessment

about the clause as a whole. Typically occur in clause initial position, or

directly after the subject, and realized by adverbs.

1. admission : frankly 2. assertion : honestly, really 3. how desirable : luckily, hopefully 4. how constant: tentatively, provisionally 5. how valid : broadly speaking, generally 6. how sensible : understandably, wisely 7. how expected : as expected, amazingly

COMMENT ADJUNCTSFrankly, I can’t stand meatball.

Unfortunately, I ’ve never read “Little Prince”

ADJUNCT:

COMMENT

SUBJECT

FINITE/ MODAL/

NEGATIVE

PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

MOOD RESIDUE

ADJUNCT: COMMENT

S F ADJUNCT:

MOOD

PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

MOOD RESIDUE

VOCATIVE ADJUNCTS Function to control the discourse by

designating a likely “next speaker”. They are identifiable as names, but the

names are not functioning as Subjects or Complements, but are used to directly address the person named.

Eg.Did you do physics George?

FINITE SUBJECT

PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

ADJUNCT: VOCATIVE

MOOD RESIDUE

TEXTUAL ADJUNCTSThere are two main types of Textual adjuncts:1. Conjunctive Adjuncts

express by conjunctions, function to provide linking relations between one clause and another. These conjunctive adjuncts belong neither in the MOOD box nor in the RESIDUE box.Eg.So poor old Henry ’s out the school too.ADJUNCT:

CONJUNCTIVESUBJECT F COMPLEME

NT ADJUNCT:

CONJUNCTIVE

MOOD RESIDUE

TEXTUAL ADJUNCTS2. Continuity Adjunct

This includes the continuative and continuity items. It usually happens in casual talk, such as well, yea, oh.Eg.Oh now he ’s talking about Jane.

ADJUNCT: CONTINUIT

Y

ADJUNCT CONJUNC

TIVE

SUBJECT

FINITE

PREDICATOR ADJUNCT: CIRCUM.

MOOD RESIDUE

SUMMARY OF ADJUNCTSAdjuncts are not limited in number of occurrence: a clause can contain an indefinite number of adjuncts of different types. Eg.But unfortunately Henry’s novel can’t usually

be bought in local bookshops.

ADJ: CONJ.

ADJ: COMMENT SUBJECT FINITE: MODAL/NEG

ADJ: MOOD

MOOD

PREDICATOR ADJUNCT: CIRC.

RESIDUE

POLAR INTERROGATIVES English offers two main structures for

asking questions: polar interrogatives (yes/no questions); or wh-interrogatives (questions using who, what, which, when, where, why, how)

The structure of the polar interrogative involves the positioning of the Finite before the Subject.

In cases where the related declarative contained a fused Finite/Predicator, we need to introduce a Finite element to place before the Subject. This Finite element is typically the “do’ auxiliary verb. (see Eggins 1994: 173)

EXAMPLES YES/NO QUESTIONS

Is Simon reading novels?

Did Simon learn the English language from the novel?

FINITE SUBJECT

PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

MOOD RESIDUE

FINITE SUBJECT

PREDICATO

R

COMPLEMENT ADJUNC: CIRCUMSTANTIAL

MOOD RESIDUE

WH-INTERROGATIVES In a wh-interrogative, we need to

recognize the presence of a WH element. This WH element is always conflated (mapped onto, fused with) another element of clause structure. It may be conflated with either the Subject, the Complement or a Circumstantial Adjunct, and is shown as a constituent of the MOOD or RESIDUE according to the status of the element with which it is conflated. (see: Eggins 1994: 175-176)

EXAMPLES WH-QUESTIONS

Who wrote ‘Chicken Soup’?

What does ‘mood’ mean?

When did Jane meet Tarzan?

WH/SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

MOOD RESIDUE

WH/COMPLEMENT

FINITE SUBJECT PREDICATOR

RESIDUE

MOOD

WH/ADJUNCT:CIRCUM.

FINITE SUBJECT PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

RESIDUE MOOD

EXCLAMATIVES EXCLAMATIVE structures, which are used

in interaction to express emotions such as surprise, disgust, worry, etc., are a blend of interrogative and declarative patterns. Like the WH-interrogatives, they require the presence of a WH element, conflated with either a Complement or an Adjunct.

E.g.What a great writer Henry James was!

WH/ COMPLEMENT SUBJECT FINITE

RESIDUE MOOD

EXCLAMATIVEHow amazing he was!

How fantastically he wrote!

What great book he was writing last century!

WH/ ATTRIBUTIVE

SUBJECT FINITE

RESIDUE MOOD

WH/ADJUNCT/CIRCUM.

SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

MOOD

RESIDUE

WH/COMPLEMENT S F PREDICATOR

ADJUNCT:CIRCM

MOOD

RESIDUE

MODALITY: (1) MODALIZATION When we exchange information, the clause

takes he form of a proposition. A proposition is something that can be argued, but argued in a particular way. When we exchange information we are arguing about whether something IS or IS NOT. Information is something that can be affirmed, or denied.

But these two poles of polarity are not the only possibilities. In between these two extremes are a number of choices of degree of certainty, or of usuality: something is perhaps, something isn’t for sure. Something is sometimes or something isn’t always.The intermediate positios are what we refer to MODALIZA

TION.

EXAMPLES MODALIZATION

The book might have been written by Daniel.

The book was possibly written by Daniel.

The book might possibly have been written by Daniel.

SUBJECT FINITE: MODAL

PREDICATOR ADJUNCT:CIRC

MOOD RESIDUE

SUBJECT FINITE ADJUNCT: MOOD

PREDICATOR

ADJUNCT: CIRC

MOOD RESIDUE

SUBJECT FINITE:

MODAL

ADJUNCT: MOOD

PREDICATOR ADJUNCT: CIRC

MOOD RESIDUE

MODALITY: (2) MODULATION There are many other ways of using

language to get or people to do things for us, or offering to do things for them.

Modulation is a way for speakers to express their judgments or attitudes about actions or events. When we are acting on or for other people, we do not have the dogmatic choices of DO or DON’T, I’LL GIVE THIS or I WON’T GIVE YOU THIS. But between these two poles of compliance and refusal we can express degrees of obligation and inclination.

EXAMPLES MODALIZATIONI reckon Daniel wrote the

book.

I think Daniel wrote the book.

I’m sure Daniel wrote the book.

ADJUNCT: MOOD

SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

MOOD RESIDUE

ADJUNCT: MOOD

SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

MOOD RESIDUE

ADJUNCT: MOOD

SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

COMPLEMENT

MOOD RESIDUE

IMPERATIVE It frequently uses a clause of the Mood type. Don’t you take my copy of the

book!

Let’s read Shakespeare!

Read Shakespeare!

FINITE: NEG SUBJECT PREDICATOR COMPLEMENT

MOOD RESIDUE

SUBJECT PREDICATOR COMPLEMENT

MODO RESIDUE

PREDICATOR COMPLEMENT

RESIDUE

TRANSITIVITYCHAPTER 3

Gerot and Wignell p. 52-79

TRANSITIVITY It organizes the clause to realize the

experiential meaning. Clauses with two participants – Actor

and Goal – are normally known as transitive clauses.

Clauses with the single participant Actor are normally known as intransitive clauses

PROCESSES MATERIAL DOING BODILY,

PHYSICALLY, MATERIALLY

BEHAVIORAL BEHAVING PHYSIOLOGICALLY, PSYCHOLOGICALLY

MENTAL SENSING EMOTIONALLY, INTELLECTUALLY,

SENSORILY

VERBAL SAYING LINGUALLY, SIGNALLING

RELATIONAL BEING EQUAL TOSOME ATTRIBUTIVE

OF

EXISTENTIAL EXISTING THERE, EXIST

METEOROLOGICAL WEATHERING

…

MATERIAL PROCESSES Some entity physically does something. Have a doing (process) and doer

(participant) ACTOR : who perform the action. GOAL : the participant at whom the

process is directed, to whom the action is extendedThe doctor tested my blood.

Actor Process: Material Goal

My blood Was tested by the doctor

Goal Process: Material

Actor

GOAL VS RANGE Range is the element that specifies the

scope or domain of the Process. “What did X do to Y?” (Question to

determine is it rang or goal) Eg. (1) They did the transfusion. (2) They transfused the blood. (1) What did they do to the transfusion? (2) What did they do to the blood? The transfusion in (1) is RANGE, while

the blood in (2) is GOAL. This is the first type of range.

GOAL VS RANGE The second kind of range : it doesn’t

exist except through the process. The range is really just another name

for the process itself. Eg. Marg served the dinner.

Susan is playing doll.

The dinner and doll is just specifying the process.

Marg served the dinner

Susan is playing doll

ACTOR PROCESS: MATERIAL

RANGE

GOAL VS RANGE A third type of range is that created by

the use of dummy verb like do, have, give, take, make.

Eg. You give a smile.I have a bath.She took a look.

You Give A smile

I Have A bath

She Took A look

ACTOR PROCESS;

MATERIAL

RANGE

GOAL VS RANGE Range cannot take attributes of result:

an element which gives the outcome of the process.

Eg. She shot him dead.

But not She shot a gun dead. (FALSE!) A gun = Range

She shot him dead

Actor Process:

Material

Goal Resultative

attribute

GOAL VS RANGEDECIDE IS IT RANGE OR GOAL!

Kick a goal Kick the dog

Serve the ball Serve the meal

Give a present Give a smile

Make mistake Make a cake

Take a biscuit Take a bath

Eggins p. 235

EXAMPLES They were playing tennis.

She dropped an egg.

They ran the race.

They Were playing tennis

ACTOR PROCESS:

MATERIAL

RANGE

She dropped an egg

ACTOR PROCESS:

MATERIAL

GOAL

They ran the race

ACTOR PROCESS:

MATERIAL

RANGE

BENEFICIARY Is a participant who in some way could

be said to benefit from the process. Eg. They give you a cognac.

They gave blood to my daughter.You and my daughter are beneficiary.

There are two kinds of beneficiary: Recipient (the one to whom something is given) and Client (the one for whom something is done).

BENEFICIARY I sold the car to John

They threw a farewell party for Jane.

They Threw A farewell party For Jane

Actor Process: Material Goal Recipient

I Sold The car To John

Actor Process:

Material

Goal Recipient

CIRCUMSTANCES

EXTENT

DURATION

(TEMPORAL)

DISTANCE

(SPATIAL)

CAUSE LOCATION

TIME (TEMPORAL)

PLACE (SPATIA

L)

MATTER

MANNER

MEANS

QUALITY

COMPARISON

ROLE ACCOMPANIMENT

REASON

PURPOSE

BEHALF

CIRCUMSTANCES Are realized by adverbial groups or

prepositional phrases. Eg.

I stay up all night. (Circ: extent)

They rang me up on the Saturday night. (Circ: location)

They did the transfusion through the umbilical artery. (circ: Manner)

CIRCUMSTANCES In Switzerland unlike Greece, they give

you a cognac. (Circ: location, manner)

She carried the bomb for her boyfriend. (Circ: cause)

She got on plane without her friend. (Circ: accompaniment)

She was travelling to Israel as a tourist. (Circ: role)