Government HSA 8 Landmark Supreme Court Cases. Protecting Rights Maintaining Order.

Government HSA

8 Landmark Supreme Court Cases

Marbury v. Madison• Election of 1800, Jefferson beat Adams

• Midnight Appointments not delivered• Marbury wanted “writ of mandamus”• S.C. Justice Marshall ruled ….– Judicial Review– Supreme Court has power to review actions and

laws of federal government– Court corrects conflicts with Constitution

McCulloch v. Maryland• 1816 Congress chartered Second Bank of U.S.

• MD passed law to tax the bank• McCulloch, owner of MD Bank refused to pay–Believed Congress had no right to make a

bank• Bank argued state tax interfered with bank

McCulloch v. Maryland• Bank argued state tax interfered with bank• S.C. Justice Marshall ruled….–“necessary and proper” clause made bank

OK• Implied Powers

–States could NOT tax federal banks•National Supremacy

Plessy v. Ferguson• 13th Amendment- Abolished Slavery

– Southern prejudiced laws “Jim Crow”• 1896 Homer Plessy bought train ticket• Sat in “White Section”, kicked off train• Sued for his rights• Supreme Court ruled….

–“Separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites– Justified Segregation in U.S.

Brown v. Board of

Education• Linda Brown, 8 year old girl–5 blocks v. 21 blocks–Leave for school 7:40, Arrive at school

9:00• Parents sued school district for unequal

rights

Brown v. Board of

Education• 14th Amendment Issue???• Supreme Court Ruled unanimously….–“Separate but equal” unconstitutional–Desegregation

–Decision spurred Civil Rights Movement–Ended Segregation of Public places

Gideon v. Wainwright

• Clarence Earl Gideon, penniless drifter• Broke into Florida Pool Hall• At trial, Gideon requested a lawyer

b/c he couldn’t afford one• Court denied Gideon a lawyer

Gideon v. Wainwright

• While in prison, Gideon wrote Supreme Court

• Court decided to hear case, and ruled…–ALL people have right to a lawyer–Gideon found innocent in retrial–Many other convicted were also set

free

Miranda v. Arizona• Ernesto Miranda • Arrested for

rape/kidnapping• Police questioned• Miranda

confessed• Found guilty, jail

Miranda v. Arizona• No one informed

Miranda of his rights • Court ruled police must

read 5th Amendment rights to all people arrested– Right to remain

silent..– Attorney…– Anything you say…

Tinker v. Des Moines• High School Students wore black armbands to

protest Vietnam war• School officials said “NO”• Students suspended• Parents sued school• Court ruled students “did not shed all their Rights in school”They could wear Arm bands

New Jersey v. TLO• TLO caught smoking in bathroom by teacher• TLO denied smoking to principal• Principal searched her purse and found…–Cigarettes–Rolling Papers–Marijuaina–Cash– List of people that owed her money

New Jersey v. TLO• TLO “Search is unconstitutional b/c no

warrant”• Court ruled….–While in school, teachers act as

parent–School officials do not need warrant–Only need “reasonable belief”

New Jersey v. TLO