Gossypium , chemistry Latest Paper: Genetika. 2007 Apr ;43 (4):508-15 17555127 [Species-specific features of the protein patterns of diploid cotton seeds with A and D genomes and of some amphidiploids] Sh Iu Iunuskhanov , D Iu Ataev , I Zh Kurbanbaev Differences between species were revealed in electrophoretic patterns of seed proteins of various diploid cotton species with A and D genomes and some amphidiploids. Reference spectra and electrophoretic formulas were compiled for representatives of diploid and amphidiploid
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Gossypium , chemistry
Latest Paper:
Genetika. 2007 Apr ;43 (4):508-15 17555127
[Species-specific features of the protein patterns of diploid cotton
seeds with A and D genomes and of some amphidiploids]
Sh Iu Iunuskhanov , D Iu Ataev , I Zh Kurbanbaev
Differences between species were revealed in electrophoretic patterns of
seed proteins of various diploid cotton species with A and D genomes and
some amphidiploids. Reference spectra and electrophoretic formulas were
compiled for representatives of diploid and amphidiploid species, and the
electrophoretic spectra were visually evaluated. They would allow
identification of various cotton species, varieties, and lines. Homology
between cotton species was estimated from the results of electrophoretic
protein studies. The homology between species of a single genome group
was shown to be closer than between species belonging to different
Useful references 400, 452The cotton-seed consists of two parts: the hull, from which the staple cotton lint and linters arise, and the kernel, from which the oil and meal are obtained. The nutritive value of cottonseed products depends on proportions of husks and lint.
The husk is sometimes separated from the kernel before
crushing, but often the whole seed is extracted for oil.
Undecorticated oilcake is much richer in fibre and lower in
protein. The term "Egyptian cotton cake" refers to the
undecorticated cake of black seeds, and "Bombay cotton
cake" is the term used for the undecorticated cake of white
seeds. The cotton fibres of white seeds cover the whole
surface and are very difficult to remove; if the cottonseed
cake is broken, the fibres can be seen.
For every ton of lint in seed cotton there are approximately
1.7 tons of cottonseed. One ton of seed yields about 200 kg
of oil, 500 kg of cottonseed meal and 300 kg of hulls. The
residual oil in hydraulic-press cake is usually between 4%
and 8%, in screw-press cake between 3% and 5%, and in
solvent-extracted meal less than 3%.
GOSSYPOL. The seed embryo contains innumerable
glands filled with a yellow pigment called gossypol.
McDonald et al. (553) state that cotton seeds may contain
from 0.3-20 g/kg DM of gossypol, and concentrations of 4-
17 g/kg DM have been quoted for the kernels. Gossypol is
a polyphenolic aldehyde which is an antioxidant and
polymerisation inhibitor and is toxic to monogastric
animals: pigs and rabbits are the most sensitive, whereas
poultry are more tolerant. The general symptoms of
gossypol toxicity are constipation, depressed appetite and
loss of weight; death usually results from circulatory
failure. Although acute toxicity is low, ingestion of a small
amounts over a prolonged period can be lethal. It is
important to distinguish between free (soluble in 70-30 v/v
aqueous acetone) and bound gossypol since only the
former is considered to be physiologically active.
The free gossypol content of cottonseed meal decreases
during processing and varies according to the methods
used. In new seed, free gossypol accounts for 0.4-1.4% of
the weight of the kernel. Screw pressed materials have
200-500 mg free gossypol/kg, pre-
pressed solvent extracted meals 200-700 and solvent
extracted
1000-5000 mg/kg. Processing conditions have to be
carefully controlled to prevent loss of protein quality
owing to binding of gossypol to lysine at high
temperatures. Fortunately the shearing effect of the screw
press in the expeller process is an efficient gossypol
inactivator at temperatures which do not reduce protein
quality.
It is generally considered that pig and poultry diets should
not contain more than 100 mg free gossypol/kg and that
inclusions of cottonseed meal should be between 50-100
kg/t of feed. Particular care is required with laying hens
since comparatively low levels of the meal may cause an
olive green discoloration of the yolk in storage. An
associated pink discoloration of the albumen is now
considered to be due to cyclopropenoids and not gossypol
as was once thought. Treatment with ferrous sulphate can
ameliorate the biological effects of gossypol; the amount
of iron to be added is largely empirical. To reduce the
effects of gossypol on growth, the following proportions of
iron to free gossypol have been used: for cattle 1:1, for
broilers 2:1, for layers 4:l and for pigs 1:1.
Mature ruminant animals do not show ill-effects even
when they consume large quantities of cottonseed meal but
young cattle are much more susceptible to its toxic effects.
USES
COTTONSEED MEAL or COTTONSEED CAKE.
Cottonseed meal is an excellent protein supplement for
cattle. The limitations on effective utilization of this
product in rations for swine and poultry are of minor
significance for ruminant animals.
Both decorticated and undecorticated cottonseed meal
have a constipating effect on cattle, which is beneficial in
feeds with a high molasses content. Calves are susceptible
to the harmful effects of gossypol because of incomplete
rumen development; hence it is recommended that
concentrates for calves under five months of age contain
no more than 10-15% cottonseed meal.
Cottonseed meal has a relatively low rumen degradability
and is therefore a good source of by-pass protein and
especially useful in rations for milking cows.
With Creole and crossbred village cows in Mauritius
(normal milk yield 4-5 litres), Boodoo et al. (573) reported
that producers obtained over 9 litres milk/day over 300
days with peak milk yield at 12 litres/day, by
supplementing sugarcane tops and roadside grasses with
0.25 kg cottonseed cake/litre milk. The results were the
same as those obtained with 0.5 kg/litre of commercial
compound feed (17% CP).
Cottonseed meal can be used safely and profitably in pig
rations. Rations containing up to 0.01% free gossypol can
be used without the addition of iron salts. On the basis of a
typical analysis this means that the safe upper limit for a
good screw-press or prepress solvent meal is about 20%
and for direct solvent-extracted meal about 5%. Over these
levels, iron must be added in a 1:1 weight ratio to free
gossypol.
Cottonseed meal can also be used in rations for growing
chickens if the free gossypol does not exceed 0.03%.
Below this level, iron (2:1 iron to free gossypol) will
completely overcome the depressing effect. As cottonseed
is low in lysine, it may be necessary to make up for this
deficiency by adding lysine. Prepress solvent-extracted
meal may be used in layer feed if the gossypol has been
inactivated with iron (4:1 iron to free gossypol), if the free
gossypol content is not above 0.4%.
As determination of the amount of free gossypol in a meal
requires laboratory facilities, ferrous sulphate may
routinely be added to diets containing cottonseed meal. For
instance, for layers 0.05% iron (corresponding to 0.25%
ferrous sulphate septahydrate) can routinely be included in
diets containing up to 10% cottonseed meal and up to
0.16% iron in rations containing greater amounts. Broilers
cannot tolerate more than 0.07% iron in the diet.
WHOLE COTTONSEED
Whole cottonseed may be used as a feed for mature cattle,
as is often done where proper milling equipment is not
available. It is usually soaked in water and fed in small
quantities as a supplement to green feed.
Compared to the extracted meal, it has a lower protein
content and a much higher oil content. High levels may
cause scouring. The degradability characteristics of the
protein should be similar. Delinting of FUZZY WHOLE
COTTONSEED to DELINTED WHOLE COTTONSEED
results in a higher protein and fat content and lower fibre
content.
Neill et al. (574) report the use of up to 20-30% WCS in
intensive finishing rations for Brahman-cross steers.
Although OM digestibility declined, intake was unaffected
and LWG maintained 0.86 kg/day. They advise that WCS
can be used without detriment to at least 20% in finishing
diets, as a total feed during drought and for male animals
(rams) without affecting libido. No evidence of gossypol
toxicity was found but they suggest caution when feeding
WCS to young stock.
By treating with 5% ferrous sulphate solution, it can safely
be included in small quantities in pig rations.
COTTONSEED HULLS
Cottonseed hulls are the parts of the cottonseed head that is
left after the cotton and meal have been extracted and are
normally considered to be a very low quality feed for
ruminants. The results of two recent trials have shown that
they are capable of supporting moderate growth rates in
sheep. When a small amount of by-pass protein was added
to the diet of cottonseed hulls + urea + 50 g lucerne +
vitamins/minerals, the growth rate of lambs exceeded 130
g/day (567) and wool growth was increased from 6 to 9
g/day.
Investigation of the rumens of these animals showed that
protozoa were either eliminated or in very low population
densities. This could be the reason why cottonseed hulls
support such reasonable growth rates, even without
supplementation with by-pass protein. Intake of cottonseed
hulls by sheep is higher (c. 1 kg DM/day) than would be
expected of a 40% digestible feed and this is possibly
associated with a rapid breakdown of the indigestible
material in the rumen (567).
Norbaev (568) reports problems of hepatosis associated
with the feeding of cottonseed husks in Russia. Meat
inspection of 1004 Karakul sheep slaughtered in
Uzbekistan revealed hepatosis in 41%, cirrhosis in 10.7%
and multiple abscesses of the liver in 3.7%. In a feeding
experiment on 30 sheep, in which the daily ration
comprised 2 kg cotton husks, 0.5 kg oatmeal and 0.2 kg
lucerne hay. Liver disease developed within 2 months.
Values for blood albumin and glucose were low.
As cotton hulls are available at the mills where the meal is
produced, mixtures of meal and hulls can be bought. An
economical fattening ration for cattle is 20% meal and
80% hulls, together with 3-4 kg of grass daily and a
mineral supplement.
Various experiments with dairy cows cited by Coppock et
al. (569) show that the roughage value of CSH is better
than grass hays and nearly equal to high quality
bermudagrass but inferior to mixed clover hay. There is no
effect when CSH is substituted for corn or barley. There is
some evidence that CSH fibre maintains milk and fat yield
even when DM digestibility of the diet declines as a result
of substitution of CSH for lucerne hay (570). In some
diets, CSH may have a special value because of a
stimulatory effect on feed intake, not through improvement
in digestibility.
Cottonseed hulls have frequently been included in
complete diets for young, growing and lactating cattle.
Replacement of rice bran with up to 20% CSH did not
effect the milk yield or fat content of Murrah buffaloes
(571).
One novel application is reported by Yang et al. (572) of
the feeding of cottonseed hulls to pigs in China, after use
as a growth medium for 4 harvests of mushrooms
(Pleurotus sp.). The optimum dose was 10% of the diet
mixed with concentrates, which gave the same growth rate
and carcass quality as a control diet.
COTTON WOOD
Cotton wood is also used in some countries as a cattle
fodder. Stems, branches and leaves can be ground, ensiled
or hydrolysed with sodium hydroxide for feeding to beef
cattle.
As % of dry matter
DM CP CF Ash EE NFECa P Ref
Whole seeds, India
94.320.621.54.9 20.132.9 378
Whole seeds, Egypt
91.221.523.25.5 26.223.6 512
Bombay cotton cake
87.723.024.76.6 5.5 40.2 "
Egyptian cotton cake 87.926.424.26.6 5.7 37.1 "
Oilcake with hulls, mechanically extr-acted, Israel 91.426.924.05.0 6.8 37.3 0.22 0.63 365
Oilcake with hulls, mechanically extr-acted, Uganda 88.026.225.66.2 5.7 36.3 69