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pirveli kadri _ fexsacmeli. estragoni (gogo) cdilobs, rogorRac gaiZros fexsacmeli da ise itanjeba am procesSi, rom pirvelive sityvebi, rac aRmoxdeba, gacilebiT Rrma da Sinaarsiania, vidre mocemul situacias Seesabameba: „xsna ar aris!“ (Nothing to be done). es ar aris ubralo Widili estragonsa da Ceqmas Soris, es gacilebiT seriozuli da Zveli konfliqtia adamiansa da samyaros Soris. Semdegi kadri ukve estragonis (didi) fexsacmelebia da Semdeg TviTon igi. didis fexsacmelebi gansxvavdeba gogos fexsacmelebisgan da erTgvar miniSnebas gvaZlevs personaJze. estragoni sivrces
gahyurebs, rodesac tanjviT daRlili megobari (?) Semobrundeba. is adasturebs, rom nel-nela ijerebs mis mosazrebas,_ SeuZlebelia moqmedeba _ garemo, sadac isini imyofebian, mTlianad statikuria. amis Semdeg vxdebiT monawile im filosofiuri kamaTisa, Cveni mawanwalebi rom iwyeben. isini ZiriTadad zogadi xasiaTis msjelobiT arian dakavebulebi da xandaxan Zalian sevdian, damafiqrebel da mtkivneul azrebsac wamoisvrian. maTi mdgomareoba marTlac sevdiania, uimedo. aq vigebT, rom elian vinme godos, romelic arc ki viciT arsebobs Tu ara, an saerTod uarsebia ki odesme?
pirvelive moqmedebaSi vecnobiT kidev erT wyvils, ukve nacnobi wyvilisgan arsebiTad gansxvavebuls. diqtatori poco bawriT moaTrevs msaxurs, saxelad _ lakis. alan stenfordi pocos roliT qmnis personaJs _ diqtators, batons, romelsac Seucvnia Tavisi Zala da sruliad umweo lakize (stefen brenani) axdens sakuTari Zalis demonstrirebas. Tavidanve gaugebaria am ori personaJis urTierToba. vin arian isini erTmaneTisTvis, an ratom Zaladobs erTi meoreze da ratom aZlevs es ukanaskneli amis uflebas? pirvelsave scenaSi vecnobiT biWsac (sem makgoverni), romelsac informacia moaqvs godos Sesaxeb, is macnea... _ `verc dRes moaxerxebs mosvlas~. yvela logikis Tanaxmad, gmirebma moqmedebis adgili unda datovon _ is xom ar mova. Tumca, Cven absurdis dramaSi varT da amitom „isini adgilidan ar iZvrian“.
scenis sicariele, mwiri da simboloebiT datvirTuli rekviziti (qudebi, Ceqmebi, stafilo, Toki da xe) jamSi saocrad tragikul garemos qmnis ori adamianisTvis, romelTa samoqmedo sivrcec SezRudulia. SezRudulia maTi nebac _ gaakeTon arCevani. filmSi warmosaxviTi da realuri Tanabrad erwymis erTmaneTs. mag., biWis Semosvlis scenebi, _ realuria? Tu es mxolod
estragonis warmosaxvis nawilia, radgan mas xom mxolod estragoni esaubreba. filmis ganmavlobaSi Cven ver vigebT am personaJebis vinaobas, vin arian isini. maTi warsuli da maTi yofa aq aris _ axla, am mocemulobaSi. beketis minimalizmamde dayvanili informacia da gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi ar gvitovebs sxva gzas garda imisa, rom vifiqroT im pasuxgaucemel kiTxvebze, ase uxvad rom aris mimobneuli mTel piesaSi.
beketma kidev erTxel Segvaxsena, rom RmerTi mkvdaria, adamianis saSveli ar aris, Cven ganwirulebi varT molodinisTvis. filmi naTlad gvaCvenebs adamianis umweobas, mogviTxrobs sisastikeze, romelic aRar ukvirs or msoflio omgamovlil kacobriobas. riTi gaakvirveb mas? pocos sisastikiT? Tumca beketi meore nawilSi ukve sul sxva suraTs gviCvenebs _ dabrmavebul da lakize damokidebul pocos, umweo msxverpli ki Tavis ucvlel ampluaSi rCeba. meored maTi Semosvlis scena friad STambeWdavad aqvs warmodgenili reJisors _ kadri zedxediT da oTxive pesonaJisgan Seqmnili jvarcma. ori jvarcmuli avazaki. wonasworobis idea kidevac gansazRvravs piesis stils _ komikuri da tragikuli, realuri da iluzoruli. reJisorma SeinarCuna is Riaoba, rac piesisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da misi interpretacia SegviZlia rogorc religiuri (bibliuri), aseve socialur-politikuri xaziTac. gaxunebuli Ceqmebi da uimedo molodini, qudebiT umizno Jonglioroba, TiTqos, amiT rame Seicvleba, TiTqos, isini sxvad iqcevian. sinamdvileSi ki, droSi erTidaimaves gameorebiT klaven dros, romelic ar iZvris, romelsac sikvdilic ki ar moaqvs.
anTaZe manana akakis as. (28. VIII. 1945, Tbilisi) – mTargmneli, Teatraluri moRvawe. q. domremis (safr.) sapatio moqalaqe (2002), 2009 miiRo kembrijis universitetis sertifikati Ta-namedrove britanul litera-turaSi da Seqspiris Teatr ,,globusisa~ – Seqspiris teqstis interpretaciasa da TargmanSi;
maCablis prem. l-ti (2015).1967 daamTavra Tsu das. evropis enebisa da
lit. f-ti mxat. Targmanis specialobiT. 1981-dan aris m. TumaniSvilis kinomsaxiobTa T-ris lit. nawilis xel-li, agreTve damfuZnebeli ,,STUDIA PRODUCTIONS~-isa r. sturuasa da g. TevzaZesTan erTad (2012).
a-is mier Targmnili piesebi dadges: T. CxeiZem (iujin o’ nilis ,,siyvaruli TelebqveS~, rusTavelis T-ri, 1978), m. TumaniSvilma (molieris ,,don Juani~, TumaniSvilis T-ri, 1981), g. margvelaSvilma (Cexovis ,,alublis baRi~, iqve, 2005), d. doiaSvilma (Seqspiris ,,makbeTi~, Tbil. muskomediis T-ri, 2009), r. sturuam (t. maknelis ,,maria kalasi~, Teatri-fabrika, 2013), q. doliZem (t. uiliamsis ,,tramvai – survili~, TumaniSvilis T-ri, 2015) da sxv.
Txz.: wignebad gamoica a-s Targmanebi: i. stounis ,,wyurvili sicocxlisa~ (1974), h. uelsis ,,ruseTi wyvdiadSi~ (1978), C. p. snous ,,Jami imedisa~ (1980), e. olbis eqsistenciuri intuicia, kr. ,,Tanamedrove dasavluri drama~ (1989), joan roulingis ,,hari poteri da filosofiuri qva~ (2002), Seqspiris ,,makbeTi~ (2009), t. uiliamsis ,,kamino rial~ (2010), t. maknelis ,,master klasi~ (2012), Seqspiris `tragediebi~ tomi I (2017) da sxv.
lit.: S a v o s t y a n o v a M., Georgian translator takes Cambridge by storm, newspaper ,,Georgia Today~, 25. IX. 2005; o C i a u r i l., qarTul Teatrs, siyvaruliT m. TumaniSvilis saxelobis Teatraluri xelovnebis ganviTarebis fondisgan, g. ,,qarTuli Teatris dRe~, 14. I. 2010.
g. d.
aragvispireli (namdvili gvari – dedabriSvili) Sio zaqarias Ze [4 (16). XII. 1867, sof. TandilaanTkari (qaisxevi), axlandeli duSeTis r-ni – 2. I. 1926, Tbilisi], – mwerali.
yofnisas aqtiurad CaerTo iqaur qarTvel studentTa ,,saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis ligaSi~, ris gamoc daapatimres, 9 Tve dayo jer varSavis, Semdeg quTaisis cixeSi. 1895 daamTavra instituti da specialobiT, anu, beiTlad daiwyo muSaoba. ,,a-ma qarTul mwerlobaSi Semoitana da daamkvidra prozuli Janris mcire formebi – fsiqol. novela, etiudi, eskizi, suraTi, misi nawarmoebebi axali safexuri iyo qarT. prozaSi ara marto formiT, aramed ideurad da Tematuradac~ (s. Wilaia). a. avtoria agreTve piesebisa (,,koka yovelTvis wyals ver zidavs~, ,,Sio Tavadi~.
a-is nawarmoebebis mixedviT gadaRebulia moklemetraJiani qarT. mxat. f-bi: ,,giuli~ (1927, reJ-bi: n. Sengelaia da l. puSi) da ,,Rvinis qurdebi~ (1975, reJ. v. kvaWaZe).
qarTuli sinamdvilidan... saxelmwifo ideologiidan erovnulobis gandevna xdeba, albaT, SemTxveviT araa, rom qarTuli Teatri qarTul klasikas... ubrundeba... scenaze cocxldeba is, rac yovelTvis pirveladi iyo...~ (l. oCiauri). iqve imis ganWvretac moxda, rom es speqtakli albaT, TavisTavadi, araordinaluri gadawyvetilebidan gamomdinare am sezonis Teatralur movlenad iqcevao.
moxda ise, rom speqtaklma marjaniSvilis TeatrSi gadainacvla TiTqmis ucvleli SemadgenlobiT (prem 2. XII. 2010), riTac am niWier dadgmas, damsaxurebisamebr, kidev ufro meti asparezi mieca.
Txz: TxzulebaTa sr. kr., t. 1-2, Tb., 1947.lit: W i l a i a s., uaxloesi qarTuli mwerloba, Tb.,
1972; a r v e l a Z e n., SeWirvebuli wamisyofa, g. ,,Tb~, 10. I. 2006; o C i a u r i l., Ralatis naperwkali ukve gaRvivda, J. ,,Cveni mwerloba~, 3. III. 2006, №5.
l. C.
________________ * * * __________________
ardaziani lavrenti petres Ze [1815, Tbilisi – 1 (13). I. 1870, iqve] – mwerali, kritikuli realizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli saqarTveloSi.
debiuti, roca 1858 Jur. ,,ciskarSi~ gamoaqveyna Seqspiris ,,hamletis~ prozauli Targmani da gaxda kidec am Jurnalis aqtiuri TanamSromeli. a-is kalams mravali saintereso nawarmoebi ekuTvnis, magram, umTavresad, igi cnobilia, rogorc avtori SesaniSnavi romanisa ,,solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili~ (1861), romelSic ,,damajereblad aisaxa Zveli soc. yofis ngreva da burJuaziuli urTierTobebis damkvidrebis gardauvaloba saqarTveloSi~ (d. gamezardaSvili). swored am udavo RirebulebaTa gamo, es romani araerTxel dadgmula qarTul scenaze (marjaniSvilis T-ri, 1940, reJ. v. tabliaSvili, mT. rolSi – S. RambaSiZe; metexis T-ri, 1990, reJ. s. mrevliSvili, mT. rolSi – g. gegeWkori, saq. TV, reJ. m. imedaZe, mT. rolSi – g. gegeWkori. muskomedia, 1982, komp. v. azaraSvili, reJ. v. nikolaZe, mT. rolSi – g. vasaZe.
lit.: a b u l a Z e g., ,,solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili~ marjaniSvilis TeatrSi, g. ,,komunisti~, 15. XI. 1940; a s t v a c a g u r o v i (qareliSvili) e., solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili, g. ,,ls~, 28. XI. 1940; n u c u b i Z e g., ,,solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili~ marjaniSvilis TeatrSi, J. ,,sx~, 1940, №11; g a m e z a r d a S v i l i d., narkvevebi qarTuli realizmis istoriidan, 1953, Tb., t. 1; m e l u x a d., axali scenuri sicocxle (,,solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili~ v. abaSiZis sax. mus. TeatrSi), g., ,,Tb~, 14. I. 1983; t a b l i a S v i l i v., reJisoris mogonebebi, Tb., 1976.
l. C.
axvlediani elene dimitris as. [5. (18). IV. 1901, Telavi _ 30. XII. 1975, Tbilisi] _Ffermweri, grafikosi, Teatrisa da kinos mxatvari, saq. sax. mxat. (1960), rusTavelis sax. saxelmw. pr. l-ti (1971).
1922 swavlobda Tsa (prof. g. gabaSvilis jg.). imave wels
saqarTveloSi dabrunebisTanave (1927) misi yuradReba miipyro k. marjaniSvilma, romlis iniciativiTac daiwyo kidec a-is uaRresad xangrZlivi da nayofieri scenografiuli moRvaweoba. sul marjaniSvilis TeatrSi 1928–63 ganaxorciela 29 speqtakli, maT Soris: 1928–29 w. sezonSi – kalaZis ,,rogor?~ da 1930–31 ,,xatije~, 1929–30 Sengelaias ,,TeTrebi~, 1930–31 kakabaZis ,,yvaryvare TuTaberi~ da oleSas `sami bRenZi~, 1932 – 33 Seqspiris ,,otelo~ da antonovis ,,mzis dabneleba saqarTveloSi~ (yvelas damdgmeli – marjaniSvili), 1939–40 dadianis ,,Catexili xidi~ da 1944 – 45 samsonias ,,bagrationi~ (orives reJ. yuSitaSvili), 1951–51 goldonis ,,sastumros diasaxlisi~ (reJ. g. lorTqifaniZe), 1955–56 Sous ,,pigmalioni~ (reJ. l. ioseliani);
rusTavelis T-rSi: 1944–45 a. ostrovskis – ,,zogjer brZenic Secdeba~ da kalaZis ,,erTi Ramis komedia~ (orives reJ. d. aleqsiZe);
TobT (Tb. opera) 1942–43 faliaSvilis opera ,,abesalom da eTeri~ da 1943–44 ofenbaxis opera ,,hofmanis zRaprebi~ (orives reJ. m. kvaliaSvili);
mozardSi: 1929–30 a. bruSteinis ,,biZia Tomas qoxi~ (reJ. m. vaxi), 1931–32 m. kronis ,,SaSxana~ (reJ. a. TayaiSvili), 1933–34 a. bondis ,,gamomgoneblebi~ (reJ. s. WeliZe);
ar minda gamomrCes isev da isev poli-tikuri Sinaarsi, romelzec ara erTi aqcentia filmSi. am yvelafers saukeTesod
warmoaCens “devnis” scena. kriminali, romelsac misdevs policia, rogorc saxelmwifo, da maT orives erTad misdevs mediasaSualeba, romelic ukve ara mxolod afasebs an akvirdeba procesebs, aramed ereva masSi da iseT mimarTulebas aZlevs, rogoric mas surs.
piradad CemTvis, „Ramis qvewarmavali“ mediaze gadaRebuli sakulto filmia. TviTon istoria ki iseTive subieqturi, rogorc Tavad media. amitom, Tqvenzea damokidebuli, rogor aRiqvamT da gaiazrebT zRvars Jurnalistikasa da kriminals Soris.
giga beqauri
kinomceodneobis studenti
mixael hanekes Semoqmedeba adamianTa egos rom ver daamSvidebs, faqtia. piriqiT, igi bolomde aSiSvlebs personaJebs, imdenad, rom am procesis yurebisas, mayurebeli uxerxulad grZnobs Tavs. avstriam ara erTxel Sva iseTi adamianebi, romlebmac sakuTari SemoqmedebiT `mamxileblis~ funqcia swored sakuTar Tavze aiRes _ iqneba es haneke, froidi Tu ielineki. mixail hanekem mayureblis sindisTan saTamaSod ekranuli sivrce airCia. mis filmebSi yovelTvis vxvdebiT maRal socialur fenas, romelTa erTaderT problemas maRaziaSi gasayidad gamotanili arajansaRi sakvebi SeiZleba warmoadgendes. swored aseT sazogadoebaSi aRmocenebuli `anomaliebi“ da maT mier am sazogadoebis struqturis ngreva xdeba hanekes interesis obieqti. rogorc froidi ambobda _ `rac ufro unakloa adamiani garedan, miT ufro meti demonia mis SigniT“.
`benis video“ hanekes adreuli namu-Sevaria. beni mdidari mSoblebis Svilia, romelic maTi yuradRebis naklebobas ganicdis. mSoblebi ki swored im `keTilmowyobili“ fenis wevrebi arian,
kino rogorc kaTarsisimTel Cems SemoqmedebaSi vcdilob Sevqmna dialogi, romliTac `mimRebis“ provocirebas SevZleb, vaiZuleb gamoiyenos warmosaxvis unari. me ar vambob ubralod imas, risi mosmenac `mimRebs“ unda.
ar msurs gavamxnevo misi ego, an davamSvido igi masTan daTanxmebiT. me misi provocireba unda movaxerxo, iseve seriozulad unda aRviqva igi, rogorc sakuTar Tavs aRviqvam.
mixael haneke
romelic zemoT vaxseneT. beni mTel dReebs Tavis oTaxSi videokamerasa da monitorTan atarebs da akviatebiT uyurebs Roris mokvlis videos. mogvianebiT ki Sexvdeba gogonas, romelsac saxlSi dapatiJebs da uCvenebs iaraRs, romliTac Rori mokles. Semdeg ki swored am iaraRiT klavs mas. beni mSoblebisgan adekvatur reaqcias verc maSin iRebs, rodesac mkvlelobis Sesaxeb gaigeben _ isini am `amaRelvebeli istoriis“ dafarvas Seecdebian. mkvlelobis aqti absoluturad ̀ uSedego~ gaxdeboda, rom ara filmis finaluri epizodi _ dasasruls beni Tavisi xeliT gadascems policias videos, sadac gogonas sikvdilis scenaa aRbeWdili. tradiciuli narativis mixedviT, gogonasa da biWs Soris seqsualuri kavSiri ufro bunebrivi da mosalodneli iqneboda, Tan Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rogor gviCvenebs haneke maTi Sexvedris scenas. sinamdvileSi ki beni pirveli seqsualuri gamocdilebis nacvlad, pirveli mkvlelobis gamocdi-lebas iZens. klavs gogos mxolod imitom,
iyenebs: erT-erTi mkvleli kameras Tvals ukravs da mayurebels ekiTxeba _ ramdens dadeben imaze, rom ojaxi meore dilis 9 saaTisTvis mkvdari iqneba. filmi iseve gveTamaSeba, rogorc axalgazrdebi eTamaSebian TavianT msxverplebs. mkvleli poli xsnis kidec, Tu ratom ar SeuZlia Sewyvitos Zaladoba _ `Cven isev srulmetraJiani filmis qronometraJis gavlenis qveS vimyofebiT~, _ ambobs is. mayurebelTan TamaSi kulminacias maSin aRwevs, roca erT-erTi personaJi, movlenebis Sesacvlelad, films gadaaxvevs. haneke erT-erT interviuSi pirdapir ambobs, rom `gasarTobi TamaSebis“ mizani mayureblis provo-cireba iyo da man es mSvenivrad moaxerxa.
`fsiqoanalizis ZiriTadi winamZRvaria fsiqikurSi cnobierisa da aracnobieris gansxvaveba, da mxolod is aZlevs mas SesaZleblobas, gavigoT sulier cxovrebaSi xSiri da mniSvnelovani paTologiuri procesebi da mecnierulad SeviswavloT isini“. froidi amas 1923 wels wers. wlebis Semdeg ki, hanekes ekranze gadmoaqvs es paTologiuri procesebi.
lorTqifaniZe,Eimave sezonSi – meiosa da enekenis ,,biWuna~, reJ. b. gamrekeli), soxumi (1940–41 a. wereTlis ,,patara qoxi~ (reJ. b. svani) da 1942–43 g. gulias ,,gmiris kldekari~, reJ. g. gabunia); Telavi (1948–49 mosaSvilis ,,CaZiruli qvebi~, reJ. g. gabunia da hiugos ,,anjelo~ (reJ. n. xatiskaci);
`otelo~
`bal-maskaradi~
WiaTura (1939–40 a. wereTlis ,,patara kaxi~, reJ. g. gordaZeE); baTumi (1947–48 j. gousa da a. diusos ,,Rrma fesvebi~, reJ. g. mravlaZe); quTaisi (1947–48 i. mosaSvilis ,,sadguris ufrosi~ (reJ. d. anTaZe); moskovi (1957–58 j. pristlis ,,saxifaTo Semobruneba~ da k. arniCesis ,,WeSmariti mamakaci~, orives reJ. s. guSanski; leningradi (1957–58 t. xrenikovis opera ,,deda~, reJ. l. varpaxovski), kievi (1955–56 verdis ,,bal-maskardi~, 1956–57 kasonas ,,xeebi zezeulad kvdebian~, reJ. l. varpaxovski), xarkovi (1956–57 mdivnis ,,samSoblo~, reJ. m. voronovi)...
sul a-is scenografiiT ganxorcielda 72 speqtakli. aseve zustadaa aRricxuli dekoraciaTa eskizebi misi 5 ganuxorcielebeli dadgmisa: bizes ,,karmeni~, kalmanis ,,silva~, m. gogiaSvilisa da g. berZeniSvilis ,,baron oskar branderi~, g. naxucriSvilis ,,lado kecxoveli~ da ,,qariylapias brZanebiT~, romelic reJ. n. marSaks unda daedga Tbilisis Tojinebis rusul TeatrSi.lit: Г у г у ш в и л и Е., Д ж а н е л и д з е Д., Грузинский гос. драм. театр им. К. Марджанишвили, Тб., 1959; ,,ТЭ~, М., 1961, Т. 1; elene axvlediani, katalogi, Tb., 1965; u r u S a Z e n., elene axvlediani TeatrSi. Tb., 1968; misive – ,,elene axvlediani~, Tb., 1970; ,,qse~, 1977, t. 2; enc. ,,saq-lo~, 1997, t. 1.
g. d.
SemCneuli Secdomebis gasworeba – III
,,durujis~ wina nomerSi (gv. 2, sv. I, abz. III) ,,mirangulas~ avtoris gvari unda iyos ara ,,CitiSvili~, aramed – ,,CitaiSvili~, amasTan, pirvelsave gverdze speqtaklebis saxelwodebebi (alublis baRi, ana frankis dRiuri) unda iyos brWyalebSi.
aseve, 10 gv., II sv., II st.: s. axmetelis mamis saxelia ara ,,vardeni~, aramed ,,vasili~, imave svetis boloswina st. ki unda ikiTxebodes – ,,robaqiZis lamara~.
g. d. – gogi doliZe, xelovnebaTmcodneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori. l. C. – laSa CxartiSvili, xelovnebaTmcodneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.