GO 13.qxp:GO-02 copy.qxp 1/9/09 12:35 PM Page 1 IOCG · called iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG or FeOx-Cu-Au) class of deposits has become a prime target for explo-ration. Since the

IOCGIron oxide copper-goldmineralising systems

in Greenland

No. 13 - January 2009

GO_13.qxp:GO-02 copy.qxp 1/9/09 12:35 PM Page 1

In the wake of the discovery of thegiant Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag-REEdeposit in South Australia in 1975, aconception developed of an importantclass of ore deposits not previouslyrecognised as such. Subsequent reali-sation of its significance by the dis-covery of new deposits of this typeattracted keen interest both from aca-demic institutions and explorationcompanies worldwide.

Due to its economic importance,over the last two decades, the so-called iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG orFeOx-Cu-Au) class of deposits hasbecome a prime target for explo-ration. Since the first definition anddescription of the IOCG deposit, newdiscoveries, re-classification andincreasing worldwide research haveshown that IOCG deposits encompassa wide spectrum of hydrothermal oredeposits.

Introduction

It is understood now that the IOCG classrepresents a family of related mineral de -pos its that share a number of distinguishingfeatures:

• low-Ti magnetite and/or hematite (< 2.0 wt % TiO2)

• extensive Na-K (-Ca) alteration• REE, Co, Ag ± U, P• generally coeval magmatism

The current inadequate state of knowl-edge about this deposit class is reflectedin the lack of comprehensive genetic mod-els. Consequently, a genetic classificationappears to be an unnecessary limitationwhen identifying new deposits. Therefore,the classification for the World MineralsGeoscience’s Database Project (GeologicalSurvey of Canada), defining six types ofIOCG deposits, is used in the fact box. Thecharacteristics of these IOCG deposit typescan be directly compared to geological fea-tures recognised in Greenland.

Mineral resources characteristics

IOCG deposits may have enormous re -sources of a wide spectrum of raw materi-als. They may comprise Fe, Cu, Au, U, REE,F, vermiculite and minor resources of Ag,Nb, P, Bi, Co as well as the less essentialresources of PGE, Ni, Se, Te, Zr, As, B, Ba,Cl, Co, Mo, Mn and W. The IOCG classesare generally characterised by high tonnageand low-grade ore. The giant and famousOlympic Dam deposit in South Australia isthe world’s fourth largest Cu deposit, thefifth largest Au deposit and the largest Udeposit. It also contains significant quanti-

ties of Ag, according to the 2008 status bythe operator BHP Billiton. The Phalaborwadeposit in South Africa is the world’s sec-ond largest Cu mine and largest vermicu-lite mine and has by-products of Au, Ag,PGE, magnetite, P, U, Zr, Se, Te and Bi,according to the 2008 status by the opera-tor Rio Tinto Mining and Palabora Mining.The Bayan Obo deposit in the MongoliaAutonomous Region, China is the world’slargest rare-earth elements (REE) producer,where also Nb and Fe are mined. IOCGdeposits, thus, contain major resourcesand represent important players on theglobal raw-material market.

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Soil sampling in a rusty zone of a gneiss sequence in Marshall Bugt, central Inglefield Land.

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9 Iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) mineralising systems in Greenland


FACT BOX Classification of IOCG deposits into various types

Type

Olympic Dam

Cloncurry

Kiruna

Iron skarn

Phalaborwa

Bayan Obo

Giant ore deposit

Olympic Dam, South Australia

Osborne, Queensland, Australia

Kiirunavaara, Sweden

Magnitogorsk, Urals, Russia

Phalaborwa, South Africa

Bayan Obo, Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

Mineralisation

magnetite-hematite-bornite-chalcopyrite breccia matrix

magnetite-hematite-apatite replaced by Cu-Fe sulphides, Au, etc.

massive magnetite-apatite-actinolite

massive magnetite-garnet-pyroxene

magnetite, apatite, fluorite, Cu sulphides, etc.

magnetite, hematite, bastnaesite, Fe-Ti-Cr-Nb oxides, fluorite, monazite, etc.

Alteration

potassic

potassic

sodic

sodic

sodic + potassic

sodic + potassic

Commodity

Fe, Cu, Au, Ag, REE, U

Cu, Au, Ag, Bi, Co, W

Fe ± Cu, Au

Fe ± Cu, Au

Cu, Au, Ag, REE, PGE, vermiculite,magnetite, P, U, Zr, Se, Te, Bi

Fe, Nb, REE

Ore body

pipe-like and irregular breccia

stratabound, vein, breccia

tabular, pipe-like, irregular

stratabound lensoid, irregular

veins, layers, disseminations

stratabound, lenses, veins, layers, disseminations

Exploration criteria

IOCG deposits are commonly hosted bymeta morphic terranes that formed duringthe entire geologic history, from the Ar chae -an to recent times, but mostly in the Proter -o zoic. In spite of large areas of Prot erozoicrocks in Greenland, about 40% of the ice-free area, only very few IOCG oc cur renceswere found. Therefore, Green land is regard-ed as a promising grass roots explorationtarget for IOCG deposits. Geo physical, geo -chemical and remote-sensing techniquesare very useful in this context, and re gionaldata available for large parts of Green land.Due to the commonly large size of theIOCG-like deposits, such regional explo-ration methods are well suited in order tooutline potential target areas.

The occurrence of magnetite and/orhematite (iron oxide) in the mineralisationis one major unifying feature of IOCGdeposits, which can be picked up by air-borne as well as ground magnetic andgravity surveys. High density and magneticresponse result in common coincidentgravity and magnetic anomalies. The min-eralisation is also characterised by a well-in duced polarisation and resistivity response,whereas iron oxide-rich ore bodies show agood electrical conductivity.

The frequent regional K-alteration andU-rich mineralisation result in anomaliesthat are detectable by airborne radiomet-ric surveys. Furthermore, regional geo-chemical surveys are well suited to identifythe often extensive and multi-elementmineralisation. IOCG deposits are largely

controlled by regional structures and splaysof such structures. These features can eas-ily be mapped additionally using remote-sensing techniques. Consequently, thereare a number of well-suited explorationmethods for ‘greenfields’ exploration in re -mote areas such as Greenland. For manyof Greenland’s ice-free areas these data are already available.

Possible IOCG occurrences in Greenland

No IOCG deposit has up till now been re -cog nised from Greenland. Thus, the poten-tial IOCG localities mentioned here aredrawn from the literature and their classifi-cation has to remain vague. How ever, someoccurrences have typical features of IOCG-

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I O C G M I N E R A L I S I N G S Y S T E M S I N G R E E N L A N D


type deposits as listed in the fact box andshow the potential for this kind of minerali-sation in the areas reported:

Olympic Dam- type depositSouth Greenland with the ProterozoicKetilidian orogen represents a known met-allogenetic province for Cu, Au and U,locally associated with iron oxides. TheAu-Bi-Ag-As-W-Cu-Mo multi elementmineralisation at Niaqornaarsuk andQooromiut occurs in quartz veins with aquartz-albite-magnetite alteration halo.The quartz veins are controlled by second-order shear zones to the regional, NE-SWtrending sinistral, strike-slip shear zones.The mineralisation is suggested to berelated to mid-crustal, calc-alkaline, arc-related intrusions (about 1780 Ma) of theJulianehåb batholith. The mineralised veinsare up to 5 m wide, can be followedabout 200 m along strike and contain 1-5 ppm Au.

About 200 km to the northwest of theabove occurrence, copper was minedbetween 1905 and 1914 from a minerali-sation containing up to 5 wt% Cu, 1.5 ppmAu and 250 ppm Ag in the Kobber mine -bugt area. The mineralisation, mainly bor-nite and chalcocite, is hosted in veins andbreccias that are controlled by a higher-order splay of a regional lineament. Thehydrothermal Cu mineralisation comprisesmagnetite, hematite, chalcopyrite, electrumand native copper. The lineament cutsthrough rocks of the Julianehåb batholithand metavolcanic schist. Near by, south-west of the hydrothermal mineralisation,alkaline intrusive rocks of the Gardar suiteoccur. The rocks of the Gardar suiteformed during Mesoproterozoic rifting ofthe Ketilidian Orogen after its formation.The IOCG mineralisation at Kobber mine -bugt is probably related to this extensional

tectonics as indicated by Pb-isotope char-acteristics of the hydrothermal bornite.

The magnetic expression of the linea-ment in Kobberminebugt can be followedbeneath the ice from the west coast ofGreenland to the east coast in aeromag-netic measurements, showing the generalpotential for structurally controlled, mag-matic-hydrothermal mineralisation in theregion.

The southern contact zone of the Palae -o protero zoic Ammassalik mobile belt withthe Archaean Craton in East Green land ischaracterised by a series of norite intru-sions. The roof zones of these intrusionsshow breccia zones and up to 30 cm wideveins with a pronounced hematite miner-

alisation and potassic feldspar alteration.This occurrence has only been little ex -plored, so it cannot be said with confidencethat this is actually an IOCG deposit.

The Palaeoproterozoic Nagssugtoqidianorogen in West Greenland represents thewestern extension of the Ammassalik mo -bile belt to the east. The Arfersiorfik quartz-diorite intruded a crustal-scale shear zoneof the orogen and is known to be magne -tite-rich in places. A mineralised amphibo-lite containing 786 ppb Au, 1.7 wt % Cuand 520 ppm Co is known from a find nearthe southern extension of the Arfersiorfikquartz-diorite. The close relationshipbetween crustal-scale sequences and calc-alkaline intrusions with magnetite and

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Breccia zone with copper mineralisation inKobberminebugt near the Josva mine in South-West Greenland

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albite alteration as well as a Cu-Au-Cooccurrence is characteristic of IOCG miner-alising systems.

Cloncurry-type depositSouthern West Greenland is underlain bythe North Atlantic craton with severalknown occurrences of orogenic or lodegold mineralisation (e.g., Storø, Paamiut,Taartoq). In the Paamiut area an amphibo-lite-hosted breccia contains an iron oxide-Cu-Au mineralisation with a hydrothermalcarbonate alteration halo at the NigerleqMountain. Further to the south similaroccurrences are reported from north of thefjord Sermilik. However, the dimension ofthese mineralisations is rather small.

In North West Greenland, the Palaeo -proterozoic Inglefield mobile belt hostsIOCG-like mineralisation in the so-called‘North Inglefield Land gold belt’, however,only known from reconnaissance explo-ration. Gold contents between 0.2 and12.5 ppm Au and up to 1.28% Cu arereported from a bornite, chalcopyrite,chalcocite, covellite, magnetite, hematite

and gold accumulation. Regional east–west-trending fault zones host breccias cement-ed by hematite that are enriched in Cuand Au as well as a hydrothermal pyrite-barite-hematite alteration within a 4 kmby 70 km north–east-striking corridor.

Bayan Obo-type depositThe Neoproterozoic Sarfartoq carbonatitecomplex is located at the northern marginof the West Greenland Archaean craton. Itforms a conical body of carbonatite andsodic fenite in the core and a marginalpotassic hydrothermal alteration zone (75km2) with hematite and carbonatite dykes.The hydrothermal Nb, Ta, U and REE min-eralisation occurs within this marginalzone in breccia veins associated with thealteration. The mineralisation comprisesup to 40 wt % Nb2O5, 1 wt % Ta2O5 and1 wt% U.

The Mesozoic Qaqqaarsuk carbonatitecomplex forms a ring-dyke structure withdimensions at the surface of about 15 km2.It hosts a Nb, U, REE, Ta and P mineralisa-tion with 3.5 to 6 wt % P2O5 and up to

0.5 wt % Nb2O5 and < 1 wt % Ta2O5.The main Nb mineralisation is hosted bypyrochlore that is associated with sodicalteration and massive magnetite.

The recently discovered Tikiusaaq car-bonatite complex is of Mesozoic age andanomalous contents of P, U and REE arereported. The appearance of this complexas a ring complex is very similar to theQaqqaarsuk complex.

IOCG potential in Greenland –the ‘greenfields’ approach

In the description above, some of theIOCG deposit types listed in the fact boxare not discussed. These include the ironskarn-type and the Kiruna-type both char-acterised by large-scale, massive magne -tite bodies, which are easily recognised bygeophysical surveys. Such massive magne -tite bodies are not known from Greenlandand, therefore, the potential for findingsuch a deposit is regarded as being lowand restricted to the poorly studied areasin East Greenland.

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Proposed Genetic Models for IOCG MineralisationMagmatic

Type: Phalaborwa / Olympic DamMetamorphicType: Cloncurry

ConnateType: Cloncurry / Olympic Dam / Kiruna

meteoric / connate fluids

Fe-oxide ± Cu(Au)

± local magmaticK-silicate alteration

regional Na(Ca)

alteration

Cu(-Au)-Fe-oxide

early Fe-oxide(barren)

connatefluids

meteoric brines

± magmaticfluids

magmaticfluids

meteoricfluids

connatefluids

Cu(-Au)± Fe-oxide

Cu(-Au) mineralisation

Fe-oxide mineralisation

Acidic alteration

Na(Ca) alteration

Biotite – K-feldspar alteration

K-feldspar alteration

metamorphic fluids


Several carbonatite complexes areknown from southern West Greenland,but they all lack the distinct Cu mineralisa-tion of the Phalaborwa-type deposits.Therefore the potential for Phalaborwa-type IOCG deposits in Greenland is evalu-ated as being very low. However, three ofthe carbonatites are spatially associatedwith a distal Nb, REE, U, Ta and P mineral-isation typified by the Bayan Obo type.

The major characteristics of the OlympicDam-type IOCG deposits are:

• craton margin setting• associated with A-type and/or I-type

magmatism• two stages of mineralisation, early

high-temperature iron oxide, late Cu-Au• large-scale potassic alteration

Examples of this type in Greenland areoccurrences in the numerous Proteroaoicorogens and mobile belts surrounding theArchaean craton, namely the Ketilidianorogen and the Ammassalik mobile belt.

These areas represent at the same time acraton margin setting. Furthermore, thereis a large overlap with areas favourable forhydrothermal Cloncurry-type IOCG miner-alisation.

The major characteristics of theCloncurry-type IOCG deposits are:

• synchronous with regional metamor-phism

• associated with I-type magmatism • formed mainly between 1.8 – 1.4 Ga• Cu-Au mineralisation overprints a BIF

or an earlier hydrothermal iron oxidemineralisation

Small occurrences within the North Atlanticcraton and the Cu-Au corridor in the Ingle -field mobile belt are examples of this typein Greenland. Favourable areas in Green -land that fulfil the geological characteris-tics listed above are located within thenumerous Proter ozoic orogens and mobilebelts surrounding the craton nucleus. Onedistinguishing feature is that Cu-Au miner-

alisation overprints earlier iron oxides.Therefore, areas with known BIF and/orhydrothermal iron oxide mineralisation arefertile for IOCG mineralising systems.

Small BIFs occur in the numerous supra -crustal belts of the craton, with a worldclass deposit at Isukasia. Sulphide-rich,hydro thermal mineralisation is, e.g., recog-nised at Isukasia and Taartoq. The geneticassociation of these occurrences within theIOCG class is, however, unclear. Similarly,numerous sulphide occurrences are identi-fied in North-West Greenland aroundMelville Bugt, where the entire coastal stripis to a variable extent underlain by BIFhorizons. These areas represent, therefore,promising targets for IOCG exploration.

In particular, the Ketilidian orogen inSouth Greenland is regarded as being fertilefor IOCG mineralisation, because it com-bines several of the important characteristics:

• craton margin setting• associated with A-type and/or I-type

magmatism: the Julianehåb batholith

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View at the possible IOCG mineralisation in Pariser Bugt, Inglefield Land, North-West Greenland


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500 km

Ice caps / Lakes

Quaternary rock Phanerozoic basins (<400Ma)

Lower Palaeozoic and Neoproterozoic basins

Mesoproterozoic basin

Palaeoproterozoic supracrustal rock

Archaean supracrustal rock

Palaeogene magmatic province

Proterozoic magmatic province

Caledonian magmatic province

Proterozoic basement

Reworked Archaean basement

Archaean basement

Fault, thrust

Potential IOCG occurrence

s s

s s

Ammassalik (Tasiilaq)

Arfersiorfik

Inglefield Land

Julianehåb(Qaqortoq)

Kobberminebugt

Paamiut

Taartoq

Nigerleq/ Sermilik

Niaqornaarsuk

Qoorormiut

Melville Bugt

Isukasia

Tikiusaaq

Qaqarssuk

Storø

Nuuk

Sarfartoq

Inland Ice

Ketilidianmobile belt

Ammassalikmobile beltNorth

Atlanticcraton

NagssugtoqidianNagssugtoqidianmobile beltmobile beltNagssugtoqidianmobile belt


• formation between 1.85-1.65 Ga• numerous crustal-scale structures• regional extension: the Gardar suite

(ca. 1.35-1.15 Ga) with alkaline intru-sions and sediment basins

Also the Nagssugtoqidian, Rinkian,Ammassalik and Inglefield orogenic sys-tems are prospective for IOCG deposits.Crustal-scale structures, associated withalkaline, I-type intrusive rocks, hosthydrothermal albite and iron oxide alter-ation as well as localised, small Cu-Auoccurrences.

Concluding remarks

Greenland represents an area for grass-roots exploration posing a challenge tomaterial and logistics and, therefore, alsohas a large potential for successful ‘green-fields’ exploration. Greenland has a longtradition of geological exploration andresearch and its south-western area iswidely covered by measurements fromgeochemical and geophysical programmes,but in the north and the east only localareas are covered.

Although no definite IOCG deposit arerecognised in Greenland to this date,some IOCG-like occurrences are suggestedand favourable geological environmentsare observed. This indicates that the ice-free area in Greenland is generally fertilefor IOCG deposits and that target-orient-ed ‘greenfields’ exploration has a goodpotential to locate IOCG occurrences oreven deposits.

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Fe-Cu sulphides with Au, magnetite

Cu sulphides with Au, magnetite, hematite

Iron oxide, sulphides ?

Iron oxide, sulphides ?

Fe-Cu sulphides with Au, magnetite

Fe-Cu sulphides with Au, magnetite, hematite

Hematite, magnetite, apatite

Magnetite, apatite

Magnetite, apatite

Olympic Dam

Olympic Dam

Olympic Dam

Olympic Dam

Cloncurry

Cloncurry

Bayan Obo

Bayan Obo

Bayan Obo

Niaqornaarsuk/Qoorormiut

Kobberminebugt

Ammassalik

Arfersiorfik

Paamiut/Nigerleq

Inglefield Land

Sarfartoq

Qaqarssuk

Tikiusaaq

Sodic

Epidote, fluorite, potassic

Potassic

Carbonate

Carbonate

Sodic, barite

Potassic (proximal); sodic (distal)

Sodic

Sodic

Au, Bi, Ag, As, W, Cu, Mo

Cu, Au, Ag

Cu ?

Cu, Au, Co

Cu, Au

Cu, Au

Nb, U, Ta, REE, P

Nb, U, REE, P

REE, P

Veins, shear zones

Veins, breccias

Breccias

?

Veins, breccias

Veins, breccias, shear zones

Veins, layers

Veins, layers

Veins, layers

Locality Type Mineralisation Alteration Commodity Ore body

POTENTIAL IOCG OCCURRENCES IN GREENLAND

Gully with potassic / iron oxide alteration in theradioactive shear zone located marginally to theSarfartoq carbonatite complex, southern WestGreenland



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A. Total magnetic intensity field from regionalaeromagnetic data for the Ketilidian orogen.The different segments of the orogen are clearlydistinguishable from the magnetics, with theJulianehåb batholith reflected as high magneticanomaly.

B. Total magnetic intensity field from regionalaeromagnetic data covering the Arfersiorfikfjord. The central magnetite-bearing part of theArfersiorfik quartz diorite shows up a highlymagnetic anomaly that can be followed to theeast. A Cu-Co-Au-bearing rock sample has beencollected just south of the diorite near theInland Ice. North and south of the diorite is theNordre Strømfjord shear zone and NordreIsortoq steep belt located; both crustal-scalestructures of the Nagssugtoqidian orogen.

60°

61°

62°

60°61°

62°-48° -45°-42°

-48° -45°-42°

TMI[nT]

0 25 50

km PeliteZone

PsammiteZone

Julianehåbbatholith

Kobberminebugt

ArchaeanForeland

BorderZone

-745-307-253-225-202-188-179-169-160-151-141-130-120-109-97-84-71-58-44-31-18

-215365679

100124146168192216243271305345394460565

2220

Niaqornarsuk

NordreIsortoq

steep belt

Arfersiorfik Quartz Diorite

Arfersiorfik fjord

A.

67°3

0'6 8

°

6 7°30 '68°

-51° -50°

-51° -50°

TMI[nT]

0 10 20

km

6

-517-327-287-260-236-216-197-179-165-151-138-127-117-107-97-87-78-69-61-53-45-37-28-20-11-317284052647794

113139177236359

1337

InlandIce

NordreNordreIsortoqIsortoq

steep beltsteep beltNordreIsortoq

steep belt

NordreStrømfjordshear zone

Arfersiorfik Arfersiorfik Quartz Diorite Quartz Diorite

ArfersiorfikQuartz Diorite

Arfersiorfik fjord

Arfersiorfik fjord

Arfersiorfik fjord

B.

A.

B.


11


Brecciation near the Cu-Fe mineralisation at thecoast north of Rødtop mountain, Kobbermine -bugt, South Greenland

Fault zone in paragneiss south of Arfersiorfikwith malachite staining. Lenses with iron andcopper-sulphides occur within the fault zones inthis area, southern West Greenland.


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Key literature

Erfurt, P. & Lind, M. 1990: Reconnaissance for

noble and base metals in the Ivigtut–Kobber -

mine bugt area, South Greenland: analytical

results. Open File Series Grønlands Geologiske

Under søgelse 90/7, 14 pp.

Gandhi, S.S. 2003: An overview of the Fe oxide-

Cu-Au deposits and related deposit types. CIM

Montreal 2003 Mining Industry Conference and

Exhibition, Canadian Institute of Mining, Technical

Paper, CD- ROM.

Gandhi, S.S. 2004: Magmatic-hydrothermal Fe

oxide±Cu±Au deposits: classification for a digi-

tal database and an overview of selected dis-

tricts. IAVCEI General Assembly, Pucón, Chile

2004, CD-ROM.

Garde, A.A., Hamilton M.A., Chadwick B.,

Grocott J. & McCaffrey K.J.W. 2002: The

Ketilidian orogen of South Greenland: geo -

chronology, tectonics, magmatism, and fore-arc

accretion during Palaeoproterozoic oblique con-

vergence. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences

39, 765–793.

Henriksen, N., Higgins, A.K., Kalsbeek, F. &

Pulvertaft, T.C.R. 2000: Greenland from

Archaean to Quaternary. Descriptive text to the

Geological map of Greenland 1:2 500 000.

Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin 185, 93 pp.

Hitzman, M.W., Oreskes, N. & Einaudi, M.T.

1992: Geological characteristics and tectonic set-

ting of Proterozoic iron oxide (Cu-U-Au-REE)

deposits. Precambrian Research 58, 241–287.

Kalsbeek, F. (ed.) 1989: Geology of the Ammas -

salik region, South-East Greenland. Rapport

Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 146, 106 pp.

Kolb, J., Sakellaris, G.A. & Meyer, F.M. 2006:

Controls on hydrothermal Fe oxide-Cu-Au-Co

mineralisation at the Guelb Moghrein deposit,

Akjoujt area, Mauritania. Mineralium Deposita 41,

68–81.

Porter, T.M. 2000: Hydrothermal iron oxide cop-

per-gold & related deposits: a global perspective

1, 349 pp. Linden Park: Porter Geoconsulting

Publishing.

Porter, T.M. 2002: Hydrothermal iron oxide cop-

per-gold & related deposits: a global perspective

2, 377 pp. Linden Park: Porter Geoconsulting

Publishing.

Secher, K. & Kalvig, P. 1987: Reconnaissance for

noble and base metal mineralisation within the

Precambrian supracrustal sequences in the

Ivigtut–Kobberminebugt region, South-West

Greenland. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Under -

søgelse 135, 52–59.

Secher, K. & Larsen L.M. 1980: Geology and min-

eralogy of the Sarfartôq carbonatite complex,

southern West Greenland. Lithos 13, 199–212.

Steenfelt, A. 2001: Geochemical atlas of Green -

land – West and South Greenland. Danmarks og

Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport

2001/46, 39 pp., 1 CD-ROM.

Stendal, H. & Frei, R. 2000: Gold occurrences

and lead isotopes in Ketilidian Mobile Belt, South

Greenland. Transactions Institution of Mining

and Metallurgy 109, B6–B13.

Thomassen, B., Pirajno, F., Iannelli, T. R., Dawes,

P. & Jensen, S. M. (2000): Economic geology

investigations in Inglefield Land, North-West

Greenland: part of the project Kane Basin 1999.

Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse

Rapport, 2000/100, 98 pp.

van Gool, J.A.M., Connelly, J.N., Marker, M. &

Mengel, F. 2002: The Nagssugtoqidian Orogen

of West Greenland: tectonic evolution and

regional correlations from a West Greenland per-

spective. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39,

665–686.

Front cover photographGossan zone, anomalous in Au, As, Cu

and Zn, hosted by Palaeoproterozoic

paragneiss, 10 km south of Marshall

Bugt, central Inglefield Land.

Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum(BMP)

Government of GreenlandP.O. Box 930

DK-3900 NuukGreenland

Tel: (+299) 34 68 00Fax.: (+299) 32 43 02

E-mail: [email protected]: www.bmp.gl

Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS)

Øster Voldgade 10DK-1350 Copenhagen K

Denmark

Tel: (+45) 38 14 20 00Fax.: (+45) 38 14 20 50E-mail: [email protected]: www.geus.dk

AuthorsJ. Kolb & B.M. Stensgaard, GEUS

EditorKarsten Secher, GEUS

Graphic ProductionCarsten E. Thuesen, GEUS

PhotographsGEUS unless otherwise stated

PrintedJanuary 2009 © GEUS

PrintersSchultz Grafisk

ISSN1602-818x

View to the core area of the Sarfartoq carbonatite complex.


GO 13.qxp:GO-02 copy.qxp 1/9/09 12:35 PM Page 1 IOCG · called iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG or FeOx-Cu-Au) class of deposits has become a prime target for explo-ration. Since the

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