_____________________________________________________________________ Globalizing Dubai: Transience, Dwelling and Hospitality Tensions EURA Conference 2011 1 Residential liveability in urban regions Globalizing Dubai: Transience, Dwelling and Hospitality Tensions Amir M. Abdella Abstract Finding an appropriate point of departure to understand Dubai urban phenomena is extremely challenging task. Dubai, the global city in-the-making, as a young city-state that developed dramatically over the last three decades is becoming now a major business and tourism centre. The paper is dragging attention to the influence of tourism and hospitality industries in shaping the residential environments created there and how the distinct organization of the residential patterns is influenced and to what extent by the associated features of leisure, fantasy and spectacle. In defying the predominant perceptions of tourism as for mere economic diversification, the paper puts forward claims on adopting tourism as a strategy for urban development and a as model for an improved quality of life terms. By outlining sample developments, the investigation is extended to explore how the leisure element and commercial hospitality is particularly influencing the residential landscape by establishing new connections to hotels and priming certain hospitality features. On the background of the transient Dubai, the investigation attempted to look at the contribution made by the complex intersections and overlaps of mobility and dwelling, ephemerally and permanence to the guest and host binaries. Keywords: globalization, tourism, urban development, residential, hospitality Introduction Developing large scale mixed-use projects with substantial residential component was an inherent part of the Dubai city building process. A Sheer amount of this stock is coming in pre-planned forms as part of the various large scale urban projects including specially themed and master planned residential districts, California-style gated communities and common interest housing. Golf course-centered communities, horse ranches homes, beach and marina themed residences and mall or hotel anchored neighbourhoods are examples of these growing typologies. In imposing no limits, these developments are massively reclaiming the sea front the same way they are doing to the desert on the back side producing novel leisure-scapes of unprecedented scale and nature in region. The patterning and styling of the emergent residential landscapes are extending hard-to-ignore complex industrial hospitality features manifested by the wide array of leisure and fantasy offerings. Beginning with outlining the global city path of Dubai, the following sections are putting forward the arguments for city tourism being adopted as an urban
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Globalizing Dubai: Transience, Dwelling and Hospitality Tensions Amir M. Abdella
Abstract
Finding an appropriate point of departure to understand Dubai urban phenomena is extremely challenging task. Dubai, the global city in-the-making, as a young city-state that developed dramatically over the last three decades is becoming now a major business and tourism centre. The paper is dragging attention to the influence of tourism and hospitality industries in shaping the residential environments created there and how the distinct organization of the residential patterns is influenced and to what extent by the associated features of leisure, fantasy and spectacle. In defying the predominant perceptions of tourism as for mere economic diversification, the paper puts forward claims on adopting tourism as a strategy for urban development and a as model for an improved quality of life terms. By outlining sample developments, the investigation is extended to explore how the leisure element and commercial hospitality is particularly influencing the residential landscape by establishing new connections to hotels and priming certain hospitality features. On the background of the transient Dubai, the investigation attempted to look at the contribution made by the complex intersections and overlaps of mobility and dwelling, ephemerally and permanence to the guest and host binaries.
known currently as Sheikh Zayed Road. This appeared to have influenced greatly the city
geography and induced major spatial clustering around. The highly important of the newly
built urban districts and most of the Dubai skyscrapers are lining up the sides of Sheikh Zayed
Road.
Until then, Dubai was a city primarily for trade visitors, stop over or meeting and exchange
hub for business people from around the region joined later by oil discovered in late sixties. It
was only Jebel Ali Hotel & Golf Resort opened in 1981 with the golf course attached later in
1998 and the Chicago Beach Hotel from the 1970s that were said to be the first and only
resorts ahead of their time with exclusive beaches and leisure facilities. Chicago Beach Hotel
was later demolished in late 1990s and replaced by the modern Jumeirah Beach Hotel and the
highly profiled Burj Al Arab on an artificial island located right offshore.
Dubai early entertainment venues
Chicago Beach Hotel 1970s Jebel Ali Hotel & Golf Resort 1982
Contemporary urban tourism is opening up cities as fine locations to visit and tour, which
may give supporting clue on their potential as places to work and live in. Dubai guided
morphing from business hub into a destination has been through developing a series of tourist
attractions. It indeed capitalized on the high connectivity established earlier.
While well situated geopolitically, Dubai’s position as an entrepôt has been exploited and enhanced with development policies that target the particular needs of various sectors of the transnational economy, including, but not limited to, the tourism sector.
Waleed Hazbun, 2008
At a stage of the city major urban facilities began to take shape by the nineties, the opening of
Jumeirah Beach Hotel in 1997 followed soon after by the landmark Burj Al Arab in 1999 and
a water leisure park next door, has boosted a lot the city image as tourist spot. It was when the
waterfront has been targeted primarily as natural magnet of sands and water for tourist
facilities. Jumeirah Group a government owned company established in the same period to
oversee this cluster and tasked to forge further tourist developments included later in 2003
to urban islands. Along the drawn strategy for Dubailand, the desert has been a busy site for a
number of ecotourism resorts as well. Al Maha and Bab Al Shamas, luxurious desert-themed
eco-resorts were opened in 1999 and 2004 respectively emphasizing the still-there desert
exoticism of the City for tourists. A chain of massive shopping malls as well joined led by
opening Mall of The emirates in year 2005 emphasizing the shopping element as an important
tourism drive.
The Tourism-Trade Marriage in City Building
If Dubai becomes the most exciting place to live in the Middle East, the thinking goes, it will also attract businessmen who will make sure that the city is more than a mere tourist destination.
Edward Glaeser 2011
Along the beginnings of the tourism phase, apparent simultaneity and spatial tie-up can be
noticed along the course of the development of city urban spaces and surface expansion.
Building on the legacy of Jafza in early 1985, the period of the nineties and early 2000 has
witnessed the explosion of the idea of “free zones” and “business parks” all over the city for
almost each and every business and economic sector from technology, media, re-exports,
stocks to education and healthcare which to some estimates may amount to about 30% of the
city geographic area. In parallel, bold moves were made to invent multiple hard and soft
attractions on top of capitalizing on the traditional tourism fundamentals of sun, sea and sand
with significant hospitality, leisure and shopping facilities.
A well connected hub has a potential to turn into a destination upon furthering specific
aspects. This approach has well been evidenced by the governance style of these two related
sectors: tourism and trade, as the presence of Dubai Commerce and Tourism Promotion
Board (DCTPB) since 1989 recognizing the synergy. DCTPB was then institutionalized
formally in 1997 by the establishment of Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing
(DTCM) headed at the top Sheikh level with objectives to boost the publicity of Dubai to
global audiences and to attract both tourists and inward investment into the emirate as stated
in their policy. It is currently officially overseeing the city tourism sector and the alignment
with business boosting strategies. Airports and hotels, facilities serving the international trade
business of Dubai which is transborder by nature involves traveling people along with
commodities has been identified quite early as vital elements of tourism as well.
On the other hand, the drive to dot the city with multiple tourist attractions, shopping and
entertainment venues has been well on speed at inner city and city edges, both sea and desert
sides all with the necessary infrastructural nerves, roads, power and so on.
kept limited not including the new extensions which are designated as free zones or free hold
areas.
The Tourist City as The Good City
Observing the urban development in Dubai, clear lines of building on quality of life material
terms appear to induce the course. General urban amenities and social services are
modernizing at city-wide level, though principally offered on pure commercial basis. Unlike
Ash Amin’s socio-politically-centered theorization of the good city (Ash Amin, 2006), Sheikh
Mohammed, thought by many as the architect of modern Dubai, own interpretation appear to
underscore specific values of recognition, excellence and meritocracy. A reader to his book
titled My Vision, Challenges in the Race for Excellence (2006), will see, among the business
lessons, a focus on creating also liveable urban environment and a repeated praise for
cosmopolitanism citing the Andalusian city of Cordoba as a role model for a flourishing Arab
city of social tolerance. He noted precisely for the advantage of living in a tourist city, which
denotes a city-wide approach beyond the typically limited tourism precincts or enclaved sites.
This also reflects a belief in tourism as a strategy to produce utopia-like spaces that signify
growth, wealth and comfort. Of the main spatial effects of urban tourism is the production of
prettified spaces that exclude visible evidence of poverty (Fainstein and Judd, 1999).
Theoretical Notes
Home, Hotel and Hospitality Realms
A myriad of socio-cultural, eco-geographical meanings and symbol creation has been
negotiated at “home”, a key idea and an ever contested site for human existence. From
principal Heidgerian dwelling to the house meanings of Rapport, it has once more been
challenged by the contemporary transnational flows and globalization.
Some of the most radical changes to the globalizing world are written not in the language of law and diplomacy but rather in the language of architecture and urbanism.
Keller Easterling 2008 Of all architectural genres and genuses, the house is perhaps the most enduring symbol of change and innovation, a neat self-contained statement of intent that, when analysed in masse, should reveal essential truths about aesthetics, social dynamics and, the concept crucial architectures key obsession, modernity.
Jonathan Bell 2006
What was once shaped by Marxian movements and welfarism in producing socially-informed
housing developments for the masses is now shifting grounds to cope with the ambitions of
the mobile elites on a global scale. From the community architecture of social housing to
are a remarkable example of transients. They are neither migrants destined in, nor simply
guest workers or mobile elites living half-heartedly. A significant life is building up with
massive connections to the place and a critical urban mass is developing accordingly. One of
the principal aims of this enquiry is to help understand this urban genre of homes by
examining the phenomena under the conditions of globalization and put it into a social
context.
Leisure, Tourism and Everyday Life
Veblen’s Theory of The Leisure Class in late nineteenth century, though established
important factoring on leisure as a social phenomena linked with excess wealth, has been
building considerable emphasis on defining work and leisure as oppositional distincts:
productive and non-productive. He coined the term conspicuous consumption and bordered
the associated phenomenon of pecuniary living forms and reputation seeking stemming form
leisure practices of the affluent people. Veblen argued on the emergence of a social class
identified themselves sharply through the possession and use of leisure (Torstein Veblen,
1899). The work/leisure and production/consumption dichotomies remained for a while
dominated by the socio-economics of the industrialization age. Later, modernity and
postmodernity discourses have managed to recognize the aspects beyond mere consumption
and have socio-culturally positioned leisure with further significance. Modernity is breaking
up the "leisure class," capturing its fragments and distributing them to everyone (Dean
MacCannell, 1976, 1999). MacCannell not only did he make important points on leisure as a
constructed social reality and tourism as an institutionalized form of leisure practice, but his
analysis of tourism settings, parks and attractions under dialectics of authenticity triggered an
unfinished dialogue about the spatialities and visualities of touristic leisure. The
conceptualization of leisure and recreation has broadened scope as encompassing culture,
communities, and institutions to meanings, symbols and spaces.
The technological changes not only made the new sites of consumption (and the goods they proffered) possible, they also helped to make them more fantastic.
George Ritzer, Douglas Goodman and Wendenhoft in Handbook of Social Theory
It is effectively the twenties century that witnessed the rise of tourism as distinct paradigm,
and interestingly enough brought it to end late the same century according to Urry’s
observation about the dissolving nature of tourism into everyday life. Urry termed it ‘end of
tourism’.
Disorganised capitalism then seems to be the epoch in which, as tourism’s specificity dissolves, so tourism comes to take over and organise much contemporary social and cultural experience. […]
People are tourists most of the time whether they are literally mobile or only experience simulated mobility […] the purchase and consumption of visual property is in no way confined to specific tourist practices.
John Urry in Consuming Places 1995
Tourism has covered more and more spaces and activities, coming closer and closer to home,
it has changed the sort of world we live in and how we live in it. Tourism has become a way
of life for a global world and there are small but significant numbers for whom the tourist
destination has become the everyday and the home. Because of the greater speed and extent
of the circulation of peoples, cultures and artefacts, we find the distinction between the
everyday and holiday entirely blurred (Adrian Franklin and Mike Crang 2001) and (Adrian
Franklin 2003). The long paradigmatic dichotomy between everyday and holiday is quickly
coming to an end under postmodern era excessive mobility and globalization.
Considerable examinations are there for the growing effect leisure projected on cities as a
collective social practice from recreation spaces of modern city planning to the emergence of
leisure cathedrals – Los Angles and Gold Coast. The leisure landscapes produced by the
commercialization and industrialization are depicting the use of tools and technologies,
thematization, utopianization and alike. Mark Gottdiener noted for the increasing use of
motifs in organizing recreational activities in both central cities and suburbs; shopping places,
airports, recreation spaces such as baseball stadia, museums, restaurants, and amusement
parks. Progressively, then, daily life occurs within a material environment that is dependent
on and organized around overarching symbols, many of which are clearly tied to commercial
enterprises (Gottdiener 1997). The visual strategies of Disneyland, the leisure cathedral, have
influenced the building of urban facilities like thematized shopping malls and give lessons for
organizing the use of urban space like New York City’s business improvement districts
(CBD) by controlling people behavior and exert clean up policies (Zukin 1995, 200).
Southern California as examined by Lawrence Culver in his recent publication The Frontier
of Leisure showed Disneyland was not a point of origination that inspired American cities,
but rather one of culmination, the product of a longer regional and national history of urban
leisure. He further noted among other for the public recreation as consistently lost out to
private recreation, and an idealization of family recreation centered on the home and yard
rather than recreation in public spaces (Lawrence Culver 2010).
What might be attributed to the transition from the earlier manufacturing legacy of the
European cities and intensified by the excess mobility of the contemporary age, tourist
qualities are increasingly defining the urbanness of cities. European cities develop a new
quality by the relatively increased importance of recreation and, more specifically, of tourism.
The quality of urbanness largely depends on the presence of tourists, of tourist-related
business and of images informed by tourism (Mathis Stock 2006). He contextualized this
development as “recreational turn” explaining the ascending importance of recreation in cities
driving urbanization, role change and the quality of urban life.
City Tourism and Leisure Theorization Concept Thinker Context Features
Tourism Urbanization Patrick Mullins 1991
Gold Cost Australia
• No traditional central business district • Marinas, shopping , attractions • Pleasure and consumption • Rapid population and workforce growth • Flexible system of production • Population mostly older adults
Fantasy City John Hannigan 1998
American cities • De-industrialization • Business and profit • Leisure economy • Theming, branding and solipsism
Tourist City Susan Feinstein 1999
Las Vegas, Orlando,
• Urban tourism • Places of play • Tourism precincts • Regulation of peoples and places
Entertainment City Terry Nichols Clark 2004
Chicago, San Francisco
• Growth machine • Living and working • Amenities as enticements for talents • Consumption and entertainment drive growth
Notwithstanding the regional and contextual differences of the theoretical explorations made
to the newly highlighted primacy of leisure and its derivatives in shaping our lives, cities and
home environments, the socio-spatial dialectic is now complicated further to address the
broader issues of consumption, tastes and styles. It was once dominated by economic and
communal factors which are no longer able to explain satisfactorily our contemporary
milieus.
Profiling Sample Developments
A select of developments most of them completed and well established and some are in
different development stages have been analyzed for their component elements. Being
predominantly with residential space is the main criteria. The principal objective, however,
remain to assess the extent of influence of hospitality element on both the spatial and
operational aspects of these developments.
The existence of “hotel” as a prime hospitality organ is identified interms of number, size and
class. Identified as well the range of amenities associated with these developments.
Interestingly enough, a considerable range of amenities and services found attached to home
environment, were far beyond the traditionally known conveniences for domestic areas.
• Beach and beach clubs • Health club • 350 beachfront retail • 45 beachfront
restaurants, walk • Swimming pools • Landscaped plazas • Kindergartens • Medical facilities • Spa, gym
• Art deco, Mediterranean and local Arab architecture
• Beach side living and holidaying
Master Planned Residential Communities Development Residential Hotel Element Amenities Theme Promoted Lifetyle Dubai Lifestyle City ETA Star Group • 4,150,000ft2 • $653.4 million
• 68 villas • 120 apartments
(villettes)
• 150 room 4-star hotel
• 170 room 5-star hotel
• Club & spa • Mall • Arts theatre • Restaurants • Garden centre • Sport IMG Academy,
• Golf club, spa • Equestrian centre • Polo club, restaurants • Desert golf course • Parklands, pools • School, medical centre • 20 outlet shopping
centre
• Rural, desert garden
• Arabian, adobe, Andalusia architecture
• Country club living
• Leisure, golf and horses
Note: some figures may be just current estimates as projects are frequently updated through development course
Master Planned Residential Communities: Detailing of Services and facilities Development Hospitality Agent Services/ Amenities Al Barari • 97 villas, originally 290 villas phase1 • 228 Apartments phase2
• 6 Star Boutique Hotel • Membership to the lakeside state-of-the-art gym • Preferential rates at the Healing Haven • Helicopter transfers from Dubai International Airport to the
Al Barari helipad • Discounted membership at the Nad Al Sheba and Racing
Club • Entry to the private members lounge at the Kasbah
Dubai Creek Club Residences • 92 villas
• Park Hayatt Hotel • Discount on hotel & club food & beverages • In-villa catering service • Special Golf membership and use rates • Shop and retail discounts • Customized landscape services
Dubai Lifestyle City • 68 villas • 120 apartments (villettes)
• JW Marriott • Concierge • In-villa catering service • housekeeping • garden care
Marsa Plaza • 212 apartments Part of the 1,300 acres Dubai Festival City
• InterContinental Hotels and Resorts Group.
• Service desk, housekeeping • Airport services, valet parking • baby sitting, laundry services, lounge • Licensed lounge - InterContinental • Discounted golf green fee • Two five star hotels and a convention centre
The Emerging Discourse
The produced residential landscapes and the way they follow to take shape are revealing
important discourses on their morphing nature under the conditions of ephemerality and the
interweaving milieus of lives and places. It is allegedly to have projected profound changes to
the way places are perceived and experiences. The profiled developments were examined
across three major lines of analysis: spatiality, imaging and control. Significant set of features
are assembling around the new notion of home and are eventually raising a tension between
the classic dwelling characteristics and the new grounds of the modern thematized service
culture of hospitality and hotel-ing.
Spatiality
Be on the water edge or at an augmented desert landscape, the primacy of the locational
settings of the developments is quite characteristic. Such spots were often deployed as
touristic and leisurely spaces. The potentialities of a site occupied by these developments are
exhausted to high levels such as private beaches attached to the villas of the Palm Jumeirah.
The favourable and amenity rich locations, either natural (seafronts and sand dunes) or
invented (reclaimed land, man made canals, planted desert) are incubating these homes and
thus maintaining an extensively aestheticized aura suggesting something close to the
pleasurable experiences taking place in themed parks, hotels and restaurants. Ample non-built
space, generally planted or articulated surfaces, going above 80 percent in some
developments like Al Barari is a common feature. It is mostly used to detach homes more
rather than being collated in big enough public space.
Very much guest-oriented space management technologies are taking place in the form of
gating or multiple gating like the arrangement observed in Arabian Ranches community and
Palm Jumeirah villa fronds. The often used description of “self contained” is also
emphasizing the rigidly demarcated boundaries accentuates a spatial independence and a
strong territorial character with less interest to connect or merge with the surrounding. Also
the term community which appears to be used metaphorically to point out a singularly unified
control subject is serving towards the same.
The ultimate integration of tourism into the local community occurs when the local people discover the convenience and desirability of using facilities designed originally for tourists.
Dean MacCannell 1973
The interest in tourist-oriented amenities accrued a physical proximity to leisure amenities.
Homes are now sharing a common site and transact spatially and functionally with hotels and
hospitality facilities pronouncing an envisaged compatibility at least at the level of
homogeneous users as recognized by development plans. The strategies for organizing the
space also emphasize the nodal value of hospitality facilities and thus the anchoring of homes
around a range of leveraged amenities. Consequently residents are legitimized to use those
delights as daily conveniences and virtually turned into resident tourists.
Imaging
Dubai surge for place marketing has had each and every urban space joining, landmark hotels,
gigantic structures and trend-setter developments. Caught up in, residential spaces as forming
substantial part of the city building process and place making. Elsheshtawy analyzed the
composition and role of architecture images in forging unique city brand. The use of
superlatives and spectacles, like the tallest building or the largest man-made island; and the
perpetuation of mythical environments are examples of the image creation tools deployed
(Yasser Elsheshtawy 2010). Not different from visitors places, residential sites are to
The general tourism-induced discourse in shown as to how the leisure element and
commercial hospitality have influenced the residential landscapes. Clustering homes, hotels
and amenities with varying proportions and overlaps seem to be a dominant recipe. The
phenomena of leisure-intensive communities is found to be happening in a very
institutionalized and industrialized way as prime home building mode that may not be
sufficiently accurate to conceptualize it along the lines of Blakely and Snyder (1997) of gated
lifestyle communities or the later thinking as privately governed neighbourhoods.
Hotels play well and are common in tourist precincts and central business districts, but it isn’t
the case in classic residential zones. The paper, however, is suspecting rather than making
claims, on the background of the transient condition in Dubai, that a systematic appearance of
hotels and hospitality facilities may partly be attributed to their extended role as landmarks,
concentrated leisure clusters and as model for service delivery. Indeed the social dispositions
of growing strata of mobile rich frequenting the city or parking for their winter escape could
support this mode of living. Although concrete empirical data may not be available in full,
much of anecdotal evidence can give sufficient clue.
The study attempted to find some more explanations by looking at the intersections of guest
and host, holiday and everyday and ephemerality and permanence as representative by the
conditions of Dubai. This may resonate as well with the forming of transitory geographies and
with the wider conceptualizations of place and non-place of Marc Augé (1999) where hotels
are one of most placelessness. In this regard, the created settings of these leisure-intensive
residential districts are reducing the engagement of residents by the solitary contractuality,
and are favouring commercial service-oriented culture. Thus socially and politically
neutralize people from the city society.
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___________________________________________________________________________ Amir M. Abdella, PhD Candidate, Bauhaus University Weimar. Germany Nakheel Properties PJSC, Dubai Email: [email protected] / [email protected]