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GLOBALIZATION, RAILWAYS, AND AGRICULTURE IN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN, 1850 TO 1914GLOBALIZAÇÃO, CAMINHOS DE FERRO E AGRICULTURA EM FRANÇA E NO REINO UNIDO, 1850 A 1914

Robert M. Schwartz (U. Vanderbilt, USA EUA)Thomas Thevenin (U. Boston, USA EUA)

Robert M. Schwartz is E. Nevius Rodman Professor of History Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts. U.S.A.Thomas Thevenin (University of Boston; previously University of Burgundy and THEMA / CNRS, France) research is about transportation systems with an historical perspective.

Robert Schwartz é E. Nevius Rodman Professor de História, no Mount Holyoke College, Massachusetts, EUA. Especialista em história ambiental da Europa, desde o século XVII até agora.Thomas Thevenin (Universidade de Boston, E.U.A.; anteriormente Universidade de Burgundy e THEMA / CNRS, França) investiga sistemas de transportes numa perpsetiva historica.

Abstract ResumoPowered by steamships, railways, and telegraphy, the pace and extent of globalization grew dramatically from the 1850s to the Great Depression. This was especially true in the realm of agriculture, when a huge increase in the production and export of American wheat and beef generated a long agrarian crisis in Europe (1876-1896) as prices fell sharply, forcing farmers, landlords, and governments to adjust to intensifying competition in foodstuffs. Meanwhile, however, railways helped create commercial markets on the industrial scale, sometimes by investing in port facilities, sometimes merely by offering rapid transport to the huge consumer markets of London and Paris. GIS and spatial analysis, will help demonstrate the geography and growth of some commercial markets in Great Britain and France.

O ritmo e a dimensão da globalização cresceram dramaticamente entre 1850 e a Grande Depressão, especialmente no que respeita à agricultura, em que um enorme aumento das exportações de carne e de trigo Americanos criaram uma longa crise agraria na Europa (1876-1896). Or preços cairam e obrigaram os

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lavradores e os proprietaries a ajustarem-se a uma intense competição na produção alimentar. Entretanto os caminhos de ferro ajudaram a criar mercados comerciais com escala industrial, por vezes investindo em facilidades portuárias, outras vezes pela oferta de transporter rápido para os enormes mercados de Londres e Paris. Com a ajuda de SIG e de análise especial, demonstra-se a geografua e o crescimento de alguns mercados comerciais no Reino Unido e em França

Robert M. Schwartz

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