Table of Contents1Policy objective22Understanding the current
situation23Understanding the future situation24Consultation and
participation35Options of solutions56Appraisal Framework77Tools and
procedure108Cost139Options testing1510Comparison
options1711Consultation1812The output2013Funding
sources2114Planning and Implementation2315Monitoring24
POLICY PROCESS FOR GLOBAL WARMING POLICYPolicy objectivei. To
implement the usage of natural gas vehicleii. To develop low carbon
technologies through research and developmentiii. To eliminate
traffic bottlenecks and relieve congestion through improving the
management and operation of the traffic systemUnderstanding the
current situationEmission inventory models such as COPERT, MOBILE
and MVEI provide reliable estimate of road transport emission when
sufficient reliable input data insert. The trend is upward for
carbon dioxide emissions in Malaysia which account for 6.7 metric
tons per capital in 2006. Within urban areas the percentage of
contributions due to road transport is particularly high. Statistic
shows an increase in road transport emission trends from 1990 due
to an increase in fuel consumption and a growth in passenger car
traffic and in car ownership per inhabitant. Besides, based on a
new study by led by Nadine Unger at NASAs Goddard Institute, the
net climate impacts of emissions from economic sectors rather than
by individual chemical species has found that on-road
transportation is and will be the greatest net contributor to
atmospheric warming now and in the near term.Understanding the
future situationIn the analysis led by Nadine Unger, motor vehicles
emerged as the greatest net contributor to atmospheric warming now
and in the near term, with a total radiative forcing of 199 m Wm-2
in 2020. By 2050, electric power generation overtakes road
transportation as the biggest promoter of warming, according to the
study. The new analysis offers policy makers and the public a far
more detailed and comprehensive understanding of how to mitigate
climate change most effectively, Unger and colleagues assert. The
effective opportunities lie in reducing emissions from the on-road
transportation. Reducing emissions from the on-road transportation
sector is particularly attractive because this action yields both
rapid and longer-term climate benefits.
Consultation and participationParties should be involved in
transport planning policyNational Road Safety Council or Committee
(NRSC) Advising the Minister of Transport on all matter relating to
traffic system and with the specific responsibility. Coordinate the
work of all organizations which are involved in improve the
management and operation of traffic system. Procure sufficient
personnel and finance for available road capacity and road safety
work. Develop and recommend road safety research and legislation
which will lead to the available road capacity in Malaysia to
reduce congestion. Transport and Land-Use Planners Adopt effective
and safe traffic management measures in planning transport and
land-use developments. Effective management of available road
capacity Pay particular attention to the safety requirements of
people with disabilities, older people, children, pedestrians,
bicycle riders and other non -motorized road users in the planning
task.Road Engineers and Highway Authorities Improve the traffic
system of the road network by ensuring that planning, design,
construction and maintenance places a high priority on safety
outcomes and reduces congestion. Review and safety audit existing,
rehabilitated and new roads to eliminate unnecessary hazardous
locations and misleading/absent markings.Police and Enforcement
Agencies Improve road user behavior and vehicle standards through a
balance of education, encouragement and effective enforcement
strategies. Improve road user behavior concern on environment
current issuesVehicle Manufacturers Launched Natural gas vehicle or
low carbon vehicle. Adopt an advertising code which promotes the
natural gas features and safety performance of vehicles and their
responsible use. Supply consumers with lower-carbon fuel
optionsAdvertisers Promote through advertising environment current
problem. Actively encourage use natural gas vehicle or low carbon
vehicle. Promote and advantages using natural gas vehicle.
Government Give consumer incentives to buy lower carbon vehicles
Provide incentive to support research and demonstration of low
carbon vehicle or natural gas vehicle. Enforce citizen have 2 car
in house and at least one car is low carbon vehicle or natural gas
vehicle. enhance energy diversification develop clean energy
solutionsEnd User Significant Greenhouse Gas reduction benefits
associated with renewable natural gas ability to measure and
quantify Greenhouse Gas reductions Opportunity to reduce noise in
urban settings Natural gas use may reduce fuel price volatility
risks
Options of solutionsTo implement the usage of natural gas
vehicle vehicles must have a Compressed natural gas (CNG) or
liquefied natural gas(LNG) -specific fuel storage and delivery
system installed The installation can be done on a vehicle after it
has been manufactured Analysis has demonstrated that investment in
medium- and heavy-duty Natural Gas Vehicles can provide
environmental and over-vehicle-life economic benefits To introduce
natural gas into the new market Existing industry players could
provide access to private onsite refueling stations. Provide
recommendations to stakeholders regarding how the natural gas
community could respond to future developments, such as changes in
market conditions and technological innovations Serve as a forum
for stakeholders to discuss issues pertinent to the natural gas
community Fueling options and availability- Time fill dispensers or
Fast fill dispensers Third-Party Service Provider Companies such as
Clean Energy build, operate, and maintain end-user fuelling
stations and facilitate the purchase of natural gas on a long-term
contract basisTo develop low carbon technologies through research
and development support the development and demonstration of new
low carbon generation technology, such as carbon capture and
storage and less mature renewable technologies Support innovation
to help reduce demand for energy. Finding the main sources of
public funding for low carbon innovation building a shared evidence
base and a common understanding of the key innovation needs of low
carbon technologies through developing Technology Innovation Needs
Assessments pursue transitions from high-carbon to low-carbon
development take to investments in renewable energy and to
low-carbon innovation Exploiting renewable sourcesTo eliminate
traffic bottlenecks and relieve congestion through improving the
management and operation of the traffic system improve the
day-to-day operation of the system by retiming traffic signals
applyingaccess managementtechniques removing operational
deficiencies Improving response time and management of traffic
disrupting events like work zones, accidents, and special events.
Provide real time information about the system so that travelers
can make immediate decisions about when, where, and how to travel,
and transportation agencies can make real-time adjustments to
improve system operations.
Appraisal Framework To appraisal is to provide decision makers
with a manageable set of information about the core indicators that
capture progress towards sustainable development. In the economic
appraisal contains Economy, Safety, Environment, Accessibility and
IntegrationProblem Emissions of greenhouse gases from vehicle that
cause health and environment problem.
Solutioni. To implement the usage of natural gas vehicleii. To
develop low carbon technologies through research and
developmentiii. To eliminate traffic bottlenecks and relieve
congestion through improving the management and operation of the
traffic system
CriteriaSub criteriaQualitative impactsQuantitative
impactsAssessment
Environment impactNoise Benefits from removal of traffic from
town centre
Local air qualityAir quality improves as traffic removed from
town centre
SafetyAccident Impact on accidents by road user, including
impacts on particular groups of road usersNone
Economy Transport Economic EfficiencySummary of impacts on user
benefits (e.g. journey times), and operator costsThe assessment of
user and non-user benefits across all modes is based on: Journey
time User chargesVehicle operating costs
Net transport operator benefits will be forecast through
assessments of each schemes (or groups of schemes). This will
include taking account of: Investment costs Maintenance costs
Operating costs Revenues Grant subsidy/payments
Accessibility Public transportIncreased reliability of public
transport journey times
Pedestrians & othersFacilities for pedestrians would be
improved
IntegrationUse of strategic network by longer distance traffic
and improving conditions for cyclists and pedestrians.Reduce
congestion and environmental protection.
1 Tools and procedure1.1 Policies should use a text based tool,
for Global Warming Policy have to use text based tools which is
Microsoft Applications like Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Visio and
SharePoint, as these applications are used to create policies,
processes, and procedures of Global Warming
PolicyToolTypeDescription
WordText basedMS Word is a robust text-based word processing
program that used to creates documents, letters, forms, contracts
and many other types of documents for Global Warming Policy.MS Word
has simple graphics and illustration features, which suitable for
very simple needs to create Global Warming Policy.
ExcelSpreadsheetExcel is a robust spreadsheet application with
extensive mathematical functions and formulas, used to provide
charts and graphs of the mathematical results of Global
Warming.
PowerPointPresentationsPowerPoint is a graphics-based program
that used to creates dynamic and professional presentations for
Global Warming Policy presentation. It have text, graphs, tables,
pictures, and audio (music) files can be used when presenting
Global Warming Policy.
VisioFlowchartVisio is a very powerful diagramming tool. It used
to show flow in Global Warming Policy.
SharePointDocument ManagementSharePoint is a Document Management
tool. To make Global Warming policy, the major required
functionalities of this tools are owners, modifier, action date,
expiration dates, collaboration, workflow, version control, task
tracking, folder organization, and check-in/check-out. SharePoint
can retain the version history of checked in Global Warming Policys
documents.
1.2 Procedure of making Global Warming Policy1.2.1 Identify the
actions and stepsPolicy maker identify the effective actions and
steps that are applicable to prevent or reduce the effect of global
warming. The actions are from parties that involved in transport
planning policy and the steps are the best options of solutions to
prevent global warming.1.2.2 Know when to take actionsPolicy maker
made clear instructions in the policy about the decision when to
take actions to use the policy in certain situation regarding the
global warming issue. The actions have to follow the procedure that
set by parties that involved in the policy planning.1.2.3 Prepare
alternativesPolicy maker prepare all the best alternatives
solutions that can be applied to prevent the global warming issue.
The alternatives will be in the Global Warming Policy as the
alternatives policy.1.2.4 Warnings and cautionsPolicy maker have to
make the Global Warming Policy clear about the warnings and
cautions regarding the issue. The warnings and cautions will be
include in the policy as one of the prerequisite of making the
policy.1.2.5 Provide examplePolicy maker have to provide the
suitable example of global warming issue in the policy. The example
that provided is to give public and idea of what is actually Global
Warming Policy is. A policy will only be effective if the public
understand the overall policy.1.2.6 Guide to strengthen the
policyPolicy maker have to bring academics into the policy making
process to ensure the Global Warming Policy be innovative, more
robust, and based on the most up to date knowledge. It is an
important part of policy making to strengthen it.1.2.7 Prepare the
outline format of policyPolicy maker have to ensure that the
outline of Global Warming Policy is developed and published in
accordance with this policy meet the governances requirements with
respect of solutions global warming assurance process. 2 Cost2.1
Cost of implementation2.1.1 In the policy process there is a cost
which is cost of policy implementation, implementation costs money
and money will be a restraint to global Warming Policy
implementation if insufficient of money is occur. Good planning
decrease the cost of Global Warming Policy implementation.2.1.2
Costs are inherent in the policy process, reducing cost will bring
benefits in terms of better use of public funds, and minimizing the
overall economic costs of policies. 2.1.3 Reduce costs by sharing
experiences across agencies, regions or countries, exploiting
already existing administrative networks, integrating government
and private information systems, reducing the number of agencies
and using the latest information technologies.2.2 Cost of global
warming effect2.2.1 Effect towards economic and environmental. Cost
of damaged to property and infrastructure, Sea-level rise, floods,
droughts, wildfires, and extreme storms require extensive repair of
essential infrastructure such as homes, roads, bridges, railroad
tracks, airport runways, power lines, dams, levees, and
seawalls.2.2.2 Cost of lost the productivity, Disruptions in daily
life related to climate change can mean lost work and school days
and harm trade, transportation, agriculture, fisheries, energy
production, and tourism. Severe rainfall events and snowstorms can
delay planting and harvesting, cause power outages, snarl traffic,
delay air travel, and otherwise make it difficult for people to go
about their daily business. Climate-related health risks also
reduce productivity, such as when extreme heat curtails
construction, or when more potent allergies and more air pollution
lead to lost work and school days.2.2.3 Cost of mass migration and
security threats, Global warming increase the number of "climate
refugees" which is people who are forced to leave their homes
because of drought, flooding, or other climate related disasters.
Mass movements of people and social disruption may lead to civil
unrest, and might even spur military intervention and other
unintended consequences.2.2.4 Coping cost, Societies find ways to
prepare for and cope with some climate impacts, coping is likely to
be more costly steps to reduce carbon emissions thereby reducing
associated climate impacts.2.2.5 Rebuilding after disasters strike
cause by global warming is more costly than these preventive
measures. These costs do not include those stemming from lives lost
and other irreversible consequences of allowing heat-trapping gases
to accumulate unchecked in our atmosphere.
3 Options testing3.1 Priority parties to involve in transport
planning policy options.The priority options of parties that should
involve in transport planning policy is Minister of Transport
(MOT). The MOT want to ensure that all modes of transport are
efficient, integrated, safe, stable and user friendly which put it
as the best parties to establish this global warming policy. The
MOT have the authority to plan, devise and implement policies with
regards to prevent global warming issue. MOT also capable to
monitoring the policy implementation until the policy have the
ability to operate which is preventing the global warming issue.3.2
Priority solution options.The priority solutions is implemented the
usage of natural gas vehicle. Analysis has demonstrated that
investment in medium and heavy-duty Natural Gas Vehicles can
provide environmental and over-vehicle-life economic benefits. The
third party service provider have to build, operate, and maintain
end-user fuelling stations and facilitate the purchase of natural
gas on a long-term contract basis. Long term effect reduce
emissions of greenhouse gases from vehicle that cause health and
environment problem.3.3 Priority tools and procedure options.The
priority tools are the Microsoft Office text based application and
the procedure are follow by the outline that meet the governances
requirements with respect of solutions global warming assurance
process.3.4 Cost optionsThe priority cost of making the policy is
the cost of implementation. The process of policy implementation is
divorced from the development of the policy itself, and the lack of
proper planning can lead to great risk, such as discrimination
suits, if not applied correctly. The policy maker did much to shape
a policy plan that brought in the implementation on time and on
budget.
Comparison options3.5 Priority parties options. The priority
options of parties that should involve in transport planning policy
is the Minister of Transport (MOT). The comparison is done to know
how does the effectiveness and efficiency of this party which is
the MOT to this policy. The MOT has the authority to implement the
policy. The MOT is able to cooperate with the Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment and the Ministry of Energy, Green
Technology and Water in implementing this policy.3.6 Priority
solution options. The priority solutions implemented the usage of
natural gases vehicle. The comparison is done to know how this
priority solution options can be effective and efficient to this
policy. The natural gases vehicle can assist in reducing and
minimizing the quantity of carbon monoxide and preventing the
greenhouse effect form occur. It is a useful and beneficial option
to the nature in controlling the global warming.3.7 Priority tools
and procedure options.The priority tools and procedure options
comparison is done to know how effective and efficient this options
to this policy. The comparison is made on the outline that meet the
governances requirements with respect of solutions global warming
assurance process. They have to compare all the procedures in
identifying the steps, when to take action and the alternative
preparation to know which the best in implementing the policy.3.8
Options The priority cost of making the policy is the cost of
implementation. The policy maker need to compare to shape the
policy plan that brought in the implementation on time and on
budget. Two cost involved are the cost of implementation and the
cost of global warming effect. It is how to reduce the cost by
sharing experiences across agencies that can be beneficial to the
public. The comparison also done in terms of how the cost of lost
the productivity towards the economic and environmental effect.
Consultation3.9 Subjects of consultationThere are maybe a number
to consult, to garner views and preferences, to understand possible
unintended consequences of a policy or to get views on
implementation. Increasing the level of transparency and increasing
engagement with interested parties improves the quality of policy
making by bringing to bear expertise and alternative perspectives,
and identifying unintended effects and practical problems. The
objectives should be clear, and there may be circumstances where
formal consultation is not appropriate. However, longer and more
detailed consultation will be needed in situations where smaller,
more vulnerable organizations such as small charities could be
affected. 3.10 Timing of consultation Engagement should begin early
in policy development when the policy is under consideration and
views can genuinely be taken into account. There are several stages
of policy development, and it may be appropriate to engage in
different stages. Timeframe for consultation should be
proportionate and realistic to allow stakeholders sufficient time
to provide a considered response and where the consultation spans
all or part of a holiday period policy makers should consider what
id any impact there may be and take appropriate mitigating action.
The amount of time required will depend on the nature and impact of
the proposal, and might typically between 2 and 12 weeks.3.11
Making information useful and accessiblePolicy makers should be
able to demonstrate that they have considered who needs to be
consulted and ensure that the consultation captures the full range
of stakeholders affected. Information should be disseminated and
presented in a way likely to accessible and useful to the
stakeholders with a substantial interest in the subject matter.
Information provided should be easy to comprehend. Consideration
should be given to more informal forms of consultation deals with
complex subject matter. Policy makers should avoid disproportionate
cost to the government or the stakeholders concerned.3.12
Transparency and feedbackThe purpose of the consultation process
should be clearly stated as should the stage of the development
that the policy has reached and also to avoid creating unrealistic
expectations, it should be apparent that aspects of the policy
being consulted on are open to change and what decisions have
already been taken. Sufficient information should be made available
to stakeholder to enable them to make informed comment and all
consultations should be housed on the Governments single web
platform.3.13 Practical considerationConsultation exercises should
not generally be launched during local or national election
periods. Department should be clear how they have come to the
decision to consult in a particular way, and senior officials and
ministers should be sighted on the considerations taken into
account in order to enable them to ensure the quality of
consultations. Departments should have seek collective ministerial
agreement before any public arrangement that might be seen as
committing the government to a particular approach. Ministers are
obliged to seek the views of colleagues early in the policy making
process and the documents supporting formal consultations should be
cleared collectively with ministerial colleagues.
The outputA wide range of audiences is envisaged for this
document: collaborating institutions (implementing NGOs) and
supporting agencies (funders); local, national and regional
government institutions; other communities and NGOs, parastatals,
the media, and academia.The policy outputs are more formal and
structured, but their format will vary widely according to their
specific status. Normally, policy documents must be concise,
practical and persuasively reasoned, setting out clearly the
problem, the courses of action open to remedy it, the arguments for
and against each option, and expected consequences of no action.
However there are in each country processes whereby policy
recommendations are prepared and absorbed into the system, and
these can be so varied that even general recommendations or guides
might be of little help on this point.One possibility would be to
prepare a clear and substantive synthesis paper, integrating the
work of the policy analyst and the field team, in about 20 pages.
This document would serve the purpose of being a policy issues
paper: it could be circulated widely and for the basis of a
national stakeholder workshop. The workshop could consider the
paper, and other presentations, and then set up a working group to
prepare formal policy recommendations to the appropriate
authority.
Funding sourcesDepartment of Environment, Malaysia Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environment (NRE)The establishment of the an
Environmental Fund1. There shall be established a fund to be known
as an environmental fund to be managed as a trust account in the
federal consolidated fund.2. The fund shall consist of -a) Any
amount of money destined from time to time by the governmentb) All
donations and contributions received from within or outside
Malaysiac) All money paid or received by the Director General of
the section imposed or collected pursuant to section 36A (session
research).d) All money paid or received in accordance with section
36 D (contributions to the fund).Non-profit organization Malaysian
Environmental NGOs (MENGO) The fund are collected by MENGOs members
which are consist of:a) Biji-biji Social Enterpriseb) Blue Life
Ecoservices BHDc) Camp Borneod) Ecocentric Transitionse)
EcoKnightsf) eHomemakers c/o Corpcom Services Sdn Bhdg)
Environmental Management and research Association of Malaysia
(ENSEARCH)h) Environmental Protection Society Malaysia (EPSM)i)
Global Environment Centre (GEC)j) GREEN EARTH SOCIETYk) World Wide
Fund for Nature (WWF) MalaysiaWorldwide Global Warming Policy
FoundationThe Global Warming Policy Foundation(GWPF) is athink
tankin theUnited Kingdom, whos stated aims are to challenge
"extremely damaging and harmful policies" envisaged by governments
tomitigatea thropogenicglobal warming. The Independentdescribes the
foundation as "the UK's most prominent source of climate-change
denial".GWPF states that it is "deeply concerned about the costs
and other implications of many of the policies currently being
advocated" to addressclimate changeand that it aims to "bring
reason, integrity and balance to a debate that has become seriously
unbalanced, irrationally alarmist, and all too often depressingly
intolerant". According to a 2011 article, its total income for the
period up to 31 July 2010 was 503,302, of which only 8,168 (or
1.6%) came from membershipcontributions.This leaves the question of
who provides the rest of their funding. The foundation charges a
minimum annual membership fee of 100. According to most recent
accounts, the foundation received 12,161 from membership fees in
the year ending 31 July 2012. That would suggest a membership of
120 members at the most. TheGWPF's main source of income remains
donations, having received over1m in the past three years.
Charitable OrganizationA type of non-profit organization (OPO),
differs with other types of NPOs in that it centers on non-profit
andphilanthropic goalsas well as social well-being such
ascharitable,educational,religious, or other activities serving
thepublic interestor common good. One of the charitable purposes
provided by theCharities Act 2011is in improve the advancement of
environmental protection or improvement.Planning and
ImplementationEnvironment considerations will be integrated into
all stages of development, program planning and implementation and
all aspects of policy making.Environmental inputs shall be
incorporated into economic development planning activities,
including regional plans, master plans, structure and local plans.
Every effort will be made to ensure that all resource utilization
and development proposals incorporate the environmental dimension
at the planning stage.In assessing the viability of development
projects or proposed changes in the use of natural resources,
economic values reflecting environmental and social costs and
benefits should be taken into consideration.A national natural
resources accounting system will be devised and implemented to
ensure a balanced perspective of the role of environment and
natural resources in relation to overall development plans and
strategies.Environmental considerations will be integrated into
policies, programs, plans and project formulation as well as
implementation, through a comprehensive assessment process, taking
into account social, ecological and health effects.In area where
intensive or extensive use of resources such as land, water and the
marine environment is proposed, development planning shall be on a
regional basis rather than on a project basis, taking into
consideration both economic development and environmental
protection objectives.
MonitoringThe implementation of this Policy and its Strategies
will be monitored and reviewed by the National Development
Council.Under Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Malaysia helps to monitor the result of this policy, there have 5
departments that consist of:i. Department of the Environment, ii.
Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Land and Mines iii.
Department Wilayah Persekutuan, iv. The Malaysian Meteorological
Department and v. The Department of Wildlife and National Parks. In
monitoring, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), United
Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and Intergovernmental Panel On
Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that the mitigation measures that
have been taken have not been sufficient to limit the temperature
increase in the level of two degrees Celsius.Ministry of energy,
green technology and water of Malaysia has establish National Green
Technology Council (MTH) under National Green Technology &
Climate Change Council (MTHPI) to coordinate the issues of green
technology between the Ministries, agencies, private sector and
other stakeholders (stakeholders) in the way to implement the
policies.1