Global Mercury Observation System - GMOS – Funded by: European Commission – DG Research (2010 – 2015) CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy http://www.iia.cnr.it Nicola Pirrone (*) Alessandra Fino and Marco Strincone CNR - Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research Rome, Italy (*) GMOS Coordinator
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Global Mercury Observation System - GMOS – Funded by: Global Mercury Observation System - GMOS – Funded by: European Commission – DG Research (2010 – 2015)
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Global Mercury Observation System- GMOS –
Funded by:European Commission – DG Research
(2010 – 2015)
CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
http://www.iia.cnr.it
Nicola Pirrone(*) Alessandra Fino and Marco Strincone
CNR - Institute of Atmospheric Pollution ResearchRome, Italy
(*) GMOS Coordinator
Mercury Transformations in Atmosphere & at the air/water/snow/soil Interfaces
CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
http://www.iia.cnr.it
Global Mercury Emissions
Volcanoes90
Natural5118
Forest fires672
Oceans2682
Forest & agriculture1674
Anthropogenic2320
Global Emission (2008):7438 Mg yr-1
Source: Pirrone et al. ACP, 2010
CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
http://www.iia.cnr.it
Why Anthropogenic Emissions Shall Be Regulated
- Emissions from Natural Sources/Processes cannot be regulated/controlled whereas the Anthropogenic ones can be.
- Depending on the latitude and time of the year, Natural sources release mostly Hg(0), whereas Anthropogenic sources may release all Hg species in % that depends on the source type;
- With the exception of Volcanoes, natural sources are primarily diffuse/areal sources whereas anthropogenic sources are primarily point sources different impact areas;
- Emissions from natural sources/processes are strongly dependent on meteorological conditions (time of the year) and latitudes whereas Emissions from anthropogenic sources are not;
- …….
CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
http://www.iia.cnr.it
Trends and Global Hg-background Concentrations
• In the Northern Hemisphere 1.5 to 1.7 ng m-3
• In the Southern Hemisphere 1.1 to 1.3 ng m-3
Key Sources:
Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H., and Dommergue, A. (2010) Worldwide atmospheric mercury measurements: a review and synthesis of spatial and temporal trends. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 8245-8265.
Lindberg, S., Bullock, R., Ebinghaus, R., Engstrom, D., Feng, X., Fitzgerald, W., Pirrone, N., Prestbo, E. and Seigneur C. (2007) A Synthesis of Progress and Uncertainties in Attributing the Sources of Mercury in Deposition. Ambio, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp.19-32.
Chemical analysis of lake sediments, ice cores and peat deposits from both hemispheres indicates about a
threefold increase of mercury deposition since pre-industrial times
CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
http://www.iia.cnr.it
A Global Mercury Observation System able to provide continuous information on mercury concentrations and fluxes in and between the atmospheric, marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems.
Validated regional and global scale atmospheric and marine models as well as socio-economic models
An International Observatory with the mandate to provide support to Policy Makers in the implementation of strategies and best practices to: Reduce the use of mercury for many industrial and commercial
applications and practices; Promote a safe storage of excess mercury at country or regional
level; Support the implementation and future verification of the LBI (or
Treaty or Convention) at regional and continental scales; Run scenario analysis of different reduction strategies in order to
meet the requirements of international legislation on mercury pollution control and monitoring.
What is needed to Policy
CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
http://www.iia.cnr.it
GMOS Goal
CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
http://www.iia.cnr.it
To establish a Global Observation System for Mercury able to provide ambient concentrations and
deposition fluxes of mercury species around the world, by combining observations from permanent ground-
based stations, and from oceanographic and tropospheric measurement campaigns.
GMOS Overarching Objectives
To validate regional and global scale atmospheric mercury modelling systems able to predict the temporal variations and spatial distributions of ambient concentrations of atmospheric mercury, and Hg fluxes to and from terrestrial and aquatic receptors.
To evaluate and identify source-receptor relationships at country scale and their temporal trends for current and projected scenarios of mercury emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources.
To develop interoperable tools to allow the sharing of observational and models output data produced by GMOS, for the purposes of research and policy development and implementation as well as at enabling societal benefits of Earth observations, including advances in scientific understanding in the nine Societal Benefit Areas (SBA) established in GEOSS.
CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
http://www.iia.cnr.it
Innovative Aspects of GMOS The outcomes of GMOS will support the achievement of goals and objectives of
key international programs including the GEO Task HE-09-02d “Global Observation System for Mercury”, the UNEP F&T, and TF HTAP of the UNECE-LRTAP convention.
For the first time, a coordinated Global Mercury Observation System will be established which will include observations from continuous ground-based stations, ad-hoc over-water observation programs, and aircraft-based tropospheric programs.
For the first time vertical profiles of tropospheric mercury concentrations at different latitudes and time of the year will be provided by coordinating the efforts of GMOS with those of other on-going international programs in Europe and North America (i.e., CARIBIC, NAAMEX).
For the first time a full validation of global and regional scale atmospheric models will be performed on the basis of observations that are representative of different regions, locations of natural and anthropogenic sources, terrestrial and aquatic receptors, and atmospheric transport patterns.
For the first time fully validated regional and global scale atmospheric models, will be used to evaluate spatial and temporal patterns of ambient concentrations, and re-emission rates from and deposition fluxes to aquatic and terrestrial receptors for different scenarios of mercury emissions at regional and global scales.
CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
http://www.iia.cnr.it
GMOS Observation Program
GMOS will include the following observation programs:
Ground-Based Observation System
Oceanographic Observation program which will include:
Cruises over the Pacific Ocean Cruises over the Atlantic Ocean Cruises over the Mediterranean and North/Baltic Seas
Aircraft program which will include: Intercontinental Flights in the Upper Troposphere / Lower
Stratosphere
Regional scale flights in Europe (and likely also in USA) up to the mid Troposphere
CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
http://www.iia.cnr.it
Overall GMOS Strategy
CNR – Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
http://www.iia.cnr.it
WP Leaders within GMOS
WP no. Work Package Partner Country Work Package Leader
1 Coordination CNR-IIA Italy Nicola Pirrone
2 Current and future global emissions NILU Norway Jozef Pacyna
3 Ground-based Observation System CNR-IIA Italy Francesca Sprovieri
4 Over-water observation system JSI Slovenia Milena Horvat
5 Aircraft-Based Tropospheric Program GKSS Germany Ralf Ebinghaus
6 Integration of GMOS with Other Programs IVL Sweden John Munthe
7 Global Scale Atmospheric Modelling MSC-E Russia Oleg Travnikov