GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015

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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015

MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH

Bio-technology

TESTING SALT TOLERANCE TO BOOST ON CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L. MILL SP)

BIOMASS / CULTIVATION

Pagadala Vijaya Kumari*, Yemsrach Mesfin 79–87

Agriculture

STANDARDIZATION OF AGROTECHNIQUE OF ALOE VERA IN MID HILLS OF WESTERN

HIMALAYA

Gopichand*, Ramjee Lal Meena 88–94

Review Article

IN PRAISE OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT RICINUS COMMUNIS L.: A REVIEW

Sonali Bhakta & Shonkor Kumar Das* 95–105

INDIGENOUS MEDICINE

Short Review – Ayurveda – Moulika Siddhanta

CONCEPT OF AHARA PARINAMAKARA BHAVA IN CONTEXT TO LIFESTYLE

Saylee Deshmukh*, Vyas M K, Bhushan Sanghavi 106–110

COVER PAGE PHOTOGRAPHY: DR. HARI VENKATESH K R, PLANT ID – TENDER LEAVES OF ARJUNA – TERMINALIA ARJUNA (ROXB. EX DC.) WIGHT & ARN*

OF THE FAMILY COMBRETACEAE

PLACE – KOPPA, CHIKKAMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA *BOTANICAL NAME VALIDATED FROM www.theplantlist.org AS ON 07/06/2015

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

TESTING SALT TOLERANCE TO BOOST ON

CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L. MILL SP) BIOMASS /

CULTIVATION

Pagadala Vijaya Kumari1*, Yemsrach Mesfin

2

1,2 Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Ambo University, AMBO – Ethiopia.

*Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected].

Received: 09/04/2015; Revised: 20/04/2015; Accepted: 23/04/2015

ABSTRACT

Salinity is an ever present threat to crop yield, especially in countries where irrigation is essential

in agriculture. Although Saline tolerance conditions of the plants are variable. Many Crop species

are generally intolerant to salinity. Excessive irrigation and poor drainage facilities are the major

contributing factors of soil salinity in agricultural lands and one third of the world irrigated land is

being affected by soil salinity. Attempts to enhance tolerance have involved conventional breeding

programmers, use of invitro selection, pooling physiological traits, interspecific hybridization, using

halophytes as alternative crops. Use of marker ‐ aided selection and the use of transgenic plants.

Preliminary investigations were conducted on the Chickpea cultivar – DESI I.C.C. 9942 which has

small dark seeds and rough coat common to Ethiopia. Experimental investigations were performed

on the different soils giving different salinity treatments (NaCl in different percentages). Analysis

was done on germination efficiency, number of leaves, and length of the plant and wet Biomass of

the whole plant. At 6% of (NaCl) treated plants showed the maximum increase in terms of heights

and Wet Biomass. There was twofold difference on germination, heights and biomass of the whole

plant against the control. One can exploit this research for boosting the chickpea production in the

saline soils where it is difficult to cultivate other crops and also for intercropping in saline soils of

Ethiopia. Whether enhanced tolerance is due to the chance of alteration of a factor that is limiting in

a complex chain or an effect on signaling remains to be elucidated. Even after many years of

research on transgenic plants to alter salt tolerance, the value of this approach has yet to be

established.

KEY WORDS: Chickpea, Salt tolerance, Wet Biomass, ANOVA

Research article

Cite this article:

Pagadala Vijaya Kumari, Yemsrach Mesfin (2015), TESTING SALT TOLERANCE TO BOOST ON

CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L. MILL SP) BIOMASS / CULTIVATION,

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(4): 79–87

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

INTRODUCTION

Chickpea is one of the most important grain

legumes traditionally cultivated in deprived

areas and saline soils (Rao et al., 2002).

Chickpeas are produced in thirty-five countries,

including Indian subcontinent, Mediterranean

region, Ethiopia and Mexico. Despite the

release of one hundred fifty cultivars over the

past sixty years, neither total production of

chickpeas nor productivity per unit area has

increased significantly. The agronomical

importance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is

based on its high protein concentration 25.3–

28.9% (Hulse.J.H, 1991) used for human and

animal diet, as an alternative protein source.

Selection and breeding of cultivars that can

grow and provide economic yield under saline

conditions constitute more permanent and

complementary solutions to minimize the

repercussions of the salinity (Ashraf and

McNeilly, 2004). Salinity occurs through

natural or human-induced activities that result

in the accumulation of soluble salt in soil and

the problem of soil salinity is expected to

increase which may result in desertification

process and greenhouse effect. The

establishment and activity of the legume -

Rhizobium symbiosis, particularly with Cicer

arietinum have been known to be susceptible to

salinity (Saxena et al., 1994; Rao and Sharma.,

1995). Salinity is one of the major

environmental stresses that affect crop

productivity. Three experiments were

conducted in a glasshouse in Perth, Western

Australia, of which up to 55 genotypes of

chickpea were subjected to 40 or 60 mM NaCl

added to the soil to determine the variation in

salt tolerance (Turner et al., 2012). Among the

biotic stresses salinity is the most important

yield reducer. The cost of soil reclamation is so

high that it is not possible to reclaim such soil

for crop production. Exploitation of genetic

variability in cultivated species of Chickpea

offers the possibility of developing salt tolerant

crops (Epstein et al., 1980). For conducting this

experiment, a large number of chickpea

genotypes were screened first for their relative

tolerance against salinity stress on the basis of

germination percentage and vigor index (Singh

and Singh, 1999). Desi is the common cultivar

which has small dark seeds and rough seed coat

cultivated mostly in India, Bangladesh,

Ethiopia, Mexico and Iran. Poor drainage

facilities and Excessive irrigation are the major

factors for soil salinity in agricultural lands as

most of the irrigated land is being affected by

soil salinity. (El-Saidi, 1997)

Salinity tolerance comes from genes that

limit the rate of salt uptake from the soil and

the transport of salt throughout the plant,

adjust the ionic and osmotic balance of cells

in roots and shoots regulate leaf development

(Turner et al., 2012). Some candidate genes

for salinity tolerance which are tissue specific

might operate at different stages of growth.

So far little has been revealed by gene

expression studies as the studies conducted

are not tissue-specific, and treatments are

often traumatic and natural. Investigations

are needed to increase at molecular level in

identifying the genes that are coding for

Salinity tolerance.

Significance of study - Salinity has long been

known to influence the distribution of plant

nutrients in legumes (Greenway and Munns,

1980). NaCl toxicity, the predominant form of

salt in most saline soils, enhances the sodium

content and consequently affects the absorption

of other mineral elements. Indeed, high levels

of Na inhibit Ca and K absorption, which

results in a Na/K antagonism (Benlloch et al.,

1994). In brassicas, Ashraf and McNeilly

(2004) suggested that maintenance of high

tissue K/Na ratio as criteria for salt-tolerance.

On the other hand, the relationship between salt

tolerance and the macronutrient accumulation

in vegetative organs of legumes was reported

earlier (Cordovilla et al., 1995a). Cations Na+

and K+ are known to be the major inorganic

components of the osmotic potential (Asch et

al., 1999). The objective of the present

investigations is to test and optimize the

chickpea salt tolerance to maintain plant

growth and nitrogen fixation under salt-affected

conditions in salinity affected areas of Ethiopia.

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

The establishment and activity of the

legume-Rhizobium symbiosis, particularly the

Cicer arietinum, Mesorhizobium ciceri, have

been known to be susceptible to salinity

(Saxena et al., 1994; Rao and Sharma, 1995;

Rao et al., 2002). Consequently, salinity is a

threat to food supply. Hormonal control of cell

division and differentiation is clear from the

appearance of leaves, which are smaller in area

but often thicker, indicating that cell size and

shape has changed. Leaves and plant height

from salt-treated plants have a higher weight,

area ratio, a feature that is common in plants

adapted to dry and to saline soil. Hormonal

control of cell division and elongation is also

evident in roots. Several studies have shown

that salinity has differential effects on root

elongation rates and lateral root initiation

(Rubinigg et al., 2004). Based on the available

literature we have conducted small pot pilot

investigations to show that chickpea can be

cultivated in the saline soils for small farming

to the Ethiopian Agricultural lands where

Chickpea is one of the crop plant cultivated in

Ethiopia which further leads to soil fertility.

Our Investigations are of very short time on

Analysis showed a twofold increase on Wet

Biomass against the control in salt treated

chickpea plants at 6% NaCl which was

optimized from our results.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The Investigations were done at

Department of Biology – Laboratory - AMBO

UNIVERSITY, located 114 km from Addis

Ababa west, Ethiopia. Elevated at 2100–2200

meters above the sea level and receives annual

rain fall of 900 mm with an average of

minimum and maximum temperature 15oC and

29oC respectively.

Experimental Design: Two different separate

experimental designs were done with three

replicates of each. Eight small pots of 6 × 4”

(Inch) were used for the studies which were

maintained in replicates. Ten seeds were sown

per each pot along with the control under the

same conditions before tested for soil

germination.

Cultivar: Investigations were conducted on

the local cultivar i.e Desi Channa ICC - 9942 of

Ambo town.

Sodium Chloride Treatment (NaCl):

Different sets of solutions were made by

dissolving NaCl in distilled water with the

following percentages of 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%,

8% and 10% respectively. The plants were

given salt treatment of 5ml / pot on every

alternate day along with Standard (Control)

without NaCl.

Growth Conditions: Seeds were grown at the

Biology Department Laboratory of AMBO

University under natural conditions from

April–May later they were maintained in the

Growth Chamber. Replicates of each of 10

seeds were sown and were maintained and

average of each set was taken for the statistical

analysis. The temperature range was between

20°–25° C. Two types soils viz Red and Black

soils were tested for germination efficiency

before conducting the salt tolerance

experiment. For salt tolerance experiments

black and red soil in 1:1 were mixed in the

experimental pots used in replicates.

Statistical analysis: Data was recorded from 7

days–6 weeks from the date of sowing.

Averages of 10 plants from each pot were

recorded for three variables (characters) i.e.

number of leaves (No), Length (cms) and Wet

Biomass (gms) of each plant against control.

Standardization was done for optimization of

salinity treatment. ANOVA was performed to

compare treated and Non treated plants.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The percentage of seed germination for two

types of soils viz black and red soils gave 100%

germination with correlation of 0.1336 which

proved significant for salinity treatments. All

the replicates more or less showed a

homogeneous growth with little difference of

variation in terms of leaves and Plant height.

Correlation between leaves and height also

showed 0.5306 which proved significant, for

normal homogeneous growth.

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Data was recorded after 7 days (from the

seedling stage) for number of leaves and 21

days for Plant heights and Biomass after the

plants treated with sodium chloride (NaCl)

from 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%

respectively (Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3).

The maximum plant height recorded was

optimized for 6 % of NaCl for Y4 plant is 23.9

cms with Biomass of 6.6 gms (Figure 1, 2 & 3).

Table 1: No of leaves per plant with different NaCl Treatment (In Percentage / replicate)

recorded after seven days (Yc – Control).

Plant no Yc - 0% Y1 - 1% Y2 - 2% Y3 - 4% Y4 - 6% Y5 - 8% Y6- 10%

1 2 5 5 6 6 5 5

2 4 3 4 6 8 4 4

3 3 4 5 5 5 6 5

4 3 4 3 4 6 5 4

5 4 4 4 5 5 4 4

6 3 3 4 6 6 5 3

7 2 4 3 4 5 3 4

8 3 3 4 4 5 5 3

9 1 4 5 5 6 4 4

10 2 2 3 4 5 4 2

Mean 2.7 3.6 4 4.9 5.7 4.5 3.8

S.D 0.948683 0.843274 0.816497 0.875595 0.948683 0.849837 0.918937

Table 2: Plant Height (cms) recorded after 21 days of NaCl Treatment with control (Yc –

Control).

Plant

No

Yc -0 % Y1– 1% Y2 – 2% Y3 -4% Y4 – 6% Y5 – 8% Y6 - 10%

1 13 15 18 22 24 12 13

2 14 17 18 24 26 11 10

3 13 18 19 20 23 11 12

4 14 16 20 24 25 12 14

5 12 19 22 22 21 14 11

6 14 18 20 21 20 13 13

7 12 19 17 20 24 11 14

8 15 17 20 20 25 14 10

9 14 15 18 21 25 14 11

10 13 18 22 21 26 15 10

Mean 13.4 17.2 19.4 21.5 23.9 12.7 11.8

S.D. 0.966092 1.47573 1.712698 1.509231 2.024846 1.494434 1.619328

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Table 3: Wet Biomass (gms) of the whole plant taken after 21 days of NaCl Treatment (Yc –

Control).

The wet Biomass of the whole plant was

recorded after 21 days of NaCl treatment

which reached peak at 6% of NaCl with 6.6

gms (Table – 3 ) on average with total Plant

height 23.9 cms ( Table – 2) further declined

at 8% and 10% NaCl. The S.D was 1.4 at 6%

NaCl. The growth got arrested as the NaCl

concentration increased which proved to be

toxic to the plant, as the plants could not

sustain.

The soils used in our experiments are

Black: Red in 1: 1 ration. The control set of

plants before giving salt treatment (Figure –

1). After 21 days after the NaCl treatment

plant showed the around two fold increase in

terms of total height and wet Biomass (Figure

– 2). At 6% of NaCl the treatment got

optimized with peak for Wet Biomass and

Total Plant height (Figure -3).

ANOVA was performed with different

treatments of NaCl with Wet Biomass to show

the variation. The hypothesis was rejected as

F Calculated value at 5% level with (5. 54)

degree of freedom is (F= 56.0434) more than

F table value at 5% (F= 2.3921) Table – 4.

All the treatments with Biomass are not

homogeneous.

Table - 4 - ANOVA Table (Biomass)

Source of

variation

Degrees of

freedom

Sum of squares Mean sum of

squares

F- Ratio

Treatments

Error

5

54

174.8833

33.7000

34.9767

0.6241

F=56.0434

Total 59 208.5833 F table value at 5% level with (5, 54) degrees of freedom =2.3921.

F Calculated value is greater than F table value, so we reject our hypothesis.

All the NaCl treatments and Biomass are not homogeneous.

Plant

No Yc – 0% Y1 – 1% Y2 – 2% Y3 – 4 % Y4 – 6 % Y5 – 8 % Y6 -10 %

1 1 2 3 5 6 3 3

2 1 2 3 5 4 2 3

3 3 3 3 4 6 3 2

4 2 3 3 4 6 1 1

5 1 3 3 4 5 2 1

6 2 3 3 4 7 1 1

7 2 3 2 5 8 2 2

8 2 3 3 5 8 2 1

9 2 3 3 5 8 2 1

10 2 3 3 5 8 2 1

Mean 1.8 2.8 2.9 4.6 6.6 2 1.6

S.D. 0.632456 0.421637 0.316228 0.516398 1.429841 0.666667 0.843274

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Figure 1: Control set of plant growth before salt treatment

Figure 2: Salt treated plants showing boosting in the growth

Figure 3: Optimized plant with maximum growth at 6% of NaCl

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

DISCUSSION

Salinity is one of the major environmental stresses that affect crop productivity. Since Chickpea is a salt-sensitive crop species, improvement for salt tolerance is a priority research (Singh, 2004). Salinity has long been known to influence the distribution of plant nutrients in legumes (Greenway and Munns, 1980).

In our studies we were able to show a two fold increase of Total Plant height and Wet Biomass with control and salt treated plants. The total number of leaves did not show much variation even after seven days of treatment. We assume that genes might have turned on to express only after one week of the stress treatment which is proven from the data table (Shannon 1985 and 1990). The NaCl stress might have started from the day 8 to increase in the plant height from our laboratory investigations. Optimization was done at 6% of NaCl, Beyond 6% of NaCl, it was toxic to the plant as the growth was arrested. Assessment of tolerance is complicated by changes occurring during the ontogeny of a plant and may be technically difficult under field conditions; there is evidence of a genetically complex trait (Shannon 1985).

The mean for Biomass of the plants when compared with the control showed a maximum boost from 1.8–6.6 gms at 6% of NaCl. Leaves and stem length from salt-treated plants have a higher weight: area ratio, which means that their transpiration efficiency is higher (more carbon fixed per water lost), a feature that is common in plants adapted to dry and to saline soils, which supports our data (Rubinigg et al., 2004). Small farming can be done at the salinity soils of Ethiopia where chickpea is commonly grown along with inter cropping of wheat which is highly beneficial for the farmers. Salinity is an abiotic stress that affects the plant’s ability to grow, develop, and achieve its full genetic potential. Plants vary in their tolerance to salt, as does an individual plant at different developmental stages. There is sufficient evidence to report that salt tolerance is a multigenic trait, controlled by several sets of genes which are functional when stress conditions are given (Bajaj et al., 1999 and Munns, 2002) as NaCl stress can also be

considered as one of the positive abiotic side which triggers the genes to boost the Biomass in case of Chickpea.

ANOVA test performed to the salt treated plants for Biomass show negative result as it rejected which gave strong support to our investigations as there is a gradual increase from 0–6 % of NaCl than it declined the growth attributes for toxicity. The genes related to NaCl stress cited in the literature might have turned off as the concentration of NaCl increased. There is considerable evidence to support the view that salt tolerance and its sub‐traits might be determined by multiple gene loci (Monforte et al., 1997).

CONCLUSION

Soil salinity impedes the crop production in many parts of the world. Ethiopia is one of the fast developing country in respective to its Agricultural practices. Chickpea is one of the grain legumes which increases the soil fertility and also considered as the poor man food for consumption as an excellent source of protein. Recently the moderate level of salt tolerance lines has been released in Australia. Saline soils that have little impact on bread wheat – impacting on the potential yields of chickpea in rotation with wheat on areas with sub-soil salinity. In Ethiopia wheat cultivation is prominent so one can also introduce intercropping of wheat with the chickpea to boost the production. There is sufficient evidence to be confirming that salt tolerance is a mutagenic trait. Our research investigations were a short time project to prove the twofold of increase of total plant length and wet biomass of the whole plant. This shows a strong positive side for boosting the production of chickpea there by increasing the fertility by growing in the saline soil where other crops cannot be grown. We plan to investigate for future to identify the QTLs as markers for salt tolerant lines to introduce for Ethiopian Agricultural Practices.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

We greatly acknowledge the Department of Biology – AMBO University - Ethiopia for their constant encouragement.

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 79–87

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

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Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

STANDARDIZATION OF AGROTECHNIQUE OF ALOE VERA IN MID

HILLS OF WESTERN HIMALAYA

Gopichand1*, Ramjee Lal Meena

2

1,2Division of Biodiversity, CSIR-IHBT (Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur (H.P.)

176061

*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]

Received: 08/04/2015; Revised: 29/04/2015; Accepted: 05/05/2015

ABSTRACT

To standardize the agrotechniques of Aloe vera cultivation in Palampur region an experiment was

laid out in 2009, at Biodiversity farm of CSIR-IHBT Palampur. Three number farm yard manure

[FYM] doses were used along with water control under 50 cm × 50 cm spacing. Parameters were

recorded upto three years plant height, leaf length, width and emergence of secondary plants around

the mother plants. In 2010, higher dose of farm yard manure [FYM, 45t/ha] produced better results

in mother plant as well as secondary plants in terms of plant height, leaf length. But-overall, the data

suggested that lower dose with optimum of 15 t/ha was better in producing secondary plants. The

treatment was maintained during three years and thereafter the crop was harvested. In case of fresh

weight of leaves, after three years, statistically significant results were obtained and the trend of

biomass production was from lower dose to higher application of FYM.

KEY WORDS: Aloe vera, FYM, Plant height, leaf length, fresh weight

Research article

Cite this article:

Gopichand, Ramjee Lal Meena (2015), STANDARDIZATION OF AGROTECHNIQUE OF ALOE

VERA IN MID HILLS OF WESTERN HIMALAYA, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med.,

Volume 4(5): 88–94

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 88–94

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

INTRODUCTION

Aloe vera is a native to North Africa and

Spain. Now it is grown in dry hot region of

Asia, Europe and America. The Aloe vera plant

is very old as human civilization, and has

various properties. Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. (syn:

A. barbadensis Miller) belongs to the family

Liliaceae. According to the WHO report and

monograph, it is known by A. vera Linn. Now-

a-days there are a growing interest towards

herbal medicines, despite of a plethora of

allopathic drugs. The ayurvedic medicines are

becoming popular due to their low costs and

negligible side effects. The worldwide trade of

medicinal plants is worth about 80 million US$

dollars and this is likely to be increased by 35–

40% within five years (Njuguna, 2005).

Globally, there's a huge market for A. vera,

with US providing 65–70% of sales. India and

China have a share of 10% each which may be

increased by its commercial cultivation. Due to

high demand the agro-techniques is highly

required (Biswas, 2010)

A. vera has been used since times

immemorial for several diseases, particularly

related to digestive system, wounds, burns and

skin problems. It is also used as a juice and it is

the best answer of herbal preparations to

support health and healing mechanism.

Pharmacologically (Wabuyele et. al., 2006), it

supports immune system of the body and also

detoxifies. As ayurvedic medicine, is the

traditional medicine of India, it is used as

laxative, anti-helmintic, hemorrhoid remedy,

uterine stimulant (menstrual regulator) etc. In

the international market, Aloe vera is an active

ingredient in hundreds of skin lotions, Sun

blacks and cosmetics, creams etc. It has been

used as for anti-aging effects to vitamin A

derivatives. In US, it has gained popularity in

1930 with the reports of its success in treating

x-ray burns. Now it’s extract has been used in

treating in many diseases as canker sores,

stomach ulcers and AIDS, cosmetic lotion, hair

cleanser, hair product, therapeutic, shaving

creams, detergent, ointment, joint pain,

immunomodulators, antimicrobial, antioxidant,

burn treatment, herbal formulations, nasal spray

and skin disorders. Neutraceutical treatment for

diabetic, sanitary napkins, insect repellent etc.

It has been grown as crops that can be used for

climate change adaption in drought prone area

where other crop could not be survive

(Senelwa, 2009).

In Himachal Pradesh, there is a large area

where no water for irrigation for cultivated

crops. This region is called 'Changar' area of

Kangra District. Located in the Shiwalik hills

in the southeastern part of Kangra district, the

Changar region has typical altitudes in the 500-

1200 m range. In this region there is a scarcity

of water, including drinking water which puts

irrigation of agricultural crops at risk.

Resultant, scarcity of water, no traditional crop

has been cultivated as wheat, barley, mustard,

peas, tomato, potato, rice etc. Due to lack of

water, farmers frequently visit our Institute and

request for training on such profitable crops,

which require lesser water to grow. Aloe vera is

the best crop which requires very less amount

of water. It can be cultivated in this region and

may give high profitable returns. Till date no

agrotechniques are available for this crop in

this region. The objective of the study is to

develop cultivation techniques for adoption by

local farmers in the Changar area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To study the growth and yield of Aloe vera,

an experiment was laid out in a randomized

block design (RBD) in the month of

September 30, 2009 at CSIR- Institute of

Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur

(IHBT) (Elevation 1350 m. amsl, 32º 06’05”N,

76º 34’10”E) campus farms in Palampur,

Himachal Pradesh. The details of weather,

minimum, maximum temperature, rain fall,

humidity etc. are presented in Table-1. To

standardized the agrotechniques for cultivation

of this crop. We have applied four doses of

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 88–94

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

farm yard manure (FYM) including control, to

study the growth and biomass production of A.

vera. We standardized the applied doses of

farm yard manure (FYM) in various aromatic

and medicinal crops. The soil conditions are

very well maintained by using the proposed

doses of farm yard manure (FYM). The crop

was planted as per the random block design

with three replications. The treatment consisted

of four levels of farm yard manure (0, 15, 30,

45t/ha) and plant spacing (50 cm × 50 cm).

The plot size was 3m × 3m, the plant numbers

were 36 in each plot. The soil of experimental

site is silty clay in texture, acidic in reaction

(pH6.2), high organic carbon 2.5%, low in

available N (198 kg/ha), medium in available P

(24 kg/ha) and with high available K (539

kg/ha) content at the time of plantation. The

vegetative propagation is easy and convenient.

Before the plantation, beds were prepared;

tractors ploughing was performed 3–4 times

with leveling, weeding etc. The beds were

prepared manually of 3m × 3m with best

texture and raised upto 6–8 inch in height, with

around each bed 50 cm. wide drain, around

each bed. At the same time FYM application

was given and very well mixed in the soil, 2–3

times digging the soil, leveling etc. The same

plant size, same number of leaf i.e. 2 in number

with very small 2–3 cm. length of third leaf.

The experimental plant material has been raised

in the biodiversity farm and utilized here. In the

rainy season two time weeding was performed.

The parameters like leaf number, leaf length,

secondary plants, their number and leaf length

were recorded. Finally, the duration of crops

was three years. The proposed parameters were

also recorded in the completion of second years

and third year also. The crop was harvested.

The weight of secondary plants was also

recorded.

RESULTS

As per climatic conditions of Palampur

(H.P.), the dormant period will continue from

October to March months. During this period,

there was no any promising growth. After

March, 2010, the growth had started. This

experiment was conducted without any

irrigation and was totally based upon natural

conditions. A. vera grew well with bright Sun

light and showed poor growth in shady

conditions. Aloe vera is highly sensitive to

water stagnation. So raised beds, about 6 inch

high, were prepared for the plant, because,

Palampur is a high rain fed region in Himachal

Pradesh. Extra rain water will drained out by

side drains. All observations were recorded and

statistically analyzed. The readings of leaf

number, length, secondary plants were also

recorded (Table-2 a,b,c and d) . The 1st reading

was recorded in the month of October, 2010

and June, 2011, November 2011, June 2012,

November 2012 (Table2 a,b,c and d). The final

harvest of the crop has been done in the 1st

week of December 2012.

It was observed that water was needed for

its survival and growth from dew, as collected

on surface from its leaves. Mostly, it repels

attacking insects, rodents and snakes etc.

Leaves are long and thick, juicy with a wheel

like phyllotaxy.

We had applied FYM doses four times and

it was observed that lower FYM dose F1,

15t/ha had given the best results, while F2

30t/ha and F3 45t/ha, results are comparable in

terms of fresh weight per plot. In terms of fresh

weight of secondary population, the lower dose

of FYM produced better result. It was recorded

that the overall effect of farm yard manure

(FYM) on the number of plants has been

increased from lower dose to higher dose of

used FYM. In comparison of F1, F2, F3 and

F4, it was observed that F1 treatment produced

significant results & also produced highest

number of secondary plants, in per plot basis. It

means, that Aloe vera may be cultivated with a

very normal or optimal FYM application

(Table 2 a,b,c).

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 88–94

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Table:-1 The weather data (averages in years) of experimental site in Palampur (H.P.).

Years Temperature ºC Relative Humidity

(%)

Bright Sun Rainfall Evaporation

Max Min RH RH shine hrs mm mm

2009 20.47 10.61 59.49 45.84 348.00 1768.40 2.97

2010 25.62 13.52 73.57 56.23 2410.6 2569.6 3.48

2011 23.90 13.17 81.31 67.24 331.41 2500.60 2.89

2012 24.01 12.81 70.96 56.18 348.23 2421.99 3.42

Table-2a. Effect of different doses of FYM(farm yard manure) on plant height, leaf length,

width and secondary plants of Aloe vera in three years.

2010

Plant

height

(cm)

1-10-

2010

Mean

Leaf

length

(cm)

1-10-

2010

Mean

leaf

width

lower

part

(cm)

1-10-

2010

Mean

leaf

width

upper

part

(cm)

1-10-

2010

Mean

secondary

plants/plant

no. 1-10-

2010 Mean

leaf/plant

no. 1-10-

2010

Mean

Total

secondary

plant

/plot no.

1-10-2010

Mean

F1- 15 t/ha 31.00 15.43 5.43 2.79 3.00 5.78 62.33

F2- 30 t/ha 34.78 15.72 5.72 2.83 3.67 6.00 44.67

F3- 45 t/ha 38.56 16.27 6.27 3.17 5.11 6.56 57.00

F4- 0 t/ha 28.22 14.87 4.87 2.53 2.11 5.22 19.33

CD(P=0.05) 2.37 0.29 0.29 NS 0.60 0.44 NS

Table-2b. Effect of different doses of FYM (farm yard manure) on plant height, leaf length,

width and secondary plants of Aloe vera in three years

2011

Plant

height

(cm)

3-6-

2011

Mean

Leaf

length

(cm)

3-6-

2011

Mean

leaf

width

lower

part

(cm)

3-6-

2011

Mean

leaf

width

upper

part

(cm)

3-6-

2011

Mean

secondary

plants/plant

no. 3-06-

2011 Mean

leaf/plant

no. 3-06-

2011

Mean

Total

secondary

plant

/plot no.

3-06-2011

Mean

F1- 15 t/ha 39.78 16.29 6.29 4.50 4.56 7.67 69.00

F2- 30 t/ha 43.22 16.54 6.54 3.71 6.11 8.22 50.00

F3- 45 t/ha 45.56 16.72 6.72 3.99 3.67 9.11 60.33

F4- 0 t/ha 32.89 15.66 5.66 3.57 2.67 7.22 24.33

CD(P=0.05) 1.38 0.25 0.25 NS 1.39 0.31 NS

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 88–94

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Table-2c. Effect of different doses of FYM (farm yard manure) on plant height, leaf length,

width, secondary plants and fresh weight of Aloe vera in three years

Table-2d. Effect of different doses of FYM (farm yard manure) on secondary plants and total

fresh weight of Aloe vera in three years.

In the case of fresh weight per plant and per

plot, the results were in increasing order from

lower dose to higher dose (Table 2, c and d).

DISCUSSION

Success stories of Aloe vera farmers.

The National Commission on Farmers

(NCF) doctrines that farmers are the centre of

our agriculture and economic progress of

farmers provides prosperity of our Nation. Mr.

Madan Chaudhary s/o Shri Dena Ram

Chaudhary from Jodhpur (Rajasthan) is

growing Aloe vera in 8 hectare land. The yield

is 25qtl/ha, after cutting leaves every interval of

three months. Even the lacking irrigation of

water besides him about 50 numbers of farmers

was growing Aloe vera and supply leaves

nationally, especially to Patanjali Industries.

Besides him, Mr. Jaki Hussain of village

Seoraderiya block Amta 2, post office, Barda,

District Howrah pin 711401, is a progressive

farmer of this region. He has grown about 2.93

2012

Treatment Plant

height

(cm)

2-6-

2012

Mean

Leaf

length

(cm) 2-

6-2012

Mean

leaf

width

lower

part

(cm)

2-6-

2012

Mean

leaf

width

upper

part

(cm) 2-

6-2012

Mean

leaf/pla

nt no.

2-06-

2012

Mean

Total

seconda

ry plant

/plot no.

2-06-

2012

Mean

Plant

fresh

weight/pl

ant (kg)

18-06-

2012

Mean

F1- 0 t/ha 40.78 17.61 7.61 4.83 8.89 28.33 1.77

F2- 15 t/ha 49.11 18.23 8.23 5.00 9.56 35.33 2.85

F3- 30 t/ha 53.00 18.66 8.66 4.98 10.44 39.33 3.33

F4-45 t/ha 54.89 18.91 8.91 4.89 11.56 43.00 3.52

CD(P=0.05) 0.83 0.25 0.25 NS 0.57 5.49 0.37

2012

Treatment Secondary

plant fresh

weight/plant

18-06-2012

Mean

Secondary

plant total

weight/plot

(kg) 18-06-

2012 Mean

Total fresh

weight

kg/plot 18-

06-2012

Mean

Total fresh

weight t/ha

18-06-2012

Mean

F1- 0 t/ha 0.23 6.48 70.08 77.87

F2- 15 t/ha 0.37 12.95 115.55 128.39

F3- 30 t/ha 0.75 29.43 149.43 166.04

F4-45 t/ha 0.98 41.62 168.22 186.91

CD(P=0.05) 0.26 6.64 12.81 14.23

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 88–94

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

ha Aloe vera and earns more profit in

comparison to traditional crops like; wheat,

barley, rice maize etc. Cost of cultivation, all

crops management, harvesting and other related

expenditures and income has been given by

Biswas (2010).

As per our experimental success, we can

also provide the cultivation techniques to local

farmers, especially to the 'Changar' region,

where, water availability for irrigation is almost

negligible. As per regional climatic conditions,

the traditional crops could not be grown due to

lack of water. In those cases Aloe vera may be

cultivated very well. This crop can survive upto

7 years without water (Manvitha & Bidya,

2014).

The main purpose to lay out this Aloe vera

an experimental trial was to standardize the

agro-techniques of cultivation of this crop in

the Kangra region. Second, the motive was to

train the local and 'Changar' area farmers to

grow this crop by using proper package and

practices of its cultivation. Moreover, a major

problem of this region and also in the whole of

Himachal Pradesh state is increasing monkey

population such that they destroy all traditional

crops including orchards and vegetables. Aloe

vera crop is beyond monkey’s approach of

destruction. It can be grown in any type of soil

and climate (Davis, 2009, and Biswas, 2010)

with well drained soil.

Here, in our trial, we used raised beds, due

to high rain fed region (Table1) as it cannot be

grown in water stagnated conditions. However,

Aloe vera tolerates a rainfall ranging from 1000

to 1200 mm, which is ideal for its cultivation

(Biswas, 2010). As per our experimental

results, the normal FYM 15t/ha application

produced the highest secondary plants. The

other used FYM doses F2 and F3 had produced

significant plant growth, leaf number and

higher fresh weight (Table 2 a,b,c and d). In the

control treatment, there is a lot of difference in

growth and in over all biomass production.

Better crop management will provide better

yield results. October-November is the best

period for harvesting. We harvested it in the

month of November. However, due to dormant

period, growth was slowed down, but as and

when the climatic conditions become normal,

the significant growth and biomass production

were recorded. Our results were also in

agreement with that of the study conducted by

biswas 2010.

Aloe vera has been found to be the crop that

can be better suited for climate change

adaptation programmes in drought prone areas

where other crops dry up (Senelwa, 2009). It

has been reported in literature that this crop can

be cultivated and established under very hard

conditions (Njuguna, 2005 and Senelwa, 2009).

As per our observations, it can be cultivated in

Changar region of H.P. and also in the highly

populated areas with monkey menace. Besides

this, state medicinal plant board has also given

incentives to growers regarding this crop and

providing free of cost plants material to the

farmers.

Aloe vera contains many organic

compounds, of which aloin is the main

constituent. Besides these, it has 12 type

vitamins, 20 type’s amino acids, 20 kind’s

minerals and about 200 various types of

polysaccharides. Aloe vera has also different

types of glycol-protein, which are used for

human health. In ayurvedic medicine, Aloin A

and B are principles compounds. Indian

pharmaceutical companies have high demand

of jelly of Aloe vera. Farmers may earn very

high, because the cost of cultivation is

approximately 1,10,000/ha and expected

income is about 3,40,000 (Biswas, 2010). The

net profit is about 2,30,000/ha.

It can be concluded from our study that this

crop may be grown very easily with very low

inputs and high yield and biomass production.

This crop giving high dividends should be

adopted in a large scale in the water scarce

'Changar' region of Himachal Pradesh.

CONCLUSION

Aloe vera is a most ancient Indian crop and

has a long history of its medicinal importance

with diverse therapeutic, immune-modulator,

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 88–94

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

polysaccharides, antimicrobial, antioxidant and

other herbal formulations. The agro-technology

of its cultivation has been developed. For

standardization the agro-techniques, different

farm yard manure (FYM) has been applied in

50 × 50 cm. spacing. It was recorded that

overall yield and biomass production of this

crop was increased from lower FYM dose to

higher dose. Besides, a lot of plant material has

been raised and distributed to the farmers,

NGO’s and other needy persons with all

technical know-how. An alternate crop was

introduced in the desert land, where no

irrigation water was available to cultivate even

traditional crops. The work has been done for

societal upliftment and also raising their

financial status.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Dr. R.D. Singh, Chief Scientist and head of

Biodiversity division has pass away in a road

accident in October, 2014. This work has been

dedicated to him, we always remember his

sincere advice in these studies and all over

R&D work.

REFERENCES

Aloe vera cultivation services (2010). Aloe vera

barbadensis Miller cultivation in India.

Internet, last up-date: March 27–

2010.10:08.

Biswas, BC (2010). Cultivation of Medicinal

Plant Success Stories of Two Farmers.

Fertiliser Marketing News, Vol.14 (3).

Pp.1–4 & 20.

Davis, UC (2009). The genus Aloe. Botanical

Notes.1:1–10.

Manvitha, K and Bidya, B (2014). Aloe vera: a

wonder plant its history, cultivation and

medicinal uses. Jou.of pharm. And

phyto. Vol.2 (5) 85–88.

Njuguna, M (2005). Aloe production and

International trade. In: Daily Nation.

Senelwa, Kennedy (2009). Aloe vera growing

takes root in Kenya. Daily Nation.

Wabuyele, EE, Sletten Bjora C, Nordal Inger

and Newton, EL (2006). Distribution,

Diversity and conservation of the Genus

Aloe in Kenya. Journal of East African

Natural History. 95 (2), 213–225.

Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

IN PRAISE OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT RICINUS COMMUNIS L.:

A REVIEW

Sonali Bhakta1 & Shonkor Kumar Das

2*

1,2Bioresearch Laboratory (Cancer and Herbal Research Center), Dept. of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of

Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh;

*Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]/ [email protected]; Contact: +88-01716-855186/

01616855186;

Received: 25/03/2015; Revised: 22/04/2015; Accepted: 05/05/2015

ABSTRACT

Medicinal plants have a vital role to take care of the healthy human life. The large family

Euphorbiaceae contains nearly about 300 genera and 7,500 species. Amongst all, Ricinus communis

L. or castor bean plant has high traditional and medicinal values towards a disease free community.

The castor bean plant is effective as antifertility, antiimplantation, anticancer, antioxidant,

antinociceptive, in vitro immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antiulcer, antimicrobial

and antifungal, insecticidal, bone regeneration, central anagesic, antihistaminic, antiasthmatic,

molluscicidal and larvicidal, lipolytic, antiinflammatory and wound healing. In addition, the

constituents present in this plant are beneficial for the purpose of contraception leaving no

detrimental effects on the body. The present review highlights the importance of this medicinal plant

(Ricinus communis L.), also aiming to draw the necessary attention as a frontier one.

KEYWORDS: Medicinal plant, Ricinus communis L. (castor bean), biological effects, future prospects

Review article

Cite this article:

Sonali Bhakta & Shonkor Kumar Das (2015), IN PRAISE OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT

RICINUS COMMUNIS L.: A REVIEW, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume

4(5): 95–105

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

INTRODUCTION

It is true that without nature human life is

not possible. The food, clothes and shelter are

the three basic needs of human beings and the

most important one is the sound health, which

is chiefly provided by the plant kingdom (Jena

et al., 2012). Plant kingdom is the richest

source of organic compounds that have been

used for medicinal purposes. In traditional

medicine, there are many natural crude drugs

that have the potentials to treat the diseases and

disorders, such a mentionable one is Ricinus

communis L. [Family: Euphorbiaceae,

popularly known as 'castor plant' and

commonly known as ‘palm of Christ’, Jada

(Oriya), Verenda (Bengali), Endi (Hindi),

Errandi (Marathi), and Diveli (Guajarati)] This

plant is widespread throughout the tropical

regions as an ornamental plant (Maman et al.,

2005).

The active constituents present in the plant

determine the medicinal or biological effects of

that plant. There are many chemical

constituents present in the castor bean plant

(leaf, fruit, seed, stem and oil etc.); among

them the most active ingredient is the ricin.

Ricin is chiefly present in the seed (Figure

1) and oil of castor bean plant. It is cytotoxic

and inhibits the protein synthesis in eukaryotic

cells. Each toxin consists of 2 polypeptide

chains with different functions (Lin et al., 1972

and Olsnes et al., 1974). The B-chain, or

"haptomer," binds the toxin to certain cell

surface receptors carrying terminal galactose

residues. After being bound to the cell surface,

the toxin or its active part, the A-chain or

"effectomer," which is attached to the B-chain

by a disulfide bond, somehow penetrates into

the cytoplasm where it inactivates the 60 S

ribosomal subunits, thus inhibiting protein

synthesis (Sperti et al., 1973 and Benson et al.,

1975). A tumor-inhibiting effect of ricin was

reported by Mosinger et al., (1951). Lin et al.

(1972) found a strong protective effect of abrin

and ricin against Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in

mice. Others have found a growth-inhibiting

effect of ricin on Ehrlich ascites tumor and

sarcoma, but the effect was much less than as

reported by Lin et al. (1972). A certain

protective effect against experimental leukemia

was also reported. In preliminary studies, the

toxins have also been used in the treatment of

certain forms of human cancers. In the few

cases reported thus far, the results appear

promising and a few side effects have been

observed. These toxins had a clear inhibitory

effect on tumor growth without a depressive

effect on the level of WBC. Although there are

many toxic effects of ricin, but from the very

ancient times people use this plant seed for

several purposes. This plant has many

medicinal uses that are potential for the

prevention of diseases leaving no baleful

effects on the health if the dose is maintained

properly (below the toxic level). In the

following section, a comprehensive coverage of

the literature covering the taxonomical

classification, ancient uses, chemical

constituent, biological effects/clinical uses and

the remarkable prospects of Ricinus communis

L. is presented.

Taxonomical classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Order: Malpighiales

Family: Euphorbiaceae

Sub Family: Acalyphoideae

Tribe: Acalypheae

Sub Tribe: Ricininae

Genus: Ricinus

Species: Ricinus communis L.

Figure 1: Seed of Ricinus communis L.

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

THE ANCIENT USE OF RICINUS

COMMUNIS L.

The castor beans are known for their high

toxicity for centuries. In ancient times, farmers

knew to keep their livestock away from the

castor plant or else they would risk losing them.

Their seeds have been also used in folk

medicine against a wide variety of diseases

(David et al., 2007). The use of these proteins

of the castor bean seed is being reviewed for

medical treatments since ancient times. Later,

their important roles in the early days of

immunological research and some of the

fundamental principles of immunology were

discovered. During the last three decades, the

mechanism of action of the toxins was

elucidated. This led to a major effort to target

the toxins to malignant cells. Ricin has been

used in bioterrorism also. Recently, the toxins

have played important roles as experimental

models to elucidate the intracellular trafficking

of endocytosed proteins (Olsnes et al., 2004).

Although the castor bean plant Ricinus

communis L. originated from Asia and Africa,

nowadays it can be found in Europe and

America also (Olsnes et al., 1974). Castor oil is

still produced in large quantities throughout the

world and the toxin which remains in the castor

meal after the oil has been extracted with

hexane or carbon tetrachloride is easily

removed through a simple salting-out

procedure (David et al., 2007).

There are versatile uses of this plant (Oil,

leaf, seed and fruit) in different aspects of life.

Bulk of the commercial oil is generally

processed in a number of ways and then used

for different purposes. The treated oil can also

be used as paints, enamels and varnishes,

oiled fabrics, linoleum, patent leather, fly-

paper, typewriting and printing inks, greases

and special lubricants.

The leaves have also been recommended

in the form of a decoction or poultice and as

an application to the breasts of women to

increase the secretion of milk (Bentley et al.,

2007). Castor cake is used as manure in this

sub-continent especially in India. It is rich in

nitrogen and other minerals, and has been

found to be suitable as a manure for paddy,

sugarcane, tobacco etc.

The powdered leaves are used for

repelling aphids, mosquitoes, white flies and

rust mites. Leaves are said to be used in the

form of a poultice or fomentation on sores,

boils and swellings. Oil derived from the

leaves is commonly applied over the abdomen

to give relief in the flatulence in the children

(The Wealth of India, 1972).

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF

RICINUS COMMUNIS L.

The preliminary phytochemical study of R.

communis revealed the presence of steroids,

saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides

in it.

The dried leaves of R. communis showed

the presence of two alkaloids, ricinine (0.55%)

(Figure 2C) and N-demethylricinine (0.016%)

(Figure 2B) and six flavones: glycosides

kaempferol-3-O-β-D-Xylopyranoside,

kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,

quercetin-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, quercetin-

3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-

rutinoside and quercetin-3-O-β-rutinoside

(Kang et al., 1985). The monoterpenoids (1, 8-

cineole, camphor and α-pinene) and

asesquiterpenoid (β-caryophyllene), gallic acid,

quercetin, gentisic acid, rutin, epicatechin and

ellagic acid are the major phenolic compounds

isolated from leaves. Indole-3-acetic acid has

been extracted from the roots (Darmanin et al.,

2009 and Singh et al., 2009).

The seeds and fruits contain 45% of fixed

oil, which consist glycosides of ricinoleic,

isoricinoleic, stearic and dihydroxystearic acids

and also lipases and a crystalline alkaloid,

ricinine (Khogali et al., 2006). The GLC (Gas

Liquid Chromatography) study of castor oil

showed the presence of ester form of palmitic

(1.2%), stearic (0.7%), arachidic (0.3%)

hexadecenoic (0.2%), oleic (3.2%), linoleic

(3.4%), linolenic (0.2%), ricinoleic (89.4%)

and dihydroxy stearic acids.

The stem also contains ricinine. The ergost-

5-en-3-ol, stigmasterol, Y-sitosterolfucosterol;

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and one probucol isolated from the ether extract

of seeds. The GC-MS analyses of R. communis

essential oil (using capillary columns) are

identified compounds like α-thujone (31.71%)

(Figure 2A) and 1, 8- cineole (30.98%), α-

pinene (16.88%), camphor (12.92%) and

camphene (7.48%). Lupeol and 30-Norlupan-

3β-ol-20-one are obtained from coat of castor

bean (Malcolm et al., 1968).

Figure 2: Chemical structures of the active constituents of Ricinus communis L.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY / CLINICAL

USES

Antifertility effects of Ricinus communis L.

The methanolic extract of R. communis

seed possesses both steroids and alkaloids. The

pituitary gland releases gonadotrophins due to

the sex hormones by both positive and negative

feedback mechanism and also the pituitary

gland block the release of luteinizing hormone

(LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

because of the combined effect of oestrogen

and progesterone in the luteal phase of the

menstrual cycle. Finally, it helps the inhibition

of maturation of the follicle in the ovary and

prevents ovulation. The sex hormone being

steroidal compounds (phytosterols) and the

presence of steroids in methanol extract of

Ricinus communis seed produces antifertility

effects (Sani et al., 2007 and Sandhyakumary et

al., 2003) (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Mechanism of antifertility effects of Ricinus communis L.

Fig 2C: Ricinine Fig 2A: Alpha thuzone Fig 2B: N-d methylene

Pituitary gland

FSH LH

OVARY

Releases Methanolic extract inhibits

the gonadal hormones to

act due to the presence of

steroids

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Recent studies showed that, the seed extract

have been found to possess antifertility activity.

The ether soluble portion of the methanol

extract of seeds when administered

subcutaneously to adult female rats and rabbits

showed antiimplantation and anticonceptive

activity (Okwuasaba et al., 1991).The extract

protected the animals from getting pregnant for

over three gestation periods. Further, the

extract did not show any long term effect on the

pups that were born after the extract effect. The

seed extract was found to possess

antiimplantation and abortifacient effects. It

was also observed that the seed extract

prolonged the estrus cycle of guineapigs. The

di-estrus phase was significantly prolonged as

well. After stopping the administration of the

extract, the normal di-estrus phase and estrus

cycle started to resume. The seed extract also

reduced the weight of the uterus without

affecting that of the ovaries significantly. The

antifertility effect of R. communis in female

guineapigs might be extrapolated to human

beings. The 50% alcohol extract of the roots

possess significant reversible antifertility effect.

There was a drastic reduction in the epididymal

sperm counts in male rats. The extract also

caused changes in the motility, mode of

movement and morphology of the sperms. The

reductions in the fructose and testosterone

levels further suggested the reduced

reproductive performance (Ram & Geetanjali,

2015).

In the Bioresearch Laboratory of the Dept.

of Anatomy and Histology, Bangladesh

Agricultural University, Mymenisngh-2202,

Bangladesh, the efficacy of the aqueous extract

of the castor bean seed for the antifertility

activity in Swiss albino mice has been observed

and evaluated. In this research, it was revealed

that the aqueous extract of the seed of Ricinus

communis is practically potential for the

contraception. In addition, gross and

histological studies showed that there were no

adverse effects on the vital organs of the body.

Also, the hematological parameters had a

positive impact that is practically beneficial

during the pregnancy period.

Antiimplantation activity:

The ether soluble portion of the

methanol extract of Ricinus communis var.

minor possesses antiimplantation,

anticonceptive and estrogenic activity in

adult female rats and rabbits when

administered subcutaneously at a dose upto

1.2 g/kg b. wt. and 600 mg/kg b. wt., in divided

doses respectively (Okwuasaba et al., 1991).

Anticancer activity:

A lectin isolated from R. communis is ricin

A, possesses antitumor activity, that was

more toxic to tumor cells than to non-

transformed cells, judged from the ED50 of

the lectin towards tumor cells and non-

transformed cells (Lin et al., 1986).

Antioxidant activity:

R. communis seed extracts produce the

antioxidant activity by using lipid per oxidation

via ferric thiocynate method and free radical

scavenging effect on 2,2 diphenyl-1-

picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and hydroxyl

radical generated from hydrogen peroxide. The

high antioxidant activity of the seed of R.

communis at low concentration shows that it

could be very useful for the treatment of

disease resulting from oxidative stress. The

responsible chemical constituent of R.

communis which produces antioxidant activity

is Methyl ricinoleate, Ricinoleic acid, 12-

octadecadienoic acid and Methyl ester. The

Ricinus communis stem and leaf extracts also

produce antioxidant activity due to the presence

of flavonoids in their extracts (Gupta et al.,

2006 and Singh et al., 2010). Some studies

revealed that gallic acid, quercetin, gastisic

acid, rutin, epicatechin and ellagic acid are the

major phenolic compounds responsible for the

antioxidant activity of the dry leaves of Ricinus

communis (Singh et al., 2009).

Antinociceptive activity:

The methanolic leaves extract of R.

communis possesses significant antinociceptive

activity against acetic acid induced writhing

test, formalin induced paw licking and tail

immersion methods in mice. The

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antinociceptive activity showed due to the

presence preliminary phyto-constituents like

saponins, steroids and alkaloids (Dnyaneshwar

et al., 2011).

In vitro immunomodulatory activity:

The plant and animal origin

immunomodulatory agents generally increase

the immune responsiveness of the human body

against pathogens by activating the non-

specific immune system. The presence of

tannins in the leaves of R. communis

significantly increased the phagocytic function

of human neutrophils and resulted in

production of a possible immunomodulatory

effect (Kumar et al., 2007).

Hepatoprotective activity:

Ricinus communis leaves ethanolic extract

250–500 mg/kg b.wt. (The dose is below the

toxic level) possesses hepatoprotective activity

due to their inhibitory activities of an increase

in the activities of serum transaminases and the

level of liver lipid per oxidation, protein,

glycogen and the activities of acid and alkaline

phosphatase in liver induced by carbon

tetrachloride (CCL4). The R. communis

ethanolic extract 250–500 mg/kg b.wt. also

treated the depletion of glutathione level and

adenosine triphosphatase activity which was

observed in the CCl4-induced rat liver. The

presence of flavonoids in ethanol extract of R.

communis produces beneficial effect as the

flavonoids have the membrane stabilizing and

antiperoxidative effects. Hence, R. communis

increases the regenerative and reparative

capacity of the liver due to the presence of

flavonoids and tannins. The anticholestatic and

hepatoprotective activity was seen against

paracetamol-induced hepatic damage due to the

presence of N-demethylricinine isolated from

the leaves of Ricinus communis. The whole

leaves of Ricinus communis. showed the

protective effect against liver necrosis as well

as fatty changes induced by CCL4 while the

glycoside and cold aqueous extract provide

protection only against liver necrosis and fatty

changes, respectively (Natu et al., 1977; Shukla

et al., 1992; Visen et al., 1992 and Princea et

al., 2011).

Antidiabetic activity:

The ethanolic extract of roots of Ricinus

communis (RCRE) was investigated along with

its bioassay-guided purification. By the

administration of the effective dose (500 mg/kg

b. wt.) of RCRE to the diabetic rats for 20 days

possess favorable effects not only on fasting

blood glucose, but also on total lipid profile and

liver and kidney functions. Amongst all

fractions the R-18 fraction suggests the

significant antihyperglycemic activity. RCRE

showed no significant difference in alkaline

phosphatase, serum bilirubin, creatinine, serum

glutamate oxaloacetate transaminases, serum

glutamate pyruvate transaminases and total

protein which was observed even after the

administration of the extract at a dose of 10

g/kg b. wt. Thus, R. communis is a potent

phytomedicine for diabetes (Shokeen et al.,

2008).

Antiulcer activity:

The castor oil of R. communis seed

possesses significant antiulcer properties at a

dose of 500 mg/kg b.wt. and 1000 mg/kg b.wt.

(Below the toxic level), but at the dose 1000

mg/kg b.wt. was more potent against the

ulceration caused by pylorus ligation, aspirin

and ethanol in rats. The result showed that the

antiulcer activity of R. communis is due to the

cytoprotective action of the drug or

strengthening of gastric mucosa and thus

enhancing the mucosal defence (Rachhadiya et

al., 2011).

Antimicrobial and antifungal activity:

The secondary infections in the immune

compromised oral cancer cases were due to the

bacterial and fungal species. The co-

administration Ricinus communis with the

immunosuppressant drugs for the prevention

of infection against oral cancer treatment

patient showed a significant result (Panghal et

al., 2011).

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Insecticidal activity:

The insecticidal value of the castor oil plant

(Ricinus communis) in controlling the termites

which damage the wood of Mangifera indica

and Pinus longifolia were examined. In

comparative trials, the order of insecticidal

activity was: DDT = BHC > castor oil + castor

cake (1:1) > castor oil > castor leaves > castor

cake > neem oil > neem leaves. All

treatments significantly reduced weight loss in

wood pieces exposed to termites (Sharma et al.,

1990).

Bone regeneration activity:

Ricinus communis polyurethane (RCP) has

been studied for its biocompatibility and its

ability to stimulate the bone regeneration.

Results showed that RCP blended with

calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate

could promote matrix mineralization and are

biocompatible materials (Beloti et al., 2003).

Incorporating alkaline phosphatase to RCP with

subsequent incubation in synthetic body fluid

could improve the biological properties of RCP

(Darmanin et al., 2009). The advantage seen in

RCP as compared to demineralized bone is that

the former has a slower reabsorption process

(Beloti et al., 2008).

Central analgesic activity:

The crude extract of root bark of Ricinus

communis possesses central analgesic activity

in tail flick response model to radiant heat

at a dose of 250 mg/kg b.wt. The ethanolic

extract of pericarp of fruit of Ricinus communis

possesses typical CNS stimulant and

neuroleptic effects (Almeida et al., 2009). The

stimulant effects, such as exophthamus,

hyperreactivity (evidenced by tremors or by

the pinna and grip-strength reaction),

memory improvement, and clonic seizures,

seem to be due to the presence of the

alkaloid ricinine. The main toxic compound of

the extract also seems to be ricinine, because

animals that died after administration of extract

or ricinine showed similar signs: they all

died after the occurrence of clonic seizures

followed by an apparent breathing arrest. On

the other hand, compounds other than ricinine

may be responsible for the neuroleptic-like

effects of the extract, because ricinine did

not cause reduction of locomotor activity or

catalepsy in the mice (Ferraz et al.,1999).

Antihistaminic Activity:

The ethanolic extract of R. communis L.

root has the antihistaminic activity at the dose

100, 125, and 150 mg/kg b.wt. when inserted in

to the body intraperitoneally by using clonidine

induced catalepsy in mice (Dnyaneshwar et al.,

2011).

Antiasthmatic activity:

The ethanolic extract of root of R.

communis is effective in treatment of asthma

because of its antiallergic and mast cell

stabilizing potential activity. Saponins has mast

cell stabilizing effect and the flavonoids

possess smooth muscle relaxant and

bronchodilator activity; the apigenin and

luteolin like flavonoids generally inhibit

basophil from histamine release and neutrophils

from beta glucuronidase release, and finally

shows invivo antiallergic activity. The ethanolic

extract of R. communis decreases milk induced

leucocytosis and eosinophilia and possess

antiasthmatic activity due to presence of

flavonoids or saponins (Dnyaneshwar et al.,

2011).

Molluscicidal and larvicidal activity:

The leaf extract of R. communis possess

molluscicidal activity against Lymnaea

acuminata and the seed extracts showed better

molluscicidal activity than the leaf extracts

against S. frugiperda due to the active

ingredients like castor oil and ricinine. The

aqueous leaves extracts of R. communis possess

suitable larvicidal activity against Anopheles

arabiensis, Callosobruchus chinensis and

Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes (Sharma et

al., 2009, Upasani et al., 2003 and Ramos et

al., 2010).

Lipolytic activity:

The ricin produces the lipolytic activity by

using the various substrates: (i) one analogue of

triacylglycerol, BAL-TC; (ii) various

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chromogenic substrates such as p-NP esters of

a liphatic short to medium chain acids, and (iii)

monomolecular films of a pure natural

diacylglycerol, DC 10 in emulsion and in a

Membrane-like model. It reveals that ricin from

R. communis act as a lipase and has the

capability of hydrolyzing different lipid classes.

The action of ricin on membrane phospholipids

could occur through a phospholipase activity

which is very often as a minor activity of

lipases (Lombard et al., 2001).

Antiinflammatory activity:

The antiinflammatory activities of the

methanolic extracts of the leaves and root were

studied in Wistar albino rats in acute and

chronic inflammatory models. The study

indicated that the paw edema formation due to

subplantar administration of carragennan,

characterizing the cellular events of acute

inflammation. The methanolic leaves extract of

R. communis @ 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt.

possess protective effect in prevention of

cellular events during edema formation and in

all the stages of acute inflammation. The anti-

inflammatory activity of R. communis was due

to the presence of flavonoids because the

flavonoids had the protective effect against

carragennan-induced paw edema in rats

(Darmanin et al., 2009 and Beloti et al., 2003).

Wound healing activity:

The Ricinus communis possess wound

healing activity due to the active constituent of

castor oil which produces antioxidant activity

by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The study of

wound healing activity of castor oil was in

terms of scar area, % closure of scar area and

epithelization in excision wound model. Due to

the astringent and antimicrobial property the

tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids and

sesquiterpenes present in the castor oil,

promote the wound healing process, which are

responsible for wound contraction and

increased rate of epithelialisation. The study

resulted that the castor oil showed wound

healing activity by reducing the scar area and

also the epithelialisation time in excision

wound model (Prasad et al., 2011).

POSSIBLE PROSPECTS

The castor bean (Ricinus communis) is a

very useful medicinal plant having no adverse

effects on the body. Nowadays, people are

becoming more and more dependent on the

herbal products rather than the chemical ones

due to their residual effects on the long run

(Das et al., 2010). The multidisciplinary use of

the active constituents of the castor bean

reveals that it will be possible to find out new

herbal products in the field of medical

science/ethno-botanical science for the better

health of the human being. The contraceptive

effect of the chemical constituent of the castor

bean (Ricinus communis) has also added a new

dimension in the field of birth control might be

useful in the densely populated countries even

having no baleful effects on the body as the

chemical birth control pills do. The antioxidant

and free radical scavenging activities of phyto-

components isolated from this plant give us an

impression that the plant might be the future

prospective target for diversified panel of

tumors and cancers. A systematic scientific

approach from phytochemicals either in pure or

crude form to modern drug development can

provide valuable drugs from traditional

medicinal plants. Development of such

medicines with international safety and efficacy

can give better and satisfactory treatment of

various diseases. To ensure ample

production of phyto-constituents with in

limited space and time, new approaches

must be adopted. This is because the

prospecting of bio-resources for economic

development is emerging as a new economic

venture.

CONCLUSION

The Ricinus communis or castor plant is a

native plant of the Indian subcontinent. It has

various pharmacological actions, some of them

are reviewed here but still this plant has much

novel potentials which are yet to explore. The

pharmacological activities reported in the

present review confirm that the therapeutic

value of Ricinus communis is very high having

a leading capacity for the development of a

new, safe, effective and cheaper drug in future.

But it needs more elaborative study,

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 95–105

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pharmacological investigations, clinical trials,

more exploration and public awareness for the

best utilization of its medicinal properties.

Hence, the industrial entrepreneurs also should

come forward with new concepts and steps

towards the best use of this potential medicinal

plant.

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Conflict of Interest: None Declared

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 106–110

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

CONCEPT OF AHARA PARINAMAKARA BHAVA IN CONTEXT TO

LIFESTYLE

Saylee Deshmukh1*, Vyas M K

2, Bhushan Sanghavi

3

1Ph.D Scholar, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in

Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India 2Professor, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda,

Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India. 3M.S.Scholar, Department of Surgery, R.A.Podar Ayurved College, Worli, Mumbai- India

*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]

Received: 05/04/2015; Revised: 01/05/2015; Accepted: 15/05/2015

ABSTRACT

The 6 Ahara Parinamakara bhava as described in Charaka Samhita are the factors which are

responsible for digestion. Each has specific role in the process of digestion. The word Lifestyle

includes dietary habits, water drinking habits, conducts after meal etc which have been described in

detail in Ayurveda. Improper Lifestyle leads to indigestion due to lack of Ahara Parinamakara

bhava. Present study aims at establishment of relationship between Lifestyle and Ahara

Parinamakara Bhava.

KEYWORDS: Ahara parinamakara bhava, lifestyle, indigestion

Short Review

Cite this article:

Saylee Deshmukh, Vyas M K, Bhushan Sanghavi (2015), CONCEPT OF

AHARA PARINAMAKARA BHAVA IN CONTEXT TO LIFESTYLE,

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(5): 106–110

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 106–110

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

INTRODUCTION:

In modern era of Lifestyle disorders like

Diabetes mellitus, Obesity etc., occurrence of

digestive system disorders is also very

common. Behind them wrong dietary habits is

the most important cause. As stated in texts of

Ayurveda, disorders related to digestion are the

root cause of all diseases (Brahmanand

Tripathi, 2007). The main culprit of this chain

is lack of Ahara Parinamakara bhava (factors

responsible for digestion) which are essential

for proper digestion.

Ahara Parinamakara bhava have been

described by Acharya Charaka directly in

Sharirasthana 6th

adhyaya and indirectly in

Grahanichikitsa adhyaya. They are six in

number. (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) All of

them have specific role in digestion. Lack of

these leads to indigestion (Brahmanand

Tripathi, 2006). In the present era of changing

Lifestyle due to increased competition and

stress, people are less conscious about their

dietary habit which is a leading cause of

digestive system disorders. The word Lifestyle

includes Dietary habits, water drinking habits,

conducts after meal etc. which have been

described in detail in texts of Ayurveda (Saylee

Deshmukh et al., 2015).

Dietary habits include description of Ahara

vidhi vidhana like Ushna (luke-warm), Snigdha

(unctuous), Matravat (proper quantity) bhojana

(meal) etc. described by Acharya Charaka

(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). Water drinking

habits include proper quantity and proper time

of water intake, while conducts after meal have

been described by Acharya Sushruta (Ananta

Ram Sharma, 2008).

Present study aims at elaboration of the

concept of Ahara parinamakara bhava in

correlation with Lifestyle.

MATERIALS AND METHOD:

Literary review and interpretation of

classical texts of Ayurveda namely Charaka

Samhita Sushruta Samhita, Astanga Samgraha,

Astanga Hridaya. Commentaries of Charaka

samhita- Ayurvedadipika, Jalpakalpataru,

Charakopaskara, research articles related to

this topic.

Concept of Ahara Parinamakara bhava:

The six Ahara Parinamakara Bhava

described by Acharya Charaka are namely-

Ushma, Vayu, Kleda, Sneha, Kala and

Samayoga.

1) Ushma (Heat): Ushma is very

important factor for digestion. For the

digestive enzymes, Agni is the term

given by Acharyas which itself shows

the importance of heat in this process.

2) Vayu (Gas): According to Acharya

Charaka, ‘Apakarshana’ is a function

of Vayu (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).

Its meaning has been given by

commentator Chakrapani as to bring

the distant situated food more in contact

with Agni (Y.T. Acharya, 2008).

3) Kleda (moisture): Kleda helps the food

to get loosened which is essential for

proper digestion (Brahmanand Tripathi,

2006). Loosened food gets more contact

with digestive enzymes (William

Beaumont, 1838).

4) Sneha (unctuousness): It softens the

food (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).

5) Kala (Time): It is normal time taken for

digestion of food taken in normal

quantity (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).

6) Samayoga (appropriate

administration): Samayoga has been

defined by commentator Chakrapani as

administration of the proper food with

consideration of Prakriti (constitution)

etc. 8 Ahara Vidhi visheshayatanani

(factors determining the utility of food)

(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). While

commentator Yogindranath Sen defined

it as proper combination of all above 5

Ahara Parinamakara bhavas (J.N.Sen,

1905).

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 106–110

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

DISCUSSION:

The 6 Ahara Parinamakara Bhavas are the

factors which are important for proper

digestion. Among them first is Ushma which

can be correlated with ‘Ushnam Ashniyat’

(intake of luke-warm food) which is one of the

Ahara Vidhi Vidhana given by Acharya

Charaka (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). In

modern era, due to lack of time, mostly cold

food is being eaten due to busy work schedules

etc. According to modern researchers also, in

stomach, the digestion goes on best at

temperature of about 99F to 100F. When

temperature lowers to that of atmosphere, the

digestion process almost ceases. It renews after

addition of calories In an experiment, ingestion

of a single glass of water having temp of 50F,

sufficed to depress heat of stomach upwards by

30F and normal temperature was regained

after half an hour. So, intake of cold food, ices

in large quantity, drinking cold water after or

during meal slow down the process of digestion

(William Beaumont, 1838).

Description about Vayu given in texts gives

clear idea about propelling movements of

muscles of stomach which helps the food to be

more in contact with gastric juice (William

Beaumont, 1838). Cessation of gastric

movements can occur in 2 ways either by

internal pressure or external pressure. Internal

pressure occurs by excessive intake of food and

external pressure can occur due to tight clothes

or wrong sitting or sleeping posture which is

capable of increasing pressure on abdomen.

Ahara Parinamakara Bhava Vayu can be

correlated with Ahara Vidhi Vidhana-

‘Matravat bhojana’ and Bhojanottara Vidhi

Vidhana- ‘Rajavat Asana.’ Matravat bhojana

(intake of food in proper quantity) prevents the

internal pressure due to excess food intake and

Rajavat Asana (sitting in comfortable position)

prevents the external pressure.

Kleda can be correlated with water intake

during meal. According to modern researchers,

water intake during meal helps to loosen the

food properly and also stimulates gastric

secretions. (S Wyard, 1935). Sneha i.e.

unctuousness is essential for proper digestion

because according to modern researches, hard

food can’t get digested properly (William

Beaumont, 1838). Kala can be correlated with

Jirne (intake of food after digestion of previous

food), Nati-vilambita (not too slow) and

Natidruta (not too fast) bhojana. Due to intake

of food before digestion of previous food and

slow intake of food, previous food gets mixed

up with the product of food taken afterwards

(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) and leads to

indigestion (Hitesh A. Vyas, R. R. Dwivedi,

2011). About Nati-druta bhojana, proper

chewing of food would ensure proper mixing

and loosening of food in the buccal cavity.

These days’ people eat very urgently where

they do not allow the food to get chewed

properly. Proper mixing of saliva is not ensured

which may also lead to hard food entering the

stomach which does not get easily digested.

While slow intake of food results in mixing of

digested and undigested food which leads to

improper digestion (Brahmanand Tripathi,

2006). So, Ati-druta (too slow) and Ati-

vilambita (too fast) and frequent food intake are

also harmful.

Samayoga i.e. combination of all Ahara

Parinamakara Bhava or combination of all

Ahara Vidhi Visheshayatanani can be

correlated with Virya aviruddha (food items

with inapposite potencies), Ajalpana, Ahasana,

Tanmana bhojana (food intake without talking,

laughing and with full concentration),

Atmanamabhisamikshya (food suitable to

person) (Avhad Anil et al., 2013). It leads to

proper digestion of food and formation of

proper Rasa, Rakta etc. Dhatu (Y.T.Acharya,

2008). But now a day people are busy in

watching TV, Phone calls, Computer, Chatting,

Talk and Laugh during meal. Due to this, they

can’t decide the exact quantity of food needed

which leads to indigestion (Brahmanand

Tripathi, 2006). Food taken according to

Prakriti of a person, leads to Dhatusamya and

if it is being taken without consideration

becomes Prakriti Viruddha and leads to

Dhatuvaishamya (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).

Wrong dietary habits like Adhyashana

(intake of food before digestion of previous

food), Vishamashana (intake of improper

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 5 | May 2015 | 106–110

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

quantity of food at improper time) lead to

disturbance in Ahara parinamakara bhava and

ultimately vitiation of Agni (Sheela Kewat et

al., 2015). In Ayurveda, it is stated that vitiated

Agni is root cause for all diseases like

Prameha, Sthaulya (Brahmanand Tripathi,

2007). In modern sciences has accepted

existence of Gut-Brain-Endocrine axis which

involves Ghrelin-Leptin hormones, Insulin,

Orexins etc. Disturbance in this axis leads to

diseases like Obesity, Diabetes mellitus which

are among the top 10 Lifestyle disorders. The

causes behind it are improper food habits

(Annette L. Kirchgessner, 2002 & Y Wang, H

Yang, 2004).

Table 1- Correlation of Ahara Parinamakara Bhava and Lifestyle

No. Ahara Parinamakara

Bhava (factors

responsible for

digestion)

Lifestyle

1. Ushma (Heat) Ushna bhojana (Intake of luke-warm food)

2. Vayu (Gas) Matravat bhojana (Intake of food in proper quantity), Rajavat

Asana (Sitting in comfortable position)

3. Kleda (Moisture) Water intake during meal

4. Sneha (Unctuousness) Snigdha bhojana (Intake of unctuous food)

5. Kala (Time) Jirne bhojana (Intake of food after digestion of previous food),

Nati-vilambita (not too slow) and Natidruta (not too fast)

6. Samayoga

(appropriate

administration)

Virya aviruddha (food items with inapposite potencies),

Ajalpana, Ahasana, Tanmana bhojana (food intake without

talking, laughing and with full concentration),

Atmanamabhisamikshya (food suitable to person).

CONCLUSION:

Ushma, Vayu, Kleda, Sneha, Kala and

Samayoga are 6 Ahara Parinamakara Bhavas

i.e. factors which are important for proper

digestion. Each one has its own role in the

process of digestion. Lifestyle includes Ahara

Vidhi vidhana, Bhojanottara Vidhi vidhana,

Ambupana Vidhi etc. Among them Ushma,

Kleda, Sneha, Kala can be correlated

successively with Ushna bhojana, Water intake

during meal, Snigdha bhojana, Jirne bhojana

and Atmanamabhisamikshya (food suitable to

person). Vayu can be correlated with Matravat

bhojana and Rajavat Asana. Samayoga can be

correlated with Virya aviruddha, Ajalpana,

Ahasana, Tanmana bhojana,

Atmanamabhisamikshya (food suitable to

person).

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Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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