Germany’s ‘special path’

Germany’s Germany’s ‘special path’‘special path’

History of Germany History of Germany

Lecture 1Lecture 1

Tuesday, 9.30 amJessica HowlettClaudia KreklauRachel DawsonAmanda TaylorAndrew HalesJo Swarbrick

Anthony HartleyBen Norland

Tuesday, 2.30 pmJack LangmoreRebecca Neale

Charlotte AllchornJulie Richards

Ben HankinsonDean Simons

Matthew BarryRob Catton

Friday, 9.30 am

Jen BoscoeBeth ClintonNigel Ellams

Sebastian EvansKarly

MelaragnoVanessa

O’DonnellElizabeth Railton

Friday, 1.00 pmTom MakinEmily JonesJoseph Emly

Martin MooreBen Holness

Peter TimothyJack Emmingham

Chris Small

ScheduleSchedule

1.1. German Federal TraditionsGerman Federal Traditions

2.2. The National Anthem or ‘where is The National Anthem or ‘where is Germany?’Germany?’

3.3. Unification from AboveUnification from Above

4.4. Nation and NationalismNation and Nationalism

5.5. Germany’s Special PathGermany’s Special Path

ScheduleSchedule

1.1. German Federal TraditionsGerman Federal Traditions

2.2. The National Anthem or ‘where is The National Anthem or ‘where is Germany?’Germany?’

3.3. Unification from AboveUnification from Above

4.4. Nation and NationalismNation and Nationalism

5.5. Germany’s Special PathGermany’s Special Path

1.Deutschland, Deutschland über alles,über alles in der Welt,wenn es stets zu Schutz und Trutzebrüderlich zusammenhält!Von der Maas bis an die Memel,von der Etsch bis an den Belt:|: Deutschland, Deutschland über alles,über alles in der Welt! :|

2. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue,deutscher Wein und deutscher Sangsollen in der Welt behaltenihren alten schönen Klang,uns zu edler Tat begeisternunser ganzes Leben lang:|: Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue,deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang! :|

3. Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheitfür das deutsche Vaterland!Danach lasst uns alle strebenbrüderlich mit Herz und Hand!Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheitsind des Glückes Unterpfand;|: blüh' im Glanze dieses Glückes,blühe, deutsches Vaterland. :|

1. Germany, Germany above all,above anything in the world,when always, for protection,we stand together as brothers.From the Meuse to the Neman,from the Adige to the Belt, |: Germany, Germany above all,  above anything in the world. :|

August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben

1.Deutschland, Deutschland über alles,über alles in der Welt,wenn es stets zu Schutz und Trutzebrüderlich zusammenhält!Von der Maas bis an die Memel,von der Etsch bis an den Belt:|: Deutschland, Deutschland über alles,über alles in der Welt! :|

2. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue,deutscher Wein und deutscher Sangsollen in der Welt behaltenihren alten schönen Klang,uns zu edler Tat begeisternunser ganzes Leben lang:|: Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue,deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang! :|

3. Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheitfür das deutsche Vaterland!Danach lasst uns alle strebenbrüderlich mit Herz und Hand!Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheitsind des Glückes Unterpfand;|: blüh' im Glanze dieses Glückes,blühe, deutsches Vaterland. :|

1. Germany, Germany above all,above anything in the world,when always, for protection,we stand together as brothers.From the Meuse to the Neman,from the Adige to the Belt, |: Germany, Germany above all,  above anything in the world. :|

2. German women, German fidelity,German wine and German song,Shall retain, throughout the world,Their old respected fame,To inspire us to noble deedsFor the length of our lives.German women, German fidelity,German wine and German song.

3. Unity and right and freedomFor the German Fatherland;Let us all strive to this goalBrotherly, with heart and hand.Unity and rights and freedomAre the pledge of fortune grand.Prosper in this fortune's glory,Prosper German fatherland.

1. Heil dir im Siegerkranz,Herrscher des Vaterlands!

Heil, Kaiser, dir!Fühl in des Thrones Glanz

Die hohe Wonne ganz,Liebling des Volks zu sein!

Heil Kaiser, dir!

1. Hail to thee in victor's crown,Ruler of the fatherland!

Hail to thee, Kaiser!Feel in the throne's glowThe high ecstasy in full

To be darling of thy people!Hail to thee, Kaiser!

ScheduleSchedule

1.1. German Federal TraditionsGerman Federal Traditions

2.2. The National Anthem or ‘where is The National Anthem or ‘where is Germany?’Germany?’

3.3. Unification from AboveUnification from Above

4.4. Nation and NationalismNation and Nationalism

5.5. Germany’s Special PathGermany’s Special Path

Germania 1848Germania, 1914 Friedrich August von Kaulbach, 192 x 147 cm

German Dualism and the Founding of the German Dualism and the Founding of the German Empire 1859-1871German Empire 1859-1871

Efforts to reform the German Confederation

Prussia takes the lead in Germany with the help of the Zollverein (Customs Union)

German-Danish war 1864Greater Germany Lesser Germany

Prussian-Austrian War 1866

Austria excluded from Germany

Prussia founds the North German Confederation

Napoleon III taken prisoner in September 1870

Declaration of war by France, July 1870

Founding of the Empire in Versailles in January 1871

Austria Prussia

Breakdown of the Frankfurt Assembly of German

Princes 1863

France neutral Alliance with Italy

Austria brings an action against Prussia in front of the Federal Diet. Prussia declares

the end of the German Confederation.

Painting by A. v. Werner

Constitutional Conflict in PrussiaConstitutional Conflict in Prussia

1858: “New Era” under William I

Old Liberals with 55% of the deputies in the Prussian DietArmy Reform

King’s Army vs. Army of the Parliament

Constitutional conflict

German Progressive Party (Old Liberals 40%, Progressivists 29.3% in Diet)

1862: William I appoints Bismarck to be Minister

President of Prussia“Lückentheorie”: 1862-1866, governing without legal budget

Liberals with 2/3 majority in Diet

Victorious wars 1864 und 1866

Diet idemnifies government 1866

Founding of the National Liberal party

ScheduleSchedule

1.1. German Federal TraditionsGerman Federal Traditions

2.2. The National Anthem or ‘where is The National Anthem or ‘where is Germany?’Germany?’

3.3. Unification from AboveUnification from Above

4.4. Nation and NationalismNation and Nationalism

5.5. Germany’s Special PathGermany’s Special Path

“Nation as a natural, God-given way of classifying men, as an inherent … political

destiny, are a myth; nationalism, which sometimes takes preexisting cultures and

turns them into nations, sometimes invents them, and often obliterates preexisting

cultures: that is a reality”. (Ernest Gellner)

“Nations do not make states and nationalisms but the other way

round”. (Eric Hobsbawm)

“A nation can therefore be defined as

• a named human population

• sharing an historic territory,

• common myths and historical memories,

• a mass public culture,

• a common economy

• and common legal rights and duties for all members.“

Anthony D. Smith: National Identity. Reno, Las Vegas, London 1991, p. 14.

http://http://nationalismproject.orgnationalismproject.org

ScheduleSchedule

1.1. German Federal TraditionsGerman Federal Traditions

2.2. The National Anthem or ‘where is The National Anthem or ‘where is Germany?’Germany?’

3.3. Unification from AboveUnification from Above

4.4. Nation and NationalismNation and Nationalism

5.5. Germany’s Special PathGermany’s Special Path

Friedrich II (Frederick II the Great ), King of Prussia, as commander of his troopsPainting by Antoine Pesne, 1745

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

Field Marshal of the Reich Paul von Hindenburg

Wilhelm II

Germany’s ‘special path’ (Deutscher Sonderweg)Germany’s ‘special path’ (Deutscher Sonderweg)

Distinctive German way to modernity which contrasts with the standard Distinctive German way to modernity which contrasts with the standard (West European, British, French) way(West European, British, French) way

Industrialization: belated industrial revolution, several decades after Industrialization: belated industrial revolution, several decades after that of Englandthat of England

Failed bourgeois revolution in Germany (defeat of the democratic Failed bourgeois revolution in Germany (defeat of the democratic revolution of 1848)revolution of 1848)

German unification not a result of the success of a liberal and German unification not a result of the success of a liberal and democratic movement but created by the militarist Prussian state democratic movement but created by the militarist Prussian state (born in war)(born in war)

Weimar republic not accepted by large part of the population, seen Weimar republic not accepted by large part of the population, seen as a result of the defeat and forced onto Germany by the victorious as a result of the defeat and forced onto Germany by the victorious EntenteEntente

Continuous dominance of antidemocratic, reactionary elites Continuous dominance of antidemocratic, reactionary elites (ostelbian agrarians, estate owners and “big business”)(ostelbian agrarians, estate owners and “big business”)

Traditions of Prussian militarismTraditions of Prussian militarism Culminating in: Third Reich, seen as logical result of the German Culminating in: Third Reich, seen as logical result of the German

“special path”“special path”