Genomics: leading a transition Crafty Genomic Shoehorn May Yield Warp-Speed Whole-Genome Sequencing SANTA CLARA, Calif., Feb. 27 - The technology to.

Genomics: leading a transition

Crafty Genomic Shoehorn May Yield Warp-Speed Whole-Genome Sequencing

SANTA CLARA, Calif., Feb. 27 - The technology to sequence a long strand of DNA by sending it through a 10-9-meter hole at a speed of 1 billion bases per second may only be two years away, according to Daniel Branton.

Branton, a professor of molecular and cellular biology at Harvard, together with colleagues in Cambridge, Mass., and at the University of California, Santa Cruz, has already designed solid-state nanopores big enough through which a DNA molecule can be threaded but small enough to send the bases by only one at a time. 

"DNA is a long, floppy, molecule," Branton said during the 2002 Genome Tri-Conference meeting here. "But as it goes through the nanopore it has to proceed in single file order. We asked ourselves what kind of probe we could apply to detect the differences in bases." 

The answer, it initially turned out, was to use a beam of ions sent across the pore to measure differences in bases. While this worked to distinguish between groups of bases, the number of ions that could be sent across the pore was limited by the size of the nanopore, said Branton. This limited sensitivity needed to measure distinctions down to the individual base.

By operating 100 electron-tunneling nanopore sequencers in parallel, Branton estimates it would take at most three hours to sequence an entire human genome. Though he pointed out that more realistic applications would be to focus on sequencing specific polymorphic regions of humans' chromosomes and sequencing smaller genomes of other organisms…

  Copyright © 2002 GenomeWeb LLC. All Rights Reserved.

The HGP: milestones

Clone map WICGR, 1995 16,124 clones @ 2 Mb res.

Genetic map: Généthon, 1996 5,264 markers @ 1.9 Mb

Mapped transcripts: GeneMap, 1999 44,094 @ 3.1 Mb

ESTs: dbEST, 2002 3.97 millionPutative transcripts: UniGene, 2002

33,671 clustersSNPs: dbSNP, 2002 2.64 millionDraft sequence: GenBank, 2002 3,127 Mb, 98% of

totalFinished sequence: GenBank, 2002

2,015 Mb, 63% of total

A2M AAAS AASS ABAT ABCA1 ABCA4 ABCB1 ABCB11 ABCB4 ABCB7 ABCC2 ABCC6 ABCC8 ABCD1 ABCD3 ABCG5 ABL1 ACAA1 ACACA ACADM ACADS ACADVL ACAT1 ACE ACOX1 ACTA1 ACTC ACTN4 ACVR1B ACVRL1 ADA ADAMTS13 ADAMTS2 ADD1 ADH1B ADRB2 ADSL AFP AGA AGL AGT AGTR1 AGXT

AICDA AIPL1 AIRE AK1 AKT2 ALAD ALAS2 ALB ALDH2 ALDH3A2 ALDH4A1 ALDH5A1 ALDH6A1 ALDOA ALDOB ALPL ALS2 ALX4 AMACR AMELX AMH AMHR2 AMMECR1 AMPD1 AMPD3 AMT ANK1 ANKH AP3B1 APC APCS APOA1 APOA2 APOB APOC2 APOC3 APOE APOH APP APRT APTX AQP1 AQP2 AR

ARG1 ARHGEF12 ARHGEF6 ARHI ARSA ARSB ASAH ASL ASPA ASS ATM ATP2A2 ATP2C1 ATP6B1 ATP6N1B ATP7B ATP8B1 ATRX AVP AVPR2 AXIN2 B2M B4GALT7 BAX BBS2 BBS4 BCHE BCKDHA BCKDHB BCL10 BCL2 BCL3 BCL6 BCR BCS1L BFSP2 BLMH BLNK BMPR2 BPGM BRCA1 BRCA2 BSG BTD BTK

BUB1 C10orf2 C1QB C1R C1S C2 C3 C4A C4B C5 C6 C7 C7orf2 C8A C8B C9 CA2 CACNA1A CACNA1F CACNA1S CACNB4 CALCA CALCR CAPN10 CAPN3 CARD15 CASR CAT CAV3 CBFB CBS CCM1 CCND1 CCR2 CCR5 CD36 CD3E CD3G CD3Z CD59 CDH1 CDH23 CDH3 CDK4 CDKN1C CDKN2A CETP CFTR CHAC CHAT CHEK2 CHM CHRNA1 CHRNA4 CHRNA7 CHRNB2 CHRNG CHS1 CHST6 CIAS1 CKN1 CLCN1 CLCN7 CLCNKB CLN2 CLN3 CLN6 CLN8 CNGA1 CNGA3 CNGB1 COCH COL10A1 COL11A1 COL11A2 COL17A1 COL1A1 COL1A2 COL2A1 COL3A1 COL4A3 COL4A4 COL4A5 COL4A6 COL5A1 COL5A2

COL6A1 COL6A2 COL6A3 COL7A1 COL9A1 COL9A2 COL9A3 COLQ COMP COX10 CP CPO CPS1 CPT2 CR1 CRB1 CREBBP CRH CRX CRYAA CRYAB CRYBA1 CRYBB2 CRYGC CRYGD CSF1R CSF2RA CSF2RB CSF3R CSH1 CST3 CSTB CSX CTH CTNNB1 CTNND2 CTNS CTSC CTSK CX3CR1 CYB5 CYBA CYBB CYLD CYP11B1 CYP11B2 CYP17 CYP19 CYP1B1 CYP21A2 CYP27B1 CYP2A6 CYP2C9 CYP2D6 CYP7B1 DAD1 DBH DBT DCC DCLRE1C DCX DDB1 DDB2 DDIT3

DDX26 DEK DES DFNA5 DHCR24 DHCR7 DHH DIA1 DIAPH2 DISC1 DKC1 DLD DLL3 DMBT1 DMD DMPK DMRT1 DNAH5 DNAI1 DNMT3B DPYD DPYS DRD2 DRD3 DRD4 DRPLA DSG1 DSP DSPP DTR DYT1 EBAF EBP ECE1 ECGF1 ED1 EDAR EDN3 EDNRB EGR2 EIF2B2 ELA2 ELAC2 ELAVL4 ELN ELOVL4 EMD

EMX2 ENG ENO1 ENPP1 EPB41 EPB42 EPM2A EPOR EPX ERCC2 ERCC3 ERCC4 ERCC5 ESR1 ETFA ETV6 EVC EWSR1 EXT1 EXT2 EYA1 F10 F11 F12 F13A1 F13B F2 F5 F7 F8 F9 FACL6 FAH FANCA FANCC FANCD2 FANCF FANCG FBN1 FBP1 FCGR1A FCGR2A FCGR2B FCGR3A FCMD FECH FGA FGB FGF23 FGFR1

FGFR2 FGFR3 FGG FH FLNA FLT3 FLT4 FMO3 FMR1 FMR2 FOLR1 FOXC1 FOXE1 FOXE3 FOXO1A FOXP2 FRDA FSHR FST FTH1 FTL FUCA1 FUT6 FVT1 FXYD2 FY G6PC G6PD G6PT1 GAA GABRG2 GALC GALE GALK1 GALNS GALT GAMT GATA1 GATA3 GATM GBA GCDH GCG GCGR GCH1 GCK GCLC GCNT2 GCSH GDF5 GDI1 GFAP GGCX GGT1 GGT2 GH1 GHR GHRHR GIF GJA3 GJB1 GJB2 GJB3 GK GLA GLB1 GLDC GLI3 GLRA1 GLUD1 GM2A GNAI2 GNAQ GNAS

GNB3 GNMT GNPAT GNRHR GP1BA GP1BB GP9 GPC3 GPD2 GPHN GPI GPX1 GRHPR GSR GSS GSTZ1 GUCA1A GUCY2D GYS1 GYS2 HADHA HAGH HAL HBA1 HBA2 HBB HBD HBG1 HBG2 HD HESX1 HEXA HEXB HF1 HFE HGD HK1 HLA-DPB1 HLA-DRB1 HLCS HLXB9 HMBS HMGCL HMGCS2 HMGIC HMOX1 HNF4A HNMT HOX11 HOXA11 HOXD13 HP HPD HPRT1 HPS HPS3 HR HRAS HRG HSD11B2 HSD17B4 HSD3B2 HSPG2 HYAL1 ICAM1 IDS IDUA IF IFNA1 IFNG IFNGR1 IFNGR2 IGF1 IGF2R IGHM IGKC IGLL1 IKBKAP IKBKG IL12B IL13 IL1RAPL1 IL2 IL2RA IL2RG IL4R IL6 ING1 INS INSR IPF1 IRF1 IRF4 ITGA2

ITGA2B ITGA6 ITGA7 ITGB2 ITGB3 ITGB4 ITM2B ITPA IVD JAG1 JAK3 JPH3 JUP KAI1 KAL1 KCNE1 KCNH2 KCNJ1 KCNQ1 KCNQ2 KCNQ3 KCNQ4 KERA KHK KIF1B KIT KLKB1 KNG KRAS2 KRT1 KRT10 KRT12 KRT13 KRT14 KRT16 KRT17 KRT18 KRT2A KRT3 KRT4 KRT5 KRT6A KRT6B KRT8 KRT9 KRTHB1 KRTHB6 L1CAM LAMA2 LAMA3 LAMB3 LAMC2 LAMP2 LCAT LCK LDHA LDHB LDLR LEP LEPR LHCGR LHX3 LIPA LIPC LMAN1 LMNA LMO1 LMX1B LOR LOX LPL LPP LRP5 LTC4S LYL1 LYZ LZTS1 MAD1L1 MADH4 MALT1 MAN2B1 MAOA MAPT MAT1A MATN3 MBL2 MC4R MCC MCCC1 MCCC2 MCOLN1 MCP MDS1 MECP2

MEFV MEN1 MET MGAT2 MGP MHC2TA MID1 MITF MJD MKKS MKL1 MLF1 MLH1 MLH3 MLYCD MMP2 MN1 MOCS2 MPL MPO MPZ MRE11A MS4A2 MSF MSH2 MSH3 MSH6 MSX1 MSX2 MTHFR MTM1 MTMR2 MTP MTR MTRR MUC3A MUT MUTYH MVK MXI1 MYBPC3 MYC MYF6 MYH2 MYH7 MYH9 MYL2 MYL3 MYLK2 MYO15A MYO5A MYO6 MYOC NAGA NAGLU NBS1 NCF1 NCF2 NDN NDP NDRG1 NDUFS1 NDUFS4 NDUFS7 NDUFS8 NDUFV1 NDUFV2 NEB NEFH NEU1 NEUROD1 NF1 NF2 NME1 NOS3 NOTCH1 NOTCH3 NP NPC2 NPHP1 NPHS2 NPM1 NQO1 NR0B1 NR0B2 NR2E3 NR3C1 NR3C2 NR4A3 NR5A1 NRAS NRL NRTN NTRK1 NUMA1 NUP214 NUP98 NYX OA1 OAT OCA2 OCRL OFD1 OGDH OGG1 OPA1 OPA3 OPHN1 OPN1LW OPN1SW OPTN OTC OTOF OXCT PABPN1 PAFAH1B1 PAH PAPSS2 PAX2 PAX3 PAX6 PAX7 PAX8 PAX9 PC PCBD PCCA PCCB PCDH15 PCSK1 PDE6A PDE6B PDGFB PDGFRL PDHA1 PEPD

PER2 PEX1 PEX10 PEX13 PEX3 PEX6 PEX7 PFC PFKL PFKM PGAM2 PGK1 PHB PHEX PHGDH PHKA2 PHKB PHKG2 PHYH PIGA PITX2 PKD1 PKD2 PKLR PKP1 PLA2G2A PLA2G7 PLAT PLEC1 PLOD PLP1 PML PMM2 PMP22 PMS1 PMS2 PNLIP POLG POLH POMC PON1 PON2 POU1F1 POU3F4 POU4F3 PPARG PPGB

PPOX PPP2R1B PPT1 PRCC PRF1 PRKAG2 PRKAR1A PRKWNK1 PRKWNK4 PRNP PROC PRODH PROP1 PROS1 PRPF31 PRPF8 PRPS1 PRSS1 PRX PSAP PSEN1 PSEN2 PTCH PTCH2 PTEN PTH PTHR1 PTPN11 PTPN12 PTPRC PTS PVR PVRL1 PXF PXMP3 PXR1 PYGL PYGM QDPR RAB27A RAC2 RAD51 RAG2

RAP1GDS1 RARA RASA1 RB1 RBM15 RBP4 RDH5 RDS REN RET RFX5 RFXANK RGR RHAG RHO RLBP1 ROM1 RP1 RPE65 RPGR RPGRIP1 RPS19 RPS6KA3 RUNX1 RUNX2 RYR1 SACS SAG SAH SALL1 SARDH SCA1 SCA2 SCA7 SCN1A SCN1B SCN4A SCNN1A SCNN1B SCNN1G SCO1 SCO2 SCYA5 SDF1 SDHA SDHB SDHC SDHD SEDL SELE SELP SEPN1 SERPINA1 SERPINA3 SERPINA5 SERPINA6 SERPINA7 SERPINC1 SERPIND1 SERPINE1 SERPINF2 SERPING1

SERPINI1 SFTPB SFTPC SGCA SGCB SGCD SGCE SGSH SH2D1A SH3BP2 SH3GL1 SHOX SIX3 SLC10A2 SLC11A1 SLC11A3 SLC12A3 SLC19A2 SLC22A1L SLC22A5 SLC25A13 SLC25A15 SLC25A20 SLC25A4 SLC26A4 SLC2A1 SLC2A2 SLC2A4 SLC3A1 SLC4A1 SLC4A4 SLC5A1 SLC5A5 SLC6A2 SLC6A3 SLC6A4

SLC6A8 SLC7A7 SLC7A9 SMARCAL1 SMARCB1 SMN1 SMOH SMPD1 SNCA SNRPN SOD1 SOST SOX10 SOX9 SPG3A SPG4 SPG7 SPINK1 SPR SPTA1 SPTLC1 SRC SRD5A2 SRY SSTR2 SSX1 SSX2 STAR STAT1 STK11 STS TACSTD2 TAF15 TAL1 TAL2 TALDO1 TAP2 TAT TAZ TBP TBX19 TBX22 TBX3 TBX5 TBXA2R TBXAS1 TCAP TCF1 TCF2 TCF3 TCIRG1 TCL1A TCL1B TCN2 TCOF1 TECTA TF TFE3 TFR2 TG TGFB1 TGFBI TGFBR2 TGIF TGM1 TH THBD THPO THRB TIMM8A TIMP3 TITF1 TKT TLR4 TM4SF2 TMPRSS3 TNF TNFRSF10B TNFRSF1A TNFRSF6 TNFSF5 TNFSF6 TNNI3 TNNT1 TNNT2 TNXB TP53 TPI1

TPM1 TPMT TPO TRA@ TRH TRIM33 TRIM37 TRPS1 TSC1 TSC2 TSG101 TSHB TSHR TTID TTN TTPA TTR TULP1 TWIST TYR TYROBP TYRP1 UBE3A UCHL1 UCP2 UMPS UROD UROS USH3A USP9Y VDR VHL VMD2 VWF WAS WFS1 WHN WISP3 WNT4 WRN WT1 XDH XK XPA XPC XRCC3 ZFHX1B ZNF145 ZNF198

ZNF9 ZNFN1A1

The HGP: cloned human disease genes

1104 cloned human disease loci

13,382 known human disease loci

??? disease-locus associations

• Genome-wide scan for localization• Find polymorphic markers to narrow region• Determine/characterize cytogenetic position • Find/order DNA clones that map to region• Identify genes/ESTs mapping to region• Identify/generate genomic sequence of region• Analyze DNA sequence• Gene analysis for candidacy• Search for

mutations/rearrangements/association

(genetic linkage) (genetic

linkage)

(cytogenetic) (physical)

(transcript)

(sequence) (functional)

(functional)

(functional)

Disease gene hunting is multidimensional

One disease, one gene, many perspectives

SearchSearch

The perfect gene finder

Cytogenetic position

Please enter parameters:

Flanking markers

Affected tissue(s)

Keywords

Type of gene expected

1p36.3

D1S468-D1S214

Undifferentiated neuroblast

Tumor suppressor

Cell cycle, differentiation

File Not Found

The file you have requested does not exist on this server.

Search

The perfect gene finder

Cytogenetic position

Please enter parameters:

Flanking markers

Affected tissue(s)

Keywords

Type of gene expected

1p36.3

D1S468-D1S214

Undifferentiated neuroblast

Tumor suppressor

Cell cycle, differentiation

Cataloguing genomic data

CHALLENGES:

• Lots of data, no integration/standardization Different viewpoints Inefficiency for end-users

SOLUTION:

Unification and seamless delivery Comprehensive data collection and integration Global, simplified views Web portaling

2. Localization of genomic elements

3. Comprehensive integration relative to a single scale• Conflict annotation and resolution• Nomenclature management

1. Data identification• Anchoring data sets• Content data sets

Cataloguing procedure

Radiation hybridCytogenetic DNA sequenceGenetic linkage

• 5. Display of information• Unrestricted Internet access• Simplified user interface• Text-based and graphical viewing

options• Data repository• Extensive support documentation• Implementation of data analysis tools• Object-specific linking to related data

Cataloguing procedure

• 4. Data management• Relational database• Embedded data parsing, input, and analysis

routines• 1 GB data file

HOME INTRO SEARCH REGION VIEW DATA INFO HELP METHODS

Usage

CompView launch:

Page requests:

Database queries:

Domains:

Distribution of users:• Non-US• Commercial • US education• US government

• Other/unidentified

Countries represented:

Linkers/indices

August, 1999

138,030

28,044

9,148

29%

21%

10%

1%

36%

86

118

Queries

Text or graphical display

Specify flanking markers or cytogenetic position

Select chromosome

Region summaries

Region definition

Element name

Transcriptional status

Sequence position

Map position

Cytogeneticlocation

Position tab

Official name/title

Genetic linkage position

Cytolocation

DNA sequence position

RH position

Other cytogenetic assignments

Primer sequences

Description tab

Expression status

Alternate names/IDs

EST clustersSNP

s

Clone/sequence tab

Sequence information

Sequence viewing

DNA clones

Database searches

BLAST utility

Totals

RH-based localizations 51,903Genetic linkage-based localizations 12,461Cytogenetic localizations 14,706Genes/EST clusters represented 36,402DNA sequence-based localizations 51,334Large-insert DNA clones 116,608Single nucleotide polymorphisms 2.5 M

Linked external databases 50

Markers

Sequence

ORFs

Genes

SRO

Clones1p3

6.1

1p3

6.2

1p3

6.3

1p3

5

1p3

4

1p3

3

Applications

Summary

eGenome provides:

• Comprehensive inclusion of genomic

elements

• Triangulated localization of genomic

elements

• True integration

• Improved error detection

• Nomenclature management

• User-friendly Web interface

• Meta-level portal into the human genome

Genome

Transcriptome

Proteome

Cell

Tissue

Organism

Genome

Transcriptome

Proteome

Cell

Tissue

Organism

Model organism

Genome

Transcriptome

Proteome

Cell

Tissue

Organism

ClinicResearch

Future

• Scott Winters

Shahriar Sabuktagin

Research Administration

Acknowledgments

Rutgers University

• Erik Sulman

• Evan Katz

• Kevin Murphy

• Yang Jin

• Gonzalo Briceno• Towfique Raj

• Randall Rose

Information SystemseGenome Beta testers

Human Genome Centers

Laurie Kramer

Chungsheng He

Chris Porter

Genome Database

Tara Matise

•Children’s Hospital of

Philadelphia

ESTs with homology to known genesAT1 receptor-associated protein-like (mouse) YesBkm sex-determining region protein CS314-like (Drosophila) ExclusivelyGranule cell marker protein-like (mouse) YesHypertension-related protein-like (rat) YesProtocadherin-like (rat) YesSynaptojanin-like (rat) YesUDP-GalNAc acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-like (human) Yes

Applications

Known genes Symbol OMIM Eye expressionCaspase 9, apoptosis-related cysteine protease CASP9 602234 YesRNA-binding protein regulatory subunit DJ1 602533 YesFK506 binding protein 12-rapamycin associated protein 1 FRAP1 601231 YesPotassium channel, shaker-related family, beta member 2 KCNAB2 601142Microfibrillar-associated protein 2 MFAP2 156790 YesPeriod (Drosophila) homolog 3 PER3 603427Ribosomal protein L22 RPL22 180474 YesRegulatory solute carrier protein, family 1, member 1 RSC1A1 601966Solute carrier family 2 member 5 SLC2A5 138230 YesTumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 12 DR3 603366 YesVesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (cellubrevin) VAMP3 603657 Yes