Genki I Grammar Points 1. (X ) Y です。 It (X) is Y. 2. ~ か。 Question Marker 3. N 1 の N 2 N 1 modifes N 2 N 2 oN 1 4. これ -> Thisnear me!(n.) それ -> Thatnear "ou! (n.) あれ -> Thata#a" rom us!(n.) どれ ( が ) -> Whichinterro$ati%e& uns'eifed! (n.) . この -> This(adj.) その -> That (adj.) あの -> That (adj.) どの ( が ) -> Which (adj.) *. だれ ・ だれの ( が ) Who Whose (adj.) +. -> Here そこ -> There near "ou! あそこ -> Therea#a" rom us! どこ ( が ) -> Where ,. A X です。 is X. B も Y です。 too is X. * B is to be diferent (person/object/act ivity) than A. /. ~ ね。 ・ ~よ。 0eekin$ onfrmation. Makes autoritati%e. 1. Verb Conjuation 0ee on3u$ation ta5es. 11. !artic"es で 6e 5oation in #ian e%ent tak es '5ae. に 6e $oa5 to#ards #itin$s mo%e. 6e time at #ian e%ent tak es '5ae. 7onda"8 9 7inmont8 * ご ろ / ご ろ に make times approximate. へ Goa5 omo%ement (o%er5a's に usa$e). を :iret o3et marker. 12. ~ませんか。 ;<tends an in%itation to do sometin$.
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;ndin$ a statement at は in%ites te 5istener to om'5ete or res'ond tote
sentene. 5so note& は marks te to'i #i is not neessari5" tesu3et.
1. 来る 's. 行
来 る reers to mo%ement toar&s te s*ea+er.
行 reers to mo%ement aa% ,ro- te s*ea+er.
1*. あ!ます !artic"es
に re'5aes で or 5oation.が
re'5aes は or to'i introdution.
1+. ocations?en desriin$ a 5oation& te noun omes frst and is attaed to te
modifer #it の. X の " means 7in ront o X.8
1,. !ast Tense0ee on3u$ation ta5es.
1/. !"ace-ent o, uantit% a&jecti'es
?ords 5ike # $ ん ma" e '5aed eore te noun te" modi" or
o55o#in$te を diret o3et marker@
%#$ん&'を( vs. %&'を#$ん(
2. /urations o, Ti-e0 ~)* (+,-) 6erms (unit #ords) tat indiate some duration o time do not take a
'arti5e&and are usua55" '5aed diret5" eore te %er. 6o make te duration
a''ro<imate& a''end #it %+,-!.
21. .
%/.0( means 7X and Y.8
%X は Y .( means 7to$eter #it8 or 7#it.8
22. ore on も
s #e55 as markin$ simi5arities& も ma" e used to indiated t#o 'eo'5e'erormed simi5ar ati%ities. It ma" a5so mark suseuent diret o3ets#it te same ation 'erormed u'on tem (eat& u"& et.).
2=. %X の " 1か-( an& %X の 2,(
%X の "( means 7in ront o X&8 ut it is a5so e used to sa" 7o''osite
o X8 or
7aross (te street) rom X.8 Instead o % " ( & te #ord % X の 1 か
% . .ど5:の€2が(Pro'ert")。(Bet2een A and B+ 2hich is more (property)8
*Aternatives to ど5:の€23ど : , の € 2
+ど 5 :
+ andど : ,
.
%(C5ass o Items)の•で! が-:‚ん(Pro'ert")。( A is the most (property) [amon (cass o items)].*,orma 5!estion 2ords (i.e.+ だれ ) are !sed in comparisons o 9 or more.
*he phrase Aの€2が Bよ! oten appear in reverse order : %よ !
!の €
2 が
.
. A&jecti'eNoun 7の?en a noun o55o#s an ad3eti%e and it is 5ear #at te noun is& it ma" e
noun o a % Noun1 の Noun2 ( 'rase. 6is ma" mean 7te ad3. one8 or7nouns.8
*. ~ƒも! 7 Co*u"a
sort orm %er o55o#ed " ƒも!(O だ 9 です) desries #at a 'erson is
'5annin$ to do in te uture. %er in ne$ati%e sort orm o55o#ed " ƒも
!
desries #at someone '5ans on not doin$.
+. A&jecti'e 7 Dる
6e %er Dる means 7to eome&8 and it ma" e used #it --ad3eti%es&
D-ad3eti%es& and nouns.
--d3eti%e@ - -> O Dる
D-d3eti%e@ D -> に O Dる
Noun@ Noun O に O Dる 6is struture indiates an$e& ut not #eter it is aso5ute (#arm) orre5ati%e (#armer). 6o s'ei" tat it is re5ati%e& "ou ma" use a om'arison
su
as %"よ!((7tan eore8)@
„…vX$ん "よ!`abがQRにD!ま8#。&ar' has beome more silled at apanese than before*
*,ote that D!ま8# can be transated as present proressive
beca!se"よ! indicates a connection to the present.
,. どこかに どこにも0 ore 6o-e An% 45*ressionsMore uestion #ords o55o# te ]か (sometin$) and ]も (not an"tin$) ormu5as.
s #it te 're%ious e<'ressions& tese take te '5ae o 'arti5es su as
は& が&
and を. Vo#e%er& tese e<'ressions interat diSerent5" #it oter 'arti5es.
6e 'arti5es に& へ& and&で ma" a''ear in te 5anks noted in te o55o#in$5ist@
/. !artic"e0で 6e 'arti5e で an e used #it nouns to desrie a means o
trans'ortation or aninstrument used.
*.が an& Eど
" usin$ tese t#o terms at te end o a sentene& te statement is treated asommon
$round et#een te s'eaker and te 5istener. 6e" oten indiate te s'eakersintention to
$i%e te 5istener an o''ortunit" to s'eak u' or to reat. 6is a5so ontriutes to'o5iteness.
*1. ~#-
%
(Verb 6te-) 7#-です。(
2ant to do$, You an use a %er stem O #-です to desrie %our o'es or as'irations.
#- on3u$ates as an --ad3eti%e& and te 'arti5e を ma" e re'5aed #it が.
%(Verb 6te-) 7 #-.P59-ます。( have 2anted to do$, You ma" use tis struture to e<'ress tat %ou a%e #anted to do sometin$ or
some time.
,#- is !s!ay ony !sed to describe yo!r o2n 2ishes+ not those o others. -thers' 2ishes are presented as 5!otations+ observations+ and !esses. &t may be !sed or 5!estions+ ho2ever.
%8Verb 6te-7 #-9 7 .O59-ま8#。( -he' said that they 2anted to$
#- o55o#ed " .O59-ま8# is used to uote someod"s #ises.
%8Verb 6te-9 7 #が59-る。( (&t seems) the' 2ant to$
6e %er #が59-る omes rom te ditionar" orm #がる (u-%er) #i indiates
tat 7I tink tat te" #ant to& eause o te #a" te" are ea%in$.8 Jn5ike#-
ased
e<'ressions& を annot e re'5aed " が #en usin$ #がる.
*2. ~#!~#!する
6e 9 -orm a55o#s "ou to onnet 5auses& o#e%er it im'5ies tat tein5uded
ti%ities are te ony ati%ities to our. I "ou #ant to mention ati%itiesas
e<am'5es ut 5ea%e room or te 'ossii5it" o unmentioned items& "ou ma"use te
'rediate orm ~#!~#!する. 6o reate te #! orm o a 'rediate& take tesort
orm 'ast tense and add ! . 6e e5'in$ %er する determines te tense o tesentene.
%
(Acti'it% A)#!
(Acti'it% B)#!する。(
7;do su tin$s as and .8
*=. ~こ.がある
sort orm %er in 'ast tense O ~こ.がある indiates tat sometin$ aseen
done or e<'eriened in te 'ast. ある on3u$ates to 'resent orms.
%Verb (short< *ast) 7 こ.がある。(
7a%e te e<'eriene o8
*4. !artic"e0 C
6e 'arti5e C is simi5ar to .& e<e't tat C iners tat items in te 5ist ma"