Generator Powered Pulsator (GPP) Outputs and Metering Acknowledgement to Jan Dean for several contributions
Generator Powered Pulsator (GPP)
Outputs and Metering
Acknowledgement to Jan Dean for several contributions
Note: peak reading digitalvoltmeter and ammeter (optional)
GPPSmith-Root, Inc.
Continuous voltage control? Frequency
PresenterPresentation Notes
Output waveforms AC or pulsed DC.
Frequency control is stepped.
Peak reading voltage and amp meters can be added via the “Power Standardization System” or by retrofit LCD metering.
Voltage control is not direct and is confounded because one control knob controls both voltage and pulse width (SCR controlled). See Miranda and Spencer (2005) for a description. In addition, the following slides run through the waveforms resulting from changes in “Percent of Range”. In actuality, “Percent of Range” refers to the % of possible pulse width, not range of voltage. In theory and as you will observe in the slides, peak voltage increases when “Percent of Range” is increased from 10 to 50% or so. After 50%, peak voltage does not increase, or increases very little. Pulse width (and duty cycle) increases directly with increasing “Percent of Range”. So, 50% of range is 50% of the maximum pulse width capacity of the control box.
How PDC is Generated
Time
Volts
Time
Volts
How PDC is Generated and Controlled
Time
Volts
Time
Volts
Smith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment10%
10 % of Range
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630
Chart6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
10 % of Range
0
0.1736481777
1.22514845490862E-16
0
0.1736481777
3.67544536472586E-16
SCR
XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin X
00.0000.000
100.1740.174
200.3420.342
300.5000.500
400.6430.6430.000
500.7660.7660.766
600.8660.8660.866
700.9400.9400.940
800.9850.9850.9850.000
901.0001.0001.0001.000
1000.9850.9850.9850.985
1100.9400.9400.9400.940
1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.000
1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000
1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
190-0.174
200-0.342
210-0.500
220-0.643
230-0.766
240-0.866
250-0.940
260-0.985
270-1.000
280-0.985
290-0.940
300-0.866
310-0.766
320-0.643
330-0.500
340-0.342
350-0.174
360-0.000-0.000
3700.1740.174
3800.3420.342
3900.5000.500
4000.6430.6430.000
4100.7660.7660.766
4200.8660.8660.866
4300.9400.9400.940
4400.9850.9850.9850.000
4501.0001.0001.0001.000
4600.9850.9850.9850.985
4700.9400.9400.9400.940
4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.000
4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000
5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
SCR
100 % of Range
Sheet1
75 % of Range
Sheet2
50 % of Range
Sheet3
30 % of Range
10 % of Range
XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin X
00.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
100.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
300.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
500.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
600.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
800.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
901.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000
1000.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
1100.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
190-0.174
200-0.342
210-0.500
220-0.643
230-0.766
240-0.866
250-0.940
260-0.985
270-1.000
280-0.985
290-0.940
300-0.866
310-0.766
320-0.643
330-0.500
340-0.342
350-0.174
360-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000
3700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
3800.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
3900.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
4000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
4100.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
4200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
4300.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
4400.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
4501.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000
4600.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
4700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
Smith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment30%
30 % of Range
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630
Chart5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
30 % of Range
0
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
1.22514845490862E-16
0
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
3.67544536472586E-16
SCR
XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin X
00.0000.000
100.1740.174
200.3420.342
300.5000.500
400.6430.6430.000
500.7660.7660.766
600.8660.8660.866
700.9400.9400.940
800.9850.9850.9850.000
901.0001.0001.0001.000
1000.9850.9850.9850.985
1100.9400.9400.9400.940
1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.000
1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000
1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
190-0.174
200-0.342
210-0.500
220-0.643
230-0.766
240-0.866
250-0.940
260-0.985
270-1.000
280-0.985
290-0.940
300-0.866
310-0.766
320-0.643
330-0.500
340-0.342
350-0.174
360-0.000-0.000
3700.1740.174
3800.3420.342
3900.5000.500
4000.6430.6430.000
4100.7660.7660.766
4200.8660.8660.866
4300.9400.9400.940
4400.9850.9850.9850.000
4501.0001.0001.0001.000
4600.9850.9850.9850.985
4700.9400.9400.9400.940
4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.000
4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000
5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
SCR
100 % of Range
Sheet1
75 % of Range
Sheet2
50 % of Range
Sheet3
30 % of Range
10 % of Range
XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin X
00.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
100.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
300.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
500.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
600.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
800.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
901.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000
1000.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
1100.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
190-0.174
200-0.342
210-0.500
220-0.643
230-0.766
240-0.866
250-0.940
260-0.985
270-1.000
280-0.985
290-0.940
300-0.866
310-0.766
320-0.643
330-0.500
340-0.342
350-0.174
360-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000
3700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
3800.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
3900.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
4000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
4100.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
4200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
4300.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
4400.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
4501.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000
4600.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
4700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
Smith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment50%
50 % of Range
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630
Chart4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
50 % of Range
0
1
0.984807753
0.9396926208
0.8660254038
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
1.22514845490862E-16
0
1
0.984807753
0.9396926208
0.8660254038
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
3.67544536472586E-16
SCR
XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin X
00.0000.000
100.1740.174
200.3420.342
300.5000.500
400.6430.6430.000
500.7660.7660.766
600.8660.8660.866
700.9400.9400.940
800.9850.9850.9850.000
901.0001.0001.0001.000
1000.9850.9850.9850.985
1100.9400.9400.9400.940
1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.000
1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000
1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
190-0.174
200-0.342
210-0.500
220-0.643
230-0.766
240-0.866
250-0.940
260-0.985
270-1.000
280-0.985
290-0.940
300-0.866
310-0.766
320-0.643
330-0.500
340-0.342
350-0.174
360-0.000-0.000
3700.1740.174
3800.3420.342
3900.5000.500
4000.6430.6430.000
4100.7660.7660.766
4200.8660.8660.866
4300.9400.9400.940
4400.9850.9850.9850.000
4501.0001.0001.0001.000
4600.9850.9850.9850.985
4700.9400.9400.9400.940
4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.000
4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000
5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
SCR
100 % of Range
Sheet1
75 % of Range
Sheet2
50 % of Range
Sheet3
30 % of Range
10 % of Range
XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin X
00.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
100.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
300.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
500.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
600.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
800.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
901.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000
1000.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
1100.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
190-0.174
200-0.342
210-0.500
220-0.643
230-0.766
240-0.866
250-0.940
260-0.985
270-1.000
280-0.985
290-0.940
300-0.866
310-0.766
320-0.643
330-0.500
340-0.342
350-0.174
360-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000
3700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
3800.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
3900.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
4000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
4100.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
4200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
4300.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
4400.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
4501.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000
4600.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
4700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
Smith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment75%
75 % of Range
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630
Chart3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
75 % of Range
0
0.7660444431
0.8660254038
0.9396926208
0.984807753
1
0.984807753
0.9396926208
0.8660254038
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
1.22514845490862E-16
0
0.7660444431
0.8660254038
0.9396926208
0.984807753
1
0.984807753
0.9396926208
0.8660254038
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
3.67544536472586E-16
SCR
XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin X
00.0000.000
100.1740.174
200.3420.342
300.5000.500
400.6430.6430.000
500.7660.7660.766
600.8660.8660.866
700.9400.9400.940
800.9850.9850.9850.000
901.0001.0001.0001.000
1000.9850.9850.9850.985
1100.9400.9400.9400.940
1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.000
1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000
1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
190-0.174
200-0.342
210-0.500
220-0.643
230-0.766
240-0.866
250-0.940
260-0.985
270-1.000
280-0.985
290-0.940
300-0.866
310-0.766
320-0.643
330-0.500
340-0.342
350-0.174
360-0.000-0.000
3700.1740.174
3800.3420.342
3900.5000.500
4000.6430.6430.000
4100.7660.7660.766
4200.8660.8660.866
4300.9400.9400.940
4400.9850.9850.9850.000
4501.0001.0001.0001.000
4600.9850.9850.9850.985
4700.9400.9400.9400.940
4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.000
4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000
5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
SCR
100 % of Range
Sheet1
75 % of Range
Sheet2
50 % of Range
Sheet3
30 % of Range
10 % of Range
XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin X
00.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
100.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
300.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
500.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
600.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
800.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
901.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000
1000.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
1100.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
190-0.174
200-0.342
210-0.500
220-0.643
230-0.766
240-0.866
250-0.940
260-0.985
270-1.000
280-0.985
290-0.940
300-0.866
310-0.766
320-0.643
330-0.500
340-0.342
350-0.174
360-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000
3700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
3800.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
3900.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
4000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
4100.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
4200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
4300.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
4400.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
4501.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000
4600.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
4700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
Smith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment100%100 % of Range
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630
Chart2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
100 % of Range
0
0.1736481777
0.3420201433
0.5
0.6427876097
0.7660444431
0.8660254038
0.9396926208
0.984807753
1
0.984807753
0.9396926208
0.8660254038
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
1.22514845490862E-16
-2.45029690981724E-16
0.1736481777
0.3420201433
0.5
0.6427876097
0.7660444431
0.8660254038
0.9396926208
0.984807753
1
0.984807753
0.9396926208
0.8660254038
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
3.67544536472586E-16
SCR
XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin X
00.0000.000
100.1740.174
200.3420.342
300.5000.500
400.6430.6430.000
500.7660.7660.766
600.8660.8660.866
700.9400.9400.940
800.9850.9850.9850.000
901.0001.0001.0001.000
1000.9850.9850.9850.985
1100.9400.9400.9400.940
1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.000
1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000
1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
190-0.174
200-0.342
210-0.500
220-0.643
230-0.766
240-0.866
250-0.940
260-0.985
270-1.000
280-0.985
290-0.940
300-0.866
310-0.766
320-0.643
330-0.500
340-0.342
350-0.174
360-0.000-0.000
3700.1740.174
3800.3420.342
3900.5000.500
4000.6430.6430.000
4100.7660.7660.766
4200.8660.8660.866
4300.9400.9400.940
4400.9850.9850.9850.000
4501.0001.0001.0001.000
4600.9850.9850.9850.985
4700.9400.9400.9400.940
4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.000
4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.000
5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
SCR
100 % of Range
Sheet1
75 % of Range
Sheet2
50 % of Range
Sheet3
30 % of Range
10 % of Range
XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin XSin X
00.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
100.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
300.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
500.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
600.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
800.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
901.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000
1000.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
1100.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
1200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
1300.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
1400.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
1500.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
1600.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
1700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
190-0.174
200-0.342
210-0.500
220-0.643
230-0.766
240-0.866
250-0.940
260-0.985
270-1.000
280-0.985
290-0.940
300-0.866
310-0.766
320-0.643
330-0.500
340-0.342
350-0.174
360-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000-0.000
3700.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
3800.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
3900.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
4000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
4100.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
4200.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
4300.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
4400.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
4501.0001.0001.0001.0001.0001.000
4600.9850.9850.9850.9850.9850.985
4700.9400.9400.9400.9400.9400.940
4800.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
4900.7660.7660.7660.7660.7660.766
5000.6430.6430.6430.6430.6430.643
5100.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.500
5200.3420.3420.3420.3420.3420.342
5300.1740.1740.1740.1740.1740.174
5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
Percent of Range (POR) Control
60 POR 80 POR 100 POR
10 POR 20 POR 40 POR
Pulse Width vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 20 40 60 80 100
GPP % Range
Puls
e W
idth
(ms)
S-R GPP Pulse Width vs. Range Setting
PresenterPresentation NotesEssentially linear increase of pulse width with Percent of Range setting.
Chart2
1010
2020
4040
6060
8080
100100
PW (ms)
Model
GPP % Range
Pulse Width (ms)
Pulse Width vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
1.29
1.3235639616
1.98
1.8718021052
2.6
2.6471279233
3.19
3.2420563479
3.73
3.7436042104
4.23
4.1854767477
Vp
Smith-Root GPP 7.5 Peak Voltage vs Percent Range setting. Data directly from L. E. Miranda, Miss. State
The Gompertz and Logistic equations provide closer estimates than the Sine-based formula, though the latter is more explanatory.
Above the 60% Range setting, peak voltage is near maximum.
The GPP output occurred in 305 uS/cm ambient water conductivity.
% Range1703405001000Max132.0737826031A_147.6278136543Max1121.7916292008Smith-Root GPP 7.5 boat electrofisher peak voltage output by percent range setting.
1092186283536k_1.151526879B_1.0395242272c_1.8259156699Estimated values are peak voltage as percent of voltage setting, peak voltage,
20109232340653g_0.026308447g1_0.0395480692pulse width in mS and duty cycle in percent for given frequencies (pulses per second).
40157303442849SSR24.8Percent setting Vp values estimated from a logistic equation.
601813495151040SSR0.4SSR0.1Data from L. E. Miranda, Mississippi State University Coop Unit.
801833615331072
1001833615361072Peak voltage setting =340
% RangeVp (% Setting)VpPW (mS)dc 15dc 60dc 120
% Range% Setting% Setting% Setting% SettingAverageGompResidSineResidLogisticResid1054.61861.32.07.915.9
1054.154.756.653.654.854.50.353.51.254.60.12066.62271.92.811.222.5
2064.168.268.065.366.466.9-0.567.9-1.566.6-0.23078.22662.33.413.827.5
4092.489.188.484.988.788.40.389.5-0.888.60.14088.63012.64.015.931.8
60106.5102.6103.0104.0104.0104.1-0.199.54.5104.1-0.05097.23313.04.417.835.5
80107.6106.2106.6107.2106.9114.8-7.996.5113.1-6.260104.13543.24.919.538.9
100107.6106.2107.2107.2107.1121.6-14.581.0117.7-10.680106.93633.75.622.544.9
100107.13644.26.325.150.2
1054.553.554.6
2066.967.966.6
3078.380.078.2
4088.489.588.6
5097.096.197.2
60104.199.5104.1
Note: Check formulas under the Gomp, Sine and Logistic columns. The Gompertz and Logistic equations provide almost equivalent results.
Vp
170
340
500
1000
Sine
Gomp
Logistic
GPP % Range
Voltage (% Setting)
Peak Voltage vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
PW
170
340
500
1000
Sine
Gomp
Logistic
GPP % Range
Voltage (% Setting)
Peak Voltage vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
DC
Smith-Root GPP 7.5 Pulse Width vs Percent Range setting. Data directly from L. E. Miranda, Miss. State
% RangePW (ms)ModelResidc_0.4185
101.291.32-0.03e_0.5
201.981.870.11
402.602.65-0.05SSR0.02
603.193.24-0.05
803.733.74-0.01
1004.234.190.04
Note: PW = 0.419 x % Range^0.5
DC
PW (ms)
Model
GPP % Range
Pulse Width (ms)
Pulse Width vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
Smith-Root GPP 7.5 Duty Cycle vs Percent Range setting. Data directly from L. E. Miranda, Miss. State
% Range1560120PW (ms)PW est15 est60 est120 est
101.857.7014.801.291.321.997.9415.88
202.8511.9023.301.981.872.8111.2322.46
403.7715.2030.302.602.653.9715.8831.77
604.7219.0037.003.193.244.8619.4538.90
805.7022.5044.003.733.745.6222.4644.92
1006.3025.3050.004.234.196.2825.1150.23
Note: Duty Cycle = (Pulse Width x Hz) ÷ 10
15
60
120
15 est
60 est
120 est
GPP % Range
Duty Cycle (%)
Duty Cycle vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
Peak Voltage vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120GPP % Range
Volta
ge (%
Set
ting)
1703405001000
S-R GPP Voltage vs. Range Setting
PresenterPresentation NotesGreater than 50 – 60% of range results in little to no voltage increase.
Chart3
101010101010
202020202020
404040403030
606060604040
808080805050
1001001001006060
170
340
500
1000
Gomp
Logistic
GPP % Range
Voltage (% Setting)
Peak Voltage vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
54.1176470588
54.7058823529
56.6
53.6
54.5004271829
54.6275297593
64.1176470588
68.2352941176
68
65.3
66.8843247165
66.6297720614
92.3529411765
89.1176470588
88.4
84.9
78.2849927139
78.1987676267
106.4705882353
102.6470588235
103
104
88.3528962551
88.5518557855
107.6470588235
106.1764705882
106.6
107.2
96.9636213444
97.2187819507
107.6470588235
106.1764705882
107.2
107.2
104.1487783639
104.0779438085
Vp
Smith-Root GPP 7.5 Peak Voltage vs Percent Range setting. Data directly from L. E. Miranda, Miss. State
The Gompertz and Logistic equations provide closer estimates than the Sine-based formula, though the latter is more explanatory.
Above the 60% Range setting, peak voltage is near maximum.
The GPP output occurred in 305 uS/cm ambient water conductivity.
% Range1703405001000Max132.0737826031A_147.6278136543Max1121.7916292008Smith-Root GPP 7.5 boat electrofisher peak voltage output by percent range setting.
1092186283536k_1.151526879B_1.0395242272c_1.8259156699Estimated values are peak voltage as percent of voltage setting, peak voltage,
20109232340653g_0.026308447g1_0.0395480692pulse width in mS and duty cycle in percent for given frequencies (pulses per second).
40157303442849SSR24.8Percent setting Vp values estimated from a logistic equation.
601813495151040SSR0.4SSR0.1Data from L. E. Miranda, Mississippi State University Coop Unit.
801833615331072
1001833615361072Peak voltage setting =340
% RangeVp (% Setting)VpPW (mS)dc 15dc 60dc 120
% Range% Setting% Setting% Setting% SettingAverageGompResidSineResidLogisticResid1054.61861.32.07.915.9
1054.154.756.653.654.854.50.353.51.254.60.12066.62271.92.811.222.5
2064.168.268.065.366.466.9-0.567.9-1.566.6-0.23078.22662.33.413.827.5
4092.489.188.484.988.788.40.389.5-0.888.60.14088.63012.64.015.931.8
60106.5102.6103.0104.0104.0104.1-0.199.54.5104.1-0.05097.23313.04.417.835.5
80107.6106.2106.6107.2106.9114.8-7.996.5113.1-6.260104.13543.24.919.538.9
100107.6106.2107.2107.2107.1121.6-14.581.0117.7-10.680106.93633.75.622.544.9
100107.13644.26.325.150.2
1054.553.554.6
2066.967.966.6
3078.380.078.2
4088.489.588.6
5097.096.197.2
60104.199.5104.1
Note: Check formulas under the Gomp, Sine and Logistic columns. The Gompertz and Logistic equations provide almost equivalent results.
Vp
170
340
500
1000
Sine
Gomp
Logistic
GPP % Range
Voltage (% Setting)
Peak Voltage vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
PW
170
340
500
1000
Sine
Gomp
Logistic
GPP % Range
Voltage (% Setting)
Peak Voltage vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
DC
Smith-Root GPP 7.5 Pulse Width vs Percent Range setting. Data directly from L. E. Miranda, Miss. State
% RangePW (ms)ModelResidc_0.4185
101.291.32-0.03e_0.5
201.981.870.11
402.602.65-0.05SSR0.02
603.193.24-0.05
803.733.74-0.01
1004.234.190.04
Note: PW = 0.419 x % Range^0.5
DC
PW (ms)
Model
GPP % Range
Pulse Width (ms)
Pulse Width vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
Smith-Root GPP 7.5 Duty Cycle vs Percent Range setting. Data directly from L. E. Miranda, Miss. State
% Range1560120PW (ms)PW est15 est60 est120 est
101.857.7014.801.291.321.997.9415.88
202.8511.9023.301.981.872.8111.2322.46
403.7715.2030.302.602.653.9715.8831.77
604.7219.0037.003.193.244.8619.4538.90
805.7022.5044.003.733.745.6222.4644.92
1006.3025.3050.004.234.196.2825.1150.23
Note: Duty Cycle = (Pulse Width x Hz) ÷ 10
15
60
120
15 est
60 est
120 est
GPP % Range
Duty Cycle (%)
Duty Cycle vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
Duty Cycle vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 20 40 60 80 100
GPP % Range
Dut
y C
ycle
(%)
15 60 120
S-R GPP Duty Cycle vs. Range Setting
PresenterPresentation NotesThree frequencies, 15, 60, and 120 pulses per second. Essentially linear increases at the test water conductivity. However, Martinez and Kolz (2009) reviewed power output vs. percent of range at different voltage settings over a range of water conductivities. If you have a GPP unit and are interested in standardizing, give this paper a look. At the very least, you will see that using a high voltage setting in higher water conductivities can lead to diminished output and actually less power output than lower voltage settings. You can use Boat Power to demonstrate these dynamics as well.
Chart1
1010101010
2020202020
4040404040
6060606060
8080808080
100100100100100
15
60
120
15 est
60 est
GPP % Range
Duty Cycle (%)
Duty Cycle vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
1.85
7.7
14.8
1.9853459425
7.9413837698
2.85
11.9
23.3
2.8077031578
11.2308126313
3.77
15.2
30.3
3.9706918849
15.8827675397
4.72
19
37
4.8630845219
19.4523380877
5.7
22.5
44
5.6154063156
22.4616252626
6.3
25.3
50
6.2782151215
25.1128604861
Vp
Smith-Root GPP 7.5 Peak Voltage vs Percent Range setting. Data directly from L. E. Miranda, Miss. State
The Gompertz and Logistic equations provide closer estimates than the Sine-based formula, though the latter is more explanatory.
Above the 60% Range setting, peak voltage is near maximum.
The GPP output occurred in 305 uS/cm ambient water conductivity.
% Range1703405001000Max132.0737826031A_147.6278136543Max1121.7916292008Smith-Root GPP 7.5 boat electrofisher peak voltage output by percent range setting.
1092186283536k_1.151526879B_1.0395242272c_1.8259156699Estimated values are peak voltage as percent of voltage setting, peak voltage,
20109232340653g_0.026308447g1_0.0395480692pulse width in mS and duty cycle in percent for given frequencies (pulses per second).
40157303442849SSR24.8Percent setting Vp values estimated from a logistic equation.
601813495151040SSR0.4SSR0.1Data from L. E. Miranda, Mississippi State University Coop Unit.
801833615331072
1001833615361072Peak voltage setting =340
% RangeVp (% Setting)VpPW (mS)dc 15dc 60dc 120
% Range% Setting% Setting% Setting% SettingAverageGompResidSineResidLogisticResid1054.61861.32.07.915.9
1054.154.756.653.654.854.50.353.51.254.60.12066.62271.92.811.222.5
2064.168.268.065.366.466.9-0.567.9-1.566.6-0.23078.22662.33.413.827.5
4092.489.188.484.988.788.40.389.5-0.888.60.14088.63012.64.015.931.8
60106.5102.6103.0104.0104.0104.1-0.199.54.5104.1-0.05097.23313.04.417.835.5
80107.6106.2106.6107.2106.9114.8-7.996.5113.1-6.260104.13543.24.919.538.9
100107.6106.2107.2107.2107.1121.6-14.581.0117.7-10.680106.93633.75.622.544.9
100107.13644.26.325.150.2
1054.553.554.6
2066.967.966.6
3078.380.078.2
4088.489.588.6
5097.096.197.2
60104.199.5104.1
Note: Check formulas under the Gomp, Sine and Logistic columns. The Gompertz and Logistic equations provide almost equivalent results.
Vp
170
340
500
1000
Sine
Gomp
Logistic
GPP % Range
Voltage (% Setting)
Peak Voltage vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
PW
170
340
500
1000
Sine
Gomp
Logistic
GPP % Range
Voltage (% Setting)
Peak Voltage vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
DC
Smith-Root GPP 7.5 Pulse Width vs Percent Range setting. Data directly from L. E. Miranda, Miss. State
% RangePW (ms)ModelResidc_0.4185
101.291.32-0.03e_0.5
201.981.870.11
402.602.65-0.05SSR0.02
603.193.24-0.05
803.733.74-0.01
1004.234.190.04
Note: PW = 0.419 x % Range^0.5
DC
PW (ms)
Model
GPP % Range
Pulse Width (ms)
Pulse Width vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
Smith-Root GPP 7.5 Duty Cycle vs Percent Range setting. Data directly from L. E. Miranda, Miss. State
% Range1560120PW (ms)PW est15 est60 est120 est
101.857.7014.801.291.321.997.9415.88
202.8511.9023.301.981.872.8111.2322.46
403.7715.2030.302.602.653.9715.8831.77
604.7219.0037.003.193.244.8619.4538.90
805.7022.5044.003.733.745.6222.4644.92
1006.3025.3050.004.234.196.2825.1150.23
Note: Duty Cycle = (Pulse Width x Hz) ÷ 10
15
60
120
15 est
60 est
120 est
GPP % Range
Duty Cycle (%)
Duty Cycle vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
Duty Cycle vs PORGPP 7.5, Three Frequencies
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent of Range
Duty
Cycle
(%)
15 60 120
Which Frequency should you use?Consider optimum Duty Cycle (20 – 40%)
Settings with a target duty cycle of 20 – 40%: 120 pps = 20 – 60 POR60 pps = 60 – 100 POR
PresenterPresentation NotesOften, the most efficient electrofishing will occur when the duty cycle is between 20 and 40%. If 20 – 40% duty cycle is your target, then there are only two frequencies that will allow the target to be achieved, 60 pps & 120 pps. Since going above 60 percent of range doesn’t increase peak voltage but does increase average power demand on your equipment, the settings you need to operate in are:
60 pps, 60 – 100 percent of range
120 pps, 15 – 60 percent of range
Chart3
101010101010
202020202020
404040404040
606060606060
808080808080
100100100100100100
15
60
120
15 est
60 est
120 est
Percent of Range
Duty Cycle (%)
Duty Cycle vs PORGPP 7.5, Three Frequencies
1.85
7.7
14.8
1.9853459425
7.9413837698
15.8827675397
2.85
11.9
23.3
2.8077031578
11.2308126313
22.4616252626
3.77
15.2
30.3
3.9706918849
15.8827675397
31.7655350793
4.72
19
37
4.8630845219
19.4523380877
38.9046761754
5.7
22.5
44
5.6154063156
22.4616252626
44.9232505252
6.3
25.3
50
6.2782151215
25.1128604861
50.2257209723
Sheet1
Sheet1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
100 % of Range
0
0.1736481777
0.3420201433
0.5
0.6427876097
0.7660444431
0.8660254038
0.9396926208
0.984807753
1
0.984807753
0.9396926208
0.8660254038
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
1.22514845490862E-16
-2.45029690981724E-16
0.1736481777
0.3420201433
0.5
0.6427876097
0.7660444431
0.8660254038
0.9396926208
0.984807753
1
0.984807753
0.9396926208
0.8660254038
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
3.67544536472586E-16
0
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540
75 % of Range
0
0.7660444431
0.8660254038
0.9396926208
0.984807753
1
0.984807753
0.9396926208
0.8660254038
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
1.22514845490862E-16
0
0.7660444431
0.8660254038
0.9396926208
0.984807753
1
0.984807753
0.9396926208
0.8660254038
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
3.67544536472586E-16
0
10
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540
50 % of Range
0
1
0.984807753
0.9396926208
0.8660254038
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
1.22514845490862E-16
0
1
0.984807753
0.9396926208
0.8660254038
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
3.67544536472586E-16
0
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360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
30 % of Range
0
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
1.22514845490862E-16
0
0.7660444431
0.6427876097
0.5
0.3420201433
0.1736481777
3.67544536472586E-16
0
10
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420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
10 % of Range
0
0.1736481777
1.22514845490862E-16
0
0.1736481777
3.67544536472586E-16
101010101010
202020202020
404040403030
606060604040
808080805050
1001001001006060
170
340
500
1000
Gomp
Logistic
GPP % Range
Voltage (% Setting)
Peak Voltage vs % RangeGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
54.1176470588
54.7058823529
56.6
53.6
54.5004271829
54.6275297593
64.1176470588
68.2352941176
68
65.3
66.8843247165
66.6297720614
92.3529411765
89.1176470588
88.4
84.9
78.2849927139
78.1987676267
106.4705882353
102.6470588235
103
104
88.3528962551
88.5518557855
107.6470588235
106.1764705882
106.6
107.2
96.9636213444
97.2187819507
107.6470588235
106.1764705882
107.2
107.2
104.1487783639
104.0779438085
1010
2020
4040
6060
8080
100100
PW (ms)
Model
Percent of Range
Pulse Width (ms)
Pulse Width vs PORGPP 7.5 Electrofisher
1.29
1.3235639616
1.98
1.8718021052
2.6
2.6471279233
3.19
3.2420563479
3.73
3.7436042104
4.23
4.1854767477
101010101010
202020202020
404040404040
606060606060
808080808080
100100100100100100
15
60
120
15 est
60 est
120 est
Percent of Range
Duty Cycle (%)
Duty Cycle vs PORGPP 7.5, Three Frequencies
1.85
7.7
14.8
1.9853459425
7.9413837698
15.8827675397
2.85
11.9
23.3
2.8077031578
11.2308126313
22.4616252626
3.77
15.2
30.3
3.9706918849
15.8827675397
31.7655350793
4.72
19
37
4.8630845219
19.4523380877
38.9046761754
5.7
22.5
44
5.6154063156
22.4616252626
44.9232505252
6.3
25.3
50
6.2782151215
25.1128604861
50.2257209723
Peak & GPP Current vs POR AdjustmentGPP 7.5, 60 & 120 Hz
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent of Range
Curre
nt (A
mps
)
Fluke 120 GPP 120 Fluke 60 GPP 60
A Consideration About MeteringDoes the GPP ammeter measure Peak or Average current?
Fluke 60 or 120 = scopemeter measured peak current under 60 pps or 120 ppsGPP 60 or 120 = GPP ammeter displayed current under 60 pps or 120 pps
Using the 60 pps, 60% of range settings, the peak voltage was ~25 amps and the GPP ammeter reading was ~5 amps. Duty cycle at 60 pps, 60 POR is about 20%. Thus, the average current is about 20% of the peak. In this case, 20% of 25 amps is 5 amps.
PresenterPresentation NotesThe GPP ammeter reads less current than the scopemeter at both frequencies. The scopemeter is reading peak current, thus the GPP ammeter is definitely not reading peak current but is it displaying average current?
We can use duty cycle to answer this question. At 60 pps, 40 percent of range, the duty cycle from the previous graph is about 15%. The GPP ammeter reading at 40 percent of range (60 pps) is about 4 amps. The peak current from the scopemeter is about 23 amps.
Average amps = (peak amps) x duty cycle = 23 x 0.15 = 3.5 average amps.
This is close agreement to the GPP ammeter reading so we can conclude that the ammeter reads average amps. Now, although the GPP ammeter tracks the scopemeter readings, the tracking is not exact. Additional measurements have shown that the GPP ammeter is more an index of average amp output than a precise average ammeter.
Chart1
10101010
20202020
40404040
60606060
80808080
100100100100
Fluke 120
GPP 120
Fluke 60
GPP 60
Percent of Range
Current (Amps)
Peak & GPP Current vs POR AdjustmentGPP 7.5, 60 & 120 Hz
15.1
3.2
15.2
1.6
17.4
4.5
17.5
2.4
22.3
8
22.9
4.2
25.6
11.6
26.2
5.8
26.2
14.5
26.3
7.3
25.8
15.3
26
7.6
Black Bass Box
Hot Springs Black Bass Boat; Black Bass Box (GPP 7.5); Lake Greenlee 6/20/11
Cs = 580 at 32°C; Ca = 666 µS/cm; all at 120 Hz
One Boom: 180 Vp, 14.3 Ap; 12.6 ΩA + C = 12.6 Ω
Two Booms: 177 Vp, 23.9 Ap; 7.4 Ω½ A + C = 7.4 Ω
Therefore, ½ A = 5.2 Ω, A = 10.4 Ω, C = 2.2 Ω at ambient resistance of 666 µS/cm
A is the resistance of one anode boom. 10.4 x 6.66 = 69 Ω at 100 µS/cm
C is the resistance of the boat hull. 2.3 x 6.66 = 14.7 Ω at 100 µS/cm
Percent of Power to the Anodes = 5.2 ÷ 7.4 = 70%
Guidelines: Clean Boat Hulls are often 15 Ω at 100 µS/cm
Percent of Power to the Anodes 60-75% optimum
Total resistance often 40-60 Ω
Conclusions: This EF boat appears ideal in terms of overall resistance, boat hull resistance
and percent of power to the anodes
Lacked voltage gradient probe to map voltage gradients but expect the field is good.
PORVpDuty CycleApGPPWpRaR100GPP/Peak
1012222.216.94.220627.220.25
2014229.219.96.228267.140.31
4016434.322.58.236907.290.36
6017739.524.811.043907.140.44
8017945.625.312.545297.080.49
10017948.925.513.445657.020.53
7.1547.6
Note: GPP ammeter does not measure peak current, and peak current
is needed to standardize electrofishing by power for different conductivities
Black Bass Box
Vp
Percent of Range
Peak Voltage
Peak Voltage vs POR Adjustment
River Box
Ap
Percent of Range
Peak Current
Peak Current vs POR Adjustment
GPP
Percent of Range
GPP Current
GPP Current vs POR Adjustment
Duty Cycle
Percent of Range
Duty Cycle (%)
Duty Cycle vs POR Adjustment
Ap
Percent of Range
Peak Power
Peak Power vs POR Adjustment
Duty Cycle
Duty Cycle (%)
GPP ÷ Peak Current
GPP/Peak vs Duty Cycle
Hot Springs Black Bass Boat; River Box (GPP 7.5); Lake Greenlee 6/20/11
Cs = 580 at 32°C; Ca = 666 µS/cm; 60 and 120 Hz
PORFluke 120GPP 120Fluke 60GPP 60Duty Cycle
1015.13.215.21.620.1
2017.44.517.52.423.3
4022.38.022.94.233.3
6025.611.626.25.839.9
8026.214.526.37.346.5
10025.815.326.07.652.0
Fluke 120
GPP 120
Fluke 60
GPP 60
Percent of Range
Current (Amps)
Peak & GPP Current vs POR AdjustmentGPP 7.5, 60 & 120 Hz
POR
Percent of Range
Duty Cycle (%)
Duty Cycle vs POR Adjustment
Summary• GPPs have interrelated controls, i.e., the POR controls peak voltage (and
peak current and peak power) in an asymptotic fashion, it increases over 10-60 POR then begins to level off within 60-100 POR
• This interrelatedness between voltage and duty cycle (two important fish-catching factors) leads to greater variation and hinders standardization
• The operator does not have fine control over voltage and duty cycle, hindering the use of standardization tables
• POR increases pulse width in a linear fashion• Changing frequency affects duty cycle (possibly why some agencies only
use 120 pps with GPPs)• GPPs lack peak metering for current and have no voltage metering (to
monitor peak voltage or current output, either must use external metering or install Smith-Root, Inc. metering)
Summary (continued)• Settings for general warmwater fish sampling:
– set Frequency to 120 pps– set Percent of Range (POR) knob in a range of 40 –
60– in very low (say ≤ 50 µS/cm) or in very high (say ≥
800 µS/cm) conductivity, try Alternating Current (AC)
Optional Meter for GPPs
GPP Meter Display
All the important attributes are displayed: peak volts, peak amps, and peak power plus frequency and duty cycle. However, you still have very little direct control of output.
PresenterPresentation NotesAll the important attributes are displayed: peak volts, amps, and power plus frequency and duty cycle. However, you still have very little direct control of output.
Generator Powered Pulsator (GPP)Slide Number 2How PDC is GeneratedHow PDC is Generated and ControlledSmith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment�10%Smith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment�30%Smith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment�50%Smith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment�75%Smith-Root GPP Percent of Range Adjustment�100%Percent of Range (POR) ControlS-R GPP Pulse Width vs. Range SettingS-R GPP Voltage vs. Range SettingS-R GPP Duty Cycle vs. Range SettingSlide Number 14Slide Number 15SummarySummary (continued)Optional Meter for GPPsGPP Meter Display