GASQUAL DELIVERABLE APPROVED BY CEN/BT WG 197 GAS …...• Gas storage. An overview of current and near-term gas storage capability has been presented. Gas quality variation around

"Gas quality" CEN/AFNOR/WG 197 Date: 2010-12-29

Doc. Number:

N 231Assistant: Marie BOURBIGOT Direct line: + 33 (0)1 41 62 87 20 [email protected]

Your contact: Sylvie FERNANDEZ Direct line : + 33 (0)1 41 62 86 59 [email protected]

GASQUAL DELIVERABLE APPROVED BY CEN/BT WG 197 "GAS QUALITY"

D1.3 "Final WP1 report on future gas profile"

The deliverable D1.3 was presented to CEN/BT WG 197 members commented, and approved on 2010-02-08/09 by the resolution 05/2010: Resolution 05/2010 Deliverable D.1.3 Future gas profile (document N148) BT WG 197 accepts the deliverable D1-3 as presented in document N148 with the addition of an addendum presented in document N183.

With the following observations on the document: CENBT WG197 Addendum to document N 148 Deliverable D1-3 " Future gas profile" (= Doc N183)

CENBTWG197 formulates the following observations on the document:

Clause Comment Follow-up

4-1 North Stream: table 4.3 obviously gives the composition known from Russian natural gas(~100% C1). However, the gas offered by the north stream consortium to some gas companies apparently is from the Russian part of the North sea, resembling by composition far more to Norvegian natural gas. needs to be checked with North stream.

This report is giving a view of the current situation but it is understood that the future may be rather different ( for instance , north stream gas might be richer than current Russian gas.

CENBTWG197 formulates the following editorial comments on the document:

Clause Comment Follow-up

3.1.3 Page 32

Page 32 3.1.3 Hungary, in the section: National Natural Gas Specification Replace sentences: The reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C. Volume is denoted in normal m3 – that is a reference temperature of 0 °C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa. By sentences: The reference temperature for combustion is 15 °C. Volume is denoted in normal m3 – that is a reference temperature of 15 °C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa. Explanation from HU: The reason of confusion is that in Hungary the official term for the cubic metre used in gas industry according to the national standard MSZ 1648 is: “gas technical normal cubic metre”. The reference conditions for that cubic metre are 15/15 oC and 1.01325 bar. The industrial slang (in both spoken and written Hungarian) uses the term in abbreviated form as “normal cubic metre”. We know this is not according to ISO 13443 but this is the practical life in Hungary. To avoid any confusion we suggest to use sentence: Replace by sentence: The reference temperature for combustion is 15 °C. Volume is denoted in “gas technical normal m3“ – that is a reference temperature of 15 °C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa.

To be included after being checked With M. Torok. The problem is that the reference 15°C/15°C are ISO reference, and that isn't normal m3.

3-11 Here, only table 3 of DVGW Code of Practice G 260 is mentioned - correct as specification. However, DVGW G 260 gives, for gas transport, also reference to the conditions of EASEE-gas as table 6, although informative only.

To be included

Table 3.16

Replace this old Table 3.16

Property Gas Type 2/H Gas Type 2/SWobbe number (MJ/m3) 46.1 – 56.5 38.5 - 46.8 Rated Wobbe number (MJ/m3)

54 44.6

Gross calorific value (MJ/m3)

30.2 – 47.2

Net calorific value(MJ/m3) 27.2 – 42.6 Relative density 0.55 – 0.71 Total sulphur max (mg/m3) 100 100 Sulphur-hydrogen max (mg/m3)

20 20

Included after checked with M. Torok

Association Française de Normalisation 11, rue Francis de Préssensé F – 93 571 La Plaine Saint Denis cedex http://www.afnor.fr SIRET 775 724 818 00205

A solid max (mg/m3) 5 5 Oxygen Max. (vol%) 0.2 0.2 Water vapour in transmission pipeline

0.17 g/m3

Water vapour in distribution Network

Non-condensing

Gas Quality Standard MSZ 1648 Table 3.16 Gas Quality Specification for Hungary. The reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa By the new Table 3.16

Property Gas Type 2H Gas Type 2S Wobbe index (GCV based) (MJ/m3)

45.66 – 54.76 36.29 – 41.58

Nominal Wobbe index (GCV based) (MJ/m3)

50.72 39.11

Gross calorific value (MJ/m3) 31.0 – 45.28 Net calorific value (MJ/m3) 27.94 – 40.81 Total sulphur max (mg/m3) 100 Hydrogen sulphide max (mg/m3)

20

Solid impurities max (mg/m3) 5 Oxygen max. (%(V/V)) 0.2 Water vapour max. (g/m3) 0.17 1.0 * Hydrocarbon dew point at 4 MPa max. (oC)

+4

Hydrocarbon dew point at maximum operating pressure max. (oC)

+4 *

Reference conditions: Combustion reference temperature is 15 oC. Volume reference conditions are 15 oC and 101.325 kPa. * In regional gas distribution systems which are independent from the nationwide gas transmission system.

Table 3.16 Gas Quality Specification for Hungary.

Due to the question above, could you confirm that all that is underline is correct. We confirm that the data in the replacement table are correct for Hungary. Please note we added a note to the water vapour and hydrocarbon dew point denoted with *.

Page 56 About the Spanish Transmission System, second paragraph: add “companies” as follows: “…According to Order ITC/3993/2006, the transmission companies allowed…”

To be included

Page 57 About the Regional integration in SW Europe, second paragraph: remove “future” as follows: “…promoting a common Open Subscription Procedure (OSP) to allocate the existing and future capacities and a future Open Season (OS)…” as the Open Season was already held this autumn.

To be included

Association Française de Normalisation 11, rue Francis de Préssensé F – 93 571 La Plaine Saint Denis cedex http://www.afnor.fr SIRET 775 724 818 00205

GASQUAL.EU

ANSWER TO THE CALL FOR TENDER on GAS QUALITY- PHASE 1 of the Mandate M/400

Investigations on new acceptable EU limits for gas quality.

Influence on the performance of new and installed gas appliances. Study Project

DELIVERABLE D1.3

Future Gas Profiles

GQWP1_09_D13_Final_v3.doc

Deliverable N°

Work package N°

Deliverable name Type of deliverable

Lead participant

Limit date of issue

D1.3 WP1 D1.3 Report on Future Gas Profiles

Report GL Industrial Services

15.08.2009

Author(s): S.K. Kimpton and M.J. Brown Date: 30.03.2010 Version: v3

Document Version Control Amendment details:

Vers By Status Date Comments

1.0 GL Draft 15.08.2009 Draft to CEN, sent 14 August 2009

Presented at CEN meeting 29 September 2009

2.0 GL Final Report 30.11.2009 Comments received - CEN-BTWG197 N113, N133 and N134

Final Report with:

1) Minor editorial changes as requested Indonesia LNG unit names and Algeria LNG unit descriptor

2) Hungarian gas specification data altered to include Algyő and Orosháza gas ( 2H and 2S) (table 6.2), and text altered on indigenous gas supply to include 2H and 2S

3) Hungarian standard changed to MSZ 1648 in table 3.16

4) EASEE-gas oxygen specification updated to CBP 2005-001/02 (6 November 2008)

5) Added information on Nord Stream pipeline

6) Added short section on reverse flow

7) Updated summary table in Section 7

3.0 GL Final Report 30.03.2010 Comments received - CEN-BTWG197 N183 “Addendum to be added to the final version of the report Deliverable D1.3 (doc N148) – dated 08.02.2010; received by GL – 19.03.2010.

Report updated with all comments from N183 including:

1) Explanation provided by MOL regarding the nomenclature for reference conditions “gas technical normal cubic metre”. Also comment about hydrocarbon and water dew-points.

2) Addition to German gas quality section to mention informative reference to EASEE-gas.

3) Minor editorial changes to Spanish Transmission gas specification text comments.

Executive Summary This report has been produced for review by CEN/BT/WG 197 to record the progress to date made by the GASQUAL consortium on Work Package 1 (WP1) Gas specification and changes to future gas quality. This is one of six work packages being undertaken by GASQUAL to provide information for CEN in the production of a harmonised European Standard for gas quality. As Deliverable D1.3, the report focused on:

• Current gas specification for European Union member countries (often related to the historical indigenous or local source of gas).

• Indigenous supplies. Generally these sources are depleting and there is increased reliance on gas importation.

• Pipeline interconnectors. Information is provided to give an overview of current and new pipeline infrastructure bringing different natural gases into the European region

• LNG import terminals. Information has been gathered on current and future LNG importation and regasification together with some outline data on gas specification

• Gas storage. An overview of current and near-term gas storage capability has been presented. Gas quality variation around Europe is an important factor and is dependent on the source of the gas. The EASEE-gas specification and the range provided by EN 437 do not encompass the existing gas transmission specification for all member states. With the anticipated increase in the range of Wobbe Index of gas used in Europe through gas market liberalisation and with greater reliance on gas importation, a greater focus on the acceptable upper Wobbe Index limit would seem appropriate.

Contents 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Outline description of GASQUAL Project ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Scope of Work ................................................................................................................................. 1

2 EASEE-gas Specification ............................................................................................................ 2

3 Transmission Specifications ...................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Austria .............................................................................................................................................. 4 3.3 Belgium ............................................................................................................................................ 7 3.4 Bulgaria ............................................................................................................................................ 9 3.5 Cyprus............................................................................................................................................ 12 3.6 Czech Republic.............................................................................................................................. 13 3.7 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................... 15 3.8 Estonia ........................................................................................................................................... 18 3.9 Finland............................................................................................................................................ 20 3.10 France............................................................................................................................................. 22 3.11 Germany......................................................................................................................................... 25 3.12 Greece ............................................................................................................................................ 30 3.13 Hungary.......................................................................................................................................... 32 3.14 Ireland............................................................................................................................................. 34 3.15 Italy ................................................................................................................................................. 36 3.16 Latvia .............................................................................................................................................. 39 3.17 Lithuania ........................................................................................................................................ 41 3.18 Luxembourg................................................................................................................................... 42 3.19 Malta ............................................................................................................................................... 43 3.20 Netherlands.................................................................................................................................... 44 3.21 Poland ............................................................................................................................................ 46 3.22 Portugal.......................................................................................................................................... 48 3.23 Romania ......................................................................................................................................... 50 3.24 Slovakia.......................................................................................................................................... 52 3.25 Slovenia.......................................................................................................................................... 54 3.26 Spain............................................................................................................................................... 56 3.27 Sweden........................................................................................................................................... 59 3.28 United Kingdom............................................................................................................................. 61 3.29 Summary of EU Transmission Specifications ............................................................................ 64

4 Future Supplies.......................................................................................................................... 67 4.1 Natural Gas Pipeline Supplies...................................................................................................... 67 4.2 Pipeline reverse flow overview .................................................................................................... 75

4.3 Future LNG Supplies..................................................................................................................... 76 5 Storage ....................................................................................................................................... 82

5.1 Types of Storage ........................................................................................................................... 82 5.2 Austrian Storage Specification .................................................................................................... 83 5.3 French Storage Specification....................................................................................................... 84 5.4 German Storage Specification ..................................................................................................... 85 5.5 Italian Storage Specification ........................................................................................................ 86 5.6 UK Storage Specification.............................................................................................................. 87

6 Indigenous Gas Quality............................................................................................................. 88

7 Impact of Future Gas Quality Changes.................................................................................... 90

8 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 92

Page 1

1 Introduction Natural gas composition or quality varies as result of the different sources, extraction and processing. The impact of the different gas qualities results in different specifications for acceptable natural gas based typically on the historical or indigenous supply for each European country, and around the world. Utilisation of the specific countries’ gas is thus optimised for a particular gas quality. As supplies of indigenous gas decline and demand for natural gas increases, the resulting impact is of increased reliance on imported gas. This imported gas may not have the same gas quality. It is essential that the different gases are interchangeable and that they enable the utilisation equipment to operate safely and efficiently. The primary factor used to assess natural gas interchangeability is the Wobbe Index, and it is important to ensure that the reference conditions used for any calculation are correctly defined.

1.1 Outline description of GASQUAL Project The European Commission has requested CEN to draw up standards that define the minimum acceptable range for gas quality parameters for H-gas. The CEN process covered two activities: [A] “MANDATE TO CEN FOR STANDARDISATION IN THE FIELD OF GAS QUALITIES, 16 January 2007 [B] “Call for tender on Gas Quality - Phase 1 of Mandate M/400” CEN /BT WG 197 The GASQUAL study aims at evaluating the impact of gas quality variations on appliances certified for using gases in the H group. As such it shall cover all appliances complying with Directive 90/396/EEC and certified for use with gases with Wobbe Index (H-gases are defined by reference to EN 437:2003) in the range of 45.7 to 54.7 MJ/m3, at the reference conditions of 15 °C for combustion and of 15 °C and 101.325 kPa(a) for volume. GASQUAL work package WP1 is aimed at providing a view of the existing market of appliances and its trend. It will identify for all the countries included in the study the types of appliances present on the market complying with Directive 90/396/EEC and certified to burn gases within the H group. An additional aspect of this work package is the collation of information relating to natural gas specification, network codes and regulated gas quality. This is the focus of this report.

1.2 Scope of Work Within Work Package 1 of GASQUAL (WP1) an assessment of the trends in gas quality variations due to increased imports of natural gas by LNG shipping and by pipeline interconnectors leading to greater trading across European borders. For this part of the project, existing natural gases sources have been identified country-by-country and plans for the natural gas imports for the next decade investigated. In addition to this existing gas specification, indigenous gas information, gas storage specification, LNG import gas characteristics and new pipeline supplies have been reviewed. Natural gas distributed in individual European countries has to comply with the appropriate country specification and these are compared. Overall, the work has endeavoured to answer the following questions: 1) What are the current acceptable gas quality standards? 2) Is there a reasonably consistent view on gas quality at the present time? 3) What LNG/pipeline supplies will be used? 4) Is there compliance with EASEE-gas specification?

Page 2

2 EASEE-gas Specification The European Association for the Streamlining of Energy Exchange – gas, EASEE-gas, has identified a number of gas properties and parameters for harmonisation across the European Union. The parameter units and reference conditions are in accordance with the EASEE-gas Common Business Practice (CBP) 2003-001/01. The energy unit is the kWh with a combustion reference temperature of 25 °C. The volume unit is m3 at a reference condition of 0 °C and 101.325 kPa(a). For conversion to other reference conditions, the procedures described in ISO 13443:1996 Natural Gas – Standard reference conditions should be used. The parameters are defined in ISO 14532:2001 Natural gas – Vocabulary. The specification applies only to high-calorific value (H-gas) gas without added odorants; it was not intended to address possible interoperability issues arising from differences in odorisation practices. EASEE-gas recommends that no gas should be refused on nitrogen content provided all other requirements of the CBP are met. Parameter Description Units Minimum Maximum Recommended

implementation date

WI Gross (Superior) Wobbe Index kWh/m3 13.60 15.81 01/10/2010

D relative density m3/m3 0.555 0.700 01/10/2010

S Total sulphur mg/m3 - 30 01/10/2006

H2S + COS Hydrogen sulphide + carbonyl sulphide mg/m3

- 5 01/10/2006

RSH Mercaptans mg/m3 - 6 01/10/2006

O2 Oxygen mol % - 0.001* 01/10/2010

CO2 Carbon dioxide mol % - 2.5 01/10/2006

H2O DP Water dew point °C at 7000 kPa(a) - -8 See note **

HC DP Hydrocarbon dew point °C at 1 - 7000 kPa (a) - -2 01/10/2006

*Limit is <0.001 mol%, daily average. However, cross border point daily average levels up to 0.01 mol% will be accepted if these are the result of the prudent operation of UGS's existing in 2006, which use oxygen for desulphurisation purposes. (Based on the full CBP Wobbe range).

**At certain cross border points, less stringent values are used than defined in this CBP. For these cross border points, these values can be maintained and the relevant producers, shippers and transporters should examine together how the CBP value can be met in the long run. At all other cross border points, this value can be adopted by 1st October 2006.

Table 2.1 EASEE-gas specification for natural gas quality. The reference temperature for combustion is 25 °C. The reference temperature and pressure for volume measurement are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.

Page 3

3 Transmission Specifications

3.1 Introduction Gas Infrastructure Europe (GIE) is an organisation representing European Institutions (European Commission, European Parliament, Council of the European Union) as well as European energy regulators (ERGEG, CEER) and other stakeholders. GIE is an umbrella organisation for three organisations:

• Gas Transmission Europe (GTE) representing the Transmission System Operators (TSO) • Gas Storage Europe (GSE) representing storage system operators (SSO) • Gas LNG Europe (GLE) representing LNG terminal operators (TO)

Over 200000 km of transmission pipelines extend across GIE members and several thousands of kilometres of pipelines, interconnections and extensions are being built or planned, to ensure security of supply. A map identifying the transmission companies operating in Europe is shown in Figure 3.1. The gas quality requirements have been obtained either from the network codes of each of the TSOs or from the Regulator, as appropriate, for each country in the EU; the results are shown in sections 3.2 to 3.28.

Figure 3.1 Map from GIE showing the gas transportation companies for each European country. Source GIE

The Gas Infrastructure Europe website is at http://www.gie.eu.com.

Page 4

3.2 Austria The gas quality specification for Austria is defined by the regulations of ŐVGW, the Austrian Association for Gas and Water. The natural gas specification, G 31 (2001) is shown in Table 3.1. The standard conditions for Austria are 25 °C for calorific value measurement and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for metering volumes – these reference conditions are the same as those recommended by EASEE-gas. Natural gas has been used commercially in Austria for 50 years. Approximately 20% of the gas used is produced in Austria; the remaining 80% is imported. About 60% of the imported natural gas is from the Russian Federation; the rest is from Norway and Germany. Austria has two major European pipelines crossing the country – the West-Austria-Gasleitung (WAG) and the Trans-Austria-Gasleitung (TAG) – see Figure 3.2. Although the national gas quality specification is defined by ŐVGW, there are also further gas quality specifications for the WAG and TAG pipelines – see Table 3.2. The WAG pipeline runs from the Slovak/Austrian border at Baumgarten an der March to the Austrian/German border at Oberkappel. The WAG pipeline is one of the most important East-West transit routes for Russian natural gas to Western Europe; there are compressor stations at Baumgarten and Rainbach which can be operated bi-directionally. Dependent on conditions, WAG currently offers a technical capacity of up to almost 1 million Nm³/h (0 °C) over its entire length of 245 km. The pipeline is owned by OMV Gas GmbH and Baumgarten-Oberkappel Gasleitungs GmbH (BOG) is the exclusive holder of marketing rights for transportation services. The TAG pipeline system consists of three pipelines, four compressor stations, auxiliary equipment and several intake and offtake points. The 380 km pipeline runs from the Slovakian-Austrian border near Baumgarten an der March to the Austrian-Italian border near Arnoldstein. The TAG pipeline supplies domestic customers in Austria and provides transportation of natural gas to Italy. The SOL Pipeline System (Süd - Ost - Leitung) of OMV Gas GmbH, branches from the TAG Pipeline System at Weitendorf and transports gas to Slovenia. The TAG pipeline is owned jointly by OMV Gas GmbH (11%) and ENI International BV (89%).

Figure 3.2 Map of the Austrian Gas Transmission System

Page 5

Property Units Range Comment

WI kWh/m3 13.3 – 15.7

CV kWh/m3 10.7 – 12.8

RD 0.55 – 0.65

Hydrocarbon dew point temperature °C ≤ 0 at the maximum operating pressure

Water dew point temperature °C ≤ -8 at a pressure of 4000 kPa

Oxygen vol% < 0.5

Carbon dioxide vol% < 2

Nitrogen vol% < 5

Hydrogen vol% < 4

Total sulphur mg(S)/m3 < 10

< 30

Normal limit

Emergency limit

Mercaptans mg(S)/m3 < 6

Hydrogen sulphide H2S mg/m3 < 5

Carbonyl sulphide COS mg/m3 < 5

Halogen compounds mg/m3 0

Ammonia 0 Technically free

Impurities Technically free

Table 3.1 OVGW G 31 Natural Gas Quality Specification (ŐVGW G 31 “Erdgas in Österreich”)

OMV Gas & Power GmbH has established the Central European Gas Hub (CEGH) that aims to create a commercial gas-trading platform. The CEGH is planned to develop into the biggest gas-trading platform in Continental Europe in association with Gazprom and Wiener Boerse (Vienna Stock Exchange).

Page 6

Property Range Property Units

TAG Pipeline WAG Pipeline

Chemical Composition

Methane mol% ≥ 85.00 ≥ 85.00

Ethane mol% ≤ 7.00 ≤ 7.00

Propane mol% ≤ 3.00 ≤ 3.00

Butane mol% ≤ 2.00 ≤ 2.00

Heavier hydrocarbons C5+ mol% ≤1.00 ≤1.00

Nitrogen mol% ≤5.00 ≤5.00

Carbon dioxide mol% ≤2.00 ≤2.00

Oxygen mol% ≤0.02 ≤0.02

Sulphur Content

Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3 ≤5.0 ≤6.8

Mercaptan sulphur mg/m3 ≤15.00 ≤16.9

Total sulphur mg/m3 ≤100.00 ≤120.0 (≤150.0 for short time)

MJ/m3 36.00-40.00 38.5-46.0 Gross CV

kWh/m3 10.00-11.11 -

Wobbe Index MJ/m3 - 48.6-55.7

Dew point

Hydrocarbon dew point temperature °C 0 °C at ≥4120 and ≤ 6860 kPa

0 °C ≥100 and ≤7000 kPa gauge

Water dew point temperature °C -8 °C at 3920 kPa -8 °C at 6400 kPa gauge

Other Properties

Impurities The natural gas shall be practically free of solids, dust, iron oxide, mud, liquid hydrocarbons, resins, resin forming constituents and shall not be odorised

The natural gas shall be practically free of solid, dust, iron oxide, mud, liquid hydrocarbons and shall not be odorised

Temperature °C ≤42 ≤50

Pressure kPa Varies at intakes, usually >5000 kPa but may depend on operational conditions

Table 3.2 Gas Quality Specification for the WAG and TAG pipelines

Page 7

3.3 Belgium Belgium National Gas Quality Specification Belgium has both an H-gas and an L-gas network. Belgium’s supply of H-gas comes from LNG producing countries and sources in the North Sea and Russia. The H-gas network supplies the provinces of East and West Flanders, most of the provinces of Hainaut, Namur and Liège and much of the province of Limburg. Belgium’s supply of L-gas mainly comes from the Slochteren field in the Netherlands, which is why it is known as ‘Slochteren gas’. The L-gas network supplies part of the Brabant and Antwerp region, as well as parts of Limburg and Hainaut. The transmission specification of the Belgian network is under review and it will change to any European-wide specification as required. The reference temperature for combustion is 25 °C and the reference temperature and pressure for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa respectively. Fluxys Transmission Specification Fluxys is the independent operator of both the natural gas transport, transit grid and storage infrastructure in Belgium. The company also operates the Zeebrugge LNG terminal and the Zeebrugge Hub, one of the international short-term gas markets in continental Europe. A map of the Fluxys transmission system is shown in Figure 3.3. As Belgium does not have any indigenous gas sources, it is completely dependent on imports. The transmission system is an integral part of the European network; gas can flow both ways between Belgium and the UK, France, Spain and Italy and gas is exported to neighbouring Luxembourg. There are nineteen entry points into the Belgian network, three take L-gas and sixteen take H-gas. An indicative gas quality specification is shown in Table 2.1. Given the constraints on networks adjacent to the Fluxys transport network, specifications for gas quality at specific points of entry may be different to the indicative gas quality specification. Fluxys indicate that they will make all reasonable efforts to accept gas that is out-of-specification but the shipper must bear the cost of any processing required.

Figure 3.3 Map of the Belgium H-gas and L-gas transmission system (reproduced from the Fluxys website)

Page 8

Property Unit H-gas L-gas

Minimum CV MJ(25 °C)/m³(n) 38.9 1 34.3

Maximum CV MJ(25 °C)/m³(n) 46.055 38.686

Minimum Wobbe Index MJ(25 °C)/m³(n) 49.132 43.9

Maximum Wobbe Index MJ(25 °C)/m³(n) 56.8150 46.892

Minimum CV kWh(25 °C)/m³(n) 10.81 1 9.53

Maximum CV kWh(25 °C)/m³(n) 12.79 10.75

Minimum Wobbe Index kWh(25 °C)/m³(n) 13.65 12.19

Maximum Wobbe Index kWh(25 °C)/m³(n) 15.78 13.03

Maximum H2S (in S) incl. COS mg/m³(n) 5 5

Maximum Total S (as S) mg/m³(n) 150 150

Maximum annual Total S (as S) mg/m³(n) - -

Maximum Mercaptans (in S) mg/m³(n)

Maximum O2 ppm(vol) 5000 5000

Maximum CO2 %(vol) 2 2 3

Maximum dewpoint H2O °C @ 6900 kPa(g) -8 -8

Maximum dew point Hydrocarbon °C @ 0-6900 kPa(g) -2 -2 1 34.583 MJ/m³(n) or 9.61 kWh/m³(n) in an emergency 2 For historical reasons, ‘s Gravenvoeren 3% H Blaregnies 3% and 2.5% ZPT

Table 3.3 Indicative gas quality specification for entry into the Belgian transmission system operated by Fluxys. The reference temperature for combustion is 25 °C and the reference temperature and pressure for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa

Future Gas Supplies Fluxys indicate that Belgium may replace the L-gas network with a H-gas network in the long term. The future supplies of low calorific natural gas to Belgium depend on developments in supplier purchase contracts and the remaining period left for exploitation of the Groningen field in the Netherlands. It is in this context that the Federal Public Service Economy was given the task of setting the schedule, mode of financing and actions that will make it possible to adapt, either partially or in full, the Fluxys network and the distribution system operators’ networks currently used to supply low calorific gas to the supply of high calorific gas. This conversion will require a series of investments and actions that will involve not only Fluxys, but also the distribution system operators, suppliers, grid users, regulators and neighbouring countries.

Page 9

3.4 Bulgaria National Gas Quality Specification Bulgaria has some indigenous natural gas (218 million m3 in 2008) but most of the natural gas used in Bulgaria is imported from Russia (3487 million m3 in 2008). The gas quality of Bulgarian gas as specified by the State Energy Regulatory Commission is shown in Table 3.4. The reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C. Reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa. Property Units Range

Composition

Methane % ≥ 92

Ethane % ≤ 4

Propane and higher hydrocarbons

% ≤ 2

Nitrogen % ≤ 2

Carbon dioxide % ≤ 1

Oxygen % ≤ 0.1

Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3(n) ≤ 2.0

Mercaptans mg/m3(n) ≤ 5.6

Total sulphur mg/m3(n) ≤ 20

Water and particulates

Water dew point °C -5

Particulates Free of mechanical impurities

Calorific value

Minimum at 20 °C and 101.325 kPa

MJ/m3 35.7

Odour

Natural gas shall be delivered to the customer odorised

Detection level Gas in air ≤ 20% LEL

Table 3.4 Gas quality specification for Bulgaria as stated by the State Regulatory Commission. The reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa

Transmission Gas Quality Specification The state-owned Bulgarian Energy Holding EAD subsidiary Bulgartransgaz EAD is the sole gas transmission operator in Bulgaria executing the activities on transmission and gas storage and regulated by the State Energy and Water Regulation Commission. The company is owner and operator of a gas transmission ring system with high pressure off-takes to transport natural gas to customers and gas distribution companies in the country. About 3.34 bcm natural gas is transported along Bulgartransgaz EAD transmission network. Large quantities of natural gas are transited through the Republic of Bulgaria; in 2007 a total of 17.190 bcm passed through Bulgaria to:

• Turkey - 13.9 bcm (increase of 13% on previous year) • Greece - 3.1 bcm (increase of 15% on previous year)

Page 10

• Macedonia - 0.1 bcm (increase of 27% on previous year)

Figure 3.4 Map of the Bulgarian Transmission System

Future Gas Supplies Bulgaria and Greece have signed an agreement in 2009 to construct a natural gas pipeline from the Bulgarian city of Stara Zagora to the Greek town of Komotini. The Bulgarian Energy Holding signed an agreement with Greek natural gas monopoly DEPA and Italy's Edison SpA for the creation of a company that will construct and operate the pipeline and a company that will supply and make commercial use of the natural gas. The link will allow Bulgaria to import 1 billion cubic meters of Azeri gas per year from 2012 through the ITGI pipeline which is due to carry Caspian gas via Turkey and Greece to Italy. The new pipeline will receive funding of €45 million from the EU Energy Programme. The state-owned Bulgarian Energy Holding also signed a deal with Greece's gas grid operator DESFA to use the capacity of the Greek LNG terminal near Athens and import 1 bcm of gas per year. The proposed technical specification for the Romania – Bulgaria interconnector is shown in Table 3.5. The reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C. Reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.

Page 11

Component Units Range

Methane % ≥ 92

Ethane % ≤ 4

Propane % ≤ 2

i-Butane % ≤ 2

n-Butane % ≤ 2

i-Pentane % ≤ 2

n-Pentane % ≤ 2

Hexanes and higher hydrocarbons

% ≤ 2

Nitrogen % ≤ 2

Carbon dioxide % ≤ 1

Oxygen % ≤ 0.1

Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3(n) ≤ 2.0

Mercaptans mg/m3(n) ≤ 5.6

Total sulphur mg/m3(n) ≤ 20

Table 3.5 Proposed gas quality specification for the Romania-Bulgaria interconnector

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3.5 Cyprus There is currently no natural gas supply in Cyprus. The Cyprus Energy Authority (CERA) was set up by law in July 2003 to meet the requirements of the EU for the liberalisation of energy markets. The Republic of Cyprus decided to establish the Energy Centre, which will include facilities for the import, storage of strategic and operational stocks, management, distribution and export of oil products, as well as facilities for the import, storage and regasification of LNG. The Energy Centre will be built on the south coast of Cyprus, at a distance of 25 km east of Limassol, in the area formerly occupied by the Hellenic Chemical Industries fertiliser manufacturing facility. This area was considered as the most appropriate for the erection of storage and distribution facilities for petroleum products, as well as for the establishment of a receiving and storage terminal for LNG, due to its location and nature. Initially, natural gas will be mainly used by the nearby Power Station belonging to the Electricity Authority of Cyprus (EAC) for power generation. The LNG is likely to be imported from Egypt, Algeria or Libya; there is also a possibility that Gazprom could be a supplier. With the creation of the Energy Centre at Vasilikos, the Government of Cyprus aims to achieve a secure and cost-effective, long-term, energy supply in the country, the operation of a liberalised oil market and fair competition, as well as better control and maximum transparency in pricing. The site of the proposed LNG import terminal is shown in Figure 3.5.

Figure 3.5 Site of the LNG import terminal and Energy Centre on Cyprus

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3.6 Czech Republic Czech Transmission Gas Quality Specification The major gas transporter in the Czech Republic is RWE Transgas Net. The gas quality specification is shown in Table 3.6 – this was valid from 1st August 2009. There are additional constraints on pressure at border entry points – further information is contained in the RWE Transgas Net network code. Property Value Unit

Chemical Composition

Methane ≥85 mol%

Ethane ≤7 mol%

Propane ≤3 mol%

Butanes ≤2 mol%

Pentanes and higher hydrocarbons ≤0.5 mol%

Oxygen ≤0.02 mol%

Nitrogen ≤5 mol%

Carbon dioxide ≤3 mol%

Hydrogen sulphide H2S ≤6 mg/m3

Mercaptan sulphur RSH ≤5 mg/m3

Total sulphur ≤30 mg/m3

Combustion Properties

Wobbe Index 12.7 – 14.5 kWh/m3

45.7 – 52.2 MJ/m3

Relative density 0.56 – 0.70

Reference Conditions

Combustion 15 °C

Volume 15 °C at 101.325 kPa

Dew point

Water dew point ≤ -7 °C at a pressure of 4 MPa

Hydrocarbon dew point ≤ 0 °C at operating pressure

Notes

Natural gas shall not contain any mechanical impurities

The quality of gas delivered through individual delivery points from underground gas storage (UGS) expressed as the Gross Calorific Value (kWh) may not diverge by more than –0.5% to +2.0% from the average Gross Calorific Value of gas delivered through delivery points to UGS in the last 100 days.

Table 3.6. RWE Transgas Net Gas Quality Specification for gas entering the Czech Republic. The reference temperature for combustion is 15 °C and the reference temperature and pressure for volume are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa.

The RWE Gastrans Net pipeline network supplies gas to the Czech Republic and also forms part of the European international transit system. A map of the system is shown in Figure 3.6. The transmission system delivering gas for use within the Czech Republic is 1183 km in length with nominal pipeline diameters of DN 80 to DN 700. The nominal operating pressures are 4 MPa, 5.35 MPa and 6.1 MPa; 85% of the system operates at 6.1 MPa.

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The international transit network consists of 2460 km pipelines with nominal diameters ranging from DN 800 to DN 1400 and nominal pressures of 6.1 MPa, 7.35 MPa and 8.4 MPa. The DN 900 “Central”, “North” and “West” pipelines have been in operation since 1973; the “South” pipeline has been in operation since 1978. Due to increased demand, the DN 1000 pipeline was completed in 2000 in the “Central” and “North” sections. Natural gas is received and delivered at the inlet and outlet points from the Czech Republic; the volume and quality are metered at the border delivery stations in Lanžhot and Hora Svaté Kateřiny in the Czech Republic and at the border delivery stations Waidhaus and Olbernhau, which are located in Germany.

Figure 3.6 Map of the RWE Gastrans Net transmission system reproduced from the company website. The border crossing point with Slovakia in the east is Lanžhot, the other two border crossing points are with Germany at Waidhaus in the west and Deutschneudorf in the north.

Future Development As a result of market surveys, two preliminary requests for increased transmission capacity are being considered by RWE Transgas Net:

• 105 million m3/day along the Olbernhau - Waidhaus route from 2011 • Transmission to/from Poland in the area of Cesky Tesin of 1 million m3 /day.

RWE Transgas Net is due to make a decision in 2010.

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3.7 Denmark Danish National Gas Specification The specification for natural gas supplied to the Danish market is laid down by the Danish Safety Technology Authority (Sikkerhedsstyrelsen) in Section A, Appendix 1A of the Danish Gas Regulations. Natural gas received, transported and delivered in the Danish natural gas system under a transport contract must at all times comply with the Danish Gas Regulation and the quality specifications of the Rules for Gas Transport. The Wobbe Index minimum of 50.8 MJ/m3 is lower than the current value in the regulations – in December 2007, the minimum Wobbe Index was lowered from 51.9 MJ/m3 to allow for the import of gas from Northern Germany. A summary of the regulations is shown in Table 3.7. The reference conditions are 25 °C for combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume. Property Units Range Comment

Wobbe Index MJ/m3(n) 50.8 – 55.8

Max. 56.5

Under normal circumstances

In emergency circumstances. Customers sensitive to gas quality must be alerted.

Current regulations state a minimum Wobbe of 51.9 MJ/m3 – the new limit of 50.8 MJ/m3 is approved by the Regulator but is not yet in the existing rules

Relative density <0.7 No lower limit

Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3(n) <5 This is a daily average. In exceptional circumstances, hourly values of up to 10 mg/m3(n) may be permitted

Purity The gas must be free of gaseous, solid or liquid substances which may affect the operation or corrosion of the transmission system

°C -5 At pressures up to 4 bar Hydrocarbon dew point

°C 0 At pressures above 4 bar

°C Below soil temperature

For buried pipelines below 4 bar Water dew point

°C 0 At operating pressures above 4 bar

Dust Dust that may cause malfunction of meters, regulators and other components must be filtered out.

Odorant

THT

Mercaptans

mg/m3(n)

mg/m3(n)

>10.5

>4.0

Distributed natural gas must include an odorant in such a concentration that a person with a normal sense of smell is able to detect a gas/air mixture of up to 20% of the lower explosion limit and a maximum of 0.025% carbon monoxide.

Table 3.7 The National Danish Gas Quality Specification. The reference conditions are 25 °C for combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume

Transmission System

The Danish gas transmission system is operated and owned by Energinet.dk; the system runs from Nybro in Western Jutland to Amager in Eastern Denmark and from the German border to Aalborg. Energinet.dk also owns the installations which meter and regulate the gas and send it into the gas distribution network. Approximately 8 billion cubic metres of natural gas a year are transported each year. The system consists of a transmission grid and distribution grids on land and of marine pipelines at sea. A map of the transmission system is shown in Figure 3.7.

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The natural gas from the Danish section of the North Sea is transported in two marine pipelines from the Tyra and Syd Arne fields to the shore just north of Esbjerg. On land the natural gas passes through a gas treatment plant in Nybro near Varde. Here, the quality of the gas is checked and measured. The plant can also dry the gas and remove any sulphur, if necessary. From Nybro, the gas is sent to customers in Denmark and in other countries or for storage at one of two subterranean natural gas storage facilities. The storage facilities are situated in Ll Thorup north of Viborg and in Stenlille near Sorø on Zealand.

The Danish gas system is connected with the rest of Europe via pipelines to Germany and Sweden, and Denmark thus enjoys a central position in relation to the transmission of, trade in and storage of natural gas.

Figure 3.7 Map of the Danish transmission system. Source Energinet.dk.

Energinet.dk has a gas quality transmission specification which is in addition to the national gas quality requirements – this is shown in Table 3.8.

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Property Units Range Comments

Wobbe Index MJ/m3(n) 50.8 – 55.8 In an emergency, the maximum Wobbe Index may be increased to 56.5 MJ/m3(n)

Gross Calorific Value MJ/m3(n) 39.6 – 46.0 In an emergency, the maximum calorific value may be up to 46.8 MJ/m3(n)

Relative density 0.60 to 0.69

CO2 mol% ≤2.7

Oxygen mol% 0.1

H2S + COS mg/m3(n) ≤5 Under exceptional circumstances, H2S + COS content may be up to 10 mg/m3(n) for a maximum of two hours but not more than 5 mg/m3(n) on a 24 hour basis

Mercaptan mg/m3(n) ≤6

Total sulphur mg/m3(n) ≤30

Water dew point °C -8 At any pressure up to 70 bar

Hydrate formation No hydrates may form at temperatures of -8 °C at any pressure up to 70 bar

Hydrocarbon dew point

°C -2 At any pressure up to 70 bar

Dust and liquids Technically free of gaseous, solid or liquid substances that may cause blocking, malfunction or corrosion of the transmission system. This excludes very small droplets that may form in natural gas and that cannot be removed

Odorisation Natural gas shall be delivered unodorised at the entry point.

Other components and contaminants

Natural gas shall not contain other components or contaminants such that it cannot be transported, stored or marketed without further adjustment of the gas quality

Temperature °C 0 - 50 -10°C under exceptional circumstances and for up to 2 hours

Table 3.8 Transmission specification for natural gas transported by Energinet.dk. The reference temperature for combustion is 25 °C and for volume the reference conditions are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.

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3.8 Estonia National Specification Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia and Finland are remote from the rest of the European transmission system; at the present time, the sole source of gas is Russia. The EU has given the four countries exemption from the complete unbundling of the gas industry due to the lack of competition. The national gas specification must be the same as that agreed with Gazprom. Transmission Specification Eesti Gaas AS owns and operates Estonian natural gas transmission system. Eesti Gaas is owned by Gazprom (37%), E.ON Ruhrgas (32%), Fortum OY (18%) and Itera Latvija (9%) – the remaining 2% is owned by other shareholders. A map of the Estonian transmission system is shown in Figure 3.8. Natural gas is imported into Estonia from Russia and from the Inčukalns underground gas storage in Latvia. Eesti Gaas AS has two gas metering stations on the border of Estonia to determine the volume of imported gas.

Figure 3.8 Map of the Estonian transmission system. Source Eesti Gaas

Eesti Gaas describe the properties of natural gas in a document entitled Maagaas Toote kirjeldus (Natural Gas Product Description). Although this document is not strictly a gas specification, it gives an indication of the type of gas delivered in Estonia – a summary of the gas properties is shown in Table 3.9. The Balticconnector is a proposed pipeline connecting Estonia to Finland in the north; this will connect Finland to the gas storage facilities in Latvia in the south. The gas transmission system in Estonia and neighbouring Baltic countries is shown in more detail in Figure 3.9 in section 3.9. The reference conditions for combustion are 20 °C. The reference pressure is 101.325 kPa.

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Property Units Range Comments

Methane % 96 - 99

Ethane % 0.5 – 1.5

Higher hydrocarbons % < 0.5

Inert gases % < 1.5

MJ/m3 36.8 – 37.7 Gross calorific value

kWh/m3 10.2 – 10.5

MJ/m3 33.1 - 34 Net calorific value

kWh/m3 9.2 – 9.5

Gross Wobbe Index MJ/m3 49.2 – 49.9

Net Wobbe Index MJ/m3 44.3 - 45


Sulphur content mg/m3 < 1

°C < -5 in winter at a pressure of 40 bar Dew point (hydrocarbon?)

°C 0 in summer at pressure of 40 bar

Table 3.9 Summary of typical natural gas delivered to Estonia. The reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C and the reference temperature and pressure for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.

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3.9 Finland National Gas Quality Specification The gas quality for Finland is that delivered by Gazprom. The reference combustion temperature is 20 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa. Domestic gas appliances in Finland are equipped to burn gas from the 2H group. Indicative values for the gas composition for Finland are shown in Table 3.10. Component Unit Value

Methane % >98

Ethane and higher hydrocarbons % <1

Nitrogen % <1

Gross calorific value MJ/m3 39.9

Net calorific value MJ/m3 36.0

Wobbe Index MJ/m3 53.0

Table 3.10 Indicative properties of natural gas in Finland. Source Maakaasuyhdistys Naturgasforeningen. The reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa

The gas specification for the Finnish distribution company Gaasienergia AS for delivery to domestic consumers is shown in Table 3.11. Property Range Unit

Gross calorific value 36.70 – 38.00 MJ/m3

Net calorific value 32.70 – 34.00 MJ/m3

Methane content 96.91 – 98.33 %

Table 3.11 Example of gas specification for delivery to domestic consumers. The reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa

Transmission System The transmission system in Finland and neighbouring Baltic states is shown in Figure 3.9. Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia are remote from the rest of the European gas transmission system and the four countries are supplied solely by gas from Russia; the EU has given the four countries exemption from the complete unbundling of the gas market due to the lack of competition.

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Figure 3.9 Transmission system in Finland and neighbouring Baltic States. Sources Gasum.

The Balticconnector will connect gas markets around the northern Baltic Sea. It will link the Finnish, Estonian and Latvian natural gas grids. The Balticconnector will enable two-way flow between Finland and Estonia and provide greater gas supply capacity and flexibility for the whole region. The underground gas storage potential in Latvia at Inčukalns will be used more effectively. The consortium for development of the pipeline is led by the Finnish natural gas company Gasum and includes Eesti Gaas of Estonia, Latvijas Gāze of Latvia and Gazprom of Russia. The project comprises construction of an offshore gas pipeline between Finland and Estonia, compressor stations on both landfalls and connecting onshore pipelines to the existing gas grids. The 80-120 km long DN 500 pipeline will be laid on the seabed of the Gulf of Finland starting from Vuosaari (district of Helsinki) or Inkoo in Finland to Paldiski in Estonia. In Estonia the pipeline will be connected to the existing DN 700 transmission pipeline from Latvia. The import capacity of the new gas pipeline will be 2 billion cubic metres (bcm) per annum. The pipeline's cost would be €100 million. The pipeline is expected to be ready by 2010.

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3.10 France French National Gas Quality Specification France operates two transmission systems. In Northern France, the L-gas system imports gas from the Netherlands. The rest of France is covered by the H-gas transmission system. The gas quality specification for both L- and H-gas is shown in Table 3.12. The reference temperature for combustion is 0 °C. The reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa. Characteristic Specification

Higher Calorific Value (combustion conditions 0 °C and 101.325 kPa)

H type gas(1) : 10.70 to 12.80 kWh/m3(n) (combustion 25 °C: 10.67 to 12.77)

L type gas(1) : 9.50 to 10.50 kWh/m3(n) (combustion 25 °C: 9.48 to 10.47)

Wobbe Index (combustion conditions 0 °C and 101.325 kPa)

H type gas(1) : 13.64 (1bis) to 15.70 (1bis) kWh/m3(n) (combustion 25 °C: 13.6 to 15.66)

L type gas(1) : 12.01 to 13.06 kWh/m3(n) (combustion 25 °C: 11.98 to 13.03)

Relative density Between 0.555 and 0.700(2)

Water dew point Below -5 °C at Maximum Service Pressure on the system below the connection(3)

Hydrocarbon dew point(4) Below -2 °C from 1 to 7000 kPa(a)(2)

Total sulphur content Less than 30 mg(S)/m3(n)(2)

Total mercaptan sulphur content Less than 6 mg(S)/m3(n)(2)

H2S + COS sulphur content Less than 5 mg(S)/m3(n)(2)

CO2 content Less than 2.5% (molar)(2)

Tetrahydrothiophene content (THT– odorizing product)

Less than 40 mg/m³(n)

O2 content Less than 100 ppm (molar)(2)

Impurities Gas that can be transported, stored and distributed without further processing on injection into the system

Notes (1) H gas: Gas with a high calorific value. B gas: Gas with a low calorific value.

(1 bis) H gas: pending contractual changes, gas with a Wobbe Index (combustion conditions 0 °C and 101.325 kPa) between 13.64 (value recommended by the European EASEE-gas association) and 13.50 kWh/m3(n) is likely to be accepted. As regards the upper limit for the Wobbe Index, checks are being carried out to establish when the value of 15.85 kWh/m3(n) (instead of 15.70) discussed within EASEE-gas will be acceptable in France.

(2) These values are the ones recommended within the European EASEE-gas Association. Pending contractual changes, gases with the following characteristics are likely to be accepted:

• hydrocarbon dew point below 0° C between 1 and 8100 kPa(a) at Obergailbach,

• total sulphur content: instant reading below 150 mg(S)/m3(n) and, for Dunkerque, Taisnières H “Ekofisk” and Taisnières H “Troll”, less than 120 mg as an annual average,

• mercaptan sulphur content below 16.1 mg(S)/m3 (n) at Obergailbach,

• H2S content below 5 mgH2S/m3(n) at Obergailbach and Taisnières H “Troll”, and 5.4 mgH2S/m3(n) at Taisnières B and Taisnières H “Ekofisk” , whatever the H2S+COS content at these points,

• instant H2S content below 15 mgH2S/m3 (n) and only allowed to exceed 12 mgH2S/m3 (n) for a maximum of 8 consecutive hours, average content over 8 days below 7 mgH2S/m3 (n) on leaving underground storage facilities and at Cruzy and Castillon.

• CO2 content below 3% at Taisnières B, Taisnières H “Ekofisk” and Obergailbach,

• O2 content below 1000 ppm at Dunkerque and Taisnières H “Troll”, below 5000 ppm at Taisnières H “Ekofisk” and Obergailbach.

(3) The conversion of the water dew point to water content and vice versa is done in accordance with ISO 18453 ”Natural gas – Correlation between water content and water dew point.” (Gergwater correlation).

(4) This specification is applicable to natural gas, which covers only hydrocarbons and not oils.

Table 3.12 Natural gas transmission specification in France. The reference temperature for combustion is 0 °C. The reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.

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French Transmission System The French transmission system comprises over 31,000 km of pipelines and about 30 compressor stations; it is operated by GRTgaz and TIGF. Both GRTgaz and TIGF were both formed as part of the process of liberalising the gas and electricity markets. GRTgaz is the operator of the natural gas transmission system previously owned by Gaz de France. TIGF is a 100% owned subsidiary of Total that only operates in the Southern part of France, near the Spanish border. A map of the transmission systems is shown in Figure 3.10. There are two types of entry points into France:

• LNG terminals, of which there are two at Fos-sur-Mer and one at Montoir-de-Bretagne. • ·Border entry points which link the transmission system to other European transmission operators,

for example, at Loon-Plage, Taisnières and Obergailbach. At these points, the gas is compressed (using electric drive compressors), odorised and injected into the GRTgaz system.

Both GRTgaz and TIGF natural gas quality specifications comply with the French statutory requirements. GRTgaz transports both H and L gas whereas TIGF only transports H gas. The specification for H gas Wobbe Index lies within, but does not fully cover, the EASEE-gas range. GRTgaz states that gas with a Wobbe Index between the lower EASEE-gas limit of 13.50 kWh/m3(n) and the French lower limit of 13.64 kWh/m3(n) is likely to be accepted. Gas with a Wobbe Index above the French limit will not be accepted until an assessment of the impact has been completed. Further differences between the EASEE-gas limits and the French specification are given in the notes beneath Table 3.12. It is interesting to note that GRTgaz can accept gas that does not meet the French specification:

• As a temporary measure, non-compliant gas may be accepted if it is possible to guarantee that gas leaving the system is within specification

• By special agreement between adjacent operators. Any acceptance of such gases by GRTgaz must be subject to a prior agreement. TIGF does not give any undertaking to accept gases outside the French specification.

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Figure 3.10 Gas transmission maps of France. The transmission network in Southern France is operated by TIGF and the remainder of the system is operated by GRTgaz. The L-gas system is in the North of the country. Sources TIGF and GRTgaz.

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3.11 Germany German National Gas Quality Specification The German gas specification is contained in DVGW standard G 260 May 2008 – the specification for both L and H natural gas supply is shown in Table 3.13. The standard conditions are 101.325 kPa and 0 °C for volume measurement and 0 °C for combustion. Within G 260, details of the EASEE-gas specification is also made for informative purposes (see Table 2.1).

Combustion limit data

Name Symbol Unit Group L Group H

Wobbe Index WS,n kWh/m3 10.5 to 13.0 12.8 to 15.7

MJ/m3 37.8 to 46.8 46.1 to 56.5

Nominal Wobbe Index value

kWh/m3 12.4 15.0

MJ/m3 44.6 54.0

Variation range for local distribution area (1)

kWh/m3 +0.6 +0.7

kWh/m3 -1.4 -1.4

Gross calorific value HS,n kWh/m3 8.4 to 13.1

MJ/m3 30.2 to 47.2

Relative density dn 0.55 to 0.75

Supply pressure pan

Range mbar 18 to 24

Nominal value mbar 20

Minor gas constituents

Units Maximum value

Hydrocarbon dew point °C Soil temperature at line pressure

Water dew point °C Soil temperature at line pressure

For dust, liquid Technically free

Oxygen volume % 3 in dry grids

0.5 in wet grids

Total sulphur mg/m3 30 (2,3)

mg/m3 6 Mercaptan sulphur

mg/m3 16 (short term only)

mg/m3 5 Hydrogen sulphide

mg/m3 10 (short term only)

Notes (1) Extended ranges are possible by contractual agreement

(2) Short duration total sulphur of 150 mg/m3 removed since October 2008 unless specified in contracts

(3) Natural gas for transmission is without odorant

Table 3.13 DVGW G 260 Requirements for natural gas in Germany (May 2008 edition). Standard pressure is 101.325 kPa and standard temperature is 0 °C.

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German Transmission System The transmission system in Germany is complex; there are nine international borders and numerous natural gas import and export delivery points. The German transmission system forms a very important part of the trans-European pipeline system and gas is both imported and exported; the EON and WINGAS transmission systems are shown in Figure 3.11. Imported gas originates from:

• Russia, transported via Poland, the Czech Republic and Austria • The Netherlands (L gas) • The British, Dutch and Norwegian sectors of the North Sea via Europipe I, Europipe II and Norpipe.

Europipe I and Europipe II run to a receiving terminal at Dornum in Germany. Europipe I runs directly from the Draupner East North Sea platform. Europipe II runs from a processing plant at Kårstø in Norway. The Norpipe runs from the Ekofist field and delivers gas to a receiving terminal at Emden. Europipe I, Europipe II and Norpipe are all operated by Gassco.

Gas is exported to: • France • Austria • Switzerland • Czech Republic • Poland • Luxembourg • Belgium

WINGAS operate a number of important pipelines. The JAGAL (Jamal-Gas-Anbindungs-Leitung, Yamal gas link) and the STEGAL (Sachsen-Thüringen-ErdGAs-Leitung, Saxony-Thuringia natural gas pipeline) pipelines transport Russian natural gas into central Germany. The MIDAL (Mitte-Deutschland-Anbindungs-Leitung, Central Germany gas link) crosses Germany from north to south. The WEDAL (West-Deutschland-Anbindungs-Leitung, Western German gas link) pipeline supplies Germany with British North Sea gas and, through MIDAL, with Russian natural gas. The German transmission system is operated by a number of different companies, most of which specify a gas quality in accordance with DVGW G 260. The transmission companies operating at the border points are given in Table 3.14. There are currently no LNG import terminal facilities, although three are planned. The L gas transmission system is shown in Figure 3.12. On the downstream side, Germany operates market areas in which different network operators collaborate. Transport customers can make flexible use of reserved capacity at entry and exit points. A market area begins at the entry points (import points, domestic sources, hubs, storage facilities or grid interconnection points between market areas) to a sub-network of wide area gas network operators and extends to the exit points serving end consumers within the market area that network hydraulics make it possible to reach. StatoilHydro, Gasunie and DONG operate long distance networks and are thus “market area spanning network operators”. Currently, all the network operators operating in Germany are assigned to one or more of the country’s market areas. Under section 20 paragraph 1 b of the Germany Energy Act (EnWG), which came into force on June 1, 2005, they are obliged to cooperate with one another as far as is technically and economically reasonable.

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Figure 3.11 Maps of the EON and WinGas transmission systems in Germany

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Border Transmission companies Import, export or both

France EON and GRT Gaz Deutschland Export

Austria EON, GRT Gaz Deutschland, Bayern ETS

WINGAS

Import and Export

Import

Switzerland EON and Eni Gas Transport Deutschland Export

Czech Republic On-Trans, WinGas Transport, EON and GRTgaz

All import and export

Poland On-Trans

WinGas Transport

Export

Import

Denmark EON, GasUnie and DONG Import

Norway EON via Europipe I, Europipe II and Norpipe

GasUnie and RWE via Europipe I and Norpipe

Import

Import

Netherlands EON, WinGas, GasUnie, EWE, Eni Gas Transport Deutschland

Import

Luxembourg EON Export

Belgium Wingas, EON, RWE and Eni Gas Transport Deutschland

Import and Export

Table 3.14 Transmission companies associated with the transportation of natural gas into and out of Germany

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Figure 3.12 The German L-gas transmission system supplied from the Netherlands. (Source RWE)

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3.12 Greece National Gas Quality Specification In December 2005, the Greek Parliament ratified the Gas Law (3428/2005) in full compliance with EU Directives 2003/55/EU and 2004/67/EU. The transmission system operator is the Hellenic Gas Transmission Operator, DESFA, which is a 100%-owned subsidiary of DEPA the Public Gas Corporation. DEPA, in turn, is 65% state owned. The gas industry in Greece is regulated by the Energy Regulatory Authority, RAE. The national gas quality specification is shown in Table 3.15. Property Units Range Comments

Wobbe Index MJ/Nm3 46.80 - 58.46

Calorific value MJ/Nm3 36.45 - 48.97

Relative density 0.56 - 0.71

Methane mol% ≥75

Carbon dioxide mol% ≤3

Nitrogen mol% ≤6

Oxygen mol% ≤0.2

Hydrogen sulphide mg/Nm3 ≤5.4 Limit may be increased to 10.8 mg/Nm3 for 2 hours in exceptional circumstances; however, the daily average limit for hydrogen sulphide is < 6.5 mg/Nm3

Total sulphur mg/Nm3 ≤80 Limit may be increased to 120 mg/Nm3 for no more than 48 hours in exceptional cases; however, total sulphur may not exceed an average of 90 mg/Nm3 in a week

Water dew point °C +5 At a pressure of 80 barg

Hydrocarbon dew point °C +3 At a pressure of 80 barg

Temperature °C 0 to 50 In exceptional cases the temperature may be as low as -10 °C, but for no more than 4 hours. The gas temperature shall be at least 5 °C above the water dew point at the operating pressure

Pressure: The maximum and minimum gas pressure at the entry point and the maximum gas pressure at the exit point are specific to each location. The minimum exit gas pressure is 25 barg.

Impurities: Natural gas must be virtually free of gaseous, liquid or solid substances which could be hazardous or which could damage the pipeline or measuring equipment.

Odour: Natural gas at points of entry shall be odourless. Odour shall be added at exit points as necessary using ASME procedures

Reference conditions: 0 °C for combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume

Table 3.15 National Gas Quality Specification for Greece. The reference conditions are 0 °C for combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume.

Greek Transmission System The Greek gas transmission system comprises 512 km of high-pressure pipelines with 564 km of high-pressure branches. There are three entry points

• Kipoi in the east receives gas from the Greece-Turkey interconnector (contract expires 2022) • Promachonas in the north is on the Bulgarian border and it is the entry point for Russian gas

(contract expires 2016)

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• Revythousa is an LNG terminal importing LNG from Algeria (contract expires 2021). A map of the transmission system is shown in Figure 3.13. Greece has no indigenous supply of gas and relies 100% on imported gas from three sources. About 85% of long-term demand has been secured until 2009. Greece is at the end of the current Russian transit pipeline and there are very small seasonal variations compared with other EU countries. In 2007, total gas consumption was 3.82 bcm (19% of total energy consumption) with 76.7% coming from Russia, 22.5% from LNG and 0.8% from Turkey. About 74% of imported gas is used for electricity generation.

Figure 3.13 Map of the Hellenic gas transmission system (from DESFA)

Future Gas Supplies Future gas supplies are to be secured by extending the transit system from Turkey to Italy in the west (the IGI pipeline) and extending the Greek transmission system further south to Corinth and Peloponesse. An additional LNG terminal is being considered at Korakia.

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3.13 Hungary National Natural Gas Specification The 2003 Hungarian Gas Act XLII ensures compliance with the legislation of the EU. Hungary has two types of gas; 2H-gases with high methane content and 2S-gases with low methane content and significant levels of carbon dioxide – Hungarian standard MSZ 1648:2000 provides more details. The reference temperature for combustion is 15 °C. Volume is denoted in “gas technical normal m3“ – that is a reference temperature of 15 °C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa. Approximately 20% of Hungary’s natural gas requirements are from indigenous supplies – the remainder is imported, chiefly from Russia. The range of calorific values in Hungary is shown in Figure 3.14; “domestic natural gas” refers to indigenous supplies of natural gas.

Figure 3.14 Differences in gas quality in Hungary. Source Földgáz Magazine 2008/04, E-ON Földgáz

The specification for natural gas in Hungary is shown in Table 3.16. Property Gas Type 2H Gas Type 2S

Wobbe number (MJ/m3) 45.66 – 54.76 36.29 – 41.58

Rated Wobbe number (MJ/m3) 50.72 39.11

Gross calorific value (MJ/m3) 31.0 – 45.28

Net calorific value(MJ/m3) 27.94 – 40.81

Total sulphur max (mg/m3) 100

Hydrogen sulphide max (mg/m3) 20

Solid impurities max (mg/m3) 5

Oxygen max. (vol%) 0.2

Water vapour max. (g/m3) 0.17 1.0 *

Hydrocarbon dew point at 4 MPa max. (°C) +4

Hydrocarbon dew point at maximum operating pressure max. (°C)

+4 *

Reference conditions: Combustion reference temperature is 15 °C. Volume reference conditions are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa.

* In regional gas distribution systems which are independent from the nationwide gas transmission system.

Table 3.16 Gas Quality Specification for Hungary.

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Transmission

E.ON Földgáz Trade Zrt. is the biggest natural gas trader in Hungary; E.ON Földgáz supplies all the Hungarian gas distribution companies, thus, indirectly, every household customer. A map of the transmission system is shown in Figure 3.15.

Figure 3.15 Map of the Hungarian gas transmission system. Source FGSZ.

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3.14 Ireland The Irish energy market is regulated by the Commission for Energy Regulation, CER. Reference conditions are the same as those of the United Kingdom; the combustion reference temperature is 15 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa. Ireland imports 90% of its natural gas requirement from the United Kingdom via the Irish interconnector – the gas quality of the imported gas is compliant the UK Gas Safety (Management) Regulations (GS(M)R) – see section 3.28. There are some indigenous supplies of natural gas in Ireland and an LNG import terminal is proposed at Shannon. There are proposals to bring the Irish specification in line with the GS(M)R of the United Kingdom. The gas quality regulations in Northern Ireland are the same as those of the UK. Transmission System

The transmission system in Ireland is owned and operated by Gaslink. Gaslink is the independent system operator with responsibility for developing, maintaining and operating the natural gas transportation system in Ireland. Gaslink was established in 2007 in compliance with the unbundling requirements of the EU Gas Directive 2003/55/EC. The network code for Gaslink is shown in Table 3.17.

Property Units Range Comment

Combustion Characteristics

Gross calorific value MJ/m3 36.5 – 47.2 Real, gross, dry

Wobbe Index MJ/m3 45.7 – 54.7 Real, gross, dry


Upper limits on natural gas impurities

Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3 ≤ 5

Total sulphur mg/m3 ≤ 50

Oxygen mol% 0.1

Carbon dioxide mol% ≤ 2

Nitrogen mol% ≤ 5

Water content mg/m3 ≤50

Hydrocarbon dew point °C -2 At any pressure up to and including 85 barg

Contaminants Mist, dust, liquid - Technically free in accordance with BS 3156 11.0 1998

Reference conditions

Combustion reference temperature is 15 °C. Volume reference conditions are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa.

Table 3.17 Natural gas specification for gas entering the Gaslink transmission network in Ireland

A map of the transmission system in Ireland is shown in Figure 3.16

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Figure 3.16 Gas transmission system in Ireland. Source Gaslink

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3.15 Italy Italian National Gas Quality Specification The Italian reference conditions are 15 °C for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume measurement. In 1995, the Italian government created an independent body, the Regulatory Authority for Electricity and Gas (Autorità per l’energia elettrica e il gas) whose mission is to promote competition and protect consumers. The EU Gas Directive (Directive 98/30/CE of 22nd June 1998) was implemented by the “Letta Decree” (Legislative Decree no. 164 of 23rd May 2000) and, starting from 1st January 2003 the gas market was fully liberalised. In practice, the Italian gas quality specification is the transmission specification of Snam Rete Gas. Italian Transmission System Eni is the dominant company in all aspects of the Italian natural gas sector; the company controls almost all of Italy’s natural gas production and the Italian Government owns a 30% golden share. Eni subsidiaries are:

• Snam Rete Gas S.p.A. (Snam) which owns and operates the domestic natural gas transportation system

• Stoccaggi Gas Italia S.p.A. (Stogit) which manages most of the natural gas storage facilities • Italgas which controls one quarter of the retail gas distribution market.

The Eni national network is connected to the international gas transportation system so that gas can be imported from Algeria, Russia, the Netherlands and Norway. The gas pipelines for imports are:

• TENP and Transitgas (924 and 291 km) for imports from Holland and Norway via Germany and Switzerland – the reception point is at Griespass on the Swiss border

• TAG (1,018 km) for imports from Russia – the reception point is at Tarvisio on the Austrian border • Transmed for imports from Algeria via Tunisia – the gas terminal is at Mazara del Vallo in Sicily • Green Stream for imports from the Western Libyan Gas Project – the reception terminal is at Gela

in Sicily • Via Slovenia with a reception terminal on the Slovenian border at Sempeter

There is one existing LNG terminal at • Panigaglia on the west coast of northern Italy

All sources of gas are transported within Italy by the Snam Rete Gas transmission system; the specification for gas entering the network is shown in Table 3.18. A map of the system is shown in Figure 3.17.

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Components Acceptable Value Measurement Unit Conditions

Methane (*)

Ethane (*)

Propane (*)

i-butane (*)

n-butane (*)

i-pentane (*)

n-pentane (*)

Hexanes and above (*)

Nitrogen (*)

(*) The acceptable values for these components are linked to the acceptable range of the Wobbe Index

Oxygen ≤ 0.6 mol%

Carbon dioxide ≤ 3 mol%

Parameters Acceptable Value Measurement Unit Conditions

Hydrogen sulphide ≤ 6.6 mg/sm3

Sulphur by mercaptan compounds ≤ 15.5 mg/sm3

Total sulphur ≤ 150 mg/sm3

Parameters Acceptable Value Measurement Unit Conditions

Gross calorific value 34.95 – 45.28 MJ/sm3

Wobbe Index 47.31 – 52.33 MJ/sm3


Water dew point ≤ -5 °C At a pressure of 7000 kPa

Hydrocarbon dew point ≤ 0 °C In the pressure range 100 to 7000 kPa

Maximum temperature < 50 °C

Minimum temperature > 3 °C

Other Restrictions

During operational conditions, the gas should contain no traces of:

• water and hydrocarbons in the liquid state

• solid particulate in such quantities that would damage the materials used for gas transportation

• other gases which may affect the safety or integrity of the transportation system

Special Cases

Snam Rete Gas will accept gas outside the quality specification if:

• mixing conditions are such that the gas mix is within the quality specification

• mixing conditions will persist for a sufficiently long period

Acceptance of out of specification gas will be suspended if the gas is significantly worse than that defined and/or insufficient gas is available for mixing

Table 3.18 The gas quality specification for gas entering the Snam Rete Gas transmission system. The reference temperature for combustion is 15 °C and the reference temperature and pressure for volume are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa.

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Future Gas Supplies for Italy There are numerous proposed pipelines and projects to extend natural gas supplies to Italy. For example,

• The GALSI pipeline linking Algeria, Sardinia and Italy • The Trans Adriatic pipeline (TAP) linking Italy at Brindisi with Albania and Greece • The IGTI Poseidon interconnector linking Turkey, Greece and Italy • Cavarzere (Porto Levante Adriatic LNG) on the Adriatic coast of northern Italy to receive LNG from

Qatar • Three LNG facilities are under construction at Porto Levante, OLT Livorno and Brindisi • Ten further LNG facilities are planned – see Table 4.4.

Figure 3.17 Italian transmission system. Source Annual Report 2008, Snam Rete Gas.

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3.16 Latvia The reference temperature for combustion in Latvia is 20 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 bar. It was not possible to find a gas specification for Latvia, but the values in Table 3.19 were obtained from an Intelligent Energy for Europe report which was supported by the EU. Property Unit Range

Wobbe Index MJ/m3 41.2 – 54.5

Net calorific value MJ/m3 31.8


Mercaptan sulphur mg/m3 ≤ 36

Oxygen % ≤ 1.0

Particles mg/m3 ≤ 1.0

Table 3.19 A typical gas specification for Latvia. Source: BiG>East Biogas Potential in Latvia – A Summary Report. EIE 07/214. March 2009

Together with Lithuania, Finland and Estonia, the Latvian transmission system is remote from the rest of the Europe. The EU has given all four countries special exemption from the rules requiring complete unbundling of the gas industry due to the lack of competition in the market. Transmission Company A/s Latvijas Gāze is the Latvian natural gas company, which deals in the imports, transmission, storage and sales of the natural gas. It holds the monopoly of the natural gas market in Latvia. Latvijas Gāze is owned by E.ON Ruhrgas International AG (47.15%), AAS Gazprom (25%) and SIA "Itera-Latvija" (25%). A map of the transmission system is shown in Figure 3.18.

Figure 3.18 Map of Latvian gas transmission system. Source Latvijas Gaze

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A pivotal part of the Latvian transmission system is the storage capacity in Inčukalns, which is north east of Riga. The facility performs several strategic functions. During winter, it is impossible to deliver a sufficient amount of gas to the Baltic region via the gas transmission system because the source of the gas in northern Russia is over 3500 km away and there are other consumers along the entire route. Therefore in summer, the gas transmission system is used to fill the Inčukalns underground gas storage facility. During winter the gas is delivered from storage to consumers in Latvia, Estonia and Russia. For Latvia this is an invaluable advantage; it is the only country in the world, which is able to provide natural gas supplies not produced in its territory. The total potential volume of the facility is 6 to 7 billion m³. Future Gas Supplies On July 14, 2009, the Latvian natural gas company Latvijas Gāz JSC and the Lithuanian natural gas company Lietuvos Dujos AB submitted a joint application for a programme of financial support of the European Commission, registering a project on the increase of capacity of the Latvian-Lithuanian gas interconnection. The project envisages the improvement of infrastructure in the territory of Latvia and Lithuania, increasing its capacity and integrity. By implementing the project, the stability and security of gas supply in the region will be improved. The total costs of the project are €33 million, 50% of which are requested from the funds of the programme.

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3.17 Lithuania National Gas Quality Specification The Lithuanian Gas Act was originally drafted by the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania in 2000; it was amended in 2007 to include EU directives and it is under review again. Lithuania imports all its gas from Russia, and together with Latvia, Finland and Estonia, the transmission system is remote from the rest of the Europe. The EU has given Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania special exemption from the rules requiring complete unbundling of the gas industry due to the lack of competition in the market. Transmission System AB Lietuvos Dujos is a company whose activities are natural gas purchase (import), transmission, distribution, and sales. The company owns the all the natural gas infrastructure in Lithuania. The main objectives of the company’s business activities are to secure the supply of natural gas to the consumers in Lithuania, to assure the gas sector development and expansion and to ensure the safe operations of the gas supply systems. The Company imports all its natural gas from the Russian company Gazprom OAO according to a long-term (until 2015) natural gas supply agreement. The price of natural gas depends on the actual calorific value. Pursuant to the National Energy Strategy, the Company has been accumulating contingency gas reserves in the Inčukalns (the Republic of Latvia) Underground Gas Storage Facility.

Figure 3.19 Transmission system in Lithuania. Source Lietuvos Dujos AB consolidated annual report 2008.

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3.18 Luxembourg National Gas Quality The specification for Luxembourg is the EASEE-gas specification, see section 2. The reference temperature for combustion is 25 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa. Transmission Company The gas transmission company in Luxembourg is Creos which has been formed by the merger of Cegedel and Saar Ferngas SOTEG. A map of the network is shown in Figure 3.20.

Figure 3.20 Map of the existing transmission system of Luxembourg. Source Creos Luxembourg SA

Luxembourg has borders with France, Belgium and Germany. The border entry points are at: • Two connections with Fluxys in Belgium at Pétange and Bras • A single border point with Germany at Remich with EON Ruhrgas • A single border point with France at Audun-le-Tiche

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3.19 Malta Malta does not currently have a gas supply.

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3.20 Netherlands National Gas Quality Specification The reference temperature for combustion is 25 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa. The Regulator for the Netherlands is the Office for Energy Regulation, DTe, which is part of the competition authority NMa. The supply of gas is regulated by the 1998 Gas Act. The specification for natural gas is specific to each entry point – there is no national gas quality specification. Transmission Specification The gas transportation company is Gas Transport Services BV, GTS which is a wholly owned subsidiary of N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie. The Netherlands have extensive blending facilities for both domestic and exported gas. A map of the Netherlands gas transmission system is shown in Figure 3.21. The Netherlands uses two types of gas, H-gas and G-gas. G-Gas comes largely from the Groningen field; H Gas from the “small fields”. The Netherlands almost exclusively imports H-Gas and exports L-gas. Domestic consumption is mainly G+-Gas. This means that each year, large gas flows undergo quality conversion. Indicative Wobbe Index values for the different types of gas are:

• H-gas 51.6 MJ/m3 • L-gas 46.5 MJ/m3 • G+-gas 44.4 MJ/m3 • G-gas 43.8 MJ/m3

The distinction between G-Gas and G+-Gas is slightly arbitrary, since gas supplied to households may vary within a narrow Wobbe Index bandwidth. G-gas quality (Wobbe Index 43.8 MJ/m3) is the lower boundary of this bandwidth; G+-gas (Wobbe Index 44.4 MJ/m3) is the upper boundary of the bandwidth. Gas supplied to small Dutch consumers is often near the upper limit of 44.4 MJ/m3. Gas is imported mainly from Norway and, to a lesser extent, from Russia. Gas is exported mainly to Germany, Italy and France. Quality conversion is an essential service to provide end-users with gas of the right calorific value. Dutch households are supplied with gas within a narrow Wobbe Index bandwidth of 43.8 to 44.4 MJ/m3. Quality conversion takes place at conversion stations. There are two conversion methods: blending and nitrogen dilution. In the case of blending, H-Gas and G-Gas are combined to form G+ or L-Gas. In the case of nitrogen dilution, nitrogen is added to H-Gas. As a result, the H-Gas is, in fact, diluted to form L-Gas. Some stations can carry out one of the two methods while others can do both. Due to the flexibility of the Wobbe Index bandwidth for small consumers and by switching between nitrogen dilution and blending, GTS ensures that all gas qualities are balanced. It is possible that, in the future, GTS may purchase conversion from other parties. Large gas flows are converted each year; the entire export flow of L-Gas, for instance, is the result of quality conversion. This means that the conversion stations are almost always in operation. At the same time, supply and demand of all qualities of gas must be in balance within the tolerance levels. The demand for quality conversion is typically highest in the months at the beginning and the end of the winter (March, April, October and November). Further information on Dutch natural gas is available from NMa Energiekamar. The gas quality specification shown in Table 3.20 was drawn up using a number of sources:

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• Kwaliteitsregulering Gasdistributie Nederland Informatie- & Consultatiedocument, (Netherlands Gas Distribution Quality Control, Information & Consultation Document) published in April 2003

• Personal communications from the Dutch gas industry Property Units Range Comment

Gross calorific value MJ/Nm3 31.6 – 38.7 Indicative values

Wobbe Index MJ/Nm3 43.46 – 44.41 G and G+ gas delivered to domestic consumers. Excludes mixing stations.

Oxygen mol% ≤ 0.5

Inorganic sulphur as hydrogen sulphide

mol% ≤ 5

Mercaptan sulphur mg/Nm3 ≤ 10 Before odorisation

Total sulphur mg/Nm3 ≤ 45 Before odorisation

The gas must be technically free of liquids and dust

Table 3.20 Indicative gas quality specification for the Netherlands

Figure 3.21 Map of the Netherlands transmission system. Source UBS

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3.21 Poland National Gas Quality Specification The reference conditions for Poland are 25 °C for combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume. The natural gas system is operated within The Energy Law of 10/04/1997 - consolidated text (Journal of Laws of 2006, No. 89, item 625, as amended). Poland has two transmission networks – a high methane natural gas network (group E, GZ-50) and a high nitrogen natural gas (group L) which is sub-divided further into Lw (GZ-41.5) and Ls (GZ-35) groups. The high-methane gas has a nominal calorific value of 34 MJ/m3. The nitrogen-rich gas has a nominal calorific value of 26 MJ/m3. Transmission Gas Specification The transmission company in Poland is Gaz-System S.A. The transmission gas quality specification is shown in Table 3.21. Property Units Range Comments

Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3 ≤7.0

Oxygen % (mol/mol) ≤0.2

Carbon dioxide % (mol/mol) ≤3.0

Mercury vapour µg/m3 ≤30.0

Mercaptan sulphur content mg/m3 ≤16.0

Total sulphur content mg/m3 ≤40.0

Dew point at 5.5 MPa °C ≤+3.7 01 April to 30 September

Dew point at 5.5 MPa °C ≤-5.0 01 October to 31 March

Hydrocarbon dew point °C 0 No pressure specified

Dust content of particles of diameter > 5 µm2

mg/m3 ≤1.0

Wobbe Index – group E gas MJ/m3 45.0 – 54.0

Wobbe Index – group Lw gas MJ/m3 37.5 – 45.0

Wobbe Index – group Ls gas MJ/m3 32.5 – 37.5

Gross calorific value– group E gas MJ/m3 38.0 – 40.0 Gas with a gross calorific value between 34.0 and 38.0 MJ/m3 may be refused. Gas with a CV less than 34 MJ/m3 will be refused.

Gross calorific value– group Lw gas MJ/m3 30.0 – 33.5 Gas with a CV less than 30 MJ/m3 will be refused

Gross calorific value– group Ls gas MJ/m3 26.0 – 30.0 Gas with a CV less than 26 MJ/m3 will be refused

Table 3.21 Gas specification for the Polish transmission company Gaz-System SA. The reference condition for combustion is 25 °C and for volume 0 °C and 101.325 kPa

A map of the Polish transmission system showing the different pipelines associated with E, Lw and Ls gas is shown in Figure 3.22.

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Figure 3.22: Map of the Polish gas transmission system Source: Gaz System S. A.

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3.22 Portugal Portuguese National Gas Quality Specification The national gas quality specification for Portugal is set out in legislative document Despacho no. 19 624-A/2006 de 25 de Setembro. The reference conditions are aligned with EASEE-gas; thus the reference temperature for combustion is 25 °C and the reference temperature and pressure for volume measurement are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa. Portuguese Transmission System The main transmission operator in Portugal is REN Gasodutos – the specification for gas entering their network is shown in Table 3.22. This specification is for natural gas as defined in ISO 13686: 1998 Natural Gas – Quality Designation.

Property Units Minimum Maximum

Wobbe Index MJ/m3(n) 48.17 57.66

Relative density m3/m3 0.555 0.700

H2S content mg/m3(n) - <5

Total sulphur mg/m3(n) - <50

H2O content °C at 8400 kPa(g) - <-5

Table 3.22 Transmission specification for REN Gasodutos. The reference temperature for combustion is 25 °C and the reference temperature and pressure for volume measurement are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.

The Portuguese transmission system has two bi-directional connections with the Spanish transmission system – one in the north at Valença do Minho and the other at Campo Maior in the east. In 2008, international transit gas entered the REN network at Campo Maior and exited at Valença do Minho. There is an LNG import terminal at Sines on the Atlantic coast operated by REN-Atlântico. There is also a large underground storage facility at Carriço operated by REN-Armazenagem. A map of the REN transmission system is shown in Figure 3.23. In 2008, 57% (30.1 TWh) of the natural gas imports entered the transmission system from the LNG terminal at Sines – this figure excludes international transit gas. About 2% of the LNG terminal send out is delivered by LNG tanker trucks. The typical Wobbe Index and relative density of the LNG was about 55.3 MJ/m3(n) and 0.61 (at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa) respectively. The remaining 43% of natural gas imports in 2008 entered from Campo Maior from Algeria via the Maghreb pipeline – typical Wobbe Index and relative density values were 52.9 MJ/m3(n) and 0.64 (at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa) respectively. Portugal is a member of both MIBGAS, which promotes an integrated gas market in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain), and the SW Europe regional energy market initiative involving Portugal, Spain and France – see the section on Spain in section 3.26.

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Figure 3.23 The Portuguese transmission system reproduced from the REN website.

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3.23 Romania National Gas Quality Specification The Romanian Regulator is Autoritatea Nationala de Reglementare în Domeniul Energiei (ANRE). The network code is published by ANRE and it is given in Table 3.23. The reference temperature for combustion is 15 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa. Romania is planning to change reference conditions to 25 °C for combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for pressure. The network code regulates the terms and rules of operation of National Transmission System. The provisions of the network code are in compliance with the provisions of Gas Law no. 351/2004, with all its modifications and supplements; it is enforced by the Transmission System Operator. Detailed Measurement Rules are contained in ANRE Order no. Regulation 62/2008 dated 1 July 2008. Romania has a lot of indigenous gas supplies which range in methane composition from 53 to 99%. Some supplies are rich in ethane (approximately 12%) and propane (7%) and the gross calorific value is about 60 MJ/m3. Other supplies have 25% nitrogen, 4% CO2 and 1-5% of hydrocarbons ethane to pentane; the resultant gross calorific value is about 38 MJ/m3 (source: Ioniţă, N Metrologie Vol LIV (new series) 2007, 1 to 4). According the Regulator, ANRE, Romania imports about 20% of its natural gas requirement from Russia – the remaining 80% is from indigenous supplies. Property Units Range Comment

Composition

Methane mol% ≥70

Ethane mol% ≤10

Propane mol% ≤3.5

Butanes mol% ≤1.5

Pentanes mol% ≤0.5

Hexanes mol% ≤0.1

Heptanes mol% ≤0.05

Octanes and higher hydrocarbons

mol% ≤0.05

Nitrogen mol% ≤10


Oxygen mol% ≤0.02

Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3 ≤6.8

Ethyl mercaptan mg/m3 ≤8

Total sulphur mg/m3 ≤100 Only for short periods of time

Properties

Water dew point °C ≤-15 At delivery or offtake pressure

Hydrocarbon dew point °C ≤0 At delivery or offtake pressure

Gross calorific value MJ/m3 32.80 At 15 °C

Temperature °C ≤50

Solids g/m3 ≤0.05

Table 3.23 Network code for Romania. The reference conditions for combustion are 15 °C and for volume 15 °C and 101.325 kPa. Source: ANRE

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Transmission System The transmission company in Romania is Transgaz which will be operating on the international gas transmission market by 2010. A map of the transmission system is shown in Figure 3.24. The NTS infrastructure will be modernised and international connections will be developed to diversify into alternative import sources such as the connection with Bulgaria at Negru Voda and with Ukraine at Siret/Bucecea. An important development for Romania will be the Nabucco pipeline and a connection with the Margineni gas storage facility in Moldova.

Figure 3.24: Map of the Romanian gas transmission system Source: Transgaz

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3.24 Slovakia National Gas Specification The reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa. The Slovak gas industry operates within a number of rules:

• Government Decree setting out the gas market rules • Act 276/2001 Coll. on regulation of network industries: • Energy Act No. 656/2004 Coll. of 26th October 2004

Natural gas is the most important energy source in Slovakia. Currently, 97% of gas used in Slovakia has to be imported from Russia. Gas use in the power sector is negligible - there is only one gas fuelled power plant (excluding CHP). Two thirds of total consumption is undertaken by the industrial sector, but the main area of growth is in the residential sector. The number of communities connected to the gas distribution system has tripled over the last seven years. Slovakia has the second densest gas distribution system in Europe. The main transmission pipes from Russia to EU Member States pass through Slovakia, carrying 25% of Western Europe’s gas supply. Transmission Specification At the beginning of 2008 the transmission part of the gas company SPP – preprava, a.s. became a wholly owned subsidiary and was renamed EUStream, a.s to comply with EU regulatory policy. The network code for EUstream is shown in Table 3.24. EUStream, in its capacity as a transit company, transports 25% of Western Europe’s energy requirements. A map of the Slovakian transmission network is shown in Figure 3.25.

Figure 3.25: Map of the Slovakian transmission system. Source: SPP annual report 2006.

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There are four entry/exit points to the transmission system:

• Veľké Kapušany is the border interconnection point between the Slovak Republic and Ukraine • Baumgarten is the border interconnection point between the Slovak Republic and Austria • Lanžhot is the border interconnection point between the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic • Domestic point is the virtual aggregated interconnection to and from domestic storages and

distribution networks Property Unit Range Comment

Gas components

Methane mol% ≥ 92

Ethane mol% ≤ 4

Propane mol% ≤ 2

Butanes mol% ≤ 2

Pentanes + higher hydrocarbons

mol% ≤ 2

Nitrogen mol% ≤ 3

Carbon dioxide mol% ≤ 3

Oxygen mol% none

Sulphur components


Mercaptan sulphur mg/m3 ≤ 5.6

Total sulphur mg/m3 ≤ 20

Other parameters

Water dew point °C ≤ -7 At 3.92 MPa

Hydrocarbon dew point °C 0 At the operating pressure

Basic net calorific value MJ/m3 33.49

Reference conditions:

combustion temperature 20 °C, volume temperature 0 °C and pressure 101.325 kPa

Table 3.24 Transmission gas quality specification for EUStream. The reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.

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3.25 Slovenia National Gas Quality Specification The reference conditions for Slovenia are 15 °C for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume. The Slovenian regulator is Javna agencija RS za energijo (agen-RS). The transmission system operator is obliged to receive and transmit gas with the characteristics shown in Table 3.25. Parameter Units Range Comment

Composition

Methane mol% ≥ 89.7

Ethane mol% ≤ 6.3

Propane and higher hydrocarbons

mol% ≤ 2.1

Oxygen mol% None

Nitrogen mol% ≤ 2.1

Carbon dioxide mol% ≤ 1.575

Sulphur

Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3 ≤ 6.3

Mercaptan sulphur mg/m3 ≤ 15.75

Total sulphur mg/m3 ≤ 105.00

Properties

Net calorific value MJ/m3 33.650 – 36.630 At 15 °C

Water dew point °C ≤ -7 At 39 bar

Hydrocarbon dew point

°C ≤ -5 Between 39 and 69 bar

Temperature °C ≤ 42

Gas must be free from impurities, resins or compounds that form resins

Table 3.25 Gas quality specification for Slovenia as defined by the Slovenian Regulator Agen-RS. The reference conditions are 15 °C for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume.

Transmission System In line with the Act Amending the Energy Act, Geoplin plinovodi, d.o.o is the Slovenian transmission system operator since 1 January 2005, when it was established as a subsidiary company of Geoplin, d.o.o.; the new company is 100-percent owned by the parent company. Geoplin, d.o.o. operates and owns 970 km of the gas transmission network in Slovenia, which is part of the European gas network. A map of system is shown in Figure 3.26. The central part of the Slovenian gas network includes the main pipeline (M1) from Ceršak to Rogatec, (M2) from Rogatec, via Podlog, to Vodice, and (M4) from Rodne to Novo mesto, with a nominal pressure of 50 bar, and the main pipeline (M3) from Šempeter pri Novi Gorici to Vodice, with a nominal pressure of 67 bar. The transmission network ensures a reliable supply with natural gas to Slovenia. The compressor station in Kidričevo maintains the required pressure. The connections of the Slovenian pipeline system with the neighbouring countries of Italy, Austria and Croatia are one of the advantages of Slovenia’s geographical position.

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Figure 3.26 Map of the Slovenian transmission network. Source Agen-SA

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3.26 Spain Spanish National Gas Quality Specification The Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE) regulates gas quality in Spain using the specification given in Royal Decree 1434/2002 and the definition of H gas in standard EN 437. These gas quality limits were established on 13 March 2006 and they are the result of harmonising the specifications at each of the entry points. The Spanish gas quality specification is shown in Table 3.26. It is stated that transmission system operators may reject gas that is out of specification.

Characteristic Unit Minimum Maximum

Wobbe Index kWh/m3 13.368 16.016

Superior calorific value kWh/m3 10.23 13.23

Relative density m3/m3 0.555 0.700

Total sulphur mg/m3 - 50

H2S + COS(as S) mg/m3 - 15

RHS (as S) mg/m3 - 17

O2 mol % - 0.01

CO2 mol % - 2.5

Water dew point ºC at 7000 kPa - +2

Hydrocarbon dew point ºC at 7000 kPa - +5

Table 3.26 Quality specifications for Spanish natural gas. The reference temperature for combustion is 25 ºC. The reference temperature and pressure for volume is 0 ºC and 101.325 kPa

Spain imports nearly all its gas. It imports from Norway via a pipeline from France and from Algeria via a pipeline under the Mediterranean. There are plans for further pipelines to France and Algeria. Spain also imports a significant proportion of its gas as LNG from countries such as Qatar, Oman and Nigeria with three terminals in operation and two further terminals under construction. Spanish Transmission System The main gas transmission operator in Spain is Enagas, which was set up in 1972 with the objective of developing the gas pipeline network in the Iberian Peninsula. At the moment Enagas is the only system operator and the main gas transmission company in Spain. The company owns more than 7,600 km of high-pressure gas pipelines and three of the existing regasification plants (Barcelona, Cartagena and Huelva), with a delivery capacity of 4,050,000 m3/h and a capacity of storage of 1,287,000 m3-liquefied natural gas (LNG). A map of the Spanish transmission system is shown in Figure 3.27. There are also other minor gas transmission companies engaged in LNG plant activities, or who undertake transport activities in very specific areas of the country. According to Order ITC/3993/2006, the transmission companies allowed to operate in Spain are the following: Enagás, Naturgas Energía Transporte, Endesa Gas Transportista, Transportista Regional del Gas, Septentrional del Gas, Infraestructuras Gasistas de Navarra, Planta de regasificación de Sagunto and Gas Natural Transporte. According to CNE, in 2007, 129 TWh of gas was imported by pipeline and 281 TWh was imported as LNG, which is a split of 32% to 68%. Enagas reported that, in 2008, the flow-weighted average calorific value in Spain was 11.858 kWh/m3. The gas quality specification for Enagas is identical to the Spanish national specification.

Page 57

Figure 3.27 Map of the Spanish Gas Infrastructure

Development of the Iberian gas market – MIBGAS In January 2008, CNE and ERSE (the Portuguese regulatory authority) approved the final version of “The proposal for the Organization Model and Principles of the Iberian Gas Market (MIBGAS)” which is available on the websites of both regulators. MIBGAS will be a mechanism for the achievement of the principles of the European natural gas market including:

• The harmonization of gas marketing licenses in the Iberian area • Convergence in the structure of access tariffs • Coordinated planning of networks.

Regional integration in SW Europe The South Western regional energy market aims to integrate Portugal, France and Spain into one gas market with the ultimate aim of an internal energy market for Europe. The priorities of the regional energy market are interconnection capacity, interoperability and transparency. The process is coordinated by CNE. French, Spanish and Portuguese transmission operators have published a common plan on the interconnection capacities needed until 2015, describing the new infrastructures to be built, planned dates and investments required. There is already sufficient capacity in Portugal-Spain interconnections and no need for new investment. Therefore, the working groups have decided to focus on the Spain-France interconnections, promoting a common Open Subscription Procedure (OSP) to allocate the existing and future capacities and an Open Season (OS) to evaluate market needs for new interconnection capacities.

Page 58

Transmission companies from the three countries are investigating interoperability problems, some of which have already been identified. For example:

• The Spanish Network Code will be modified to adapt to the CBP of EASEE-gas. • Some interoperability agreements have been reached with regard to the Larrau and Irún

interconnections. • Portugal has already accomplished the harmonization of units (measurement temperature 25 °C)

and is also progressing towards the implementation of other CBPs.

Page 59

3.27 Sweden National Gas Quality Specification The reference temperature for combustion is 25 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa. The natural gas industry is governed by the Swedish Natural Gas Act and three Ordinances entered into force on the 1 August 2000. The Regulator in Sweden is the Swedish Energy Agency. Transmission Gas Quality Specification The transmission company in Sweden is Swedegas. The gas quality specification for entry to the Swedegas transmission system is shown in Table 3.27. Property Tolerance

Gross Wobbe Index 12.8-15.7 kWh/Nm3; 46.1-56.5 MJ/Nm3

Upper calorific value 9.5-13.1 kWh/Nm3; 34.2-47.2 MJ/Nm3

Relative density 0.55-0.70

Temperature 0-50 °C

Maximum values

Hydrocarbon dew point -3 ºC at pressure up to 80 bar

Water Dew Point -3 ºC at pressure up to 80 bar

Hydrate formation -3 ºC at pressure up to 80 bar

Dust Natural gas shall be technically free of vapour, solid or liquid substances in quantities that could pose a risk of clogging, corrosion, or otherwise harm the public gas appliances. Exceptions for the liquid which are present in very small droplets, which are impossible to remove from natural gas.

Total sulphur excluding odorant sulphur

10 mg(S)/Nm3

Odorant sulphur annual average 6 mg (S)/Nm3

short-term 16 mg (S)/Nm3

Hydrogen sulphide 5 mg(S)/Nm3

Table 3.27 Gas Quality Specification for Swede Gas. The reference temperature for combustion is 25 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.

A map of the Swedish transmission system is shown in Figure 3.28. The sole import point is the Interconnector with Denmark.

Page 60

Figure 3.28 Map of the Swedegas transmission system. Source Swedegas

Page 61

3.28 United Kingdom National Gas Quality Specification The Gas Safety (Management) Regulations {GS(M)R} are statutory regulations that are designed to protect the health and safety of the domestic customer and others at risk of exposure. They recognise that the domestic customer burns gas on appliances that have fixed aeration and therefore the range of quality of natural gas that can safely be burnt is limited. The GS(M)R specify limits on Wobbe Index and other interchangeability parameters as well as the total amount of sulphur components that can be present. As the regulations are in place specifically to protect end users, there are no limits on calorific value. A summary of the GS(M)R regulations under normal and emergency conditions is shown in Table 3.28. The Incomplete Combustion Factor (ICF) is a measure of the amount of carbon monoxide produced by gas appliances. The Sooting Index (SI) is a measure of the amount of soot produced. Under emergency conditions, when the security of the gas supply is threatened, the Wobbe Index and ICF limits are widened and gas may be supplied with these characteristics for short periods of time. The reference temperature for combustion is 15 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa. The regulatory authority is the Office for Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem).

Property Range or Limit

Hydrogen sulphide [ 5 mg/m3

Total sulphur [ 50 mg/m3

Hydrogen [ 0.1 mol%

Oxygen [ 0.2 mol%

Impurities and water and hydrocarbon dew points

The gas shall not contain solids or liquids that may interfere with the integrity or operation of the network or appliances

Wobbe Index Between 47.20 and 51.41 MJ/m3 - normal limits. Between 46.50 and 52.85 MJ/m3 - emergency limits

ICF < 0.48 - normal conditions

<1.49 - emergency conditions

SI < 0.60

Odour Gas below 7 bar(g) will have a stenching agent added to give a distinctive odour

Table 3.28 A summary of the GS(M)R under normal and emergency conditions. The reference temperature for combustion is 15 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa

Transmission Specification The United Kingdom transmission company is National Grid plc. The network code for entry to the National Grid transmission system is based on the GS(M)R with additional constraints - see Table 3.29. A map of the UK transmission system in relation to the North Sea and neighbouring countries is shown in Figure 3.29.

Page 62

Property Unit Range Comment

Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3 [ 5

Total sulphur mg/m3 [ 50

Hydrogen mol% [ 0.1

Oxygen mol% [ 0.001

Hydrocarbon dew point °C [ -2 At any pressure up to 85 barg

Water dew point °C [ -10 At 85 barg

Wobbe Index MJ/m3 47.20 – 51.41 Real, gross, dry

Incomplete combustion factor (ICF) [ 0.48

Soot index (SI) [ 0.6

As defined in GS(M)R

Gross calorific value MJ/m3 36.9 – 42.3 In compliance with the Wobbe Index, ICF and SI limits. A target for calorific value may be set subject to location and volumes

Carbon dioxide mol% [ 2.5

Contaminants No solid, liquid or gaseous material that may interfere with the integrity or operation of pipes or any gas appliance that a consumer could reasonably be expected to operate

Organo halides mg/m3 [ 1.5

Radioactivity Becquerels/g [ 5

Odour No odour that might interfere with the requirement for the gas to possess a distinctive and characteristic odour

Pressure Delivery pressure shall take into account the back-pressure of the NTS which will vary from time to time. The entry pressure shall not exceed the maximum operating pressure at the delivery point

Delivery temperature °C 1 - 38

Table 3.29 National Grid network code. The reference temperature for combustion is 15 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa.

Page 63

Figure 3.29 The United Kingdom natural gas transmission system, North Sea supplies and interconnectors with Europe. Source UBS

Page

64

3.29

Sum

mar

y of E

U Tr

ansm

issio

n Sp

ecifi

catio

ns

Coun

try

Refe

renc

e Con

ditio

ns

Wob

be In

dex R

ange

RD

W

obbe

Inde

x Ran

ge

RD

Co

mbu

stio

n Vo

lum

e At

coun

try re

fere

nce c

ondi

tions

15

°C fo

r com

bust

ion

15

°C an

d 10

1.325

kPa

for v

olum

e

t/°

C t/°

C p/

kPa

MJ/m

3

MJ/sm

3

Com

men

t EA

SEE-

Gas

Com

plian

ce

Austr

ia 25

0

101.3

25

47.88

–56.5

2 0.5

5 – 0.

65

45.42

-53.6

2 0.5

5 – 0.

65

Belgi

um

25

0 10

1.325

49

.132–

56.81

5 (H-

gas)

43.9–

46.89

2 (L-

gas)

Not s

pecif

ied

46.61

– 53

.90 (H

-gas

)

41.54

– 44

.37 (L

-gas

)

Not s

pecif

ied

38.9-

46.05

5 (H-

gas C

V)

34.3-

38.68

6 (L-

gas C

V)

Bulga

ria

20

0 10

1.325

No

t spe

cified

No

t spe

cified

No

t spe

cified

No

t spe

cified

Co

mpos

ition s

pecif

icatio

n

Cypr

us

No

exist

ing na

tural

gas

netw

ork

Czec

h Rep

ublic

15

15

10

1.325

45

.7 – 5

2.2

0.56 –

0.70

45

.7 – 5

2.2

0.56 –

0.70

Denm

ark

25

0 10

1.325

50

.8 – 5

5.8

0.6 –

0.69

48.19

– 52

.93

0.6 –

0.69

Eston

ia 20

0

101.3

25

49.2

– 49.9

0.5

5 – 0.

58

46.65

– 47

.31

0.55 –

0.58

Ty

pical

rang

e only

Finlan

d 20

0

101.3

25

Not s

pecif

ied

Not s

pecif

ied

Not s

pecif

ied

Not s

pecif

ied

Fran

ce

0 0

101.3

25

49.10

4–56

.52 (H

-gas

)

42.23

6–47

.016 (

L-ga

s)

0.555

– 0.7

00

46.47

– 53

.48 (H

-gas

)

39.97

– 44

.49 (L

-gas

)

0.555

– 0.7

00

Germ

any

0 0

101.3

25

37.8-

46.8

(L-g

as)

46.1-

56.5

(H-g

as)

0.55 -

0.75

35

.77 –

44.29

43.62

– 53

.46

0.55 -

0.75

Gree

ce

0 0

101.3

25

46.80

- 58

.46

0.56 -

0.71

44

.29 –

55.32

0.5

6 - 0.

71

Hung

ary

20

0 10

1.325

46

.1 – 5

6.5 (2

H-ga

s)

38.5

- 46.8

(2S-

gas)

0.55 –

0.71

43

.71 –

53.57

(2H-

gas)

36.43

– 44

.29 (2

S-ga

s)

0.55 –

0.71

Irelan

d 15

15

10

1.325

45

.7 – 5

4.7

0.55 –

0.70

45

.7 – 5

4.7

0.55 –

0.70

EN

437

Page

65

Coun

try

Refe

renc

e Con

ditio

ns

Wob

be In

dex R

ange

RD

W

obbe

Inde

x Ran

ge

RD

Co

mbu

stio

n Vo

lum

e At

coun

try re

fere

nce c

ondi

tions

15

°C fo

r com

bust

ion

15

°C an

d 10

1.325

kPa

for v

olum

e

t/°

C t/°

C p/

kPa

MJ/m

3

MJ/sm

3

Com

men

t EA

SEE-

Gas

Com

plian

ce

Italy

15

15

101.3

25

47.31

– 52

.33

0.554

8 – 0.

8 47

.31 –

52.33

0.5

548 –

0.8

Latvi

a 20

0

101.3

25

41.2

– 54

.5 No

t spe

cified

39

.06 –

51.67

No

t spe

cified

No

t a tr

ue sp

ecific

ation

Lithu

ania

20

0 10

1.325

No

t spe

cified

No

t spe

cified

No

t spe

cified

No

t spe

cified

Luxe

mbou

rg

25

0 10

1.325

48

.96 –

56.92

0.5

55 –

0.700

46

.45 –

53.99

0.5

55 –

0.700

EA

SEE-

gas

Malta

-

- -

- -

- -

No ga

s sup

ply

Nethe

rland

s 25

0

101.3

25

43.46

– 44

.41

Not s

pecif

ied

41.23

– 42

.13

Not s

pecif

ied

Polan

d 25

0

101.3

25

45.0

– 54.0

37.5

– 45.0

32.5

– 37.5

Not s

pecif

ied

42.7

– 51.2

35.6

– 42.7

30.8

– 35.6

Not s

pecif

ied

Gros

s CV:

38.0

– 40.0

Gros

s CV:

30.0

– 33.5

Gros

s CV:

26.0

–30.0

Portu

gal

25

0 10

1.325

48

.17 -

57.66

0.5

55 -

0.700

45

.70 –

54.70

0.5

55 -

0.700

EN

437

Roma

nia

15

15

101.3

25

Not s

pecif

ied

Not s

pecif

ied

Not s

pecif

ied

Not s

pecif

ied

Comp

ositio

n spe

cifica

tion

Slov

akia

20

0 10

1.325

No

t spe

cified

No

t spe

cified

No

t spe

cified

No

t spe

cified

Co

mpos

ition s

pecif

icatio

n

Slov

enia

15

15

101.3

25

Not s

pecif

ied

Not s

pecif

ied

Not s

pecif

ied

Not s

pecif

ied

Comp

ositio

n spe

cifica

tion.

Net C

V ra

nge o

f 33.6

50 –

36.63

0 MJ/m

3

Spain

25

0

101.3

25

48.12

– 57

.66

0.555

- 0.7

00

45.65

– 54

.70

0.555

- 0.7

00

EN 43

7

Swed

en

25

0 10

1.325

46

.1 - 5

6.5

Not s

pecif

ied

43.73

– 53

.60

Not s

pecif

ied

Unite

d King

dom

15

15

101.3

25

47.20

- 51

.41

Not s

pecif

ied

47.20

- 51

.41

Not s

pecif

ied

Table

3.30

Sum

mary

of W

obbe

Inde

x and

RD

spec

ificati

ons a

t nati

onal

stand

ard c

ondit

ions a

nd at

stan

dard

refer

ence

cond

itions

. The

EAS

EE-g

as ra

nge o

f Wob

be In

dex a

t stan

dard

refer

ence

co

nditio

ns is

46.45

to 53

.99 M

J/m3 a

nd 0.

555 t

o 0.70

0 for

RD.

Con

versi

on fr

om na

tiona

l refer

ence

cond

itions

to st

anda

rd re

feren

ce co

nditio

ns is

in ac

cord

ance

with

ISO

1344

3:199

6.

Page 66

Table 3.30 provides a summary of the assimilated data characterising the key gas interchangeability parameters (Wobbe Index and Relative Density) at both the reference conditions of the specified country and standardised to the reference conditions of 15 °C for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume in accordance with information provided in Standard EN 437:2003.

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

58

Austria

Belgium

Czech

Rep

ublic

Denmark

Estonia

France

German

y

Greece

Hunga

ry

Irelan

dIta

lyLa

tvia

Luxe

mbourg

Poland

Portug

al

Spain

Sweden

United

King

dom

Wob

be In

dex

(MJ/

m3 )

(15

°C (c

ombu

stio

n); 1

5 °C

met

erin

g; 1

01.3

25 k

Pa)

EN 437 Range

EASEE-gas Range

Figure 3.30: European country specific acceptable natural gas (2H family) Wobbe Index range (at reference conditions of 15 °C for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume) [ Note: Poland is E-gas range not H-gas.]

The diagram (Figure 3.30) shows that both the EASEE-gas and EN 437 Wobbe Index ranges do not completely accommodate the existing member state gas transmission specifications. There are wide variations in the breadth of the acceptable Wobbe Index range; Estonia has the narrowest range and Greece the widest (excluding Latvia as the range they state appears to cover both H- and L-gas). There are four member states that can currently accept gas quality with Wobbe Index greater than the EASSE-gas upper limit and eleven member states that will accept gas quality with Wobbe Index lower than the EASSE-gas lower limit.

Page 67

4 Future Supplies

4.1 Natural Gas Pipeline Supplies Natural gas reserves outside Europe are considerable especially in the Caspian Sea Basin, the Middle East and Russia. A map of the reserves is shown in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1 Reserves of natural gas accessible to the European gas market in trillion cubic meters. Source Trans Adriatic Pipeline

In order to ensure the security and diversity of supply of natural gas to Europe there are a number of pipeline projects currently being planned and under construction; a summary is given in Table 4.1.

Page

68

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Page

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Proj

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know

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Geor

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Ukra

inian

-Eu

rope

an U

nion

(GUE

U) ga

s tra

nspo

rtatio

n pro

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to

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Azer

baija

n 13

3 km

from

Geor

gia to

Bl

ack S

ea. T

hen e

ither

a 11

05 km

route

dire

ct to

Roma

nia ac

ross

Blac

k Sea

or

1540

km vi

a Crim

ea in

Uk

raine

to R

oman

ia

€32 b

illion

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ondo

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. Othe

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2016

Ph

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: 8

Phas

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Ph

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Uses

exist

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Pipe

line t

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Geo

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town

of

Sups

a. T

wo po

ssibl

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Blue

Stre

am

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Blac

k Sea

and

avoid

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, Ro

mania

and

Bulga

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Russ

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13 km

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.3 bil

lion

Blue

Stre

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ipelin

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V., a

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base

d join

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ture o

f Ga

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m an

d Eni

At fu

ll ca

pacit

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2010

16 bc

m/ye

ar

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m/ye

ar

deliv

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in

2008

Plan

ned B

lue S

tream

II pr

oject

to de

liver

gas t

o So

uth E

aster

n Eur

ope

and I

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Baltic

Pipe

De

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land v

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Two-

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eithe

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200 k

m €3

50 m

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5 bcm

/year

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. Will

conn

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ltic P

ipe is

built

Norw

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a

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6 b

cm/ye

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Proje

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starte

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inanc

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prob

lems

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€1

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illion

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inclu

ding

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e, Ga

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Incre

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lexibi

lity fo

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gion

Table

4.1

Summ

ary o

f Futu

re P

ipelin

e Gas

Sup

plies

to E

urop

e

Page 70

Nabucco Pipeline On July 13 2009, the European Union and Turkey signed a natural gas transit agreement for the € 7.9 billion Nabucco gas pipeline aimed at cutting Europe's natural gas dependence on Russia. The United States-backed project aims to transport gas from the Caspian and Middle East via Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary to central Europe. A partnership, Nabucco Gas Pipeline International GmbH, has been formed between six companies – OMV of Austria heads the consortium with partners MOL from Hungary, Transgaz from Romania, Bulgargaz from Bulgaria, BOTAŞ from Turkey and RWE from Germany. The pipeline will be 3300 kilometres long with a maximum discharge of 31 billion cubic metres of gas per year. The pipeline will start at Erzurum in Turkey and finish at Baumgarten an der March in Austria. A map of the proposed pipeline route is shown in Figure 4.2. Construction is expected to start in 2011 with the first deliveries of gas in 2014 or 2015.

Figure 4.2 A map of the proposed Nabucco pipeline bringing natural gas to Europe from Central Asia and the Middle East. Source Wikipedia.

The gas quality specification for the Nabucco pipeline is shown in Table 4.2.

Page 71

Minimum natural gas specification for natural gas for transportation in Nabucco

Chemical composition

Methane C1 mol% ≥ 89,70

Ethane C2 mol% ≤6,00

Propane and heavier C3 mol% ≤2.10

Nitrogen N2 mol% ≤2.10

Carbon dioxide CO2 mol% ≤1.58

Oxygen O2 mol% ≤0.00

Sulphur content

Carbonylsulphide COS mg/Nm³ ≤5.00

Hydrogen sulphide H2S mg/Nm³ ≤5.00

Mercaptan sulphur RSH mg(S)/Nm³

≤6.00

≤10.00 On a continuing basis

≤30.00 Annual average

Total Sulphur S mg(S)/Nm³

≤105.00 For 24 hours

Combustion Properties

MJ/Nm³ ≥39.50 Gross Calorific Value GCV

MJ/Nm³ ≤43.00

MJ/Nm³ ≥50.20 Wobbe Index

MJ/Nm³ ≤55.70

Dew points

Hydrocarbon dew point °C ≤-5 >1.0 and <90 bar

Water dew point °C ≤-8 At 90 bar

Impurities and Temperature

The natural gas shall be practically free of solid, dust, iron oxide, mud and liquid hydrocarbons and shall not be odorised

Temperature T °C ≤42

Nm3 at 0°C and 1.01325 bar

Table 4.2 Natural gas specification for the Nabucco pipeline. Source Nabucco Gas Pipeline International GmbH. The reference temperature for combustion is 0 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.

Interconnector Turkey-Greece-Italy The Interconnector Turkey-Greece-Italy, ITGI, is a project to import 8 billion cubic metres (bcm) of natural gas a year from the Caspian Sea Basin via Turkey and Greece to southern Italy – it is planned that the pipeline will open in 2012. The onshore section in Greece would run from Komotini to the coast in Thesprotia, where it would feed into the Poseidon Pipeline running under the Mediterranean Sea to Otranto in south east Italy. The subsea section would be laid by a joint venture of Italy's Edison and state-owned Greek hydrocarbon company DEPA. The ITGI is an extension of the existing ITG (Interconnector Turkey-Greece). DEPA and Edison agreed on July 14 2009 to allow Bulgarian Energy Holding to take 1 bcm/year of the gas to cut its dependence on Russia. A map of the ITGI pipeline is shown in Figure 4.3

Page 72

Figure 4.3 Route of the ITGI pipeline. Source Edison.

Nord Stream The Nord Stream gas pipeline is a connection from Russia to Western Europe. A map of the proposed route of the Nord Stream pipeline is shown in Figure 4.4 The Nord Stream project is undertaken by Nord Stream AG, a joint venture set up for the planning, construction and follow-up operation of the offshore pipeline. Nord Stream AG shareholdings are now split: Gazprom (51%), Wintershall Holding (20%), E.ON AG (20%) and N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie (9%). The potential gas markets for gas supply via Nord Stream are Germany, the UK, the Netherlands, France and Denmark, with the possibility of supply to other countries as well. Nord Stream will provide a gas pipeline connection from Russia’s Baltic coast near Vyborg to Germany’s Baltic coast near Greifswald. The pipeline length will be about 1200 km. The pipeline construction is in two phases. The first pipeline is planned for commissioning in 2011, and will have a flow capacity of 27.5 bcm per year. The second pipeline is scheduled for completion by 2012 and will have the same capacity as the first pipeline. The total Nord Stream throughput capacity is expected to be 55 bcm per year.

Figure 4.4 Route of the Nord Stream pipeline. Source: Gazprom

Page 73

The quoted natural gas specification for Nord Stream pipeline gas is shown in Table 4.3. However, it is understood that the future gas quality may be rather different; potentially richer gas than the tabulated composition. At the present time no details of this new composition are available. The combustion properties shown in the table are calculated at the quoted reference conditions. Natural gas specification for natural gas in Nord Stream

Chemical composition

Methane C1 mol% 98.1848

Ethane C2 mol% 0.6848

Propane C3 mol% 0.2057

Isobutane iC4 mol% 0.0353

n-butane nC4 mol% 0.0333

Isopentane iC5 mol% 0.0046

Carbon dioxide CO2 mol% 0.0339

Nitrogen N2 mol% 0.8176

Combustion Properties (calculated)

Gross Calorific Value GCV MJ/Nm³ 37.83

Wobbe Index WI MJ/Nm³ 50.34

Table 4.3 Natural gas composition for the Nord Stream pipeline gas. Source Nord Stream EIA report (Appendix C). For the calculated combustion properties, the reference temperature for combustion is 15 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa.

South Stream Gazprom and Italian oil firm Eni plan to build a pipeline, seen as a rival to Nabucco, to take Russian gas under the Black Sea to southeastern Europe, avoiding Ukraine with which Russia has had pricing debates. A map of the proposed South Stream pipeline is shown in Figure 4.5.

Figure 4.5 Route of the South Stream pipeline. Source Wikipedia

Page 74

Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) The 520 km pipeline will transport gas via Greece and Albania across the Adriatic Sea to southern Italy from 2012. TAP is a 50/50 joint venture between Swiss EGL and Norway's Statoil-Hydro and is expected to cost about €1.5 billion to build. It will initially have a capacity of 10 bcm per year but could be expanded to bring up to 20 bcm per year of gas from the Caspian Sea and Middle East regions into Europe. A map of the TAP is shown in Figure 4.6.

Figure 4.6 Map of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline. Source TAP.

Medgaz and Galsi The 210 km deepwater pipeline, of which construction started in March 2008, will carry up to 8 bcm/year of Algerian gas to Spain when it opens in early 2010. The project is being built by Algerian state gas company Sonatrach and a consortium of Spanish and French companies to help diversify European supplies and cut dependence on Russia. The Galsi gas pipeline could bring up to 10 bcm/year of Algerian gas to Italy through Sardinia when it opens in 2012. Major shareholders include state-run Algerian gas company Sonatrach, Italian power generator Edison and utility Enel. Hungary Gas Pipeline MOL from Hungary plans to build a 100 km expansion of its gas pipeline towards Ukraine by 2010 at a cost of €240 million. The pipeline will help meet Hungary's rising domestic gas needs. MOL and Romania's Transgas also plan to connect their networks via a new 109 km pipeline to be built by 2010 between Szeged in Hungary and Arad in Romania. White Stream The White Stream pipeline will supply gas to Western Europe from Azerbaijan. The route of the pipeline is not yet finalised – the pipeline will either cross the Black Sea to enter Romania at Constanta or cross the Black Sea to Crimea in Ukraine and then onwards to Constanta in Romania. The two options are shown in Figure 4.7.

Page 75

Figure 4.7 Map showing the two proposed White Stream Pipeline Routes. Source GUEU

4.2 Pipeline reverse flow overview The European natural gas pipeline infrastructure has developed over a number of years and the overall direction of flow has been reasonably constant. However, with the introduction of new supply/entry points through either the development of new pipelines or LNG importation there is the possibility that flow direction in particular European countries may alter. This overall process is called pipeline reverse flow. Reverse flow can also be used as a method to maintain gas supplies to specific European countries when there is a major disruption to gas supply for instance during the supply issues between Russia and Ukraine in January 2009. GTE commissioned a Reverse Flow Study (Ref: 09GTE+209) and this has highlighted the benefits of bi-directional capacity within the European transmission network. The study has indicated that increased reverse flow capacity between a number of European countries would improve the resilience of the system and suggested that the following links would be beneficial:

• Czech Republic and Austria with additional benefits for Hungary and Slovakia • Czech Republic and Poland – linking to the Baumgarten Hub • Hungary and Romania (and Serbia), also improving interconnections with Bulgaria and Greece • Italy and Austria (increase reverse flow capacity) • Spain and France (increase reverse flow capacity)

Extending the reverse flow network capability and capacity may introduce additional gas quality concerns and impact on any gas processing, blending/mixing facilities

Page 76

4.3 Future LNG Supplies LNG is already widely used in Europe. There are numerous new LNG terminals planned, and expansion of existing terminals. A map showing the position of current and potential LNG terminals is shown in Figure 4.8. A table summarising current and future LNG import terminals in Europe is shown in Table 4.4.

Figure 4.8 Map showing the position of existing and planned LNG terminals in Europe. Source UBS

The typical gas compositions and Wobbe Index at standard metric conditions of LNG imports are shown in Table 4.5.

Page

77

Ex

isting

LNG

Facil

ities

Coun

tries

supp

lied

LNG

Trea

tmen

t So

urce

s of

LNG

LNG

Facil

ities u

nder

co

nstru

ction

Ex

pecte

d date

of

comp

letion

Pl

anne

d LNG

Fac

ilities

Ex

pecte

d date

of

comp

letion

Austr

ia 0

Land

lock

ed

0

0

Belgi

um

1 Ze

ebru

gge

Belgi

um,

Zeeb

rugg

e hu

b

Blen

ding i

n tra

nsmi

ssion

sy

stem

Qatar

, Alge

ria,

Norw

ay,

Egyp

t, Tr

inida

d

0

1

Zeeb

rugg

e ex

pans

ion

Bulga

ria

0

0

0

Cypr

us

0

0

1 Va

siliko

s 20

14/5

Czec

h Re

publi

c 0

Land

lock

ed

0

0

Denm

ark

0

0

1 Si

tgnae

s Be

yond

2014

Eston

ia 0

0

1

Be

yond

2014

Finlan

d 0

0

0

Fran

ce

2 Fo

s Ton

kin,

Monto

ir

Fran

ce, It

aly

(pipe

line

gas s

wap)

Al

geria

, Egy

pt,

Trini

dad,

Nige

ria,

Norw

ay

1 Fo

s Cav

ou

2009

4

Dunk

erqu

e

Antife

r/Le H

avre

Fos F

aster

,

Pega

z

2014

2013

unkn

own

Beyo

nd 20

14

Germ

any

0

0

3 W

ilhelm

shav

en

Wilh

elmsh

aven

Ga

sPor

t

Rosto

ck

on ho

ld

2011

beyo

nd 20

14

Gree

ce

1 Re

vitho

ussa

Gr

eece

Alge

ria, E

gypt,

Tr

inida

d 0

2 Cr

ete

Kava

la

Beyo

nd 20

14

Beyo

nd 20

14

Page

78

Ex

isting

LNG

Facil

ities

Coun

tries

supp

lied

LNG

Trea

tmen

t So

urce

s of

LNG

LNG

Facil

ities u

nder

co

nstru

ction

Ex

pecte

d date

of

comp

letion

Pl

anne

d LNG

Fac

ilities

Ex

pecte

d date

of

comp

letion

Hung

ary

0 La

nd lo

cked

0

0

Irelan

d 0

0

1

Shan

non

Beyo

nd 20

14

Italy

1 Pa

nigag

lia/La

Sp

ezia

Italy

Al

geria

1

Adria

tic/R

ovigo

/Por

to Le

vante

OLT

Livor

no

Brind

isi

2009

2009

on ho

ld aw

aiting

re

newe

d co

nsen

ts

11

Porto

Emp

edoc

le

Priol

o

Tries

te/Za

ule

Rosig

nano

Trito

n/Le M

arch

e

Tara

nto

Gialo

Tau

ra

Tries

te/Mo

nfalco

ne

San F

erdin

anan

do

Torp

/Sor

genia

2012

Beyo

nd 20

14

2013

May n

o lon

ger b

e acti

ve

Beyo

nd 20

14

Beyo

nd 20

14

Beyo

nd 20

14

Beyo

nd 20

14

Beyo

nd 20

14

Beyo

nd 20

14

Latvi

a 0

0

1

Colen

co P

ower

Be

yond

2014

Lithu

ania

0

0

1 Lit

huan

ian

Gove

rnme

nt Be

yond

2014

Luxe

mbur

g 0

Land

lock

ed

0

0

Malta

0

0

1

EneM

alta

May n

o lon

ger b

e acti

ve

Nethe

rland

s 0

1 GA

TE

2011

/2 3

Liong

as

Eems

have

n

TAQA

2014

Beyo

nd 20

14

May n

o lon

ger b

e acti

ve

Polan

d 0

0

1

Baltic

LN

G/Sw

inoujs

cie

2011

Portu

gal

1 Si

nes

Portu

gal

Spain

Nige

ria, O

ther

0

1

Made

ira

Beyo

nd 20

14

Roma

nia

0

0

1 Co

nstan

ta Be

yond

2014

Page

79

Ex

isting

LNG

Facil

ities

Coun

tries

supp

lied

LNG

Trea

tmen

t So

urce

s of

LNG

LNG

Facil

ities u

nder

co

nstru

ction

Ex

pecte

d date

of

comp

letion

Pl

anne

d LNG

Fac

ilities

Ex

pecte

d date

of

comp

letion

Slov

akia

0 La

nd lo

cked

0

0

Slov

enia

0

0

1 Ko

per

May n

o lon

ger b

e acti

ve

Spain

6

Barce

lona

Huelv

a

Carta

gena

,

Bilba

o

Ferro

l/Reg

anos

a

Sagu

nto

Spain

UAE,

Alge

ria,

Egyp

t, Eq

uator

ial

Guine

a, Lib

ya,

Norw

ay,

Oman

, Qata

r, Tr

inida

d, oth

er

1 Gi

jon

2011

/2 3

Huelv

a

Tene

rife

Gran

Can

aria

Beyo

nd 20

14

2013

/4

2013

/4

Swed

en

0

0

2 Ox

elosu

nd

Nynn

eshe

im

On ho

ld de

pend

ing on

EL

P ne

gotia

tions

Beyo

nd 20

14

UK

2 Isl

e of G

rain,

Tees

side G

asPo

rt

UK

N 2 ba

llasti

ng

Alge

ria, E

gypt,

Tr

inida

d, Qa

tar

3 So

uth H

ook L

NG,

Drag

on LN

G,

Grain

3

2009

,

2009

,

2010

/11

6 Ca

nvey

Islan

d

Amwl

ch

Port

Merid

ian

Stag

Ene

rgy

Port

Talbo

t

Tees

side

On ho

ld

On ho

ld aw

aiting

plan

ning

Wait

ing pl

annin

g

Wait

ing pl

annin

g

May n

o lon

ger b

e acti

ve

On ho

ld

Table

4.4

Summ

ary t

able

of cu

rrent

and f

uture

LNG

facilit

ies

Page

80

Prop

erty

Un

its

Indo

nesia

(a

) Aru

n (b

) Bad

ak

Norw

ay

Abu

Dhab

i Al

geria

(a

) Arz

ew

(b) B

ethi

oua 1

(c

) Bet

hiou

a 2

(d) S

kikda

Nige

ria

Oman

Tr

inid

ad an

d To

bago

Eg

ypt

(a) D

amiet

ta

(b) I

dku

Equa

toria

l Gu

inea

Wob

be In

dex

MJ/m

3 (a

) 52.6

9

(b) 5

1.0-5

3.94

43.34

-50.0

6 53

.19

(a) 5

2.65

(b) 5

2.29

(c) 51

.43

(d) 5

1.44

55.92

53

.33

51.31

No

t rep

orted

No

t rep

orted

Metha

ne

mol%

(a

) 90.1

(b) ≥

84

≥ 84

.55

84.8

(a) 8

8.0

(b) 8

7.6

(c) 94

.4

(d) 9

1.3

91.3

87.9

96.8

(a) 9

7.7

(b) 9

7.2

93.4

Etha

ne

mol%

(a

) 6.2

(b) ≤

8

≤ 8.9

13

.2 (a

) 9.0

(b) 8

.4

(c) 7.

2

(d) 7

.1

4.6

7.3

2.7

(a) 1

.8

(b) 2

.3

6.5

Prop

ane

mol%

(a

) 2.3

(b) ≤

3

≤ 3.1

5 1.6

(a

) 2.0

(b) 2

.1

(c) 0.

5

(d) 0

.7

2.6

2.9

0.3

(a) 0

.2

(b) 0

.3

0.0

i-Buta

ne

mol%

(a

) 0.41

(b) ≤

0.52

≤ 0.5

5 <

0.1

(a) 0

.2

(b) 0

.3

(c) 0

(d) <

0.1

0.6

0.8

<0.1

Page

81

Prop

erty

Un

its

Indo

nesia

(a

) Aru

n (b

) Bad

ak

Norw

ay

Abu

Dhab

i Al

geria

(a

) Arz

ew

(b) B

ethi

oua 1

(c

) Bet

hiou

a 2

(d) S

kikda

Nige

ria

Oman

Tr

inid

ad an

d To

bago

Eg

ypt

(a) D

amiet

ta

(b) I

dku

Equa

toria

l Gu

inea

n-Bu

tane

mol%

(a

) 0.58

(b) ≤

0.89

≤ 0.7

0 <

0.1

(a) 0

.2

(b) 0

.4

(c) 0

(d) <

0.1

0.8

0.7

< 0.2

i-Pen

tane

mol%

0

(a) <

0.1

(b) –

(d) 0

< 0.1

<

0.1

< 0.1

n-Pe

ntane

mo

l%

0 (a

) <0.1

(b) –

(d) 0

< 0.1

<

0.1

< 0.1

C4+

mol%

0.1

(a

) 0.5

(b) 0

.7

(c) 0

(d) 0

.1

1.4

1.6

0.7

(a)0

.2

(b) 0

.3

C5+

mol%

≤

0.1

≤ 0.1

5

Nitro

gen

mol%

(a

) ≤1

(b) 0

.4

≤ 1.1

0.1

(a

) 0.6

(b) 1

.2

(c) 0.

9

(d) 1

.0

1.0

0.4

0.1

(a) 0

.1

(b) 0

.0

0.0

Table

4.5 T

ypica

l gas

comp

ositio

ns an

d com

busti

on pr

oper

ties a

t stan

dard

metr

ic co

nditio

ns of

15 °C

for c

ombu

stion

and 1

5 °C

and 1

01.32

5 kPa

for v

olume

. The

conv

ersio

n fro

m no

rmal

stand

ard

cond

itions

is in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith IS

O 13

443:1

996.

Sou

rce IG

U Pr

ogra

m C

omm

ittee

D Tr

ienniu

m 20

06-2

009.

Page 82

5 Storage

5.1 Types of Storage The principal type of storage is underground gas storage; there are three types:

• reservoirs in depleted oil or gas fields • aquifers • salt caverns

Additionally, above-ground storage facilities can be built (i.e. LNG peak shavers). These differ from the underground storage in that they have significantly smaller capacity although higher deliverability rates. There are two uses of storage:

• Base load is used to cope with seasonal demand and the facilities are capable of holding enough gas to meet long-term demand. Base load facilities have a low delivery rate and the stock turn-over rate is typically annual. These storage sites are normally depleted fields or aquifers.

• Peak load is used to meet short-term demand increase. Peak load facilities are usually smaller than base load facilities with a higher delivery and injection rate. The rate of stock turn-over is less than 1 year. These storage sites are normally salt caverns and LNG peak-shaving plant.

A further useful form of storage is line pack. Storage requirements are rising due to increased EU demand and decreased EU gas production. An extensive study on natural gas study has been carried out by DG TREN C1 Study on natural gas storage in the EU Draft Final Report October 2008. Gas Storage Europe (part of GIE) calculates that the EU requires an additional 60 bcm by 2025 and so far, investment in only 43 bcm of storage is planned by 2015. Figure 5.1 shows the current storage volumes available in the EU.

Figure 5.1 Current storage volumes in the EU. Source Gas Storage Europe.

Page 83

5.2 Austrian Storage Specification The specification for storage in Austria must comply with Austrian Standard G31 (see Table 3.1). Storage facility operators additionally apply other restrictions. Storage specifications for Haidach, Jemgum and Rehden are given in Table 5.1, Table 5.2 and Table 5.3. Property Units Range

Wobbe Index kWh/m3 13.60 – 15.70

Hydrocarbon dew point °C -2 at 100 – 7000 kPa

Water dew point °C -8 at 7000 kPa

Gas quality must additionally comply with Austrian Standard G31

Table 5.1 WINGAS and Gazprom storage specification for gas quality at Haidach. The reference conditions are 25 °C for combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume.

Property Units Range

Gross calorific value kWh/m3 10.97 – 11.61




Oxygen ppm ≤5


Hydrogen sulphide + COS mg(S)/m3 ≤5

Mercaptans mg(S)/m3 ≤6

Maximum total sulphur mg(S)/m3 ≤20

Table 5.2 WINGAS storage specification for gas quality at Jemgum. The reference conditions are 25 °C for combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume

Property Units Range

Gross calorific value kWh/m3 10.97 – 11.61




Oxygen ppm ≤10


Hydrogen sulphide + COS mg(S)/m3 ≤5

Mercaptans mg(S)/m3 ≤6

Maximum total sulphur mg(S)/m3 ≤22.4

Aromatics ppm ≤223

Table 5.3 WINGAS storage specification for gas quality at Rehden. The reference conditions are 25 °C for combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume

Page 84

5.3 French Storage Specification The French storage specification ensures the integrity of the storage facility and protects the stored gas from chemical and physical change. Gas removed from storage must be compliant with existing French regulations. Specifications from TIGF are shown in Table 5.4 for gas entering storage and in Table 5.5 for gas leaving storage. Characteristic Specification

Gross Calorific Value (combustion conditions 0 °C 1.01325 bar)

Gas type H(1): 10.7 to 12.8 kWh/m3(n)

(10.67 to 12.77 kWh/m3(n) combustion at 25 °C)

Wobbe Index (conditions combustion 0 °C and 1.01325 bar)

Gas type H(1): 13.64 to 15.7 kWh/m3(n) (13.6 to 15.66 kWh/m3(n) combustion at 25 °C)

Relative density 0.555 - 0.70

Dewpoint water < -5 °C at the maximum operating pressure of the network downstream of the connection(2)

Hydrocarbon dew point(3) <-2 °C from 1 to 7000 kPa

Sulphur content < 30 mg/m3(n)

Sulphur mercaptan < 6 mg/m³(n).

Sulphur H2S + COS < 5 mg/m³(n).

CO2 content < 2.5% (molar).

Odorant <40 mg equivalent THT/m³(n)

O2 content <100 ppmv.

Gas impurities The gas can be stored without further processing before entry to storage.

(1) H-type gas: Gas with a high calorific value. (2) Water dew point and water content is calculated according to ISO 18453 Natural gas - Correlation between water content and water dew point. (Gergwater). (3) This requirement covers only the hydrocarbons of natural gas, and therefore no oil

Table 5.4 Specification from TIGF in France for gas entering storage. The reference conditions are 0 °C for combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume

Characteristic Specification

Gross Calorific Value (combustion conditions and 0 °C and 1.01325 bar)

Gas type H(1): 10.7 to 12.8 kWh/m3 (n)

(10.67 to 12.77 combustion at 25 °C)

Water dew point <- 5 ° C at the maximum operating pressure of the network(2)

Sulphur and H2S content Instantaneous concentration of H2S must be <15 mg/m3(n) Average concentration <12 mg/m3(n) over 8 hours

The average concentration of H2S over 8 days <7 mg/m³(n). Total sulphur content must be <150 mg/m³(n).

(1) H-type gas: Gas with a high calorific value. (2) Water dew point and water content is calculated according to ISO 18453 Natural gas - Correlation between water content and water dew point. (Gergwater).

Table 5.5 Specification from TIGF in France for gas leaving storage. The reference conditions are 0 °C for combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume

Page 85

5.4 German Storage Specification The quality of gas delivered and re-delivered at storage delivery point and storage offtake points must comply with the current regulations of DVGW specification G 260 for the 2nd gas family (see Table 3.13). The gas quality specification for storage facilities operated by BEB is shown in Table 5.6. Property Units Range Comment

Oxygen mol% <0.001

Carbon dioxide mol% <2.5

H2S + COS total mg(S)/m3 <5.0

RSH mg(S)/m3 <6.0

Total sulphur mg(S)/m3 <30

Water dew point °C -8 At 70 bara

Hydrocarbon dew point °C -2 At 1 to 70 bara

Wobbe Index kWh/m3 15 Fluctuation of +0.7 kWh/m3 and -1.4 kWh/m3

The natural gas may not contain any odorising agents

Table 5.6 Storage specification for storage facilities in Germany operated by BEB. The reference conditions are 0 °C for combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume

Page 86

5.5 Italian Storage Specification Access to gas storage in Italy is regulated according to Article 12 paragraph 2 of Law Decree n.164 of 23 May 2000. Edison operates depleted gas field storage facilities at Collalto and Cellino; it operates a single virtual point for access known as the Edison Storage Hub. The specification for gas entering the Edison Storage Hub is shown in Table 5.7. Parameter Acceptable range Unit

Methane (*)

Ethane (*)

Propane (*)

Iso-butane (*)

Normal-butane (*)

Iso-pentane (*)

Normal-pentane (*)

Hexanes and higher hydrocarbons

(*)

Nitrogen (*)

Carbon dioxide ≤ 3 mol%

Hydrogen sulphide ≤6.6 mg(S)/m3

Mercaptans ≤15.5 mg(S)/m3

Total sulphur 150 mg(S)/m3

Calorific value 34.95 – 45.28 MJ/Sm3

Wobbe Index 47.31 – 52.33 MJ/Sm3


Oxygen <0.6 mol%

Water dew point ≤ -5 °C at 7000 kPa

Hydrocarbon dew point ≤0 °C at 100 to 7000 kPa

Temperature ≤50 °C

Gas may not contain traces of:

(a) Water and oil in liquid form

(b) Solid particles in a quantity that will damage the transmission system

(c) Other components that could affect the security or integrity of the transmission system

Reference conditions: 15 °C for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume

(*) The limits for these components are governed by the Wobbe Index range

Table 5.7 Specification for the Edison Storage Hub in Italy. The reference conditions are 15 °C for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume

Page 87

5.6 UK Storage Specification Centrica Storage Ltd (CSL) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Centrica plc that operates the Rough storage facility. Rough is a depleted gas field that represents 70% of the UK storage capacity. Gas is delivered to the storage facility via the Easington gas terminal which has natural gas processing capability. The re-delivery point is National Grid’s transmission system but Centrica does not guarantee to re-deliver gas that complies with the National Grid specification. A typical delivery specification is shown in Table 5.8. Property Units Range

Inlet pressure barg 17.2

Wobbe Index MJ/sm3 48.2 – 51.2

Gross calorific value MJ/sm3 36.9 – 42.2

Hydrogen sulphide mg/sm3 0

Oxygen mol% <0.001

Hydrogen mol% <0.1

Carbon dioxide mol% <0.66

Nitrogen mol% <1.66

Total inerts mol% <7

The Easington facilities are not designed to remove carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulphide.

The gas must be free from any objectionable odour and from materials and dust or other solid, waxes, gums or gum-forming constituents. No other chemicals or substances may be introduced into the gas which might be carried over into Easington

Table 5.8 Typical gas quality specification for gas delivered to the Easington storage facility. The reference conditions are 15 °C for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume

Page 88

6 Indigenous Gas Quality In 2006 UBS conducted a survey of the European gas industry and have concluded that indigenous gas supplies in Europe will probably remain relatively constant for the next five years if Norway is included as an indigenous source for the EU. However, a combination of falling production and rising demand will cause Europe’s import dependency to increase to 63% by 2015. There will be declining output from the UK, Italy and Germany, and static production from the Netherlands. Overall volumes will remain relatively constant between 2005 and 2010 at around 300 bcm, with decline in the mature regions of Denmark, Germany, UK and Italy offset by growth in Norway and steady volumes from the Netherlands. A plot of the predicted indigenous gas supplies is shown in Figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1 Indigenous gas supplies in the EU. Norway is included for completeness. Source UBS Investment Research – European Gas 12 July 2006

The remaining indigenous reserves in Europe have also been estimated by BP and these are shown in Table 6.1. As Norway and the Russian Federation are very important pipeline suppliers to the EU, the reserves of these two areas have been included.

EU Country Indigenous reserves in trillion cubic metres

Years of production remaining at current extraction rates

Denmark 0.06 5.5

Germany 0.12 9.2

Italy 0.12 14.2

Netherlands 1.39 20.6

Poland 0.11 27.1

Romania 0.63 54.6

United Kingdom 0.34 4.9

Non-EU Country

Norway 2.91 29.3

Russian Federation 43.30 72.0

Table 6.1 Indigenous reserves in EU production countries. Norway and Russia have been included as key suppliers of pipeline gas to the EU. Source BP - A Statistical Review of World Energy June 2009

Some typical gas compositions and combustion properties of indigenous supplies are shown in Table 6.2.

Page

89

Coun

try

Units

De

nmar

k Hu

ngar

y Ita

ly Ne

ther

lands

Po

land

Rom

ania

UK

Sour

ce

No

rth S

ea

Algyő

Oros

háza

Gron

ingen

No

rth

Sea

Dome

stic

Olt

Dolj

Prah

ova

Irish S

ea

North

Sea

Clas

sifica

tion

H

H S

H L

H L

L N/

A H

L H

H H

Metha

ne

mol%

88

.3 86

.2 80

.0 99

.6 81

.3 86

.7 71

.0 81

.2 77

.5 98

.16

53.8

85.9

87.4

85.2

Etha

ne

mol%

6.2

5 6.1

9 1.8

7 0.0

6 2.8

5 6.0

1 0.7

8 0.2

2 12

.2 0.8

6 3.6

4.4

5 6.6

9 7.2

4

Prop

ane

mol%

2.7

5 1.0

4 0.4

9 0.0

3 0.3

7 1.6

1 0.1

0 0.0

1 6.4

0.2

6 5.5

1.0

6 2.1

9 2.7

3

i-Buta

ne

mol%

0.3

9 0.1

2 0.1

5 0.0

1 0.0

7 0.1

6 0.0

2

1.1

0.02

1.3

0.25

0.22

0.46

n-Bu

tane

mol%

0.5

9 0.1

3 0.1

3

0.07

0.16

0.01

1.5

0.0

2 2.2

0.2

5 0.2

2 0.4

6

n-Pe

ntane

mo

l%

0.12

0.03

0.04

0.0

2 0.0

4 0.0

1

1.4

0.02

3.3

0.32

0.06

0.24

Hexa

nes a

nd

highe

r hy

droc

arbo

ns

mol%

0.1

6 0.0

5 0.1

5

0.07

0.11

0.0

1

0.13

0.05

0.04

Carb

on

dioxid

e mo

l%

1.15

4.4

13.29

0.0

3 0.8

9 1.3

3 0.5

0 0.6

2

0.39

4.6

0.43

2.28

2.63

Nitro

gen

mol%

0.3

3 1.8

3.8

1 0.2

4 14

.4 3.9

0 27

.6 18

.0

0.26

25.7

7.18

0.90

0.97

Phys

ical P

rope

rties

Gros

s CV

MJ/m

3 41

.8 38

.2 32

.7 37

.7 33

.3 38

.9 27

.5 30

.8 48

.7 38

.0 37

.1 37

.7 40

.2 41

.1

Wob

be In

dex

MJ/m

3 52

.0 47

.3 38

.5 50

.6 41

.5 48

.7 33

.3 38

.6 56

.5 50

.4 39

.3 47

.3 50

.2 50

.4

Relat

ive

dens

ity

0.6

45

0.651

0.7

23

0.557

0.6

44

0.637

0.6

79

0.636

0.7

42

0.568

0.8

92

0.637

0.6

43

0.665

Table

6.2

Typic

al ga

s com

posit

ions a

nd co

mbus

tion p

rope

rties o

f Eur

opea

n ind

igeno

us su

pplie

s. T

he ph

ysica

l pro

pertie

s hav

e bee

n calc

ulated

at st

anda

rd re

feren

ce co

nditio

ns of

15 °C

for

comb

ustio

n and

15 °C

and 1

01.32

5 kPa

for m

eterin

g.

Page 90

7 Impact of Future Gas Quality Changes Changes in the source or quality of the natural gas used within Europe may impact on the performance of appliances. With new pipelines and LNG regasification terminal infrastructure there is the potential to have gas supplies with different characteristics. Table 7.1 provides an initial appraisal of the potential changes to gas supply and the impact that might result. The new gas supplies will primarily be of H-gas quality and so there may be instances where there is a decrease in the utilisation of L-gas networks. Appliance conversion or replacement may be required in these instances. Also LNG supplies are often of richer gas and this may impact on appliances that have received lower Wobbe Index gas historically. Country Comment Impact of gas quality change

on appliances

Austria Currently diverse supplies from Norway, Germany and Russia. Reverse flow may become important.

May have to accommodate reverse flow gas supplies from non-traditional sources (wider Wobbe Index range than currently or historically experienced)

Belgium L-gas network to be discontinued, expanding LNG sources but blending in transmission system already accommodating diverse range of sources

Conversion of L-gas appliances. Also wider range of gas supplies with potential change to typical Wobbe Index

Bulgaria Declining indigenous supplies. New pipeline to connect with both Caspian and Russian sources. Possible LNG via Bulgaria-Romania and Bulgaria-Greece interconnectors.

Appliances may see wider Wobbe Index range than currently or historically experienced

Cyprus Possible LNG terminal. Only used for power generation in foreseeable future

Minimal – limited natural gas usage.

Czech Republic

Currently mainly Russian gas. Interconnector with Poland planned. Reverse flow may be important.

May have to accommodate reverse flow gas supplies from non-traditional sources (wider Wobbe Index range than currently or historically experienced)

Denmark Additional new supplies from Norway. Nord Stream Russian gas via Germany.


Estonia Possible LNG terminal. All current supplies from Russia. Any LNG may impact on current consistent Russian gas quality

Finland All current supplies from Russia. Balticonnector could bring in alternative LNG supplies from Latvia and Estonia if projects go ahead.

Any LNG may impact on current consistent Russian gas quality

France L-gas supplies from Netherlands. Greater import reliance on LNG. Possible increased reverse flow from Spain.

In the long-term, conversion of L-gas appliances to H-gas.

New supplies may result in a wider Wobbe Index range than currently or historically experienced.

Germany L-gas supplies from Netherlands. H-gas from Russia and North Sea. New sources of LNG planned. New supplies via Nord Stream gas pipeline

In the long-term, conversion of L-gas appliances to H-gas.

Also wider range of gas supplies with potential change to typical Wobbe Index

Page 91

Country Comment Impact of gas quality change on appliances

Greece Diverse sources of gas but mainly Russian and used for power generation

Very wide Wobbe Index range in specification but typical supplies have a much smaller variation.

New supplies will give a possible wider Wobbe Index range than currently or historically experienced.

Hungary Indigenous supplies are gas group 2S and 2H. Remaining 80% of supplies from Russia. Nabucco pipeline to pass through Hungary. Reverse flow may be important.

In the long-term, conversion of 2S appliances to 2H.


Ireland LNG imports planned. 90% imports from UK, which is increasingly dependent on LNG.


Italy Diverse supplies from the Netherlands, Norway, Germany, Russia, Algeria and Libya


Latvia 100% imports from Russia. LNG import terminal planned. Any LNG may impact on current consistent Russian gas quality

Lithuania 100% imports from Russia. LNG import terminal planned. Any LNG may impact on current consistent Russian gas quality

Luxembourg 100% imports to EASEE-gas specification Appliances may see wider Wobbe Index range than currently or historically experienced

Malta No gas at the present time

Netherlands Extensive blending facilities available. Indigenous Groningen gas supplies available for further 20 years.

In the long-term, conversion of L-gas appliances to 2H. Also wider range of gas supplies with potential change to typical Wobbe Index

Poland Two types of indigenous supplies - high-methane gas and high-nitrogen gas. Imported gas from Russia and LNG terminal planned on Baltic coast. Reverse flow may be important.

In the long-term, conversion of L-gas appliances to 2H.


Portugal Mainly LNG either from Spain/France or direct import from Sines Appliances may see wider Wobbe Index range than currently or historically experienced

Romania Extensive indigenous supplies with varied methane content (54-98 mol%). Current 20% dependency on Russian gas. Reverse flow may be important.

In the long term, may become more dependent on H-gas and appliance conversion may be an issue. New supplies may result in a wider Wobbe Index range than currently or historically experienced.

Page 92

Country Comment Impact of gas quality change on appliances

Slovakia 97% dependence on Russian gas which is expected to continue Any LNG may impact on current consistent Russian gas quality. Extended network may result in wider range of gas qualities and Wobbe Index than is currently used.

Slovenia Existing supplies from Russia but with LNG import terminal planned New supplies, especially LNG, may result in a wider Wobbe Index range than currently or historically experienced.

Spain Existing and planned pipelines from North African sources. Expansion of current LNG import facilities.

Possible wider range of gas types varying the Wobbe Index of gas distributed to domestic appliances

Sweden Current interconnector with Denmark. Additional new supplies from Norway. Nord Stream Russian gas via Germany.


United Kingdom

Declining indigenous supplies and greater reliance on imported LNG and interconnectors with mainland Europe. Imported gases may have to be treated to comply with GS(M)R.

New supplies may result in a wider Wobbe Index range than currently or historically experienced, resulting in additional gas processing to comply with UK legislation.

Table 7.1 Summary of impact of gas quality changes on appliances

8 Conclusions Gas quality variation around Europe is an important factor and is dependent on the source of the gas. This report has:

• collated details on current gas specifications (often related to the historical indigenous or local source of gas)

• provided details on the current and future gas supplies to member states, together with a view on the changes to indigenous supplies of natural gas

• provided an overview of the proposed new pipeline infrastructure bringing different natural gases into the European region

• provided an overview of current and future LNG importation and regasification together with some outline data on gas specification

• provided details of the current and near-term gas storage capability. The proposed EASEE-gas specification does not encompass all the existing gas transmission specifications but it does cover the bulk of the range.

GASQUAL DELIVERABLE APPROVED BY CEN/BT WG 197 GAS …...• Gas storage. An overview of current and near-term gas storage capability has been presented. Gas quality variation around

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