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Experiences of Plastic Waste Management in Japan,focusing on Public Awareness Campaign and
Educational Activities
Hisao Ida / Takushi KamiyaPlastic Waste Management Institute, Japan
Plastic & Sustainable Development Forum
11th Nov., 2008, TuesdayHong Kong Polytechnical University
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Presentation Topics
Introduction
1 Current situation of plastic waste management in Japan
1-1 Legislative framework1-2 Flow of plastic products, waste and recycling
2 Treatment system of waste plastics
2-1 Material recycle, chemical recycle and energy recovery
2-2 Hot topics in the field of 3R of plastic waste in Japan2-2-1 Shopping bag reduction
2-2-2 Changing waste collection system in central Tokyo
2-2-3 Tray to tray recycling of PSP
3 Public Awareness Campaign and Educational Activities of PWMI3-1 Education support in school
3-2 Educational support on the WEB site
Summary
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Introduction 1
Plastic Waste Management Institute, Japan
Foundation: Nov. 1971
Present Members: 18 corporations (resin manufactures),
3 organization, 4 supporting members Mission:
To research and develop systems for optimal processing of plastic waste
and effective use of processed waste as a resource, and to promote the use
of these systems. Recent activities with emphasis:
- Development of recycling technologies for plastics waste.
(Recycling of CD products, agriculture PO films)
- LCA based study on benefit of plastics use and recycling method of plastics(Eco-efficiency analysis of plastic containers & packaging waste treatment
under the recycling law)
- Communication on usefulness of plastics and understanding on energy recovery,
and promotion of correct understanding on plastics among children
(Environmental education in school)
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Background
.
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 972000 '0
3'06
1000ton
1958
FirstP
etroch
emica
l
Comp
lexin
JAPA
N
64 Tokyo Olympic 70 Osaka World Expo.
1995
C&PRecycl.Lawenac
ted
2000
FundamentalLa
wforEstablish
inga
SustainableSo
cietyenacted
1973 Separate collection of
unburnable waste starts
in central Tokyo
Ethylene Production Volume
2001-05
Laws on Individual Product
Categories enacted
There can be no sustained economic growth without
adequate waste management system.
72 Sapporo Olympic
(winter game)
98 Nagano Olympic
(winter game)
05 Aichi World Expo.
1970
WasteMa
nagem
entLa
w
enacted
1971
PWMI
wases
tablish
ed
1971 Tokyo metropolitangovernor, Dr. Minobe,
declares garbage war.
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Introduction 2
Life Cycle Benefit of Plastics
Contribution to resource efficiency
in production of plastic products Contribution to resource efficiency in use
Resource with high combustion energy
Various recycling methods are possible.
Today plastics are everywhere. It is used in cars, homes, offices,clothes, etc.
Plastics are the material of choice because they make it possible tobalance modern day needs with environmental concerns.
This benefit can been realized through their total life cycle, even aftertheir end of life.
Use
- Lightness- Various Functions
Production- Cost Performance
- Good Processability
Collection /Recycling
Disposal
Plastics Waste is Valuable Resource
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Various recycling methods applicable to plastic waste
Pe
troleum
Gasoline, Fuel Oil
Electricity
Chemical
Industry Plastics
Energy Recovery(Thermal Recycle)
Iron, Steel
Mechanical Recycle
(Material Recycle)
Feedstock Recycle
(Chemical Recycle)
Various
ProductsUsers
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Calorie of Fuels, Plastics and Wastes
Plastics Waste is Valuable Resource with High Calorie
kcal/kg (kcal/Nm3 for natural gas and city gas)
Coke
LPG
Citygas
PVC
PS
PP P
E
PET
Kitc
henwaste
Grass
paper
Textile
Plastics
Charcoal
Fueloil
Kerosene
Na
turalgas
Coal
PlasticsFuels Wastes
(wet basis)
Inciner
ationwaste
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1 Current situation of plastic waste management in Japan
1-1 Legislative framework
Fundamental Law for
Establishing a
Sustainable Society(enacted 2000, entered effect 2001)
Containers and Packaging
Recycling Law(enacted 1995, entered full effect 2000)
Containers and Packaging
Recycling Law
(enacted 1995, entered full effect 2000)
Law for Promotion of Effective
Utilization of Resources
(entered effect 2001)
Waste Management Law(enacted 1970, revised several times)
Green Purchasing Law
(entered effect 2001)
Household Electrical Appliances
Recycling Law
(entered effect 2001)
Food Recycling Law
(entered effect 2001)
Construction Materials Recycling Law(entered effect 2002)
Automotive Recycling Law(enacted 2002, entered effect 2005)
Legislation for Establishing a Sustainable Society in Japan
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1-1-1
Basic Principle & Responsibilities under the Fundamental Law for
Establishing a Sustainable Society
National
government
Formulating and
implementing general
policies
Local governments
Implementing measures
for recycling and waste
management
Formulating and
implementing policies in
accordance with natural
policies and social
conditions
Businesses
Taking responsibility for
proper management of
recyclable resources(discharger
responsibility)
Designing recycle-
oriented products and
containers and taking
back and recycling
products and containers(expanded producer
responsibility)
Citizens
Using products for a
longer period
Using recycled products
Cooperating in separated
collection
Encourage voluntary and positive implementation of actions to create a sound-material-cycle society,
thereby promoting the creation of a sustainable society with minimal impact on the environment
Promoting measures in the following order of priority: 1) Reduction of waste generation, 2) Reuse of parts,
3) Material recycling, 4) Thermal recycling, 5) Proper disposal
This order of priority may not be applied in case where it is possible to reduce environmental burden
Achieving close liaison with measures to ensure proper circulation in the natural world.
Basic principles
Responsibility
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Cooperation among consumers, municipalities & industry
Separation by
Consumer
Collection byMunicipality
Recycled by Industry
Collaboration
among
Stakeholders
Source;http://www.petbottle-rec.gr.jp/more/mo_cyc01_f.html
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Voluntary design guideline
Bottle
Only transparent colorlessness (abolition of coloring bottle)
The knob can use only made of no coloring PET with a large-
scale bottle.Label and print
The shrink label : with the perforated line.
Cap
Only a plastic cap can be used.
PET
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Example of sorted collection system(Yokohama city)
Source:http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/pcpb/info/
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Guidance on
How to Put Out Your Garbage and Recyclables(Yokohama City)
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Guidance on How to Put Out Your Garbage and Recyclables (Yokohama City) continued
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1-1-2
Framework of Containers and Packaging recycling Law
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Containers and Packaging Recycling System
Consumer
Municipality
Recycler
(entitled)
Sorting & Discharging Transportation and Recycling
Consign
Declaration
(Amount of
plastics waste) Bidding
Consign
Retailer, C&P Manufacturer
Appliances ManufacturerBusiness Utilizing
Recycled Products
The Japan Containers and Packaging
Recycling Association
(government-designated organization)
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Short Summary
Close cooperation of among industries, retailers,
consumers, and municipalities is the key for theestablishment of recycle oriented society.
Under the Fundamental Law for Establishing a
Sustainable Society, responsibilities of respective
stakeholders, i.e. national government,
municipalities, industries and citizens, are
stipulated.
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Resin Production
14,450
Domestic
Consumption11,200
Post-use
Discharge9,160
Processing waste
660
Production waste
230
Total Discharge10,050
Municipal
5,080
Industrial
4,980
Mechanical Recycle.
2,040 (20%)
Liquefaction/Blast
Furnace 280 (3%)
Solid Fuel620 (6%)
Incinerat. with Power
Gen. 2,900(29%)
Incinerat. with Heat
Utilization 1,370(14%)
Incineration only1,570 (16%)
Landfill
1,270 (13%)
ReclaimedProducts
720
Export Import
Unutilized: 2,840 (28%)
Utilized: 7,210 (72%)
Unit: 1000t
1-2
Flow of Plastic Products, Wastes, and Recycling (2006)
Source: Plastic Waste Management Institute
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Trend of Plastics Production, Consumption,
Waste Discharge, Recycling Ratio
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Municipal waste Industrial waste Consumption Production Utilization rate
Vo
lume(1,000t)
Utilizationrate(%)
Source: Plastic Waste Management Institute
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2006 Highlights
72
2006
62605855535046444239Utilization rate (%)
2005200420032002200120001999199819971996YEAR
The export of plastic
waste increased by 210thousand tons over the
previous year
surpassing 1,000
thousand tons.
Destination of recycling useDestination of recycling useDestination of recycling useDestination of recycling use
Domestic
720
thousand
tons
(35%)
Export
1320
thousand
tons
(65%)
Source: Plastic Waste Management Institute
Plastic utilization rate increased steadily reaching 72% of total
plastic waste discharge.
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Export of plastic waste
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008(1-6)
Waste Polyethlene Waste Polystyrene Waste PVC
Waste PET Other waste plastics
ton
Unit PriceUnit PriceUnit PriceUnit Price35.035.035.035.0 41.441.441.441.4 46.846.846.846.8 51.851.851.851.8 54.454.454.454.4 YenYenYenYenkgkgkgkg
2008(1-6)89.8
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2 Treatment system of waste plastics
2-1 Material recycle, chemical recycle and energy recovery
Only supplemental
measure or notspecified as
recycling systems
under the Law
Fuel
Chemical material
Incineration with Electric Power
Generation, Heat Utilization
Cement Kiln
Gasification
Liquefaction
Coke oven
Blast Furnace (as Reducing Agent)
Solid Fuel (RPF,RDF)
EnergyRecovery
Degradation to Monomers
Feedstock
Recycling
Specified as
recycling systems
under the present
Japanese Law
Mechanical Recycling (Recycling to
Plastic Pellets or to Articles)
Mechanical
Recycling
Positioning under theC&P Recycling Law
Treatment SystemCategory
* Mechanical recycling are given priority over others in bidding .
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Products of Mechanical Recycling
from Plastics Waste
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Source: Council for PET Bottle Recycling
Material Recycling Process (PET Bottles)
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President in China under the visit to Japan inspectedthe PET bottle recycling factory of the JFE group on May 9th, 2008.
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Kobe Steel (Kakogawa)
Blast furnace: 10,000t
Nihon Steel (Yahata)
Coke Oven: 20,000t
Nihon Steel (Oita)
Cokes Oven: 25,000t
Teijin Fiber (Tokuyama)
Monomer B to B: 62,000t
Nihon Steel (Nagoya)
Coke Oven: 50,000t
JFE Steel (Chiba)
Gasification: 20,000t
Nippon Steel (Kimitsu)
Coke Oven: 20,000t
Sapporo Plastic Recycling
Liquefaction: 12,000t
Nihon Steel (Muroran)
Coke Oven: 20,000t
Rekisei Oils (Niigata)
Liquefaction: 6,000t
JFE Steel (Fukuyama)Blast furnace/Coke Oven : 40,000t
UbeUbe)Gasification: 30,000t
PET Reverse(Kawasaki)
Monomer B to B: 22,000t
Showa DenkoKawasaki)Gasification: 60,000t
JFE Steel (Kawasaki)
40,000t/30,000t
Blast furnace/Coke Oven
complied with C&P recycling law,2005)15 Facilities:
Monomer 2
Blast furnace 3
Coke oven 5
Gasification 3Liquefaction 2
(Total 470 Kt)
Large Scaled Chemical Recycling Facilities
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64000/ 195/
Gasification Plant in Kawasaki
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Effective utilization
Non-combustible
Granulated blastfurnace slag
RDF molder
Shredder
Plastic waste
from households
Low-temperature
gasification furnace
Oxygen
+ Steam
Gas scrubbing
facility
Synthetic
gas
Examples of uses ofsynthetic gas- Hydrogen- Methanol
- Ammonia- Acetic acid- Other basic chemicals- Fuel cells- Fuel source for high
efficiency powergeneration
Gasification process
Oxygen+ Steam
High-temperature
gasification furnace
Gasification Process
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Plastic waste
from households
Deaeratingdrum
Hydrogen
chloride gas
Exhaust gascombustion(hydrochloric acidcondensation andrecovery)
Recoveredhydrochloric
acid
Melted plastics
Product
Exhaust gas
Product oil
Dehydrochlorinationunit
Residueextraction and
energy recovery
Residue
Wasteheat boiler
Powergeneration
Steam
Water
Heating
furnace
Liquefaction process
Cooling
(product
oilrecovery)
Pre-treatment
(shredding,separatio
n
sorting)
Pyrolysis
drum
Residue
Liquefaction Process
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Demand for RPF 2006 1,210 Kt2010 2,000 Kt
Production 2005 600 Kt
Appearance of RPFRPF Production process
Source: Japan RPF Association,The Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun
Diameter: 6 50 mm
Calorie: 5,000 10,000 kcal/kg
(Can be adjusted by varyingpaper content.)
Ash content: 7 % max.
Application: Boiler fuel, RPF powergenerator, etc.
RPF (Refuse Paper & Plastic Fuel)
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2-2 Hot topics in the field of 3R of plastic waste in Japan
2-2-1 Shopping bag reduction
In the course of review of containers and packaging (C&P) recycling law atgovernmental councils, charging for plastics bag was discussed as an essentialmeasure to reduce municipal solid wastes generated. Many council membersargued the necessity of legislative charging.
As a result, the legislative banning of offering shopping bags for free wasnot adopted in the amendment of the C&P recycling law published in2006 June.
Instead measures to promote voluntary reduction planned by businesseswere introduced in the amendment. Reduction of shopping bags is implementedunder this voluntary reduction program.
Legislative framework for reduction
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Voluntary reduction of plastic shopping bag under the law
Guidelines for voluntary reduction by designated retailers (date of entryinto force: April 2007)
- Set up of reduction target (Specific consumption volume)- Reduction by implementation of such as: Introduction of charging for plastic shopping bags Use of minimized C&P Sale by measure
Encouragement to consumers for avoiding the use of C&P- Provide information to consumers to promote the reduction
Periodic reporting (date of entry into force: April 2008)
- Obliged object: Retailers who use C&P of 50t/y or more
- Reporting items: Consumption volume of C&P, and specific consumption volume Implementation result for reduction
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Collaboration and coordination among
municipalities, retailers and consumer groups
Two(Sado-city, Hamanaka-city)
Twenty five(Kyoto-city, Nagoya-city etc.)
One
(Suginami-ku)
Request from
municipality
Voluntary
agreement
Enactment of
ordinance
Five(Chiba-city, Ishikawa-pref.)
Eleven(Nagoya-city, Kitakyuushuu-
city)
One
(Oita-pref.)
Other voluntary
agreement
Offering
community points
Introducing
community currencyOther
reductionmeasures
Charging
plastic bags
Municipalities involvementRetailers action
plan
ConsumersInv
olvement
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Plastic bags are charged under the ordinancePlastic bags are charged by agreement among participantsPlastic bags are charged by request from municipalityPlanning to introducing charging system for plastic bags
Municipalities introducing charged plastic bags(as of April 1st, 08)
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Municipalities where some merit are provided for refusing plastic bags
(community currency, points etc.)
Municipalities other measures are introduced among participants
Municipalities where other reduction measures are introduced
(as of April 1st
, 08)
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Ratio of customers declining acceptance of shopping bag
before and after charging
2020202038383838
3030303017171717
71717171
1212121213131313
1515151520202020
1010101042424242
707070709393939392929292
89898989
8989898996969696
535353539090909092929292
8888888880808080
8686868684848484
8080808082828282
85858585
1010101023232323
34343434
57575757
30303030
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
KYOTO
KAKEGAWA
SENDAI
AIOI
KOBE
KAIHU
NAHA
ISE
TSURUGA
NAGOYA
KAWASAKI
WANOUCHI
HITACHINAKA
OOGAKI
KAGAMIGAHARA
SADO
%%%%
after
before
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Examples of retailers voluntary plan (1)
Appealing to customers
Appealing to customers at checkout counterTargeting to reduce 35%of plastic bag by 2010,at about 42 thousand convenience storesunder the Japan Franchise Association, storestaffs provide verbal instruction to the
customers. Additionally pop-up-ads areintroduced between July and October 2008.
Bag-to-bag recycling system
Introduction of recovery and bag-to-bag recycling system
In Nagoya area, APITA, UNI and La Foods group introduced mono
color plastic bag and set up recovery bins in 17 stores. Recovered bags are
reprocessed to plastic bags by mixing with virgin resin at Fukusuke Kogyo
Co. Ltd.
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Examples of retailers voluntary plan (2) Discount service to refuser
SEIYU store set target of 50% reduction of free shopping bag by 2010 and offers 2
Yen discount to refusers of free shopping bag as of June 14, 2007. SEIYU also
offers free replacement service to users of its shopping bag of 20 Yen. Refusingrate was 30.4% (August 2007).
Distribution of originally designed bag
Lawson prepared its originally designed portable bag with improved portability
and easy-to-use, called convini-eco-bag. 421thousand bags are distributed freefrom March to December 2007.
Reduction by charging
AEON set target of 80% reduction of free shopping bag, and planned to charge it
at 1000 stores in Japan by 2012. 50% of its sales will be donated to environmental
activities and 50% will be used to purchase CO2 emission right which intended tounrequited transfer to the Government. As of Feb. 20, 2008, shopping bags are
charged at 42 stores.
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Shopping attitude in
MOTTAINAIspiritBring your own bag Select items with less
packageChoose long-life goods
Choose reusable
bottles
Select energy-saving and
resource-saving appliances Select recycled goods
h f ld f f l
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2-2 Hot topics in the field of 3R of plastic waste in Japan
2-2-2 Changing system in central Tokyo
In 1973 separate collection of burnable waste and unburnable wastewas introduced
in central Tokyo area, which composed of 23 wards. Plastic waste was classified as
unburnable waste. That was because capacity of incineration facilities could not catchup with rapidly increasing waste volume, and pollution prevention measures were not
deemed enough.
In 1999 special law for dioxin control was enacted and advanced incinerator with highly
effective emission control system was introduced in every incineration facilities by the end
of 2002. But plastic waste remains as unburnable waste and was landfillled aftershredding and sorting.
In May 2004 Tokyo Waste Management Council submit a report recommending that
plastic waste is precious resource and it is unreasonable to landfill it. After proper
reduction and recycling, plastic waste should be treated in energy recovery for the purpose
of attaining zero-landfill. In 2005 the government of Japan publish a guideline to reducelandfill, saying that waste plastic is better to be treated in energy recovery system and it
should be avoided to directly landfill it.
In October 2005, assembly of mayors of 23 wards decided to fully implement the energy
recovery from municipal plastic waste in FY 2008. Model testing and verification testing
has been conducted from 2006.
Background
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Background
Shortage of final landfill site in Tokyo area-
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(2-2-2)
Example of reclassification in Minato-ward
UnburnableWaste
Recyclable
Waste
Unburnable
Waste
Burnable
Waste
C&P plastic (with mark)
Other plastic goods
Tooth brush, bucket, wash-bowl etc
Glasses, ceramics, small appliances,
metals fluorescent lump
Rubbers, leather, cassette tape rubber horse etc.
Reproduce
d goods,Chemical
Feedstock
Shredded
and
landfill
Energy
recovery
It must be noted that separation system differs from ward to ward.
In some wards only C&P plastic are classified as recyclable.
In some wards all the plastic except PET bottles are classified as burnable.
Example of reclassification in Setagaya ward
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Items changing from unburnable toburnableSqueeze bottles
Plastics
packs
Containers, lunch box bags
Foamed PS,
NetLabel Cap
cups
Videotape, CD,
MD etcToys
Shopping Bag
Leather Rubber
Negative Film
Containers of
shampoo, detergent
Rubber Boots Rubber Hose Rubber Globe Leather Shoes Bag
Kitchen wrap
Other plastic articles
Other
Belt, Wallet
Example of reclassification in Setagaya-ward
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Waste Disposal Center
Electricity
High Temperaturewater
Power Supplier
Heat service business
Home & House
Nearby facilities
Heated Pool,
Tropical botanical garden ,
etc
Example for enhancing the understanding of energy recovery
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PS-Film
PS-Film
Recycled PSP
eco-mark
Recycle bin at the super market
Since 199040% of trays of FP Corporation are
eco-tray
Virgin +pre-consumer:70%
Post-consumer :30
2-2 Hot topics in the field of 3R of plastic waste in Japan
2-2-3 Tray to tray recycling of PSP at FP Corporation
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Number of stores placing the recycling bin for PSP tray
1660
3200
4050
46004950
5400
56005900
6070 6100 6100 6100 6100 6200
67006900
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
92929292 94949494 96969696 98989898 '00'00'00'00 '02'02'02'02 '04'04'04'04 '06'06'06'06
No. of participating storesNo. of participating storesNo. of participating storesNo. of participating stores
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Trend of recovered trays
Now 40% of FP Corporations tray are eco-tray
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
92929292
93939393
94949494
95959595
96969696
97979797
98989898
99999999
'00
'00
'00
'00
'01
'01
'01
'01
'02
'02
'02
'02
'03
'03
'03
'03
'04
'04
'04
'04
'05
'05
'05
'05
'06
'06
'06
'06
'07
'07
'07
'07
recovered amount(ton/year)
Recycled products from recovered PSP tray
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Recycled products from recovered PSP tray
L f h i
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Lessons from these topics Reduction or recycling of wastes can be achieved only through
cooperation among all the stakeholders. That means close cooperation
among municipalities, retailers, citizens and industries.
In Japan the culture of respecting MOTTAINAI lays behind these
cooperative efforts.
Shopping bag reduction
Changing system in central Tokyo
Tray to tray recycling of PSP
Coopera
tionamong
stakeho
ldersis
essentialRecycle
EPR
Marine
Debris
Ris
ing
C
ost
GlobalWarming
Reducing
Plastic BAG Litters
Shortage of
Landfill Site
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1. Publicize the usefulness of plastics
2. Promote a well-informed understanding of energy
recovery
3. Promote a correct understanding of plastics among
children through environmental education in the school
3 Public Awareness Campaign and Educational Activities of PWMI
Three Main Themesin Communication Activities of PWMI
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Elementary school
(0saka) 4grade
What can we do for 3R?
What can we do in recycling?
Explained the Recycling done
at Mitsui Chemicals .
Recycling Experiments
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Recycling Experiments
Reducing EPS volumeby limonene
Making cotton-candy-likefiber form a PET-bottle
Supporting Environmental Education
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Investigate a systembased on the cooperation
of member companies
2.Train coordinators and lecturers and create a visiting lecturer system
1.Prepare lesson menus and teaching aids
Supporting Environmental Education
-Expanding this lecturer system to other regions- Enhance our web-site
Bases for coordinators / lecturers
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KASHIMA
CIBA,ICHIHA,ANEGASAKI,etc
KAWASAKI
YOKKAICHI
MIZUSHIMA
OSAKA
OITA,KUROSAKI
PWMI
Bases for coordinators / lecturers
In visiting lecture system
IWAKUNI,
OTAKE,
SHUNAN
Environmental education support website
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Plastics and Plastic Recycling
Plastic LibraryTerm explanation and dictionary
For Teachers
Plastic ExpeditionQuiz of plastic
Worksheets and
Explanations
Another
class supporting
tools of PWMI
Experimental manual
Teaching Aid : Leaflet (From Oil/Naphtha to Various Plastics Products)
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Naphtha
PetrochemicalsSalt
Refining
Petroleum products
LDPE HDPE PP PS SAN ABS PVC PET PMMA PA PC
Crude oilImports
Plastics Products
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Summary
PWMI has been pursuing the best practice of plastic waste management based
upon the founders belief that There can be no sustained economic growth
without adequate waste management system.
Close cooperation of among industries, retailers, consumers, andmunicipalities is the key for the establishment of recycle oriented society.
Under the Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sustainable Society,
responsibilities of respective stakeholders, i.e. national government,
municipalities, industries and citizens, are stipulated.
Japanese traditional MOTTAINAI culture seems to lay behind the recent
movement regarding 3R of waste plastics, and voluntary actions are supported
by these culture.
PWMI continues doing its utmost efforts to foster the public understanding on
plastic as a sustainable material, and recyclability of its nature. Environmentaleducation support is provided in classroom or on the WEB site.
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Thank you for your attention
Plastic Waste Management InstituteSumitomorokko Bldg.,1-4-1 Shinkawa,Chuo-ku,Tokyo
104-0033,Japan
Tel;81-3-3297-7511 Fax;81-3-3297-7501
Web site http://www.pwmi.or.jp