Fundamentals of Welding D.SELVAKUMARAN Course DirectorAW!"
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Fundamentals of Welding
D.SELVAKUMARAN
Course DirectorAW!"
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Types of metal joining
• Ri#eted $oints
• %olted $oints
•
Welded $oints
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RIVETED JOINTS
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BOLTED JOINTS
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Welded joint
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Welded joint
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m tat ons o r veteand
olted joints• Load &earing
• Di'cult for (ig(er t(ic)ness
•
%olts can &e unscre*ed• Ri#ets and &olts are +rotruding
• Fillet $oints, &utt $oints cur#ed $oints,
are di'cult. Additional -anges arenecessar
t t t
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m tat ons o r veteand
olted joints• Ri#ets and &olts are +rotruding
• Fillet $oints, &utt $oints cur#ed $oints,are di'cult. Additional -anges arenecessar
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!dvantages of "elding
• /ermanent $oint
• Wit(stands (ig( +ressure or force or load
• 0ccu+ies less s+ace
• 1as less *eig(t
• Wit(stands (ig( tem+erature
• 2uic) +rocess
• An +ro3le can &e *elded. Di4erent $ointt+es i.e. %utt, 3llet, la+, corner $oint+ossi&le
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%asic 5oint !+es
&utt
teela+
corneredge
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A++lica&le Welds for %utt $oint
S6uare 7roo#e*eld
Single V *eld
Single U*eld
Single %e#el *eld
Single 5 *eld
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A++lica&le Welds for %utt $oint
Dou&le V *eld
Dou&le U *eld
Dou&le %e#el *eld
Dou&le 5 *eld
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A++lica&le Welds for !ee $oint
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A++lica&le Welds for La+ $oint
/lug slot*eld
S+ot seam*eld
Fillet*eld
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A++lica&le Welds for Corner 5oint
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A++lica&le Welds for Edge 5oint
Edge *eld
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Edge /re+aration 8 Need
/oor+enetration
/oor strengt(
7ood+enetration
7ood strengt(9:;;< $ointe'cienc=
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Edge /re+aration
Factors *(ic( in-uence c(oice of edge+re+aration
8 !(ic)ness
8 Material8 Welding +rocess8 E>tent of +enetration re6uired8 Welding distortion8 Cost
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%utt $oint
S6uare 7roo#e*eld
Root
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%utt $oint
Single V 7roo#e*eld
7roo#e angle
Root face
Rootga+
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#arts of "elding joint•
!(roat• /enetration• Fusion• De+t( of fusion• Leg• Reinforcement
•
Root, root face, root ga+• 7roo#e• Weldment• Fusion ?one• 1eat a4ected ?one• %ead *idt(
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$%ality of "elding joint
• Welding dimensions• !(roat
• Leg lengt(
• %ead *idt(
Leg
Leg
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$%ality of "elding joint
• Fusion
• /enetration
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$%ality of "elding joint
• Nice ri++les
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$%ality of "elding joint
• Clean $oint
• Less defects
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Testing of "elding joint
• Fracture test
• tensile test
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$%ality of "elding joint
S%mmary• Welding dimensions
• !(roat
•
Leg lengt(• %ead *idt(
• Fusion
• /enetration
• Nice ri++les
• Clean $oint
• Less defects
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Types of "elding
• Fusion *elding
• /ressure *elding
•
Non fusion *elding
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&%sion "elding
• Manual metalArc *elding
• 7as metal arc*elding
• 7as *elding
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#ress%re "elding
• Forge *elding
• Resistance*elding
• Friction stir
*elding
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Non f%sion "elding
• No fusion• %ra?ing
• Soldering
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&%sion "elding
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Types of f%sion "elding
• MMAW @ Manual Metal Arc Welding
• 7MAW @ 7as Metal Arc Welding
M"7MA7 *elding
M"7 @ Metal "nert 7as *elding
MA7 @ Metal Acti#e 7as *elding• 7!AW @ 7as !ungsten Arc Welding
• !"7 @ !ungsten "nert 7as *elding
• SAW @ Su&merged Arc Welding
•
/lasma arc *elding• Car&on arc *elding
• 7as *elding
• Laser *elding
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%AS"CS 0F WELD"N7
• WELD"N7 /ARAME!ERS
• /0LAR"!
• C0NS!AN! CURREN! Vs C0NS!ANV0L!A7E
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WELD"N7 /ARAME!ERS
• CURREN!
• V0L!A7E
• ELC!R0DE !/E
• S1"ELD"N7 7AS FL0W RA!E
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/0LAR"!
Straig(t +olarit @ DCEN
Electrode B#e
less fusion 9suita&le for t(in section=
More +enetration
suita&le for !"7 9a#oids &urning of tungsten=
Re#erse +olarit @ DCE/
Electrode #e
more common
more de+osition
less +enetration
arc is more sta&le
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Constant current Vs constant#oltage
• Constant Current c(aracteristics
Manual Metal Arc Welding 9MMAW=
!ungsten "nert 7as Welding 9!"7=
• Constant Voltage Constant Current
7as Metal Arc Welding 97MAW=
Metal "nert 7as 9M"7= Metal Acti#e 7as
9MA7=
Su&merged Arc Welding 9SAW=
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''!W ( 'an%al 'etal !r)Welding
SMAW @ S(ielded Metal Arc Welding
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''!W ( 'an%al 'etal !r)Welding
*Travel dire)tion
Electrode
Arc+
Weld Puddle ,
Shielding Gas-
Solidified Weld Metal.
Slag/
SMAW @ S(ielded Metal Arc Welding
*Travel dire)tion
Electrode
Arc+Weld Puddle,
Shielding Gas-
Solidified Weld Metal.
Slag/
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0'!W ( 0as 'etal !r) Welding
M"7 @ Metal "nert 7as *eldingMA7 @ Metal Acti#e 7as *elding
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Basi) "elding parameters in0'!W
!(e &asic +arameters *(ic( re6uire to&e set in 7MAW +rocess are
• Current 9 am+s =
• Voltage 9 #olts =
• S(ielding gas -o* rate. 9 litres min =
•
Stic) out• !orc( angle
• Welding s+eed
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TI0 WELDIN0
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0T!W #RO1ESS
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0T!W #RO1ESS
Fig 1a. TIG Arc
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S!W ( S%merged !r) Welding
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2ueries
discussions.....
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T2an3 yo%
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SMAW
0%5EC!"VES
!(e +rocess
/rocess #aria&les
Selection of consuma&les
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SMAW
• Current -o*s t(roug( t(e electrodeca&le, to t(e electrode (older,t(roug( t(e electrode, and across t(e
arc• 0n t(e *or) side of t(e arc, t(e
current -o*s t(roug( t(e &asematerial to t(e *or) clam+ and &ac)to t(e *elding mac(ine
E$4I#'ENT !ND !11ESSORIES 4SED IN T5E #RO1ESS
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GG /o*er source
GG Electrode (older
GG 7round ca&le
GG Welding ca&le
GG Lugs
50AWTI
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H:
SMAW /rocess
*Travel dire)tion
Electrode
Arc+
Weld Puddle ,
Shielding Gas-
Solidified Weld Metal.
Slag/
LetIs ta)e a little closer loo) at t(eSMAW +rocessJ
*Travel dire)tion
Electrode
Arc+Weld Puddle,
Shielding Gas-
Solidified Weld Metal.
Slag/
E$4I#'ENT !ND !11ESSORIES
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E$4I#'ENT !ND !11ESSORIES4SED IN T5E #RO1ESS
GG /o*er source
GG Electrode (older
GG 7round ca&le
GG Welding ca&le
GG Lugs
52AWTI
S2ielded 'etal !r)
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S2ielded 'etal !r)Welding
#ro)ess 1apailities(Versatile pro)ess
Indoor 6 O%tdoor "elding
'%lti7position "elding
E8%ipment is simple 6 portale
4niversal pro)ess for repair "elding
Limitations( #rod%)tivity is less
9 &i:ed lengt2 of ele)trode
9 Deslaging53AWTI
LI'IT!TIONS O& S'!W #RO1ESS
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LI'IT!TIONS O& S'!W #RO1ESS
>> Less metal deposition – Cannot be
used for heavy fabrication welding
>> Requires more number of welders
>> Control of distortion is difficult
>> Continuous & automatic Weldingis not possible
>> More strain to the welders
54AWTI
#OWER SO4R1E
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#OWER SO4R1E
Either AC or DC may be used for SMAW process.
Factors to be considered for SMAW:
>> Type of current---- AC or DC
>> Current requirement
>> Positon of welding
>> Primary power available at the work station
55
SELE1TION O& ELE1TRODES
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SELE1TION O& ELE1TRODES
>> Composition or Strength of BM.
>> Penetration requirement
>> Position of welding
>> Fit-Up condition
>> Skill of the welding personnel>> Cost of the welding operation
>> Service requirement of weld joint.
56AWTI
ldi l d
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57AWTI
Welding electrodes
T2 El t d
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H
T2e Ele)trode
•
"s a consuma&le 8 itgets melted during t(e*elding +rocess
• "s com+osed of t*o
+arts – Core Rod 9Metal Filler=
Carries *elding current
%ecomes +art of t(e *eld
–Flu> Coating
/roduces a s(ielding gas
Can +ro#ide additional3ller
Forms a slag
1L!SSI&I1!TION O& ELE1TRODES ;!WS . *=
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1L!SSI&I1!TION O& ELE1TRODES ;!WS .<*=
E/>*>
Ele)trode
/> #si?>
@>
A>
*>>
**>
*+>
Weldingposition 1oating and
)%rrent )onditions
T#ES O& 1OVERIN0
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Based of )overing(
9 R%tile ele)trodes
9 Basi) )oated ele)trodes
9 1ell%lose )oated ele)trode
9Iron po"derCiron o:ide ele)trodes
Based on appli)ation( 9 )aron7manganese steel ele)trodes !WS !.<*
9 Stainless steel ele)trodes !.<-
9 Lo" alloy steel ele)trodes !.<.
9 1opper 6 1opper alloy ele)trodes !.</
9 !l%mini%m 6 !l%mini%m alloy ele)trodes !.<*>
9 Ni)3el 6 Ni)3el alloy )overed ele)trodes !.<**
9 5ardfa)ing ele)trodes !.<*,
9 1overed ele)trodes for )ast iron !.<*.
60AWTI
15!R!1TERISTI1S O& ELE1TRODES
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AWTI 61
R%tile Ele)trodes( 1ell%lose Ele)trode(
9 $%ite 6 smoot2 ar) 9 &or)ef%l 6 noisy ar)
9 E:)ellent slag removal 9 &riale slag
9 &ine ripples 9 1oarse ripples
9 'edi%m penetration 9 Deep penetration
9 T2i)3 slag 9 T2in slag )over 9 0ood r%nning 9 'ore gas s2ield
9 verti)al do"n
Basi) Ele)trodes(
9 !de8%ate penetration
9 Slag removal is good9 1ontains more iron po"der
9 0ood me)2ani)al #roperties
#4R#OSE O& &L4 1O!TIN0
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#4R#OSE O& &L4 1O!TIN0>> Gas shielding of arc
>> Stabilizes the arc
>> Provides slag blanket
>> Alloying element will improve the mechanical
properties
>> Gives good appearance & penetration
>> Welding in all position is easy
>> Compensates for oxidation loss
62AWTI
1O'#OSITION O& &L4 IN T5E ELE1TRODE 1O!TIN0
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1.Organic substance or Cellulose material:
Wood, Flour & Cellulose
High arc force Large volume of gas mostly hydrogen
2. Rutile:
Found in sand
Arc stabilizerGood slag former
3. Ball Clay:
Compound of silica & alumina
Slag former & Gives plasticity in the wet paste
63AWTI
1O'#OSITION O& &L4 IN T5E ELE1TRODE 1O!TIN0
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4.Iron powder:
Gives good operating characteristics
Improves arc stability
Makes the coating electricallyconducting
5.Oxidizing Substance:
Makes the weld metal flow freely
Oxidizing substance are: iron oxide, Lamitite, Magnetite
6.Reducing Substances:
They compensate for manganese Ferro Silicon
Substances: Ferro Manganese, Ferro Silicon, Ferro Titanium
64AWTI
1O'#OSITION O& &L4 IN T5E ELE1TRODE 1O!TIN0
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7.Ionizing Substances:
Used for stabilizing the arc
Substances : Chalk, Marble
8.Binding substance:
Help the coating to grip firmly around the core wire
Substances: Sodium Silicate, Potassium Silicate
65AWTI
'etal Transfer
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&a)tors in%en)ing metal transfer(
9 S%rfa)e tension
9 &or)e of gravity 9 'agneti) for)es
9 'etall%rgi)al fa)tors
S%rfa)e tension for)es(
9 5olds t2e li8%id metal droplet to t2e tip<
&or)e to e over)om
&or)e of gravity(
9 #osition of "elding
&lat 777 5elps in metal transfer
Over2ead77Negative in%en)e oppose metal transfe
'agneti) for)es(
9LorentF 6 #in)2 for)es<
'etall%rgi)al fa)tors( 66AWTI
RE1O''ENDED S5!DE N4'BER O& T5E 1OLO4RED
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8--9
10--11
12--14
EWG
Upto 100 Amps
100—300 Amps
Above 300 Amps
RE1O''ENDED S5!DE N4'BER O& T5E 1OLO4RED0L!SSES
Shade No.Range of welding
current(Amps)
67AWTI
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68AWTI
Welding #ositions
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Welding #ositions
GROOVE WELD
Flat position(1G)
Horizontal position(2G)
Vertical position(3G)
Overhead position(4G)
FILLET WELD
Flat position(1F)
Horizontal position(2F)
Vertical position(3F)
Overhead position(4F)
69AWTI
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70AWTI
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71AWTI
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72AWTI
E&&E1T O& V!RI!TION O&#!R!'ETERS
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#!R!'ETERS*<14RRENT TOO LOW(
• 4neven ead 2eig2t
•
#oor penetration• Slag in)l%sion
• Irreg%lar ripples
+<14RRENT TOO 5I05(
• Wide 6 at eads in %neven s2ape
• E:)essive penetration parent metal
• 'ore spatter
• #oor ripple appearan)e
• #orosity
• 4nder)%t
73AWTI
E&&E1T O& V!RI!TION O&#!R!'ETERS
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#!R!'ETERS,<!R1 TOO S5ORT(
• Irreg%lar ripple
• B%rn t2ro%g2
• 4ne8%al "idt2 6 2eig2t of ead
• Ele)trode freeFing t2e jo
-< !R1 TOO LON0( • 4ne8%al 2eig2t of ead
• Wide ripple
• 1rater "it2 lo" 2oles
• 'ore spatters
74AWTI
E&&E1T O& V!RI!TION O&#!R!'ETERS
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#!R!'ETERS. < TR!VEL TOO LOW(
• 'ore "idt2 6 2eig2t of t2e ead
• Slag in)l%sion
/< TR!VEL TOO &!ST(
• Narro" "idt2 of t2e ead
• #orosity
• Elongated ripples
75AWTI
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76AWTI
!DV!NT!0ES O& S'!W #RO1ESS
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>> Light & heavy gauge metals can be welded.
>> Fabrication welding, Construction welding &
Maintenance welding
>> All types of metals ( Ferrous, Non- ferrous & alloys)
can be welded
>> Welding operation is quick & easy
>> More suitable for short length welds
>> Less expensive
>> Less sensitive
>> It is portable
77AWTI
!##LI1!TIONS O& S'!W #RO1ESS
7/23/2019 Fundamentals of welding.pptx
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fundamentals-of-weldingpptx 78/79
!##LI1!TIONS O& S'!W #RO1ESS
>> Used for welding thin & thick gauge metals
>> Used in welding bridges, bus bodies,domestic itemslike grills for gates, windows, chairs, doors .
>> Used in welding roof structure for workshop, broken
& cracked castings
>> Whenever welding is done in outdoor work, this
process is very useful as a diesel generator welding set can be used.
>> Used for hardfacing & repair welding
78AWTI
7/23/2019 Fundamentals of welding.pptx
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fundamentals-of-weldingpptx 79/79
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