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Institutionen för Systemteknik

Department of Electrical Engineering

Examensarbete

Upgrading and Performance Analysis of

Thin Clients

in Server Based Scientific Computing

Master Thesis in ISY Communication System

By

Rizwan Azhar

LiTH-ISY-EX - - 11/4388 - - SE

Linköping 2011

Department of Electrical Engineering Linköpings Tekniska Högskola

Linköpings universitet Linköpings universitet

SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden 581 83 Linköping, Sweden

Upgrading and Performance Analysis of

Thin Clients

in Server Based Scientific Computing

Master Thesis in ISY Communication System

at Linköping Institute of Technology

By

Rizwan Azhar

LiTH-ISY-EX - - 11/4388 - - SE

Examiner: Dr. Lasse Alfredsson

Advisor: Dr. Alexandr Malusek

Supervisor: Dr. Peter Lundberg

Presentation Date 04-02-2011

Publishing Date (Electronic version)

Department and Division

Department of Electrical Engineering

URL, Electronic Version http://www.ep.liu.se

Publication Title Upgrading and Performance Analysis of Thin Clients in Server Based Scientific Computing

Author Rizwan Azhar

Abstract Server Based Computing (SBC) technology allows applications to be deployed, managed, supported and executed on the server and not on the client; only the screen information is transmitted between the server and client. This architecture solves many fundamental problems with application deployment, technical support, data storage, hardware and software upgrades. This thesis is targeted at upgrading and evaluating performance of thin clients in scientific Server Based Computing (SBC). Performance of Linux based SBC was assessed via methods of both quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative method used benchmarks that measured typical-load performance with SAR and graphics performance with X11perf, Xbench and SPECviewperf. Structured interview, a qualitative research method, was adopted in which the number of open-ended questions in specific order was presented to users in order to estimate user-perceived performance. The first performance bottleneck identified was the CPU speed. The second performance bottleneck, with respect to graphics intensive applications, includes the network latency of the X11 protocol and the subsequent performance of old thin clients. An upgrade of both the computational server and thin clients was suggested. The evaluation after the upgrade involved performance analysis via quantitative and qualitative methods. The results showed that the new configuration had improved the performance.

Keywords SBC, Performance analysis, Xbench, X11perf, SPECviewperf,

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X English Other (specify below) 55

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Licentiate thesis X Degree thesis Thesis C-level Thesis D-level Report Other (specify below)

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ISRN: LiTH-ISY-EX - - 11/4388 - - SE

Title of series (Licentiate thesis)

Series number/ISSN (Licentiate thesis)

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© Rizwan Azhar

Abstract

Server Based Computing (SBC) technology allows applications to be deployed, managed,

supported and executed on the server and not on the client; only the screen information is

transmitted between the server and client. This architecture solves many fundamental

problems with application deployment, technical support, data storage, hardware and software

upgrades.

This thesis is targeted at upgrading and evaluating performance of thin clients in scientific

Server Based Computing (SBC). Performance of Linux based SBC was assessed via methods

of both quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative method used benchmarks that

measured typical-load performance with SAR and graphics performance with X11perf,

Xbench and SPECviewperf. Structured interview, a qualitative research method, was adopted

in which the number of open-ended questions in specific order was presented to users in order

to estimate user-perceived performance.

The first performance bottleneck identified was the CPU speed. The second performance

bottleneck, with respect to graphics intensive applications, includes the network latency of the

X11 protocol and the subsequent performance of old thin clients. An upgrade of both the

computational server and thin clients was suggested.

The evaluation after the upgrade involved performance analysis via quantitative and

qualitative methods. The results showed that the new configuration had improved the

performance.

Acknowledgement

In the beginning, unlimited thank to Almighty ALLAH, THE most Merciful and Beneficent,

without Whom I would not be able to complete this thesis.

I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Alexandr Malusek, for his guidance and magnificent

technical support. Many thanks for his availability even on weekends and for his effort to

make this thesis more interesting.

In addition, I also want to thank Dr. Peter Lundberg for providing this opportunity in a very

professional and competitive environment.

Also, I would like to thank my examiner Dr. Lasse Alfredsson, who explained to me the skills

of technical writing. I also like to thank Mr. Shehryar Khan for proof reading of the thesis

report.

Last but not the least, tremendous gratitude to my parents for the support, love and prayers. I

dedicate this thesis to my parents, especially the daily motivation that I have received via

Skype, without which I would not be able to complete this thesis.

Acronyms

API Application Programmable Interface

DDI Device Driver Interface

DNS Domain Name System

DRI Direct Rendering Infrastructure

DXPC Differential X Protocol Compressor

GDI Graphics Device Interface

GUI Graphical User Interface

GNOME GNU Network Object Model Environment

ICA Independent Computing Architecture

IceWM Ice Window Manager

IOSTAT Input Output Statistics

IPC Inter Process Communication

ISAG Interactive System Activity Grapher

KDE K Desktop Environment

NFS Network File System

NIS Network Information Service

NTC-O New Thin Client with original software

NTC-T New Thin Client with ThinLinc Software

OpenGL Open Graphics Library

OTC-O Old Thin Client with original software

RDP Remote Desktop Protocol

RFB Request Frame Buffer

SAR System Activity Report

SBC Server based Computing

SPEC Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation

SSH Secure Shell

TCC Thin Client Computing

TCP Transport Communication Protocol

TLCOS ThinLinc Client Operating System

VNC Virtual Network Computing

VMSTAT Virtual Memory Statistics

XCB X Protocol C Language Binding

XDMCP X Display Manager Control Protocol

Table of contents

Chapter1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction…….…………………………………………………………………………..1

1.2 Aims………………………………………………………………………………………..2

1.3 Layout……………………………………………………………………………………...3

Chapter2: Background

2.1 Introduction..…………………………………………………………………………….....5

2.2 Advantages of SCB…………………………………………………………………...........6

Manageability……………………………………………………………......................6

Security………………………………………………………………………...............7

Scalability……………………………………………………………………...............7

Availability……………………………………………………….................................7

Cost reduction.................................…………...............................................................7

2.3 SBC Implementation……………………………………………………………………….7

2.3.1 Hardware Implementation………………………………………………………..7

Thin client..………………………………………………………………………7

Workstation ………………………………………………..................................7

2.3.2 Software Implementation………………………………………………………...8

RDP……………………………………………………………………...............8

ICA………………………………………………………………………………9

NX…………………………………………………………………….................9

VNC…………………………………………………………………………….10

X Window system……………………………………………………...............11

X client libraries and extensions……………………...................12

Mesa3D………….……...........................................12

DRI…………………...............................................12

XSync………………...............................................12

XFT2……………………………............................12

XCB………………………………….....................12

ThinLinc……………………………………………………………..................13

Chapter3: Performance analysis tools and benchmarks

3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….....15

3.2 Performance analysis tools…………………………………………………………….....15

IOSTAT………………………………………………………………………............15

VMSTAT……………………………………………………………………..............16

SAR…………………………………………………………………………………...17

ISAG………………………………………………………………………………….18

SPEC CPU……………………………………………………………………............18

3.3 Graphics Benchmarks………………………………………………………………….....18

X11perf…………………………………………………………………............18

Xbench………………………………………………………………………….18

SPECviewperf…………………………………………………….....................19

Chapter4: Typical-load performance analysis

4.1Introduction………………………………………………………..………………………21

Old computing environment……………………….…………………………...22

New computing environment………………….…….…………………............24

4.2 Methods…………………………………………………………………………………...24

4.3 Results………………………………………………………………………………….....24

CPU Utilization………………………………………………………………...25

Paging statistics………………………………………………………………...26

IO transfer rate………………..………………………………………………...27

4.4 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………….......28

4.5 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..29

Chapter5: Graphics performance analysis

5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….31

5.2 Methods…………………………………………………………………………………...32

5.3 Results……………………………………………………………………………….........34

5.3.1Xbench…………………………………………….………………………34

Effect of desktop environment……....…..……………................37

Effect of remote display………………………………................38

5.3.2 X11perf…………………………………………………………………...39

5.3.3 SPECviewperf…………………………………………………………....42

5.4 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………...........43

5.5 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..43

Chapter6: User perceived performance analysis

6.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….45

6.2 Methods...………………………………………………………………………………....45

6.3 Results…………………………………………………………………………………….46

User interviewing before upgrade.…...………………………………………...46

User interviewing after upgrade..……..…………………………..……............47

6.4 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………...47

6.5 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………….47

Chapter7: Conclusion

7.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..49

Appendix A…………………………………………………………………………………...50

Appendix B…………………………………………………………………………………...52

Appendix C…………………………………………………………………………………...53

Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………..55

List of Figures

Figure1: Thin client computing model………………………………………………………....2

Figure2: SBC Environment……………………………………………………………….........6

Figure3: RDP Architecture…………………………………………………………….............8

Figure4: NX Architecture……………………………………………………………….........10

Figure5: VNC…………………………………………………………...……………….........10

Figure6: X Architecture………………………………………………………………............11

Figure7: IOSTAT command output……………………………………………………..........16

Figure8: VMSTAT command output…………………………………………………………16

Figure9: SAR command output……………………………………………………………....17

Figure10: Schematic view of network configuration…………………………………………23

Figure11: CPU utilization graph on a) nestor and b) tintin…………………………………...25

Figure12: Paging statistics graph on a) nestor and b) tintin…………………………………..26

Figure13: IO transfer rate graph on a) nestor and b) tintin…………………………………...27

Figure14: Xbench performance on a) KDE b) Gnome and c) IceWM………………….........35

Figure15: Xbench performance ratio on a) KDE b) Gnome and c) IceWM………………….36

Figure16: Desktop environment performance on NTC-O……………………………………37

Figure17: Remote display performance………………………………………………………38

Figure18: X11perf performance on a) KDE b) Gnome and c) IceWM……………………....40

Figure19: X11perf performance ratio on a) KDE b) Gnome and c) IceWM…………………41

Figure20: SPECviewperf performance on nestor ,tintin and NTC-T.………………………..42

List of Tables

Table1: IOSTAT parameters………………………………………………………………….16

Table2: VMSTAT parameters………………………………………………………………..16

Table3: Old Server and workstations configuration…………….…………………………....22

Table4: Old Thin clients configuration……………………………………………………….22

Table5: New server configuration…………………………………………………………….24

Table6: New thin client configuration…………………………………………………..........24

Table7: SPECint results…….………………………………………………………………...28

Table8: SPECfp results......…………………………………………………………………...28

Table9: Experimental design for X11 and Xbench…………………………………………...32

Table10: Experimental design for remote display……………………………………………32

Table11: Desktop environment versions……………………………………………………...33

Table12: Experimental design for SPECviewperf……………………………………………33

Table13: Ratio of average performance of Desktop environment……………………………37

Table14: SPECviewperf results on Desktop environment……………………………………42

Table15: Performance evaluation based on user experience before upgrade…...……………46

Table16: Performance evaluation based on user experience after upgrade…...……………...47

Table17: Xbench tests………………………………………………………………………...51

Table18: Thin client technical specification comparison……………………………………..53

Table19: Considered alternatives for computational server...………………………………...53

Table20: Configuration alternatives for thin clients……………………………………..…...54

1

1

Introduction

Concepts presented in this section come from an article by Yu et al [1]. Computing

technology can be divided in to the three distinct phases of evolution:

1. Mainframe Computing: Mainframe computing involves processing power to be

condensed in a centralized system with all functionalities and resources. This type of

architecture was popular during the 1960s up to the 1970s. Drawbacks: Slow link

speed, simple terminal and high cost-performance ratio.

2. Standalone Computing: Standalone computing consisted of PCs and workstations in

a client-server configuration through a PC LAN interface. These systems were

equipped to handle a wide range of applications as more processing power and

independent storage units were invested in the client. This reduced the load on the

server which was used for additional file and print services. This type of architecture

was popular during the 1980s. Drawbacks: Maintenance cost has increased, as

applications were installed and executed on the client.

3. Network-centric Computing: Network centric computing is a decoupled client-

server configuration that enabled machines to access applications and data on the

servers. This type of architecture was developed in the 1990s. Dominant form of a

network centric computing is an Internet computing, which has changed the way

applications were developed. Advantage: No applications have to be installed on the

client. Disadvantages: Applications have to be reconfigured or redeveloped for the

network architecture.

2

As applications have to be reconfigured for an Internet computing, the thin client computing

models were developed to resolve the compatibility issues of data intensive applications with

the widely popular internet computing architecture.

Client/Server Model Web-based Model SBC Model

Figure 1: Thin client computing models

Figure 1 illustrates the Client server model, the Internet computing model and the Server

Based Computing (SBC) model. The overall architecture of the three models is similar as all

the application code is executed on the server side and the client devices are used to display

screen updates. However the models use different protocols and data compression techniques

for the communication between the client and the server. The models differ with respect to the

functionality partitioning where the effort has been made to make the client layer thin. This

impacts the networking protocol and data compression demands to reduce the network traffic

and the client side processing. The SBC model is the thinnest model as it is only used to

display screen updates.

1.2 Aims of this thesis

Scientific calculations at the MR-unit were CPU intensive and required large amount of

computer memory. Powerful computational servers were used for scientific calculations and

Unix workstations were used for data processing. Up to three students worked in a small

computer room at the MR-unit. Heat and noise produced by the workstations would have

made working conditions in this room difficult. Therefore only monitors, keyboards and mice

were placed in the computer room; the workstations were placed in a separate "machine"

room and connected via long (about 18 m long) cables. This configuration worked well for

Sun workstations with display resolutions up to 1280 x 1024 pixels. For higher resolutions,

however, either very expensive DVI extenders or a solution based on thin clients were

needed. The latter was implemented in 2007 using thin clients in an SBC configuration. This

infrastructure worked well for several years. It became obsolete in 2010 as the server

operating system was no longer supported by the manufacturer and the speed of the thin

clients was not sufficient for new, graphics intensive applications. An update of the IT

infrastructure was needed.

3

The purpose and scope of this thesis is to (i) analyze the current computer configuration at the

MR-unit of the Department of Radiological Science (ii) propose an upgrade (iii) implement

the proposed changes and (iv) analyze the new computer configuration at the MR-unit.

1.3 Layout

This section defines the layout and a brief introduction of the thesis.

Chapter1: Introduction

This chapter describes the evolution phases of computing technology, the thin client

computing models, and aims of the thesis.

Chapter 2: Background

This chapter introduces the SBC, its advantages, components and various protocols based on

SBC.

Chapter 3: Performance analysis tools and benchmarks

This chapter defines the performance analysis in general, tools and benchmarks used for the

performance analysis of the SBC environment.

Chapter 4: Typical-load performance analysis

This chapter briefly presents the load performance analysis, the methods and the results,

discussion and conclusion.

Chapter 5: Graphics performance analysis

This chapter describes the graphics performance analysis of the implemented SBC, the

methods and the results, discussion and conclusion.

Chapter 6: User perceived performance analysis

This chapter presents the results and discussion on the performance analysis based on user

experience via qualitative research method.

Chapter 7: Conclusion

This chapter describes the summary of the thesis work.

4

5

2

Background

2.1 Introduction

Concepts described in sections 2.1 and 2.2 are based on information provided in [2]. Server-

based computing (SBC) is a technology whereby applications are deployed, managed,

supported and executed on the server and not on the client. Only the screen information is

transmitted between the server and the client.

SBC is also known as Thin Client Computing (TCC) and typically consist of the three

components: a terminal server, one or more thin clients, and a communication protocol. The

terminal server runs an operating system that supports a multi user environment. The thin

client runs a stripped-down version of an operating system that is capable of running a

program that connects the thin client to the server. The last component is the protocol which

allows the communication between thin clients and the terminal server by sending keystrokes,

mouse clicks and screen updates via network. In larger deployments, more than one terminal

server may be used; load balancing software then distributes workload across the servers.

6

Figure 2: Server based computing environment

SBC implements a centralized computing model, in which users share software and hardware

resources of the dedicated servers via thin clients. In this way SBC minimizes administration

costs and also increases the utilization of resources, some advantages of SBC are discussed in

section 2.2.

2.2 Advantages of SCB

Advantages of server based computing are manageability, security, availability, scalability

and cost reduction which are discussed in this section.

Manageability

An SBC environment implements a centralized computing model in which the data

deployment and the management is more convenient as most of the work is performed on the

servers only.

7

Security

In SBC, all the data is kept on secure servers. Data security is covered from the perspectives

of both the physical security and the technical security. The physical security in the sense that

server normally resides in a server room, in which only authorized persons are allowed to

enter. The technical security is provided by the use of protocols to keep the data integrity and

confidentiality.

Scalability

In an SBC environment, new thin clients can be added to the system to support more users

without changing the architectural design of the system. Similarly new servers can be added

to balance the load of the system without changing the architecture of the system.

Availability

Servers can support fault tolerance. For instance features like redundant disk drives,

redundant power supplies etc. Moreover they can run special applications to manage the load

and monitor the performance. In case of a server failure, the user is redirected to a different

server.

Cost Reduction

Server based computing reduces costs on account of hardware, software, maintenance,

administrator staffing and training etc.

2.3 SBC Implementation

There are two aspects of an SBC implementation: SBC Hardware implementation and SBC

Software implementation.

2.3.1 SBC Hardware Implementation

There are two ways of SBC hardware implementation namely (i) thin client and (ii)

workstation or personal computer (PC).

Thin Client

A thin client is a computing device which totally relies on a server for computing. All

application logic is executed on the server. A thin client comprises of a display screen, a

mouse and a keyboard combine with the adequate processing capabilities and memory for the

graphical rendering and the network communication with a server. It has no long-term user

state and requires no disk.

Workstation

An ordinary workstation or Personal Computer (PC) can also be used for an SBC. The

workstation has to be installed with an SBC supportive operating system like the TLCOS

[27]. Alternatively, if a full OS is not feasible at the workstation then a client side application

8

of the SBC supporting software being used at the server, has to be installed on the

workstation.

2.3.2 SBC Software Implementation

The most important component of the SBC is a software protocol which is used to facilitate

the communication between a thin client and a server. There are several protocols for SBC

some of them are discussed in this section.

RDP

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a protocol developed by Microsoft which provides remote

access services.At the server side, RDP utilizes a virtual display driver to render the display

information. After creating the local display information, this information is pushed in

network packets with the help of RDP protocol and then forwarded across the network to the

client side. At the client side, RDP receives the packet via network and transforms these

network packets into appropriate Graphics Device Interface (GDI) Application Programmable

Interface (API) calls. In this way, GUI is displayed on the client side. Upon displaying the

GUI the user response is activated on the input path. User responses consisting of mouse

clicks and keyboard events are then forwarded to the server. On the server side, RDP takes an

advantage of its own keyboard and mouse driver to collect the screen updates. RDP uses sixty

four thousand virtual channels for the data communication with multipoint transmission [28].

Key strokes, Mouse ops

Bitmaps, Colour tables,

Ordering ops,

Drawing Ops, etc

Client Server Figure 3: RDP Architecture

Performance of the RDP is affected by display encoding, encoding compression, display

update policy and client caching. For the display encoding, RDP uses graphics primitives just

like Windows DDI video driver interface. The encoding mechanism uses higher-level

semantics and potentially differentiates between various graphic primitives including boxes,

glyphs, fills etc. The higher-level semantics saves bandwidth but requires an additional

processing at the client side. RDP uses the combination of run-length encoding and other

compression schemes for the compression of display encoding. For the display update policy,

buffers are used at the server side. On the client side, contents are flushed at a varying rate

which depends on the input from the client side and the graphical output produced at the

server side. RDP also uses client side caching to accelerate the display of graphical objects.

RDP 4.0 and 5.0 clients uses 1.5 MB of RAM for graphical objects including glyphs, bitmaps

etc. RDP 5.0 also uses 10 MB persistent disk cache for caching just like paging system [5].

Cache

9

The RDP uses RC4 encryption algorithm to secure the data communication which provides

three different levels of security namely low, medium and high. The RC4 low level security

provides unidirectional encryption with the help of a 56 or 40 bit key encryption. RC4

medium level security uses bidirectional encryption with the same key length used in low

level security. RC4 uses high level security and provides bidirectional encryption with 128 bit

key encryption [6].

ICA

Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) is a protocol developed by Citrix to provide

remote access service. On the server side, ICA uses a local device driver to render graphics.

For encoding the graphical information, it uses a graphic primitive which is similar to a

Windows video driver interface and RDP. The encoded ICA packet is then compressed with a

combination of run length coding and other compression techniques. The TCP protocol

encapsulates the compressed ICA packet and forwards it to the network layer, for creating the

session between the client and the server side. On the client side, the ICA client software

intercepts the server message via the TCP protocol and fetches the screen from the server. As

a result, the session is created and the ICA client software in return sends the screen updates

to the server. On the server side, ICA uses a screen update policy with the help of buffers. The

contents of the buffer flushed with changing rate according to the user input in the form of

key strokes, mouse events and the amount of display output being generated. To observe

buffered display an evaluator named Speed-screen is used. On the client side, it uses a

queuing mechanism for sending and receiving updates form the server. The data transmission

rate can be changed in the client software. The ICA client uses a caching mechanism before

downloading updates from the server, which increases the transport performance. The cache

is first checked for updated information and if the update is true it downloads from cache

instead of downloading from server, across the network [5].

Just like RDP, the ICA performance also depends on display encoding, encoding

compression, display update policy and client caching. The display encoding, encoding

compression and display update policy characteristics are similar to RDP. However, for client

caching, ICA uses 3.0 MB of RAM for graphical objects and it also uses a disk for persistent

caching [5].

NX

G.F Pinzari of NoMachine originally developed an NX which uses the SSH protocol to

securely connect and display the remote access services. The NX was derived from the

Differential X Protocol Compressor (DXPC). It uses a two way proxy system to provide the

data communication between the local system and the remote system with the help of the NX

protocol based on the X window system. The remote proxy communicates with the remote

X11 applications and uses the X11 protocol. The remote proxy incorporates a kind of X

server, named nxagent, that becomes the X server of all the remote X clients. The nxagent

translates the X11 protocol into the NX protocol, receiving X11 requests as drawing

commands and sending them to the local proxy. Thus the remote NX proxy poses itself to the

X clients as if it is the X server. All the roundtrips take place at this point and since they

happen on the same host machine, they are quickly resolved through the UNIX domain

sockets. The local NX proxy communicates with the local X server and interprets the NX

protocol back to X11. Both the local and the remote proxy keep their own cache of

10

transferred data. These two sets of cache are synchronized to be useful for saving all

transmission of pixmaps, icons etc between the local and the remote proxies [9].

Figure 4: NX Architecture

NX also has a potential to run over slow network connections with the help of compression

mechanism which reduces the round trip time and increases the drawing speed of the X

window system. When NX receives a new X request, it evaluates the checksum and tries to

find the request in the message-store. The Message-store is a cache for holding the lasts X

messages sent to the main memory. After searching, if the message exists in the message

store, the NX sends the status information combined with the position information of message

store and disparity encoding of all the fields except the checksum. In this way NX achieves

the compression boost [9].

VNC

Virtual Networking Computing (VNC) is used to provide the remote desktop sharing with the

help of Request Frame Buffer (RFB) protocol. It mainly comprises of the three components: a

VNC viewer, a VNC server and a RFB protocol. A VNC viewer resides on the user side

which transmits the keyboard strokes and the mouse events on a network. The VNC server

sends a remote display as the rectangular bitmap images to the VNC viewer. VNC uses

different encoding methods to control the bandwidth utilization. The most undemanding

method is a raw encoding, in which the VNC server sends the data in left-to-right scanline

arrangement, until the full-screen transmission of the display, and after that only transfer those

pixels that varies on the keyboard and the mouse events. This encoding scheme is effective

for a small portion of screen changes on every updates and suffers a lot for large variation in

screen positions. RFB protocol works with the TCP protocol on port 5900+N; where N is the

number which is used for every remote display attached. The protocol is platform

independent, as it runs on frame-buffer level, which allows it to executing on different

operating systems for example Unix, Linux, MAC and Windows.

Figure 5: VNC

11

X Window System

The X window system is a network-transparent window system, which was developed at the

MIT in 1984. It provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for both the local users as well as

the network based users. The X window system is based on the client server model. The

reference view in an X window system is the application and not the end user and this change

in reference causes an inversion of the client server model with respect to the traditional

sense. The user's terminal now acts as the server and the application acts as the client, as

applications are now end users of services therefore behave as the clients.

There are two scenarios; if the client and the server reside on the same system they interact

with the Inter Process Communication (IPC) but if the client and the server reside on the

different system a network connection is used. Simultaneous multiple connections are

supported for two cases, a single client can open several connections to a server and several

clients can open several connections to various servers at the same time. The X-server

manages the display and the clients; it multiplexes requests from the clients to the display and

supports the reverse by de-multiplexing the keyboard and the mouse inputs back to the

appropriate clients. Typically, the server is implemented as a single sequential process, using

round robin scheduling among the clients [10].

Figure 6: X windows architecture

The X server communicates with different X client programs by calling Xlib. The Xlib is an

X window system protocol client library written in the C programming language. The Xlib

forwards a request from the client to the server by accumulating the request in a buffer known

as the Request buffer. The buffer is flushed when all the requests are forwarded to the server.

The Xlib not only stores the send requests in a buffer but also accumulates received events in

a queue. This queue is used by the client application to examine and retrieve events. The

client application may also flush the request buffer incase of the queue blocking [11].

12

X Client Libraries and Extensions

The X window system consists of various libraries and extensions. Libraries and extensions

related to graphics performance are discussed in this section.

MESA3D

Mesa is an open source implementation of OpenGL for rendering the interactive 3D graphics.

The rendering can be performed purely in the software but if the graphic card supports

hardware acceleration of 3D graphics then the Mesa can utilize these functions too [14].

DRI

DRI is an acronym for Direct Rendering Infrastructure, which enables the hardware

acceleration by accessing video hardware without requiring data to be passed through the X

server [29].

XSYNC

X Synchronization is an extension which provides primitives that allows the synchronization

between the clients to take place entirely within the X server [30]. This extension eliminates

network errors and provides the real time synchronization for the multimedia applications.

XFT2

Xft2 is a freetype2 library which is used for rendering fonts. It uses render extension for the

accelerated text drawing. However if the render extensions are not available then it uses the

core protocol to draw the client-side glyphs [14].

XCB

XCB is the C language library for an X window system. It is an alternative to Xlib, designed

to solve the issues of the Xlib by providing latency hiding, threaded applications compatibility

and small platform compatibility. The latency hiding issue is solved by redesigning the

network layer protocol from synchronous to an asynchronous interface. The small platform

compatibility is solved by having an XCB as a binding instead of trying to reduce the large

Xlib code. The XCB is designed keeping threaded applications in mind; Xlib API was error-

prone. In addition, the XCB provides a basis for toolkit implementation, direct protocol-level

programming, and lightweight emulation of commonly used portions of the Xlib API.

Toolkits provide user interface elements, examples are GTK+, Qt, Motif, Intrinsics, etc [13].

GTK+ is a rich toolkit in features, which is initially designed for the GUI of X window

system. The toolkit is written in C language which supports various languages like Python,

C++, etc. It uses an Xlib to display graphics on the screen. GTK+ implementation comprises

of the three libraries Glib, Pango and ATK. Glib provides a low level portability layer and

common functions which is used by GTK+ and Gnome, the Pango provides an

internationalized text layout and the ATK deals with the accessibility. Versions of GTK+ are

available as GTK+1.1, GTK+1.2, GTK+2.0, etc and the latest stable release is GTK+ 2.20

[12].

13

Qt is a toolkit for creating the GUI and the Non-GUI programs. The toolkit is widely used

because it supports many platforms (X11, Windows, Mac OS X etc) and has APIs that are

tailored for tasks such as file handling, process handling threading etc. The toolkit is written

in C++ and also supports many different languages with the help of language bindings. Qt

also provides an internationalized text and the unicode support. Versions of Qt are available

as Qt1, Qt2 etc and the latest Qt4 has most accessibility support [12].

The X protocol does not use any compression mechanism for the transport of the graphical

objects on the remote display. The important factor in the performance of X protocol is a

transport latency which depends on the round trip time; from the X-server to the X-client and

back to the X-server. The Xlib increases the transport latency as it mostly uses the

synchronous operation; however, the design of XCB reduces the latency by introducing the

asynchronous interface in the X protocol 14].

ThinLinc

ThinLinc is a software based implementation of an SBC, developed by Cendio AB. Thinlinc

not only enhances the mechanism of an SBC but also provide various add-ons which include

encryption, single sign-on, clustering, smartcard support, and integrates different systems and

services [26].

On the server side graphic is generated with the local video device driver which transfers it on

the network to the ThinLinc client by the graphical desktop sharing system known as Virtual

Network Computing (VNC). VNC uses the Request Frame Buffer (RFB) protocol which

transmits mouse clicks, keyboard events and graphics updates from the VNC server to the

VNC viewer. Thinlinc provides both the software and the hardware acceleration for 3D

graphics. Software based acceleration is provided by the rapid integration of the OpenGL with

the 3D graphic library Mesa. Hardware based acceleration is provided with the combination

of TightVNC and the virtualGL. TightVNC is a slightly modified version of VNC which uses

Junior Picture Expert Group (JPEG) codec for the tight encoding; which gives intense

graphics performance and extends streaming video encoding in the real time. VirtualGL

allows remote access applications like tightVNC to execute the OpenGL commands with the

full 3D hardware acceleration. Rendering of 3D data is performed on the application server

with the 3D graphics accelerator. The rendered 3D images are sent on the network to the user

side with the help of the TightVNC.

A user use thinlinc-client to log on to the thinlinc server; in this process the thinlinc-client

creates a secure shell (SSH) tunnel to the thinlinc-server. The client then attempts to

authenticate with the VNC session manager known as VSM server. If the authentication

succeeds, the client then again creates a SSH tunnel to the VSM agent. After the connection

establishment with the VSM agent the tunnel for VNC viewer is then created to start the VNC

viewer [26].

14

15

3

Performance analysis tools and

benchmarks

3.1 Introduction

Performance analysis is the process of evaluating and measuring the software/hardware

behaviour, with the help of information gathered, when the specific program/hardware

operates. Performance analysis not only evaluates the performance metric, but also indicates

and predicts the future requirements of the system.

3.2 Performance analysis tool

There are various tools and techniques to analyze the performance of Linux based SBC. Some

of the tools are discussed in this section.

IOSTAT

IOSTAT acronym means Input Output Statistics. IOSTAT is used to monitor the system

performance with respect to the CPU and the disk utilization. The tool records the number of

blocks read and written per second to each disk connected to the given system. It also

calculates the time spent by the system in user, system, idle, steal, iowait, and nice mode [17];

see figure 7 and table 1.

16

rizwan.azhar@tintin:/> iostat

Linux 2.6.31.5-0.1-default (tintin) 09/13/10 _x86_64_ (8 CPU)

avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle

3.40 0.19 0.91 0.16 0.00 95.34

Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn

sda 1.00 7.03 21.52 25166094 77090737

sdb 0.23 4.35 78.12 15588060 279827257

scd0 0.00 0.26 0.00 936216 0

Figure 7: IOSTAT command output

Table 1: Quantities reported by IOSTAT.

CPU

%user Percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user

level.

%nice Percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user

level with nice priorities.

%system Percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the

kernel level.

%iowait Percentage of time that CPU was idle during which the system had an

outstanding disk I/O request.

%steal Percentage of time spent in involuntary wait by the virtual CPU while

the hypervisor serves another virtual processor

%idle Percentage of time spent by CPU in which do not have any process to

execute

Disk I/O

Tps Input/Output transfers per second to the device

blk_read/s Number of blocks read from the device per second

blk_wrtn/s Number of blocks written to the device per second

blk_read total number of blocks read from the device

blk_wrtn total number of blocks written to the device

VMSTAT

VMSTAT acronym means Virtual Memory Statistics. VMSTAT is used to determine the

resource utilization with respect to processes, virtual memory, paging activity, disk transfers

and CPU activity. The tool uses kernel tables and counters to evaluate the resource utilization

with the help of files like /proc/meminfo, /proc/stat, /proc/*/stat and then presents the result

[18], see figure 8 and table 2 for more information.

rizwan.azhar@tintin:/> vmstat

procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- -----cpu------

r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st

0 2 60124 525984 258968 38071688 0 0 1 6 0 1 4 1 95 0 0

Figure 8: VMSTAT command output

17

Table 2: Quantities reported by VMSTAT

Process

R Number of processes waiting for run time

B Number of processes in uninterruptable sleep

Memory

Swpd Virtual memory used (in kibibytes)

Free Virtual memory idle (in kibibytes)

Buff Memory (in kibibytes) used for buffering

Cache Memory (in kibibytes) used for caching

Paging

Si Amount of memory swapped in from disk (per second)

So Amount of memory swapped to disk (per second)

IO

Bi Blocks (per second) receive from block device

Bo Blocks (per second) send to block device

System

In Total number of interrupts (per seconds) including clock

Cs Total number of context switches (per second)

CPU

Us Percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user

level

Sy Percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the

kernel level.

Id Percentage of time spent by CPU in which do not have any process to

execute

Wa Percentage of time that CPU was idle during which the system had an

outstanding disk I/O request.

St Percentage of time spent in involuntary wait by the virtual CPU while

the hypervisor serves another virtual processor

SAR

SAR acronym means System Activity Report. SAR collects data reports and records the

system activity information. The activity information includes CPU utilization, IO statistics,

memory statistics, paging statistics, system statistics, network statistics etc. For data

collection, the system activity data collector (sadc) command is used which samples data from

kernel tables and counters. The sa2 command is used to write a daily report activity generated

from the sadc. As a result, the tool monitors major system resources see figure 9 for more

information.

The tool writes to a standard output, the contents of selected cumulative activity counters in

the operating system. The accounting system, based on the values in the count and interval

parameters, writes information in the specified number of times spaced at the specified

intervals in seconds [19].

rizwan.azhar@tintin:~> sar -u 2 5

Linux 2.6.31.5-0.1-default (tintin) 11/09/2010 _x86_64_ (8 CPU)

03:32:45 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle

03:32:47 PM all 0.92 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.00 98.67

03:32:49 PM all 0.06 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 99.72

03:32:51 PM all 0.09 0.03 0.09 0.06 0.00 99.72

03:32:53 PM all 0.06 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 99.81

03:32:55 PM all 0.06 0.00 0.28 0.06 0.00 99.60

Average: all 0.24 0.01 0.23 0.03 0.00 99.51

Figure 9: SAR command output

18

ISAG

ISAG acronym means Interactive System Grapher. ISAG does not evaluate the performance,

however, it helps in the performance analysis, because ISAG displays the system activity

information graphically. The data being generated from SAR are transformed in to tabular

form and the tabular form is then plotted with the gnuplot [20].

SPEC CPU

The SPEC CPU is designed to provide performance measurements that can be used to

compare the computing intensive workloads on different servers [25]. It includes two

benchmark sets namely CINT and CFP. The CINT benchmark is used for measuring and

comparing computing intensive integer performance, The CFP measures floating point

performance.

3.3 Graphic benchmarks

There are various graphic benchmarks for the Linux based SBC. Some of the graphic

benchmarks are discussed in this section.

X11perf

The X11perf is a graphic benchmark, which is used to analyze the performance of the X

server. The benchmark executes various performance tests on the X server and reports the

performance for executed tests. X11perf is a comprehensive benchmark which performs 384

tests to calculate the performance, for instance drawing of lines, circles, rectangles, copy-

plane, scrolling, stipples, tiles etc. The benchmark not only measures the traditional graphic

performance, but also measures the window management performance. X11perf tests

measures the time to initialize an application, mapping of windows from already existence

window to new windows, reorganizing the windows in different positions, mapping of

bitmaps in to pixels etc. In addition, it also explores the particular strengths and weaknesses of

servers, to analyze and improve a server performance. X11perf benchmark when executed, it

firstly calculates the round trip time to the server, and parts this out of the final timing

reported. It makes sure that the server has really executed the task requested by fetching a

pixel back from the test window [21].

X11perfcomp is a utility of X11perf which helps in the graphics performance analysis, as it

compares the different X11perf result files and represents the result in a tabular form. As a

result, the X11perfcomp is used to compare the performance of different platforms.

X-bench

X-bench is a graphical benchmark which is used to analyze the performance of the X server.

To analyze the performance it executes 40 tests which include drawing of lines, circles,

windows etc on the X server. The X-benchmark measures the performance by calculating the

time it takes to complete each and every individual test on the X server. Each test sends the

instructions with awaiting known time interval normally ten seconds. Xbench remain silent

till the server executed the given instruction with the help of XSync, then the server interacts

with a graphic-controller using another instruction via fifo/pipe/buffer. In the end, Xbench

examines back part of the screen. Examining back part of the screen assures that each pixel is

19

displayed on the X server and does not reside in the instruction queue of server. The Xbench

execute tests in three levels which can be set via command line interface, however, if no level

is defined the default level is used. Each test executes three times and the best evaluation is

taken. As a result, it removes or reduces the effects of daemons or other background

processes [22].

SPECviewperf

The SPECviewperf is a benchmark developed by the Standard Performance Evaluation

Corporation (SPEC) that evaluates an OpenGL graphic performance. It is a software program

written in C language which is used to evaluate system performance in higher-quality

graphics modes and also measure the scalability of graphics subsystems while running

multithreaded graphics content. SPECviewperf performs various tests and measures the

performance in frames per second. It renders the data set in the predefined frame numbers,

with animation between the frames displayed on the output screen. The benchmark use

viewset to characterize the graphics representation of an application. Viewset comprises of

tests, data sets and weights which are grouped with independent software vendors (ISV) that

provide weight-age for each test through which performance is reported in the output.

Viewset include cataia, ensight, maya, pro, maya, solid works, ugx-nx, 3ds-max. For Detailed

viewset description see [23]; however we have only discussed Ensight, Maya and Proe

viewset. Ensight is a viewset which is used to evaluate display list and immediate mode paths

with the help of OpenGL API. Maya viewset uses a blend of the immediate mode and the

OpenGL to transfer the data through an OpenGL API. Proe viewset uses two models and

three rendering modes for evaluating the graphics. It also uses gradient background for the

efficient modeling of workload [23].

SPECviewperf measures the performance for the following entities:

3D primitives, including points, lines, line_strip, line_loop, triangles,

triangle_strip, triangle_fan, quads and polygons

Attributes per vertex, per primitive and per frame

Lighting

Texture mapping

Alpha blending

Fogging

Anti-aliasing

Depth buffering

Alpha blending is used for combining a transparent foreground color with a background color,

as a result creates a new blended color. Fogging is a process which is used to improve the

acuity of distance. Anti-aliasing refers to a process that reduces the appearance of aliased or

jagged edges, produced due to fixed resolution of the computer display.

20

21

4

Typical-load performance

analysis

4.1 Introduction

Performance analysis of a load is described in chapter 3; the main ideas can be summarized as

follows: Load measurement refers to the practice of assessing a system’s behavior under the

load. The Load measurement may be performed during design, development, integration, and

quality assurance phase. Performance analysis of a load evaluates the functional and

performance problems of a system under the load. Performance problems include those

scenarios in which the system experience low throughput or long response time. Functional

problems include bugs in the system and deadlocks situations. Load is applied on the system

with the help of the programs or the applications which utilizes system resources. The load of

the system is measured by means of logs and reports generated by the monitoring application,

which is already installed in the system. The monitoring application uses operating system

kernel tables and counters to calculate the system resource usage information which includes

CPU utilization, memory consumption, Disk I/O requests, paging activity etc.

This chapter describes the old and new computer system configurations at MR unit and

performance analysis of typical load in these two configurations.

22

Old computer environment at the MR-unit

The computer environment at the MR-unit consisted of servers, workstations and thin clients,

see tables 3 and 4 and figure 10. Nestor and milou were computational servers, anka was a file

server, abdallah and tchang were workstations. Three thin clients were connected to nestor via

a private network; they were not assigned any DNS names.

Table 3: Servers and workstations at the MR-unit (old computer environment)

Host name

Architecture

CPU

RAM

Operating

System

milou

64 bit

2 x Opteron 1.8

GHz

4 GiB

openSUSE 10.3

abdallah

64 bit

Pentium D 2.8

GHz

1 GiB

openSUSE 10.3

tchang

32 bit

Intel Pentium 4

2 GHz

1 GiB

openSUSE 10.3

nestor

64 bit

Quad core Xeon

5150 2.66 GHz

32 GiB

openSUSE 10.3

Table 4: Old thin clients at the MR-unit

Machine

CPU

RAM

CPU cache

Network

IGEL-2110

LX Smart

Via Eden 400

MHz

236 MiB

128 KiB

Ethernet,

100 Mbps

23

Figure 10: Schematic view of the network configuration at the MR-unit

Nestor was the main computational server at the MR-unit. It was used to run applications like

jMRUI, Spm8, Idl, Analyze, Lcmodel, Sage, and Matlab. Thin client users used the XDMCP

protocol to connect to the nestor. Workstation users used SSH to run commands remotely on

nestor.

Milou had been the main computational server at the MR-unit before 2007. In the beginning

of 2007, it was replaced in this role by the nestor. Since then it was used as a secondary

computational server.

Thin clients were connected to the Gigabit Ethernet switch, see figure 10. A remote session

via the XDMCP protocol was automatically opened on the nestor when the thin client was

turned on.

Anka provided file services at CMIV and the MR-unit; nestor, milou, tchang and abdallah

mounted user home directories via NFS version 3. It also provided the database of unix users

via the NIS service. Hostnames were resolved via DNS; the master and slave servers at the

MR-unit were nestor and milou, respectively.

24

New computer environment at MR unit

In the new computer environment the computational server nestor was replaced with tintin,

see table 5. The new server was selected as the fastest server-class machine that fitted in to

the limited budget see table 19 in Appendix C for considered alternatives.

Table 5: New server configuration at the MR-unit

Host name

Architecture

CPU

RAM

Operating

System

tintin

64 bit

2 x Intel Xeon

Quad core

E5560 2.8 GHz

48 GiB

openSUSE 11.2

The new thin clients were selected according to a recommendation by Peter Ästrand from

Cendio AB, for having good price-performance ratio and software support from the

manufacturer; see table 20 in Appendix C for available models and table 6 for the parameters

of the chosen system.

Table 6: New thin client at the MR-unit

Machine

CPU

RAM

CPU cache

Network

Fujitsu S550

AMD Sempron

200U, 1 GHz

1 GiB

256 KiB

Ethernet,

1 Gbps

4.2 Methods

To evaluate the performance of a typical load, SAR was used. The ISAG utility was used to

display the data graphically. To create a typical load on both the servers, a MATLAB script

was used. The script comprised of numerous calculations based on Magnetic Resonance

Imaging (MRI) of brain and different parts of the human body. The load tests were executed

on the nestor and the tintin during a weekend to eliminate the users’ influence on the system

load.

4.3 Results

Results generated by SAR and visualized by ISAG are presented in this section.

25

CPU Utilization

Figure 11a shows the CPU utilization during the load test. The process was started at 16.30

and took 2.12 hours to execute. The utilization of 35% indicates that the one CPU core was

fully loaded while another one was loaded up to 50% only. We theorize this was caused by

the inner working of how Matlab executed the script. The script put a low demand on network

and disk resources. Therefore the task was mainly CPU intensive.

Similar results were obtained for tintin, see figure 11b. The test started at 18:30 and took 1.32

hours to execute. The process fully utilized one core and 18% of another core. The speed up

in total run time was 2.12 1.32 1.6.

(a)

(b)

Figure 11: CPU utilization as a function of time for server nestor (a) and server tintin (b).

26

PAGING STATISTICS

Figure 12a shows paging and fault statistics obtain during the load test on nestor. The amount

of paging and major faults was negligible. The rate of minor faults reflected the activity of a

data processing job.

For tintin, the rate of minor faults was substantly lower compared to the nestor, see figure

12b. The physical memory size was sufficient to meet the dynamic memory requirements of

the load test.

(a)

(b)

Figure 12: Paging activity as a function of time for server nestor (a) and server tintin (b).

27

I/O Transfer Rate

Figure 13a shows the Input Output transfer rate during the load test on nestor. Substantly low

disk IO requests were reflected. On the average, the network IO requests transmitted and

received per second during the load test were 208.03 and 150 Kbps.

For tintin, the similar results were obtained, see figure 13b. The disk IO requests were slightly

reduced compared to the nestor. The average network IO request transmitted and received per

seconds during the load test were 313.15 and 271.21 Kbps.

(a)

(b)

Figure 13: Number of IO operations as a function of time for server nestor (a) tintin (b).

28

4.4 Discussion

The overall throughput of the new system was higher compared to the old system for the

following reasons: (i) individual cores of the new system were faster than cores of the old

system. (ii) The new system had 8 cores while the old one had only four cores.

The load test showed that tintin was 1.6 times faster than nestor. This result did not match

with the standard test result of SPEC-CPU 2006 because the SPECcint and SPECfp

benchmarks evaluates the integer and floating-point performance, however, the Matlab load

test was the combination of integer and floating-point. Some benchmark results were closer to

the result which includes hmmer, xalancbmk, gcc in SPECcint and tonto benchmark in

SPECfp, see table 7 and 8 for SPECcint and SPECfb benchmarks result respectively.

Table 7: Ratio of SPECcint benchmark results on nestor and tintin

SPECcint benchmarks

Performance

nestor

int

P

P int

Perlbench 1.26

bzip2 1.25

Gcc 1.54

Mcf 2.40

Gobmk 1.24

Hmmer 1.57

Sjeng 1.52

Libquantum 12.11

h264ref 1.25

Omnetpp 1.77

Astar 1.35

Xalancbmk 1.55

Table 8: Ratio of SPECfp benchmark results on nestor and tintin

SPECfp benchmarks

Performance

nestor

int

P

P int

Bwaves 4.37

Games 1.29

Milc 3.44

Zeusmp 2.12

Gromacs 1.40

Cactusadm 9.26

leslie3d 2.45

Namd 1.34

Dealii 1.38

Soplex 2.34

29

Povray 1.54

Calculix 1.94

Gemsfdtf 3.90

Tonto 1.73

Ibm 3.68

Wrf 2.42

sphinx3 2.23

4.5 CONCLUSION

The results showed that the load test was mainly CPU intensive. The range of load at the MR

unit is very wide. Some applications are purely CPU intensive and some of them only perform

mathematical operations on large number of files. The results generated from SAR and

visualized by ISAG indicated that the new computer system of the MR unit is 1.6 times faster

than the old one.

30

31

5

Graphic performance

analysis

5.1 Introduction

Graphics performance may affect the overall performance of applications. This aspect is

especially important in the server based computing, because the speed of the server, thin

clients, network has to be properly balanced. One way of measuring the overall graphics

performance is the usage of benchmark programs, which evaluate the performance of both the

hardware and the software implementations of visualization routines.

It is well known that desktop environment may play a significant role in the graphical

performance; the more visually rich the environment is the slower the response of applications

may be. On Linux, typically used desktop environments are KDE and Gnome. The X window

system, however, does not require the usage of a full desktop environment; a full featured

window manager like IceWM may be used instead. To keep the discussion in this chapter

simple, we use the term “desktop environment” for IceWM also. List of all tested desktop

environments is in table 11.

32

5.2 Methods

Graphics performance was evaluated using graphics benchmarks X11perf, Xbench and

SPECviewperf, refer to chapter 3 for more information about the benchmarks.

Xbench and X11perf simulations were executed from KDE, Gnome and IceWM on the old

thin client with the original software (OTC-O), new thin client with the original software

(NTC-O), new thin client with the Thinlinc (NTC-T), the computational servers were nestor

and tintin. In the case of Xbench, the AWK programming language was used to process the

output files. For X11perf, the X11perfcomp was used to merge the output data in a tabular

form. Additionally, an R script (see appendix A and B) was written to visualize the data.

Table 9: Experimental design for benchmark tests with Xbench and X11perf. Values in the

table give the number of repetition for each test.

Desktop

Environment

Xbench

X11perf

OTC-O

NTC-O

NTC-T

OTC-O

NTC-O

NTC-T

KDE

3

3

3

2

2

2

Gnome

3

3

3

2

2

2

IceWM

3

3

3

2

2

2

To estimate the effect of remote display i.e how the network transfer slows down the graphics

device performance, the Xbench benchmark was also used in the configuration described in

table 10.

Table 10: Experimental design for the estimation of remote display. Values in the table give

the number of repetition for the Xbench test.

X server/ Display device

Server

Tintin

Nestor

Nestor

2

2

33

Table 11: Desktop environments at MR unit.

Server

KDE version

Gnome version

IceWM version

Tintin

4.3

2.28

1.12

Nestor

4.0

2.20

1.00

SPECviewperf benchmarks were executed on computational servers tintin and nestor. The

benchmark failed to execute on NTC-O, OTC-O because some OpenGL extensions were

missing. However it successfully ran on NTC-T and it was also executed on tintin with KDE,

Gnome and IceWM to compare the three desktop environments.

Table 12: Experimental design for SPECviewperf benchmark. Values in the table give the

number of repetition for each test. NTC-T did not run IceWM because ThinLinc didn’t

support it.

Desktop Environment

SPECviewperf

Nestor Tintin NTC-T

KDE 2 2 2

Gnome 2 2 2

IceWM 2 2 -

As each benchmark was executed several times see table 9, 10 and12. The average avgR

n

i

iavg Rn

R1

1, (1)

of resulting values was taken to evaluate the performance of these benchmarks. Where Ri is

the time taken by each test of the benchmark to execute on the X server. The performance, P,

was defined as the natural logarithm of the mean number of graphical objects plotted during

one second interval. It was evaluated as

avgRP ln , (2)

where avgR is the average number of graphical objects plotted per unit time and s stands for

one second (the unit of time). The performance was evaluated in terms of natural logarithm to

scale down the variability of results of individual test. Uncertanity of the average value was

calculated with the standard deviation as

n

i

avgiRRR

nn 1

)()1(

1 , (3)

34

Since each of the benchmarks executed tests multiple times the resulting uncertainties of

averages were low (0.01%). They are not reported here.

5.3 Results

The results of the graphic benchmarks Xbench, X11perf and SPECviewperf are discussed in

this section.

5.3.1 Xbench

The Xbench simulation executed from KDE environment revealed that the best performance

was achieved with NTC-T. NTC-O had slightly higher performance compared to OTC-O, see

Figure 14 (a). The average performance of NTC-O relative to the average performance of

OTC-O was 12 times higher. The average performance was taken as the average of individual

test performances. For NTC-T this ratio was 25. NTC-T was the fastest, followed by NTC-O

and OTC-O in this order, see Figure 15(a).

The NTC-T had highest performance, when Xbench simulations were executed from Gnome.

NTC-O had higher performance than OTC-O except for five tests 29, 30, 31, 35 and 38 out of

forty-one tests executed in the simulation, see Figure 14 (b). The ratio of the average

performances of NTC-T to OTC-O was 22. The same quantity for NTC-O and OTC-O was

10, see Figure 15 (b).

The OTC-O had slightly improved performance for IceWM as compared to KDE and Gnome.

NTC-O had better performance except for ten tests 8, 9, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30, 31, 34 and 38 out

of forty-one tests executed in the simulation, see Figure 14 (c). The ratio of average

performance of NTC-O to OTC-O was 8, see Figure 15 (c).

35

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 14: Xbench performance on the old thin client (blue circles) and on the new thin client

with (green circles) and without (red circles) the ThinLinc software installed. The 40 Xbench

tests are ordered so that the performance of the old thin client as a function of test number

does not decrease in KDE (a), Gnome (b), and IceWM (c).

0 10 20 30 40

81

01

21

41

61

8

test number

pe

rfo

rma

nce

NTC-O NTC-T OTC-O

0 10 20 30 40

81

01

21

41

61

8

test number

pe

rfo

rma

nce

NTC-O NTC-T OTC-O

0 10 20 30 40

81

01

21

41

6

test number

pe

rfo

rma

nce

NTC-O OTC-O

36

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 15: Xbench performance relative to that of OTC-O for the old thin client (blue circles)

and for new thin client with (green circles) and without (red circles) the ThinLinc software

installed. The 40 Xbench tests are ordered so that the performance ratio of the old thin client

as a function of test number does not decrease in KDE (a), Gnome (b), and IceWM (c).

0 10 20 30 40

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

test number

perfo

rman

ce re

lativ

e to

OTC

-O

NTC-O

NTC-T

OTC-O

0 10 20 30 40

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

test number

perfo

rman

ce re

lativ

e to

OT

C-O

NTC-ONTC-T

OTC-O

0 10 20 30 40

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

test number

pe

rfo

rma

nce

re

lativ

e to

OT

C-O

NTC-O

OTC-O

37

Effect of desktop environment

The Xbench benchmark executed with the NTC-O using KDE, Gnome and IceWM showed

that KDE had the highest performance compared to the Gnome and the IceWM. Gnome had

slightly lower performance than the KDE, however, the IceWM had lowest performance in

the entire three desktop environments, see figure 16 and table 13.

0 10 20 30 40

81

01

21

41

61

8

test number

pe

rfo

rma

nce

KDEGnome

IceWm

Figure 16: KDE, Gnome and IceWM performance graph on NTC-O

Table 13: Ratios of average performances for KDE, Gnome and IceWM desktop

environments.

Desktop environment

Performance ratio

B

A

P

P

A

B

KDE

Gnome

1.7

KDE

IceWM

10.3

Gnome

IceWM

5.7

38

Effect of Remote Display

The effect of the remote display for the Xbench test is plotted in figure 17. The average

performance of Xbench ran locally compared to Xbench ran remotely was 2.36 times higher.

The average performance was taken as the average of individual test performances. The

slowdown was due to the network latency and bandwidth of the 100Mbit/s twisted pair

Ethernet.

0 10 20 30 40

10

12

14

16

18

test number

pe

rfo

rma

nce

TintinNestor

Figure 17: Display performance as a function of Xbench test number. Xbench was started

locally on nestor and remotely on tintin.

39

5.3.2 X11perf

The X11perf benchmark ran from the KDE environment indicated that the highest

performance was achieved with the NTC-T. The NTC-O had slightly higher performance

compared to the OTC-O, see figure 18(a). The average performance of the NTC-O relative to

the average performance of OTC-O was 26 times higher. The average performance was taken

as the average of individual test performances. For NTC-T this ratio was 12. NTC-T was the

fastest, followed by NTC-O and OTC-O in this order, see figure 19(a).

The NTC-T had the highest performance, when X11perf benchmarks were executed from the

Gnome. NTC-O had higher performance than OTC-O except for some tests, see figure 18 (b).

The ratio of average performances of NTC-T to OTC-O was 20. The same quantity for NTC-

O and OTC-O was 9, see Figure 19(b).

Just like Xbench, the OTC-O had slightly improved performance for IceWM as compared to

the KDE and the Gnome. The NTC-O had better performance except for some tests, see

Figure 18 (c). The ratio of average performance of NTC-O to OTC-O was 11, see Figure 19

(c).

40

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 18: X11perf performance on the old thin client (blue circles) and on the new thin

client with (green circles) and without (red circles) the ThinLinc software installed. The 380

X11perf tests are ordered so that the performance of the old thin client as a function of test

number does not decrease in KDE (a), Gnome (b), and IceWM (c).

0 100 200 300

05

10

15

test number

pe

rfo

rma

nce

NTC-O

NTC-T

OTC-O

0 100 200 300

05

10

15

test number

pe

rfo

rma

nce

NTC-O

OTC-O

0 100 200 300

05

10

15

test number

pe

rfo

rma

nce

NTC-O

NTC-T

OTC-O

41

(a)

b)

(c)

Figure 19: X11perf performance relative to that of OTC-O for the old thin client (blue

circles) and for the new thin client with (green circles) and without (red circles) the ThinLinc

software installed. The 380 X11perf tests are ordered so that the performance of the old thin

client as a function of test number does not decrease in KDE (a), Gnome (b), and IceWM (c).

0 100 200 300

-2-1

01

2

test number

perfo

rman

ce re

lativ

e to

OT

C-O

NTC-O

NTC-T

OTC-O

0 100 200 300

-3-2

-10

12

test number

perfo

rman

ce re

lativ

e to

OT

C-O

NTC-O

NTC-T

OTC-O

0 100 200 300

-2-1

01

2

test number

perfo

rman

ce re

lativ

e to

OT

C-O

NTC-O

OTC-O

42

5.3.3 SPECviewperf

The results of SPECviewperf benchmark when displayed in the KDE environment on tintin,

nestor and NTC-T are in figure 20. The average and median performance ratios of tintin

relative to NTC-T were 45 and 20, respectively. The average was highly affected by the snx

test for which the ratio was 222. The average performance was taken as the average of

individual test performances. For nestor corresponding ratios were 7.7 and 7.11. Tintin was

the fastest, followed by the nestor and the NTC-T in this order.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

23

45

test number

pe

rfo

rma

nce

Tintin/NTC-T

Nestor/NTC-T

Figure 20: Performance ratios as a function of the SPECviewperf test number, cf. table 14.

Performance of the SPECviewperf displayed on KDE, Gnome and IceWM is in table 14.

KDE had the highest performance; Gnome and IceWM were slower in this order.

Table 14: SPECviewperf results for KDE, Gnome and IceWM desktop environment.

KDE

(Frames/second)

Gnome

(Frames/second)

IceWM

(Frames/second)

SPECviewperf

Tests

Test Number

4.19 4.07 4.19 Catia Test 1

2.28 2.2 2.27 Ensight Test 2

12.57 12.85 9.07 Lightwave Test 3

2.24 1.8 2.16 Maya Test 4

3.84 3.75 3.79 Proe Test 5

5.29 5.29 5.24 Sw Test 6

1.19 1.17 1.19 Tcvis Test 7

2.22 2.19 2.23 Snx Test 8

43

5.4 Discussion

The remote display slowed down the performance by a factor of approximately 2.36. For

office applications (word processors, spread sheets, etc) this is typically not an issue. If

however the graphics performance is critical then the usage of remote displays should be

considered carefully.

Some OpenGL applications in the SPECviewperf benchmark suits did not execute on thin

clients with the original software. The Thinlinc software can be used as a workaround in this

case. The performance is however limited. For some applications a performance increase in

the order of several magnitudes may be achieved by using specialized graphics accelerators;

these are, however, not available for thin clients. For thin clients, solutions like the VirtualGL

can be used. In this work, no experiments with VirtualGL were performed.

From the three desktop environment considered, KDE was fastest followed by Gnome and

IceWM in this order. A personal experience shows that IceWM is fastest for almost all the

applications including word processing, Matlab calculation etc. This contradiction is most

likely caused by the fact that the Xbench , X11perf and SPECviewperf benchmarks test only a

subset of graphics operations while user applications like web browsers often use alpha

blending or other operations that degrade the performance of thin clients.

The ThinLinc on new thin client had improved the performance for most of the applications,

however, the performance of NTC-O for some applications were higher than NTC-T for

example reorganizing windows on NTC-O is faster than NTC-T.

5.5 Conclusion

The experiments compared the graphics performance of selected Linux SBC solutions. The

effects of factors like KDE, Gnome, IceWM desktop environments, visualization devices like

NTC-O, NTC-T, OTC-O, and computational servers (tintin, nestor and milou) were

evaluated. The result showed that the performance of the deployed software solution NTC-T

had higher performance than OTC-O. After NTC-T, the performance of deployed hardware

solution NTC-T had higher performance compared to OTC-O. Hence, the new hardware and

software have increased computer performance at the MR unit.

44

45

6

User-perceived performance

analysis

6.1 Introduction

Performance of the Linux based SBC at the MR-unit was assessed via methods of both

qualitative and quantitative research. Structured interview, a qualitative research method, was

adopted in which the number of questions in the specific order was presented to a focus

group; the answers were collected to yield an estimate of the user experience. The format used

for the questions type was open-ended in order to get a broad answer range from the users.

6.2 Methods

The questions were posed in two stages; before and after the upgrade of computer

infrastructure at the MR unit. The set of questions differed, in the first stage; the questions

presented were structured to learn more about the need for an upgrade. Six users used the

computing environment at the MR-unit on a regular basis. Of those, three users used thin

clients to connect to nestor in the period from 2008 to 2010. These three users were asked a

set of pre-selected questions, see table 15.

The second set of questions was asked to reveal, whether the upgrade process had resolved

the significant problems witnessed before by the end users. Again, three users which directly

46

connected with the newly upgraded server based computing environment at the MR unit were

interviewed with a pre-set of selected questions see table 16.

6.3 Results

The results of open ended structured questions are discussed in this section.

User interviewing before upgrade

The table 15 shows questions used in the structured interview and corresponding answers.

Table 15: Performance evaluation based on user experience before upgrade

QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

(i) In which way was the response of the

server slow?

Sometimes a listing of files in a

directory took 10 seconds or more.

Times about 2 or 3 seconds had been

expected.

Sometimes a text typed on a keyboard

to a field in a web browser appeared

on the screen after a delay of several

seconds.

(ii) Did the server performance degradation

appear randomly during the day or was there

a regular pattern?

In the beginning, the degradation was

more or less random. Later, however,

the performance degradation was

observed on a regular basis.

(iii) At which time of the day was the

performance degradation worst? What were

the symptoms?

Performance degradation was mostly

observed during office hours. The

system was less responsive than at

other times.

Once, the performance degradation

was also observed during a weekend.

47

User interview after upgrade

Table 16 shows questions used in the structured interview and corresponding answers.

Table 16: Performance evaluation based on user experience after the upgrade

QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

(i) Do you feel the server performance is

slow?

No (3 users)

(ii) How much time does it take to list the

files?

1 second (2 users)

2 second (1 user)

(iii) Does it perform slowly in the Internet

browser too?

No (3 users)

(v) Has the performance improved?

Yes (3 users)

6.4 Discussion

The interviews showed that the performance deterioration was not a result of a sudden change

of system settings or a system failure. The deterioration happened gradually over several

years due to software updates installed over the years. The new software provided more

graphically rich environment but, on the other hand, consumed more system resources.

6.5 Conclusion

The qualitative research method of structure interviewed with open ended question revealed

that the performance of Linux based SBC at the MR unit has improved after the upgrade.

48

49

7

Conclusion

7.1 Conclusion

The first objective of the thesis work was to evaluate the performance of the existing

computing infrastructure at the MR unit. The performance of the system was measured via

benchmarks and user interviews. The first bottleneck identified was the CPU speed.

Applications installed at MR unit were also graphics-intensive. The second bottleneck, with

respect to the graphics intensive applications, includes the network latency of the X11

protocol and the subsequent performance of the old thin clients. An upgrade of both the

computational server and the thin clients were suggested.

The second objective of the thesis work was to upgrade the IT infrastructure at the MR unit.

Upgrade involved the selection and setup of the new server and the thin clients. The analysis

of the new system performance showed that the objective to increase the performance of the

IT infrastructure has been reached.

The evaluation after the upgrade involved performance analysis via quantitative and

qualitative methods. For the former benchmarks were used while for the latter structured

interviews with open-ended questions were performed. The results showed that the new

configuration had improved the performance.

50

Appendix A

Xbench code

R script used to extract information from Xbench output files

type = $2;

for (i =1; i <=4; i++)

getline;

rate = $3;

printf (“%e, \”%s\n”, rate, type);

R script to plot figures

# Reading data file in R

dF <- read.csv("Xb_kde_data.csv", header=TRUE);

# Fujitsu computation

yF <- as.real(log(dF[ , 1]))

# Igel computation

yI <- as.real(log(dF[ , 2]))

# Thinlinc computation

yT <- as.real(log(dF[ , 3]))

# Plotting

iI <- sort(yI, index.return=T)$ix

par(tck=1)

plot (yF[iI], type="p", pch=19, col="red", xlab="test number", ylab="performance")

points (yI[iI], type="p", pch=19, col="blue")

points (yT[iI], type="p",pch=19, col="green");

Performance ratio graph

# Reading data file in R

dF <- read.csv("Xb_kde_data.csv", header=TRUE);

# Fujitsu computation

yF <- as.real(log(dF[ , 1]))

# Igel computation

yI <- as.real(log(dF[ , 2]))

# Thinlinc computation

yT <- as.real(log(dF[ , 3]))

# Plotting

rF <- yF / yI

rI <- yI / yI

rT <- yT / yI

iI <- sort(rF, index.return=T)$ix

par(tck=1)

plot(rF,type="p",pch=19, col="red", xlab="test number", ylab="performance relative to Igel

TC")

points(rI, type="p",pch=19,col="blue")

points(rT, type="p",pch=19 col="green");

51

Table 17: Xbench test indexes for figure 16 and 17. The 40 Xbench tests were ordered with

the performance of the OTC-O as a function of test numbers for KDE, Gnome and IceWM,

figure 14 and 15.

Xbench tests indexes for

figure16 and 17 Xbench tests indexes for

Kde Xbench tests indexes for

Gnome Xbench tests indexes for

Icewm

Test number

Test Name

Test number

Test name Test number

Test name Test number

Test name

Test1 lines10 Test1 fillrectangle10 Test1 fillrectangle10 Test1 fillrectangle10

Test2 lines100 Test2 fillrectangle100 Test2 fillrectangle100 Test2 fillrectangle100

Test3 lines400 Test3 fillrectangle400 Test3 fillrectangle400 Test3 fillrectangle400

Test4 dashlines10 Test4 tilledrectangel10 Test4 tilledrectangel10 Test4 tilledrectangel10

Test5 dashlines100 Test5 tilledrectangel100 Test5 tilledrectangel100 Test5 tilledrectangel100

Test6 dashlines400 Test6 tilledrectangel400 Test6 tilledrectangel400 Test6 tilledrectangel400

Test7 widelines10 Test7 stiplerectangle10 Test7 stiplerectangle10 Test7 stiplerectangle10

Test8 widelines100 Test8 stiplerectangle100 Test8 stiplerectangle100 Test8 stiplerectangle100

Test9 widelines400 Test9 stiplerectangle400 Test9 stiplerectangle400 Test9 stiplerectangle400

Test10 rectangle10

Test10 invertedreactangle10

Test10 invertedreactangle10

Test10 dashlines10

Test11

rectangle100

Test11 invertedreactangle10

0

Test11 invertedreactangle1

00

Test11

dashlines100

Test12 rectangle400

Test12 invertedreactangl400

Test12 invertedreactangl400

Test12 dashlines400

Test13 fillrectangle10 Test13 lines10 Test13 filledpoly100 Test13 widelines10

Test14 fillrectangle100 Test14 lines100 Test14 screencopy10 Test14 widelines100

Test15 fillrectangle400 Test15 lines400 Test15 screencopy100 Test15 widelines400

Test16 tilledrectangel10 Test16 arcs10 Test16 screencopy400 Test16 rectangle10

Test17 tilledrectangel100 Test17 arcs100 Test17 lines10 Test17 rectangle100

Test18 tilledrectangel400 Test18 arcs400 Test18 lines100 Test18 rectangle400

Test19 stiplerectangle10 Test19 filledarcs10 Test19 lines400 Test19 invertedreactangle10

Test20 stiplerectangle100 Test20 filledarcs100 Test20 arcs10 Test20 invertedreactangle100

Test21 stiplerectangle400 Test21 filledarcs400 Test21 arcs100 Test21 invertedreactangl400

Test23 invertedreactangle

10

Test23

filledpoly100

Test23

arcs400

Test23

filledpoly100

Test24 invertedreactangle

100

Test24

screencopy10

Test24

filledarcs10

Test24

screencopy10

Test25 invertedreactangl4

00

Test25

screencopy100

Test25

filledarcs100

Test25

screencopy100

Test26 arcs10 Test26 screencopy400 Test26 filledarcs400 Test26 screencopy400

Test27 arcs100 Test27 dashlines10 Test27 dashlines10 Test27 lines10

Test28 arcs400 Test28 dashlines100 Test28 dashlines100 Test28 lines100

Test29 filledarcs10 Test29 dashlines400 Test29 dashlines400 Test29 lines400

Test30 filledarcs100 Test30 widelines10 Test30 widelines10 Test30 arcs10

Test31 filledarcs400 Test31 widelines100 Test31 widelines100 Test31 arcs100

Test32 filledpoly100 Test32 widelines400 Test32 widelines400 Test32 arcs400

Test33 screencopy10 Test33 rectangle10 Test33 rectangle10 Test33 filledarcs10

Test34 screencopy100 Test34 rectangle100 Test34 rectangle100 Test34 filledarcs100

Test35 screencopy400 Test35 rectangle400 Test35 rectangle400 Test35 filledarcs400

Test36 Scroll Test36 bitmapcopy10 Test36 bitmapcopy10 Test36 bitmapcopy10

Test37 bitmapcopy10 Test37 bitmapcopy100 Test37 bitmapcopy100 Test37 bitmapcopy100

Test38 bitmapcopy100 Test38 bitmapcopy400 Test38 bitmapcopy400 Test38 bitmapcopy400

Test39 bitmapcopy400 Test39 image_string Test39 image_string Test39 image_string

Test40 image_string Test40 complex1 Test40 complex1 Test40 complex1

Test41 complex1 Test41 Scroll Test41 Scroll Test41 Scroll

52

Appendix B

X11perf code

R script to plot figures

# Reading data file in R

dF <- read.csv("x1-kde-data.csv", header=TRUE);

# Fujitsu computation

yF <- as.real(log(dF[ , 1]))

# Igel computation

yI <- as.real(log(dF[ , 2]))

# Thinlinc computation

yT <- as.real(log(dF[ , 3]))

# Plotting

iI <- sort(yI, index.return=T)$ix

par(tck=1)

plot (yF[iI], type="p", pch=19, col="red", xlab="test number", ylab="performance")

points (yI[iI], type="p", pch=19, col="blue")

points (yT[iI], type="p",pch=19, col="green");

Performance ratio graph

# Reading data file in R

dF <- read.csv("x1-kde-data.csv", header=TRUE);

# Fujitsu computation

yF <- as.real(log(dF[ , 1]))

# Igel computation

yI <- as.real(log(dF[ , 2]))

# Thinlinc computation

yT <- as.real(log(dF[ , 3]))

# Plotting

rF <- yF / yI

rI <- yI / yI

rT <- yT / yI

iI <- sort(rF, index.return=T)$ix

par(tck=1)

plot(rF,type="p",pch=19, col="red", xlab="test number", ylab="performance relative to Igel

TC")

points(rI, type="p",pch=19,col="blue")

points(rT, type="p",pch=19 col="green");

53

Appendix C

Table 18: Technical specification of new and old thin clients at the MR unit.

Specification

Fujitsu S550

IGEL-2100 LX Smart

CPU

1GHz

400 MHz

RAM

1 GiB

236 MiB

Cache

256 KiB

128 KiB

Network

1000 Mb/s

100 Mb/s

Graphics card

AMD Radeon X1250

VGA CHIPSET VIA

CLE266

Table 19: Considerd alternatives for the computational server.

Product

Description

HP Z800

HP ProLiant DL380

G6

Fujitsu Primergy TX

Type

Workstation

Server

Server

Processor

2 x Intel Xeon Quad

core E5560

2.8 GHz

2 x Intel Xeon Quad core

X5550

2.6 GHz

2 x Intel Xeon Quad

core E5530

2.4 GHz

Cache

8 MB L3-cache

16 MB L3 cache

8 MB L3 cache

RAM 6 GB (installed) / 192

GB (max) - DDR3

SDRAM - ECC - 1333

MHz

12 GB (installed) / 144

GB (max) - DDR3

SDRAM - 1333 MHz -

PC3-10600

12 GB (installed) / 96

GB (max) - DDR3

SDRAM - Advanced

ECC - 1066 MHz -

PC3-10600

Disks drives 2 x 500 GB - standard

- Serial ATA-300

1 x 1 TB - standard -

Serial ATA-300

1 x 1 TB - standard -

Serial ATA-300

Graphics

controller

Nvidia Quadro NVS

295

ATI ES1000

ATI

54

Communicat

ion

Network adapter - PCI

Express - Ethernet,

Fast Ethernet, Gigabit

Ethernet - Ethernet

Ports: 2 x Gigabit

Ethernet

Network adapter - PCI

Express - Ethernet, Fast

Ethernet, Gigabit

Ethernet - Ethernet

Ports: 4 x Gigabit

Ethernet

Network adapter -

Ethernet, Fast Ethernet,

Gigabit Ethernet -

Ethernet Ports: 2 x

Gigabit Ethernet

Table 20: Considered alternatives for thin clients.

S450

S550

S500

Processor

800 MHz

1 GHz

1 GHz

RAM

1 SODIMM

1 DIMM

1 FLASH

Maximum supported

RAM

1 GiB

2 GiB

2 GiB

Graphics

1920 x 1200 Pixel

2048 x 1536 Pixel

2048 x 1536 Pixel

Internal HDD module

Yes

Yes

No

PCI Slot

Yes

Yes

No

55

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