Fuel Cell Bulletin_2015_Issue 5

In the US, Plug Power has announced Wisconsin-based Uline Inc as a new customer for its GenKey turnkey package of fuel cell systems, hydrogen fueling infrastructure, and aftermarket service and support.

The initial deployment of GenDrive fuel cell units will power the forklift fleet at one of Ulines distribution centres in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin. Uline will also deploy a second fleet of GenDrive-powered lift trucks in a newly constructed facility in the coming months. Uline will operate more than 130 GenDrive units between the two facilities. In addition, Plug Power will expand the existing GenFuel liquid system used for the currently operational pilot project in Pleasant Prairie, into a full liquid system including eight dispensers.

This infrastructure leverages Plug Powers new GenFuel construction process, where a significant portion of the hydrogen

infrastructure is built onsite at its facility, then shipped to the customers site for installation. By building the equipment in-house, Plug Power can deliver these systems more cost-effectively and with short lead times.

Family-owned Uline is a leading distributor of shipping, industrial and packaging materials to businesses, from 12 branches across the US, Canada, and Mexico.

Plug Power recently won a contract for its full-service GenKey solution for the FreezPak Logistics cold storage distribution centre freezer warehouse currently under construction in Carteret, New Jersey [FCB, April 2015, p4]. Plug Power has also just rolled out its first hydrogen fuel cell ground support equipment, at Memphis International Airport in Tennessee [see page 2, and the Plug Power feature in FCB, December 2011].

Plug Power: www.plugpower.com

Uline: www.uline.com

fUelCELLS BULLETIN

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Contents

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fUelCELLS BULLETIN

ISSN 1464-2859/15 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reservedThis journal and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by Elsevier Ltd, and the following terms and conditions apply to their use:PhotocopyingSingle photocopies of single articles may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for non-profit edu-cational classroom use.

ISSN 1464-2859 May 2015

NEWS

Uline is new GenKey customer for Plug Power 1FuelCell Energy completes trigeneration project 1

ROAD VEHICLES

Ballard modules for China buses, UC Irvine bus 2

MOBILE APPLICATIONS

Plug Power, FedEx for fuel cell airport tractors 2SFC adds onboard power in German toll vehicles 3

SMALL STATIONARY

SOLIDpower system for European micro CHP 3Ballard initial Indian order for 100 backup units 4Cascadiant for Telkomsel fuel cells in Indonesia 4Ceres 40% increase in Steel Cell power output 5Convion SOFC with Fraunhofer IKTS, Plansee 5

LARGE STATIONARY

AFC for 300 MW in Dubai, 10 MW in Thailand 6Comcast, CenturyLink use Bloom Energy power 6Pepperidge Farm has second MW-class FCE unit 6

PORTABLE & MICRO

SFC EFOY ProTrailer for mobile hybrid power 7

FUELING

Quantum, Linde dispensers in California network 7Teesing demonstrates 700 bar hydrogen refueling 8H2USA new tools push hydrogen infrastructure 8

ENERGY STORAGE

ITM 500 kW electrolyser for tidal energy storage 8First P2G projects in US use Proton electrolysers 9

COMMERCIALISATION

Heliocentris has Inabata as Asia, US sales partner 9Intelligent Energy wraps Bic deal, adds carmaker 9PowerCell launches S2 next-generation stack 10Simark, GPT for EFOY Pro remote US power 10

RESEARCH

Toshiba new group hydrogen energy R&D centre 11DOE pushes hydrogen storage materials, systems 11

NEWS FEATURES

SOFC electrolyte with higher oxygen ionic conductivity 12

PNNL method creates alloy particles to replace Pt catalysts 13

Proton Motor focuses on cleantech competence 1415

REGULARS

Editorial 3

2015 Fuel Cell Seminar Call for Abstracts 5

News In Brief 11

Patents 1519

Events Calendar 20

Contents

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Uline is new GenKey customer for Plug Power

FuelCell Energy completes trigeneration project

Connecticut-based FuelCell Energy recently completed an industrial-scale combined heat, power and hydrogen (trigeneration) project at its manufacturing plant in Torrington, in a partnership with the US Department of Energys Advanced Manufacturing Office [FCB, April 2014, p7].

In addition to the generation of heat and power this sub-MW system also provides a stream of high-purity hydrogen for use in manufacturing operations. Hydrogen-rich gas mixtures are commonly used to protect metal surfaces during manufacturing. The Direct FuelCell molten carbonate power plant uses natural gas to generate electricity and process heat for manufacturing, and provides facility heat and hot water, as well as the hydrogen needed to make a protective atmosphere for subsequent fuel cell manufacturing.

This learn by making and using approach is a great example of public/private partnering that will result in real-world benefits, says

AMO director Mark Johnson. The tri-gen technology demonstrates efficient power and heat production combined with onsite hydrogen production, and has the potential to find applications in many process industries that use a reducing atmosphere for manufacturing.

FuelCell Energy has been operating a 250 kW DFC-H2 project at the Orange County Sanitation District in Fountain Valley, California, converting renewable biogas into hydrogen for vehicle fueling [FCB, August 2011, p1]. And it is participating in the first renewable energy quad-generation installation, which in addition produces food-grade CO2 for greenhouses in British Columbia [FCB, April 2014, p5]. FuelCell Energy is also installing a 1.4 MW power plant at the Pepperidge Farm bakery in Bloomfield, Connecticut [see page 5].

FuelCell Energy: www.fuelcellenergy.com

DOE, Advanced Manufacturing Office:

http://energy.gov/eere/amo

NEWS

2

Ballard modules for eight buses in China, powers UC Irvine bus

Canadian-based Ballard Power Systems has received an order from a Chinese customer, to supply its next-generation FCvelocity-HD7 PEM fuel cell power modules for eight buses to be deployed in several Chinese cities. And the first fuel cell bus in service with the University of California, Irvine transit system has been unveiled.

Ballard expects to ship the modules to the unnamed customer in China by year-end. Ballard recently terminated licensing deals for bus and telecom backup power with Azure Hydrogen in Beijing [FCB, February 2015, p9], but more positively, it supplied a module for the fuel cell-powered fixed rail electric tram recently unveiled by CSR Sifang in Qingdao [FCB, April 2015, p5].

We are now beginning to see meaningful evidence of growing demand for clean energy mass transportation alternatives in China, including both buses and trams, says Randy MacEwen, president and CEO of Ballard. This demand is being driven by a pressing need to address Chinas challenging air quality issues, for which fuel cell technology is seen as an emerging option.

The Chinese government is investing heavily in the renewable energy industry and on saving energy and reducing emissions. A new energy programme, launched in 2011 and involving 48 cities, aims to expand public transit while reducing the number of vehicles. One of its specific goals is to deploy more than 1000 clean energy buses in each of its participating cities, taking advantage of government subsidies to facilitate this expansion. Electric and fuel cell buses are eligible for a US$150 000 subsidy, while hydrogen fueling stations are eligible for a further $650 000 subsidy.

The UC Irvine bus, which will operate on the Anteater Express service, is the fifth American Fuel Cell Bus (AFCB) configuration delivered in California, starting with SunLine Transit in 2011 [FCB, December 2011, p2]. The AFCB configuration utilises Ballards FCvelocity-HD6 module to provide primary power, in combination with BAE Systems HybriDrive propulsion and power management systems, deployed in an ElDorado National 40 ft (12 m) Axes heavy-duty transit bus. The California Energy Commission provided project funding, administered through

the Calstart nonprofit clean transportation consortium.

This bus programme builds on UC Irvines expertise with hydrogen technologies, complementing existing research and utilising the established hydrogen fueling infrastructure. UC Irvine is home to the National Fuel Cell Research Center (NFCRC), and the Anteater Express/NFCRC collaborative will allow hands-on research and education in hydrogen-powered vehicle technologies for the UC Irvine community.

Ballard also expects to supply bus fuel cell modules as part of two projects in California and Ohio recently awarded funding by the Federal Transit Administration, again working with BAE Systems and ElDorado National [FCB, March 2015, p3].

Ballard Power Systems, Burnaby, BC, Canada. Tel: +1 604 454 0900, www.ballard.com

National Fuel Cell Research Center, UC Irvine: www.nfcrc.uci.edu

Calstart, National Fuel Cell Bus Program: http://tinyurl.com/calstart-fcbuses

Plug Power, FedEx project rolls out fuel cell airport tractors

FedEx Corporation, in collaboration with the US Department of Energy, Plug Power, and Charlatte America, has rolled out what it calls the worlds first zero-emissions, hydrogen fuel cell ground support equipment (GSE). Under a $2.5 million DOE grant, FedEx is operating 15 fuel cell-powered Charlatte GSE units and a Plug Power hydrogen fueling station at the FedEx World Hub at Memphis International Airport in Tennessee.

The 15 fuel cell powered GSE cargo tractors are now part of a fleet of more than 1500 gas, diesel, and electric cargo tractors at the FedEx World Hub. The units are fueled by hydrogen, dispensed directly into the fuel cell systems by the driver from a 15 000 US gallon (57 000 litre) liquid hydrogen fueling infrastructure located on the airport ramp.

While these hydrogen fuel cell powered cargo tractors may not look big, they are capable of pulling 40 000 lb [18 tonnes] of cargo on airport dollies in even the harshest weather conditions, says John Dunavant, VP of the FedEx Express World Hub in Memphis.

With strategic expansion in mind, Plug Power has developed products for GSE

Fuel Cells Bulletin May 2015

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NEWS / EdItorIAL

May 2015 Fuel Cells Bulletin3

E D I T O R I A L

200 issues of the Fuel Cells Bulletin the time has certainly flown by quickly, and plenty of companies have come and gone in that time

Looking back at issue 100 in January 2007, the front page highlights contrasting fortunes, with The Linde Group [see page 7 in this issue] and FuelCell Energy [see pages 1 and 6] still very active. Not so good for Millennium Cell, which had announced its acquisition of Gecko Energy Technologies, only to cease trading the following summer [FCB, July 2008, p7].

The news pages in that issue reported on developments that suffered mixed fortunes subsequently, with continuing activity at least in some form at ElectroChem, Precision Combustion Inc, Honda, Hydrogenics, DuPont, SFC, ReliOn (now part of Plug Power), ENrG, Nuvera, Mesoscopic Devices (acquired by Protonex Technology), Donaldson, ClearEdge Power (acquired by Doosan), Power+Energy, and Hy9. Those that have fallen by the wayside include GenCell, NanoDynamics, the SOFC activities of Siemens, PolyFuel, and MTI MicroFuel Cells.

The feature article in that 2007 issue, by our occasional North American contributor Vicki McConnell, focused on the downsized footprint and material changes for General Motors fourth-generation fuel cell technology. GM has certainly maintained a significant level of fuel cell activity, although it closed its renowned fuel cell facility in Honeoye Falls, New York and relocated this work to Pontiac, Michigan in 2013 [FCB, November 2013, p2]. Last summer GMs fleet of fuel cell electric vehicles passed the remarkable cumulative milestone of 3 million miles [FCB, June 2014, p2], but the automaker has now conceded its FCEV leadership to the likes of Hyundai [FCB, March 2013, p2], Toyota and Honda [FCB, November 2014, p1]. We await GMs next move with a keen sense of anticipation

Bringing us back to 2015, we have three news features in this issue. In the first, we report on work at the University of South Carolina and Clemson University to improve oxygen ionic conductivity in gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC), which is currently in use as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells [page 12]. In the second, researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in the US have developed a method to create nanoparticles that could replace expensive platinum in fuel cell catalysts, which includes placing them on a surface using ion soft landing techniques devised at PNNL [page 13]. The third feature reports on German-based Proton Motor Fuel Cell GmbH, and highlights the wide variety of application areas for its cleantech products and activities [pages 1415].

Steve Barrett

applications, starting with the airport baggage tuggers used by FedEx in Memphis. Plug Power installed the GenFuel hydrogen fueling station [FCB, December 2014, p4], and retrofitted the Charlatte GSEs for GenDrive fuel cell power [see the Plug Power feature in FCB, December 2011]. This is not the only project that FedEx has worked on with Plug Power and DOE; they recently collaborated to install and test GenDrive fuel cells in 35 forklifts at a FedEx Freight facility in Springfield, Missouri.

Plug Power, Latham, New York, USA. Tel: +1 518 782 7700, www.plugpower.com

Charlatte America: www.charlatteamerica.com

SFC follow-up order for onboard power in German toll vehicles

In Germany, SFC Energy has received a substantial follow-up order, to equip a further 306 Volkswagen T5 Transporter light commercial vehicles with EFOY Pro fuel cells. The Federal Office for Goods Transport (BAG) uses the vans for toll inspection purposes across Germany. SFC shipped 266 of its EFOY Pro fuel cells during Q4 of 2014, with the remaining 40 devices delivered in Q1 of 2015.

The EFOY Pro direct methanol fuel cell is a convenient, lightweight power generator. It automatically produces power for electric measuring and surveillance devices and office equipment onboard the vehicle. As the devices are operated continuously for 8 h or more each day, batteries alone cannot supply enough power, so the EFOY fuel cell is used to recharge the onboard batteries while the vehicle is stationary.

Our toll inspection officers have been convinced users of the EFOY Pro fuel cells for several years now [FCB, May 2009, p3 and July 2012, p2], says BAG fleet manager Ralf Muelhausen. The fuel cell offers them important logistic advantages.

Before, they had to drive their vehicle to the grid for recharging their batteries, or they had to idle the vehicles engine for a considerable amount of time, generating noise and emissions, explains Muelhausen. With the EFOY Pro they do not have to worry about power any more; the energy from the fuel cell is as silent and convenient as energy from the grid.

For the BAG we have successfully established a voucher infrastructure for fuel cartridge logistics, which is very convenient and efficient for operators as well as drivers, says Dr Peter

Podesser, CEO of SFC Energy. We regard the fact that Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles has installed our fuel cells for already five years now as a strong confirmation of our high product and service quality.

SFC Energy is a leading provider of hybrid stationary and portable power solutions [see the SFC feature in FCB, January 2013], and has sold more than 33 000 DMFC products worldwide into the oil & gas [FCB, July 2014, p4], security and industry [FCB, March 2015, p1], military [FCB, April 2014, p7], and consumer markets [FCB, May 2013, p3]. The company recently unveiled a trailer-based hybrid power solution [see page 7], and its Canadian subsidiary Simark Controls has announced new sales agreements for the US and Canada [see page 10].

SFC Energy, Brunnthal/Munich, Germany. Tel: +49 89 673 5920, www.sfc.com or www.efoy-pro.com

Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles: www.volkswagen-nutzfahrzeuge.de (in German)

Federal Office for Goods Transport: www.bag.bund.de (in German)

SOLIDpower unveils system for European micro CHP market

The SOLIDpower Group, an experienced developer of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) based systems, displayed its new EnGen 2500 micro combined heat and power (CHP) appliance for home and industry at the recent Hannover Messe trade fair in Germany.

In our development of energy cell technology, we have succeeded in bringing down the operating temperature to around 700C, which means that we can work with less heat generation for the current we produce, explains Guido Gummert, CEO of SOLIDpower GmbH. Our objective has been to achieve the highest possible electrical efficiency, but without compromising the total efficiency of the system. With an electrical efficiency of 50% and a total efficiency of 90% [LHV], we are right out in front.

The EnGen 2500 appliance, with 2.5 kW electrical output and 2 kW thermal output, can operate on natural gas and biogas. It has been granted the coveted A++ classification under the European ERP (Energy Related Products) Directive, certifying a high level of electrical efficiency with maximum micro

SmALL StAtIoNAry

NEWS

4Fuel Cells Bulletin May 2015

CHP efficiency. The development of a Europe-wide service network and the training of selected local installation companies working in partnership will ensure rapid entry into the market, which is planned for the end of 2016.

We have grown beyond the development stage of the EnGen 2500 and, with the help and support of the ene.field promotion programme [FCB, October 2012, p4], we are in the process of getting the mature technology ready for the forthcoming entry into the market, says Gummert.

The technology also offers the ability to combine up to six EnGen 2500 appliances in series. This is targeted at end-users with larger electricity and heat requirements, such as small and medium-sized businesses, or groups of several office units within a building.

The first to benefit from this technology in Germany is the utility Stadtwerke Augsburg Energie GmbH, where the first two SOLIDpower appliances will be put through their real-world paces starting this summer.

SOLIDpower SA in Switzerland originally as HTceramix [FCB, April 2007, p6] developed the groups own SOFC stack, while SOLIDpower SpA in Italy developed the appliance technology, and SOLIDpower GmbH is building a sales and service network in Germany and Italy.

The technology has been field-tested in Italy with the Rete Crisalide and ene.field projects. Stack assembly is now almost fully automated at its factory in Mezzolombardo in northern Italy, with a capacity of 1000 stacks per annum.

SOLIDpower SpA, Mezzolombardo (Trentino), Italy. Tel: +39 0461 1755 068, www.solidpower.com

Ballard wins initial Indian order for 100 backup power units

Canadian-based Ballard Power Systems has received a purchase order from Reliance Jio Infocomm Ltd (RJIL) in India, for 100 ElectraGen-ME fuel cell backup power systems to be deployed in its wireless telecom network. Shipment of these initial 100 systems is expected to be completed this year.

The order follows successful completion of a 12-month trial by RJIL of fuel cell systems from various vendors, with Ballards ElectraGen-ME methanol-fueled system ultimately having been selected for use in backup power applications. This order is the first of a series of planned deployments in RJILs Indian network.

This is an important commercial milestone for our telecom backup power growth strategy in a major emerging market, says Ballards chief commercial officer, Steve Karaffa. Based on the performance and value demonstrated by our systems throughout the trial, we are now advancing to extensive commercial deployments with a major telecom service provider.

RJIL is a subsidiary of Reliance Industries Ltd, Indias largest private sector company, with a strong presence in the rapidly expanding telecom sector. It is currently building out a new 4G telecom network, which requires the acquisition of hundreds of new base station towers.

India is one of the fastest growing telecom markets, with more than 10 million new subscribers added each month, according to the GSMA mobile operators association. This growing demand for telecom services is also driving increased energy consumption, a challenge given the poor quality of Indias electric grid. There is therefore an acute need for reliable and cost-effective extended-duration backup power solutions such as the ElectraGen-ME fuel cell system at telecom base station sites.

To limit the environmental impact, Indias Department of Telecommunications has mandated that tower companies reduce their dependence on diesel generators, by powering at least 50% of rural towers and 20% of urban towers with clean energy systems by 2015. Increasingly, telecom network operators in India are considering fuel cell technology as an extended-duration solution that effectively addresses this clean energy requirement.

In late 2013 Ballard supplied ElectraGen-ME systems for a pilot project in the telecom network of Idea Cellular, Indias third-largest mobile services operator [FCB, December 2013, p1]. The fuel cell systems were utilised in combination with solar technology to generate continuous power at five wireless base stations. Before that, Idea Cellular powered telecom base stations with Ballards ElectraGen-H2 direct hydrogen systems, using by-product hydrogen from a nearby chemical plant [FCB, March 2012, p3].

Ballard Power Systems, Burnaby, BC, Canada. Tel: +1 604 454 0900, www.ballard.com

Reliance Industries Ltd: www.ril.com

Cascadiant to deploy, manage fuel cells for Indonesian Telkomsel

Singapore-based Cascadiant has been awarded a contract to deploy its clean energy solutions on the island of Sumatra by Indonesias largest mobile

operator, Telkomsel. The fuel cells will supply critical backup power to some of Telkomsels most important sites.

This agreement sees Cascadiant continue to expand deployment of its Managed Energy Service (MESSM), which offers an immediate reduction in an operators carbon footprint while cutting operating costs and greatly increasing site availability and performance. Cascadiants MES solution combines the use of the latest clean technologies such as fuel cells, Li-ion batteries, hybrid generator technology, solar and wind, with a full turnkey approach to end-to-end service.

As part of the deal with Telkomsel, Cascadiant will integrate its IntelSite monitoring platform to fully manage all aspects of the energy network on a 24/7 basis via its Network Operations Center in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Indonesia has the ability to use domestically produced clean energy for commercial backup applications, and lead ASEAN [Association of Southeast Asian Nations] in the adoption of a hydrogen economy, says Marshall Towe, CEO of Cascadiant. Operators are finally waking up to the fact that Cascadiant can eliminate their diesel generators and not only reduce CO2, but to stop them from being held hostage to the ever fluctuating price of oil.

Over 80% of network outages experienced by mobile operators are power-related. Cascadiants solution, at above 99% availability, is far more reliable and provides mobile operators with much greater network availability and, most importantly, increased revenue generation. The city of Medan is a particularly challenging power environment. Telkomsel believes that Cascadiant has proven its capability, and is looking forward to implementing the solution and seeing significant benefits.

Cascadiant fuel cell deployments with telecom operators in Indonesia include Hutchison CP Telecommunications [FCB, November 2012, p4] and XL Axiata and Telkom International [FCB, February 2013, p5]. Cascadiant recently expanded its agreement with the Indonesian Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, including deployment of the agencys first hydrogen fuel cell as backup power for its data centre [FCB, March 2015, p4].

Cascadiants Managed Energy Solution is built around the advanced ElectraGen PEM fuel cell technology originally developed by IdaTech in the US, now part of Canadian-based Ballard Power Systems [FCB, August 2012, p10].

Cascadiant Singapore. Tel: +65 6220 6418, Email: [email protected], Web: www.cascadiant.com/fuelcell.html

Cascadiant Indonesia. Tel: +62 21 522 5466, Email: [email protected]

NEWS / CALL For AbStrACtS


2015 Fuel Cell Seminar & Energy Exposition

The 2015 Fuel Cell Seminar & Energy Exposition will take place 1619 November at the Westin Bonaventure Hotel in downtown Los Angeles, California.

This years event will bring together more than 1000 delegates from around the world and representing the entire global fuel cell industry supply chain.

Call for AbstractsThe Call for Abstracts is now open, as the organisers seek abstracts for session speakers and poster presentations from academics, industry, and government professionals to be featured during the conference. Abstracts must be submitted online via the website, with the submission deadline of Friday 29 May.

The topic areas (and sub-topics) for the 2015 Fuel Cell Seminar Call for Abstracts are:

Fuels and Renewable Energy: hydrogen production & storage; renewable energy fuel generation; hydrocarbon fuel processing, conversion, handling, and utilisation by fuel cells; fuel safety & training.

Fuel Cell Industry Status & Analysis: fuel cell industry status & forecasts; fuel cell commercialisation, trends, new markets, scale-up and cost analysis; application market economics, value propositions, financing and customers; industry, academic and public partnerships; public involvement, investment or promotion of fuel cell and related energy industries, government policy.

Fuel Cell Applications: automotive, bus and other motive applications; emerging market applications (including materials handling equipment, telecom backup power, ground support equipment); stationary (primary and backup distributed generation, CHP, trigeneration, micro and smart grids, renewable energy/fuel cell hybrid systems); auxiliary power units (terrestrial, aviation, maritime); military; and portable.

Fuel Cell Technology Development: PEM, alkaline exchange membrane, molten carbonate and phosphoric acid, solid oxide, other fuel cell technology, balance of plant, and advancements in manufacturing and assembly.

Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Related Technologies for Energy Storage: reversible fuel cells; flow batteries; and technology validation (demonstrations, cost analysis, market economics).

Fuel Cell Education & Training: fuel cell and energy curriculum development; and student and general public outreach.

More information: www.fuelcellseminar.com/abstracts

Ceres Power reports 40% increase in power output of its Steel Cell

UK-based Ceres Power says that early test results show an increase of more than 40% in the overall power density of its Steel Cell technology, through a variety of material and mechanical improvements to cell and stack design. This milestone has been achieved against the companys internal roadmap, and further validates the route to affordable products based on its unique intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) technology.

Ceres expects these improvements to be brought forward from R&D to customer programmes later this year, resulting in lower product costs and accelerating the adoption of end-user products using the technology. The company is working with leading power systems companies to develop and commercialise power products.

Considerable technical progress has been made in the past six months, and all of the key technical performance milestones have been met, with net electrical efficiency increased to 47%. Ceres says that this is equivalent to the highest performance achieved for SOFCs in the Japanese market, and is superior to existing offerings from PEM fuel cell technology providers.

The target for the next period is to demonstrate that the Steel Cell technology can enable a net efficiency exceeding 50%. This would enhance the already significant benefit to the residential consumer in terms of economic payback, and widen the potential of the technology to other markets, such as prime and backup power applications for businesses.

The impact of this performance improvement is potentially a 40% reduction in stack cost, and in the region of a 20% reduction in overall system cost, says CTO Mark Selby. We have a number of exciting technology development programmes, like this one, that will translate into a sustained competitive advantage.

Last autumn Ceres signed a next-stage joint development agreement with a leading global Japanese power systems company, following extensive testing of Ceres IT-SOFC technology in the UK and Japan [FCB, November 2014, p6].

Ceres Power, Horsham, West Sussex, UK. Tel: +44 1403 273463, www.cerespower.com

Convion SOFC relies on Fraunhofer IKTS, Plansee innovations

More details have emerged of the collaborative effort behind the recent launch of Convions C50 solid oxide fuel cell product for distributed power generation [FCB, April 2015, p6]. This features an innovative SOFC stack design jointly developed by Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS in Germany and Austrian metal components specialist Plansee.

In February Convion started operation of its innovative C50 SOFC cogeneration system, using MK351 stacks produced by Fraunhofer IKTS. Manufacturing of the product has been successfully finalised, and validation has begun at 20 kW net power. Convion is seeking to commercialise the new product, bringing it to market with interested partners and showcasing the future of distributed power generation.

The MK351 stack design was jointly developed by Fraunhofer IKTS and Plansee. It comprises only a few component parts, allowing simple and automated assembly. All the stack components can withstand high temperatures, and system and temperature cycles. Careful matching of components allows the desired high power density of the cell and the required cycle stability. Currently, the performance degradation of a stack integrated in a hot box is

NEWS


produces several CFY interconnect designs for customers worldwide with pilot and industrial production lines.

Convion Ltd, Espoo, Finland. Tel: +358 10 328 7370, www.convion.fi

Fraunhofer IKTS, Energy Systems Materials and Components: http://tinyurl.com/ikts-energy-systems-materials

Plansee, SOFC interconnects: http://tinyurl.com/plansee-sofc-interconnects

AFC deals to deploy 300 MW in Dubai, 10 MW in Thailand

UK-based AFC Energy has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Dubai Carbon Centre of Excellence, to assess the potential deployment of 300 MW of alkaline fuel cell generation capacity in Dubai by 2020, in what would be the worlds largest single fuel cell deployment. AFC has also executed its first Heads of Agreement in Thailand, to initiate a programme of commercial fuel cell deployment with Bangkok Industrial Gas (BIG).

The landmark deal with Dubai Carbon will see the partners working in collabora-tion with some of Dubais leading companies. Dubai Carbon and AFC will initially assess the potential for fuel cell deployment within projects such as Dubai Expo 2020, The World by Nakheel, and major infrastructure projects including Al Maktoum International Airport.

Dubai Carbon and AFC will now commence initial pre-feasibility studies across these and other near-term opportunities. Once development projects are identified, Dubai Carbon and AFC will form a joint venture for delivery. The JV would look to operate the projects, and dispatch power and water. The deployment offers a significant economic opportunity to monetise not only energy generated by the fuel cell power plants, but uniquely also from the sale of water by-product from the catalytic process.

The JV will work closely with Dubai Electricity and Water Authority, Emirates National Oil Company, and Dubai Aluminium Company which together own Dubai Carbon in assessing these opportunities, and with local funding sources to support the equity and debt financing arrangements for the commercial projects. Dubai Carbon and AFC will engage

with Dubai-based clean energy funds to finance projects as they are taken forward.

The deal with BIG in Thailand will look to assess and deploy an initial 10 MW of fuel cell capacity, utilising surplus hydrogen from BIG-owned hydrogen pipelines and related facilities in energy-hungry Rayong Province. The next step is initial techno-economic feasibility studies, before committing any capital expenditure.

BIG and AFC have agreed a three-phase deployment programme, with 2 MW scheduled to be operational by the end of 2016, a total of 5 MW by the end of 2017, and reaching 10 MW by the end of 2018. BIG and AFC will then assess a number of other fuel cell deployment opportunities across Thailand.

The country has long been identified as an important location for AFC, both in terms of the market for fuel cells [FCB, March 2014, p7], but also as a possible location for long-term manufacturing and fabrication, says Adam Bond, CEO of AFC. Our collaboration with BIG is a further important statement of intent to focus our business on short-term industrial fuel cell deployment, particularly in Asia.

AFC Energy recently signed a deal to deploy an initial 50 MW of alkaline fuel cell generation capacity in Korea [FCB, March 2015, p1]. And in Europe, the AFC-led Power-Up project is preparing to demonstrate the companys alkaline fuel cell system at Air Products industrial gas plant in Stade, Germany [FCB, March 2015, p5, and see the AFC Energy feature in FCB, November 2011].

AFC Energy, Cranleigh, Surrey, UK. Tel: +44 1483 276726, www.afcenergy.com

Dubai Carbon Centre of Excellence: www.dcce.ae

Bangkok Industrial Gas: www.bigth.com

Comcast, CenturyLink mark Earth Day with Bloom Energy power

In the US, broadcasting giant Comcast has started up Bloom Energy solid oxide fuel cell systems to power the companys Western New England regional headquarters in Berlin, Connecticut. And telecoms company CenturyLink has installed Bloom Energy fuel cells in the sustainable power infrastructure for its Irvine, California data centre. The new installations were announced to mark Earth Day (22 April), when events take place around the world to demonstrate support for environmental protection.

The Comcast facility serves as its regional headquarters for five New England states, and is the master facility for receiving and processing TV signals for distribution on the Comcast network. The 400 kW SOFC system will provide up to 80% of the facilitys total energy load. The Bloom Energy Servers are installed with uninterruptible power modules (UPMs), and will enable the Comcast facilitys headend to maintain operations during grid outages. The project will also help Comcast to reduce the facilitys annual CO2 emissions by an estimated 875 tonnes.

Meanwhile in California, CenturyLink has installed 500 kW of Bloom Energy SOFC power plants at its data centre in Irvine; this is Blooms first data centre deployment in southern California. This CenturyLink project demonstrates that data centres and cloud service providers now have alternative solutions that will meet both their reliability and sustainability goals, says Peter Gross, VP of mission-critical systems at Bloom Energy.

Synchronising the fully commissioned Bloom Energy fuel cells to our electrical infrastructure supports the escalating power demands for network and IT infrastructure in an environmentally sustainable way, adds David Meredith, senior VP at CenturyLink. Businesses that use multi-tenant data centres and cloud-based solutions, like those offered by CenturyLink, are contributing to a better environment, which is further enhanced by technologies such as Bloom Energy.

Bloom Energy Servers produce more than 150 MW for major companies and organisations in the US and Japan [FCB, April 2015, p7], including a 6 MW deployment at an eBay data centre in Utah [FCB, October 2013, p3], and installations in Japan through its joint venture with SoftBank [FCB, July 2014, p6]. The company provides grid-independent power for critical loads in data centres and manufacturing through its Mission Critical Systems practice.

Bloom Energy Corporation, Sunnyvale, California, USA. Tel: +1 408 543 1500, www.bloomenergy.com

Comcast Cable: www.comcastcorporation.com

CenturyLink: www.centurylink.com

Pepperidge Farm adds second MW-class FCE unit to flagship bakery

In Connecticut, Danbury-based FuelCell Energy is installing a 1.4 MW Direct FuelCell power plant at the

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Pepperidge Farm bakery in Bloomfield. The new system joins an existing MW-class DFC system, installed in 2008; the two molten carbonate fuel cell systems, in combination with a solar array, will provide all of the facilitys power needs.

FuelCell Energy will manufacture, install and service the power plant, work on which has already commenced. Pepperidge Farm a brand of Campbell Soup Company will pay for power under a power purchase agreement (PPA). This new unit will supplement the existing 1.2 MW DFC power plant, installed in 2008 [FCB, October 2007, p5]. The agreement also includes the multi-year extension of the service contract for the existing DFC system. FuelCell Energy is developing this project, and expects to finalise permanent financing by the time the power plant enters commercial operation, with commissioning expected by year-end.

Pepperidge Farms Bloomfield bakery installed its first FuelCell Energy power plant in 2005, a 250 kW DFC300A system deployed with FCEs distribution partner PPL EnergyPlus [FCB, May 2005, p5].

Pepperidge Farm is a great example of a customer that has experienced significant savings in power costs and dramatically reduced pollutant and carbon emissions, while improving energy security and power reliability, says Chip Bottone, CEO of FuelCell Energy. Our ultra-clean and affordable power plants add value for food and beverage processors such as Pepperidge Farm, and repeat orders like this validate our solutions and customer service commitment.

The scalable DFC power plants support the incremental addition of units to meet growing power needs, such as this commercial bakery project. The new 1.4 MW power plant will be installed adjacent to the existing fuel cell system, and together they will meet the entire energy needs of the facility, with an onsite solar array supporting peak power needs. The high-quality, ultra-clean heat produced by the fuel cell power generation process is key to an innovative two-stage heat recovery that includes steam generation for use in the baking process, followed by secondary heat recovery in which excess heat is used to preheat air supplied to the thermal oxidiser used for odour destruction. The heat will be an integral part of an ammonia-based chilling system that will also be installed.

FuelCell Energy, Danbury, Connecticut, USA. Tel: +1 203 825 6000, www.fuelcellenergy.com

Pepperidge Farm: www.pepperidgefarm.com

SFC launches EFOY ProTrailer series for mobile hybrid power

German-based SFC Energy has unveiled a new trailer-based hybrid power solution for security & surveillance, communication, oil & gas, and traffic management applications. SFC introduced the EFOY ProTrailer series at last months ISC West security industry trade show in Las Vegas, Nevada.

The EFOY ProTrailer integrates SFCs popular EFOY Pro direct methanol fuel cells with up to four solar modules for optimum power flexibility. The cost-effective fuel cell/solar combination provides two complementary power sources: when the sun is shining, the required power is produced exclusively by the solar modules, with zero fuel consumption. Only when the solar modules cannot deliver enough power e.g. when in shadow, in bad weather, or at night the fuel cells will automatically start operation and fill the power gap.

The EFOY ProTrailer provides extremely long power autonomy without any user attendance. It comes fully equipped with an EFOY Pro 2400 Duo fuel cell, two or four fuel cartridges, up to four solar panels generating up to 1000 Wp total power, two or four batteries, and a 60 A solar charger, enabling maximum power flexibility as required in the individual application.

The new trailer was developed by SFC subsidiary Simark Controls [FCB, August 2013, p8], with initial sales beginning last November into security applications for the Canadian oil & gas industry. Further EFOY ProTrailers are on order from various customers for delivery now.

EFOY ProTrailer versions are available configured to match the specifications and power requirements of individual installations. For example, for security applications the EFOY ProTrailer can be equipped with cameras with a total continuous load of 70 W, the EFOY Pro 2400 Duo, four 28 litre M28 fuel cartridges, and 560 Wp of solar. The annual fuel requirement for this trailer version is about 140 litres (five fuel cartridges), so that this trailer will operate for almost a full year without requiring any user attendance.

SFC Energy is a leading provider of hybrid stationary and portable power solutions [see the SFC feature in FCB, January 2013], serving in particular the oil & gas [FCB, July 2014, p4], security and industry [FCB, March 2015, p1], military [FCB, April 2014, p7], and consumer

markets [FCB, May 2013, p3]. The company recently won a large order to equip Volkswagen vans with EFOY Pro fuel cells [see page 3], and its Canadian subsidiary Simark Controls has announced new sales agreements for the US and Canada [see page 10].


Simark Controls, Calgary, Canada: www.simarkcontrols.com

Quantum, Linde for hydrogen dispensers in California network

California-based Quantum Fuel Systems Technologies Worldwide has received multiple orders from Linde North America, to develop and manufacture additional retail hydrogen fueling dispensers for the further development of hydrogen fueling infrastructure in California.

Two years ago Quantum Technologies received an initial purchase order from Linde LLC for gaseous hydrogen refueling systems, the first under a three-year partnership [FCB, February 2013, p9]. The newly ordered hydrogen dispensers will be delivered to and commissioned by Linde North America a member of The Linde Group around the fourth quarter of 2015.

These hydrogen dispensers will incorporate new enhancements to the software and hardware, for a more user-friendly experience while continuing to enhance accuracy and performance. These dispensers will meet the revised SAE specifications [FCB, August 2014, p7] and OEM expectations for fast-fill performance and accuracy for measuring the flow of hydrogen to the vehicle.

The [California] hydrogen infrastructure is being built in key areas, with multiple phases expected to follow, says Brian Olson, president and CEO of Quantum Technologies. There is a growing network of hydrogen stations supporting the new fuel cell electric vehicles coming to California from multiple OEMs [FCB, June 2014, p6].

Quantum Technologies portfolio includes natural gas and hydrogen storage and metering systems, electronic and software controls, hybrid electric drive systems, and other alternative fuel technologies and solutions for natural gas and hybrid, plug-in hybrid electric

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and FCEVs, as well as modular, transportable hydrogen refueling stations.

Last autumn Linde completed the first retail hydrogen fueling station it will operate in the US, installed at the Ramos Oil Company multi-fuel facility in West Sacramento, California, which retails a range of conventional and specialist fuels [FCB, November 2014, p9]. The station features the Linde IC 90 ionic compressor, which enables higher throughput and enhanced back-to-back fueling [see the Linde feature in FCB, September 2014].

Quantum Fuel Systems Technologies Worldwide, Lake Forest, California, USA. Tel: +1 949 930 3400, www.qtww.com

Linde US Industrial Gases, Hydrogen Fueling Technologies: http://tinyurl.com/linde-us-h2fueling

Teesing demonstrates 700 bar hydrogen refueling technique

The Dutch company Teesing has developed a sustainable 700 bar (10 000 psi) refueling technique for hydrogen vehicles, which the company demonstrated in the recently completed PusH project by filling cylinders quickly and efficiently with hydrogen.

Various companies in the Netherlands want to facilitate the rollout of hydrogen powered vehicles, and are working hard on the development of fuel cells and the production, storage, and distribution of hydrogen. Teesing has spent several years optimising the critical processes to ensure that such vehicles will be practical and sustainable in the future.

Hydrogen has only one-third of the energy content of natural gas, which means that the same volume contains less energy. Refueling with hydrogen at a higher pressure (e.g. 700 bar) supplies enough energy to give a hydrogen vehicle a respectable range. The widely accepted target for end-user acceptance is that a vehicles hydrogen tank will have to be filled at 700 bar within 3 min.

However, the crux of the problem with rapidly filling cylinders with hydrogen is that the gas expands when it becomes hot. Currently the solution for this problem is to pre-cool the hydrogen, but this inefficient method results in unnecessary energy losses.

Teesing has developed a system which counteracts this expansion. The cylinder is first filled with water at a pressure of 700 bar, which is then displaced by introducing hydrogen gas into the cylinder at 700 bar. The prototypes have been successfully tested, and a patent has already been issued for the PusH principle.

This method has the additional advantage that no extra action is required to moisten the hydrogen: fuel cells function more efficiently if the hydrogen has been humidified.

The now completed PusH project also involved Itensify BV in the Netherlands, which focused on high-pressure and flow control systems; WEH GmbH in Germany, for hydrogen refueling components; and Tongji University in Shanghai, China. Teesing wants to follow up the commercial feasibility of this system, and is considering and looking for funding for a demonstration project in which Tongji University can continue its involvement.

Teesing BV, Rijswijk, The Netherlands. Tel: +31 70 413 0700, www.teesing.nl/en

Itensify BV, The Netherlands: www.itensify.eu

WEH GmbH, Germany: www.weh.com/refuelling-systems-hydrogen.html

H2USA develops new tools to push hydrogen infrastructure forward

The US Department of Energy recently announced new tools developed in support of the H2USA public-private partnership, focused on hydrogen fueling infrastructure analysis and cost-effective development.

The new analysis tools were developed to help address technical and financial barriers to hydrogen fueling infrastructure deployment:

TheHydrogen Refueling Stations Analysis Model (HRSAM) will help to assess the impact of station design on station economics. The model, developed by Argonne National Laboratory, optimises station component size to meet demand while minimising cost. It estimates capital and operating cost based on design variables such as station capacity and hydrogen delivery mode.

TheHydrogen Financial Analysis Tool (H2FAST) provides in-depth financial analysis, including cashflow and return-on-investment for hydrogen fueling stations based on financial inputs such as station capital cost, operating cost, and financing mechanisms. This tool was developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

DOE, along with automakers and other stakeholders, founded H2USA two years ago to address the key challenges of hydrogen infrastructure [FCB, May 2013, p7]. Its mission is to promote the introduction and widespread adoption of fuel cell electric vehicles across the US. A year later, DOE launched the Hydrogen

Fueling Infrastructure Research and Station Technology project (H2FIRST), to leverage capabilities at the national laboratories to address the technology challenges related to hydrogen refueling stations [FCB, May 2014, p7].

H2USA jointly led by Sandia National Laboratories and NREL is a prime example of DOEs efforts to bring national lab capabilities and facilities together to address immediate and mid-term challenges faced by the industry.

Two H2FIRST project task reports have been published:

TheReference Station Design report details engineering models and economic analyses of five hydrogen refueling station templates that can meet near-term market needs. The authors evaluated station economics using HRSAM, and prepared detailed designs which include piping, instrumentation, and bills of materials. These references are meant to help stakeholders evaluate station configurations, and to encourage standardisation of station components.

TheHydrogen Contaminant Detector report describes the current commercial state-of-the-art technologies in contamination detection. It also identifies primary requirements for implementing a hydrogen detection device at a station, and provides a gap analysis.

H2USA: www.h2usa.org

Hydrogen Refueling Stations Analysis Model: www.hydrogen.energy.gov/h2a_delivery.html

Hydrogen Financial Analysis Tool: www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/h2fast

H2FIRST: http://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/h2first

Reference Station Design report: www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64107.pdf

Hydrogen Contaminant Detection report: www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64063.pdf

DOE Fuel Cell Technologies Office: www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells

ITM Power sells 500 kW electrolyser for tidal energy storage

In the UK, ITM Power has won a contract to supply an integrated hydrogen system for use at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) tidal test site on Eday, Orkney in Scotland. The systems principal component is a 0.5 MW polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyser with integrated compression and up to

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500 kg of storage.This HGas electrolyser will be used to absorb

excess power generated by the tidal turbines being tested at EMEC. The hydrogen generated will be compressed and stored, with some being used in an optional fuel cell to provide backup power to critical EMEC systems. The remainder of the hydrogen will be used off-site by a further project being developed separately, which plans to absorb the output of a local community wind turbine operated by Eday Renewable Energy Ltd.

ITM will supply, integrate, commission and maintain all parts of this system. The rapid-response, CE-compliant electrolyser will be packaged in a standard 20 ft (6.1 m) and a 10 ft (3 m) ISO container, and provide up to 220 kg/day of hydrogen generation capacity with self-pressurisation up to 20 bar (290 psi), with hydrogen purity satisfying ISO 14687.

ITM has also offered an additional maintenance contract alongside the integrated system, as well as a PEM fuel cell for local backup power. The total contracted value of the project is 1.8 million (US$2.8 million).

This is an innovative way to tackle the shortcomings of the local grid, which is holding back marine energy in Orkney, says EMEC managing director Neil Kermode. It will allow us to not only pilot the production of hydrogen fuel from tidal energy, but will allow surplus renewable energy on the island to be used without having to rely on the inadequate grid.

ITM Powers PEM electrolysers are perfect for island deployment, given the logistics of power distribution and fuel supply, adds Dr Graham Cooley, CEO of ITM Power. This application by EMEC is a fantastic example as to how the rapid-response functionality of ITMs systems offer freedom from the grid constraints of distributed and remote renewable energy.

ITM recently delivered a Power-to-Gas (P2G) electrolyser system to RWE Deutschland in Germany [FCB, March 2015, p9], and was also awarded UK government funding to build two new hydrogen vehicle refueling stations in London, and upgrade four existing stations in Sheffield and London [FCB, April 2015, p9].

ITM Power, Sheffield, UK. Tel: +44 114 244 5111, www.itm-power.com

European Marine Energy Centre: www.emec.org.uk

First Power-to-Gas projects in US feature Proton electrolysers

Southern California Gas (SoCalGas) has joined with the National

Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Colorado and the National Fuel Cell Research Center (NFCRC) at the University of California, Irvine to launch the first demonstration projects in the US to create and test a zero-carbon Power-to-Gas (P2G) system.

The project will involve testing two PEM electrolysers supplied by Connecticut-based Proton OnSite, nominally rated for 7 kW and 60 kW of input power, to generate hydrogen from a local solar photovoltaic (PV) source. The produced hydrogen will then be injected into a simulated natural gas pipeline system at the NFCRC.

Located at the NFCRC at UC Irvine and NRELs laboratories in Golden, Colorado, the P2G demonstrations will assess the feasibility and potential benefits of using the natural gas pipeline system to store PV and wind-produced energy. The project is expected to provide valuable data on the dynamics of hydrogen production in a renewable energy system, with initial project results expected by year-end.

The Power-to-Gas concept uses electricity from renewable sources to make hydrogen. This can then be converted to synthetic methane (i.e. natural gas) and stored in existing natural gas pipelines to meet future demand. Alternatively, the hydrogen or natural gas can be used in vehicles, microturbines, fuel cells, or other equipment.

Commercial-scale P2G systems are already in use in Germany e.g. ITM Power [FCB, March 2015, p9], McPhy Energy [FCB, March 2015, p9], and Hydrogenics [FCB, February 2015, p9] and are being explored globally as a means to convert and store increasing levels of wind and solar power during times of excess supply. Such a commercial system could enable natural gas utilities across North America to use their existing pipeline infrastructure for large-scale, cost-effective storage, and deliver clean, renewable energy on demand.

Proton OnSite recently launched a new commercial MW-scale electrolyser platform, the M-Series, to address large-scale energy storage requirements worldwide [FCB, February 2015, p8, and see the Proton OnSite feature in FCB, September 2013].

Proton OnSite, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA. Tel: +1 203 678 2000, www.ProtonOnSite.com

National Fuel Cell Research Center, UC Irvine: www.nfcrc.uci.edu

NREL, Energy Systems Integration: www.nrel.gov/esi

Southern California Gas: www.socalgas.com

Heliocentris signs up Inabata in Japan as Asia, US sales partner

German-based Heliocentris Energy Solutions has signed a strategic partnership with Inabata Europe GmbH, a subsidiary of the Japanese trading company Inabata & Co Ltd. The alliance will give Heliocentris access to the Japanese, Korean and US markets, and Inabata will provide E1 million (US$1.1 million) in fresh capital funding.

The agreement initially for a five-year term grants Inabata exclusive distribution rights to all Heliocentris products in Japan, and also in Korea and the US for applications which are not target applications for Heliocentris itself. In return, Inabata undertakes to buy products and solutions such as those offered from Heliocentris exclusively from the German company, and expects to become an important supplier to Heliocentris for certain strategic components.

Inabata has subscribed to debentures of the existing 2014/2017 convertible bond with a total nominal value of E1.0 million, in a private placement, to be repaid in January 2017.

Heliocentris is a leading provider of energy efficiency solutions and services in distributed power for global customers in information and communication technology, education, and applied research. Last year it acquired FutureE Fuel Cell Solutions GmbH, to create a new market leader in Germany for fuel cell-based energy solutions [FCB, June 2014, p1].

Heliocentris Energy Solutions AG, Berlin, Germany. Tel: +49 30 340 601500, www.heliocentris.com

Inabata Group: www.inabata.co.jp/english

Intelligent Energy closes Bic acquisition, adds Asian automaker

UK-based Intelligent Energy has completed its acquisition of the portable fuel cell and disposable fuel cartridge assets of Socit Bic [FCB, March 2015, p6]. The acquisition is a key step in realising IEs vision for embedded hydrogen fuel cell technology for universal wireless power. And in its latest business update, IE confirmed that it has entered into a new Joint Development

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Agreement with a further, significant Asian vehicle manufacturer.

The Bic acquisition, combined with Intelligent Energys advanced PEM fuel cell technology, is a significant step towards the mass-market availability of embedded hydrogen fuel cell technology to power consumer electronic devices. Bic itself acquired the assets of Canadian-based Angstrom Power in 2011, to complement its own R&D on fuel cartridges [FCB, December 2011, p6].

Intelligent Energy acquired Bics fuel cell and disposable cartridge technology for US$13 million on completion, and $2 million to be paid once transition services are completed. The agreement includes a potential earn-out up to $7 million.

Bics embedded fuel cell technology complements Intelligent Energys existing technology, as it provides additional intellectual property (IP) assets relating to the volume production of planar 2D fuel cells and disposable fuel cartridges, that can be deployed in line with IEs contract manufacturing model. This will allow IE to reduce the time and cost of developing and deploying production-ready embedded fuel cells and fuel cartridges, and strengthen relationships with its current Consumer Electronics partners.

Intelligent Energy also revealed in its latest business update that its Motive division has entered into a Joint Development Agreement with a new Asian mainstream vehicle manufacturer, which was not named but described as significant. This means that IE now has four automotive OEM customers, for which it recently unveiled a high-performance 100 kW automotive fuel cell architecture [FCB, April 2015, p4].

Intelligent Energy, Loughborough, UK. Tel: +44 1509 271271, www.intelligent-energy.com

Bic: www.bicworld.com

PowerCell launches S2 next-generation stack at Hannover Messe

Nordic fuel cell developer PowerCell Sweden officially launched its S2 next-generation PEM fuel cell stack at the Hannover Messe trade fair in Germany last month. This new-generation PEM fuel cell stack will allow the company to target additional applications and expand its market potential.

PowerCells S2 stack is designed to work in auxiliary power units (APUs) on reformate gas, as well as in a variety of systems running on pure hydrogen, for both automotive and

stationary applications. It uses thin metal bipolar plates and state-of-the-art membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) to give a robust and high-performance design that is prepared for serial production from the start.

The S2 platform will complement the companys S1 first-generation stack, which has a power output of 15 kW, as it covers a larger power range up to 25 kW, while still offering the same tolerance of CO and reformate gas. The PEM-based S2 technology is designed for a low pressure drop, and is the choice for automotive applications.

Another feature of the S2 stack platform is the capability for repeated start/stop cycles, which means that the battery buffer can be minimised. A major benefit of the S2 stack is its high CO tolerance, which is a key factor to allow operation on reformate gas. This feature has been proven in extensive testing in the lab, as well as in connection with PowerCell reformers in the complete PowerPac system.

The interest from the transport, telecom, and other sectors is huge, given these industries need to reduce operating expenses while at the same time find power solutions that are clean, sustainable, and compliant with ever-stricter environmental legislation, says Andreas Bodn, the companys marketing and sales manager.

PowerCell a spinout from the Volvo Group [FCB, July 2005, p1] has combined its PEM fuel cell and autothermal reactor (ATR) reforming technology to develop a fuel cell system that converts diesel fuel to electricity in an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly manner, with minimal emissions and quiet operation. The company is collaborating in a new Norwegian project that aims to greatly reduce diesel consumption for electricity generation during vehicle loading and unloading at a grocery distributor, utilising the PowerPac generator, which combines a diesel reformer with a PEM fuel cell [FCB, April 2015, p3].

PowerCell Sweden AB, Gothenburg, Sweden. Tel: +46 31 720 3620, www.powercell.se

Simark, GPT in sales agreement for EFOY Pro remote US power

Canadian company Simark Controls, a subsidiary of German-based SFC Energy, has announced a new sales agreement with Gentherm Global Power Technologies (GPT), under which GPT will sell SFCs EFOY Pro portfolio of fuel cell based off-grid and remote power solutions into the US remote power market.

GPT formerly known as Global Thermoelectric is a leading provider of remote off-grid power solutions to the global oil & gas market, with a worldwide distribution and partner network and more than 30 000 remote power systems deployed in 50+ countries. In the framework of the new agreement, GPT will sell EFOY Pro direct methanol fuel cell off-grid and remote power solutions into the US remote power market. In a second step, GPT plans expansion of EFOY Pro sales activities into its international customer base, including Asia and South America.

We have selected the EFOY Pro power supplies because they are a perfect complementary solution for applications where thermoelectric generators (TEGs), solar modules, or batteries alone are not the right fit, says GPT president James Bolen.

GPTs TEGs, which convert heat produced by a gas burner directly into power, provide very reliable power for a wide variety of off-grid scenarios. GPT offers TEGs in output sizes from 50 to 500 W for applications requiring power up to 5 kW.

GPTs decision to include our EFOY Pro Energy Solutions into their sales portfolio is a major milestone for us, says Dr Peter Podesser, CEO of SFC Energy. We believe that GPTs worldwide sales presence, reputation, and expertise in off-grid power solutions will create wider visibility in explaining the value proposition provided by our EFOY Pro fuel cells in the US market.

In other news, Simark Controls has announced that it will sell and service Schneider Electrics Telemetry & Remote SCADA Solutions (TRSS) products in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Yukon, and Northwest Territories. Simark and SFC expect significant synergies to come from this extension of the Simark product portfolio, since TRSS systems require reliable off-grid power, which can be provided by a range of integrated, fully autonomous power supplies based on SFCs EFOY Pro fuel cells.

SFC recently won a large follow-up order to equip Volkswagen vans with EFOY Pro units [see page 3], and unveiled a trailer-based hybrid power solution [see page 7].


Simark Controls, Calgary, Canada: www.simarkcontrols.com

Gentherm Global Power Technologies: www.genthermglobalpower.com

Schneider Electric, Telemetry & Remote SCADA Solutions: http://tinyurl.com/schneider-trss

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Competition open for f-cell award 2015Entries are being invited for the 15th f-cell award for innovative fuel cell technology, which will be presented at the f-cell 2015 conference and trade fair, taking place 1214 October in Stuttgart, Germany.

This year, the f-cell award is offered in the categories Products & Market and Research & Development, with the latter aimed in particular at universities, research institutions, and companies conducting R&D. The competition is open to companies, scientific institutions and institutes, and private individuals from all over Europe. The closing date for applications is 27 July: www.f-cell.de/english/award

The cash prizes total E25 000, with the jury able to grant special prizes and acknowledgments for outstanding entries which have not won an award.

The f-cell conference and trade fair runs alongside the Battery+Storage and e-mobility solutions events, which together comprise the World of Energy Solutions: www.world-of-energy-solutions.com

Japanese project to produce hydrogen from wind power off Nagasaki coastThe Japanese Environment Ministry and construction giant Toda Corporation are conducting an experiment to generate hydrogen from wind power, which is stored for later use. The project is under way at a wind power facility about 1 km (0.6 miles) off Kabajima, one of the Goto Islands in Nagasaki Prefecture, according to a report in The Asahi Shimbun.

Using 80 m-diameter wind turbines, the offshore power plant has an electrical power output of 2 MW. It transmits electricity through a seabed cable to Kabajima, where Kyushu Electrics power grid supplies 100 households.

This Power-to-Gas (P2G) project can now use excess wind-generated electricity to extract hydrogen from water. The hydrogen produced will be stored in liquid form as methylcyclohexane (C7H14), obtained by reacting hydrogen and toluene. The project trials in early April produced hydrogen and stored it as methylcyclohexane, from which hydrogen was successfully extracted using heat and a catalyst. The experiments will continue until March 2016.

H2 Refuel H-Prize tech data requirementsThe Hydrogen Education Foundation in the US has announced the technical testing specifications for the $1 million H2 Refuel H-Prize competition (www.hydrogenprize.org). Potential contestants are encouraged to review the specifications in detail prior to submitting their designs by 29 October.

Finalist entries to the H2 Refuel H-Prize competition will be evaluated on technical and financial criteria [FCB, November 2014, p11].

Toshiba launches new group hydrogen energy R&D centre in Japan

Toshiba Groups new Hydrogen Energy Research & Development Center (HRDC) was recently opened at the companys Fuchu Complex in western Tokyo. The centre will concentrate group-wide initiatives to realise a hydrogen economy, and will drive forward the development and demonstration of solutions that integrate hydrogen-related energy technologies.

The HRDC will install a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) being developed in a New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) project, and use it in combination with solar photovoltaic (PV) generation systems, fuel cells, and other apparatus to carry out demonstration experiments.

The Toshiba Group has the essential technologies including solar PV, wind, hydroelectric and other renewable generation systems, water electrolysis systems, and fuel cells for achieving a hydrogen economy, using hydrogen as a low-carbon energy source. Toshiba will integrate these technologies in end-to-end solutions, extending from hydrogen production to utilisation. The Group aims to increase hydrogen-related sales to 100 billion (US$830 million) by 2020.

The company is working towards realising local energy production for local consumption. To this end, it will develop a practical energy supply system that utilises renewable energy to power hydrogen-producing water electrolysis systems, and then uses fuel cells to convert the hydrogen to electricity as and when needed. The system will be deployed in locations where electricity generation and transmission costs are high, such as isolated islands and remote places.

Toshiba also aims to establish a hydrogen supply chain by 2025. For example, hydrogen produced overseas at low cost, using large-scale wind energy, could be used to generate zero-carbon electricity in hydrogen-fired gas turbine power plants in Japan. This will allow large amounts of hydrogen to be stored and supplied without any need for transmission lines to connect Japan to overseas power generation.

Toshiba recently began the H2One demonstration in Kawasaki City, an independent energy supply system based on renewable energy and the use of hydrogen for power generation [FCB, April 2015, p1].

The company is also participating in the Levenmouth project in Scotland, using solar and wind energy to produce hydrogen for buildings and vehicles [FCB, April 2015, p11].

Toshiba, Hydrogen Economy: www.toshiba.co.jp/newenergy/en/index.htm

DOE awards $4.6m to push hydrogen storage materials, systems

The US Department of Energy has announced up to $4.6 million in funding, for four projects to develop advanced hydrogen storage materials. These have the potential to enable longer vehicle driving range, and help make fuel cell systems competitive for different vehicle platforms and sizes.

Ames Laboratory in Iowa (www.ameslab.gov/dmse/fwp/complex-hydrides) will receive up to $1.2 million to investigate the development of novel high-capacity, silicon-based borohydride/graphene composite hydrogen storage materials produced through mechano-chemical processes. This project is expected to develop reversible, high-capacity hydrogen storage materials with sorption kinetics sufficient to achieve DOE system targets.

TheCalifornia Institute of Technology in Pasadena (www.caltech.edu) will receive up to $1 million to develop novel high-capacity hydrogen sorbents based on high-surface-area graphene. Improved sorbents with higher volumetric capacity will allow for more optimal system design and improve total performance over current materials, making hydrogen sorbent systems a more viable option for practical applications.

Texas A&M University (www.chem.tamu.edu/rgroup/zhou) will receive up to $1.2 million to develop new low-cost hydrogen sorbents that have high hydrogen sorption capacities that exceed the Chahine rule or the expected hydrogen adsorption per unit of surface area. Improved sorbents with higher volumetric capacity and improved thermal conductivity will allow for more optimal system design and improve total performance over current materials, making hydrogen sorbent systems a more viable option for practical applications, and to meet DOE onboard storage system targets.

TheUniversity of Michigan in Ann Arbor (http://tinyurl.com/umich-ESMS) will receive up to $1.2 million to develop best-in-class hydrogen sorbent materials, with a focus on simultaneously achieving high volumetric and high gravimetric densities.

DOE Fuel Cell Technologies Office: www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells

rESEArCh

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SOFC electrolyte with higher oxygen ionic conductivity

Improving oxygen ion transport in GDCThe research, which was recently published in Nature Communications, involves improving the transport of oxygen ions, a key component in converting chemical energy into electricity. The team studied a well known material, gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC, also referred to as cerium-gadolinium oxide, CGO), which transports oxygen ions and is used as an SOFC electrolyte. Through the use of additives and a smart chemical reaction, they demonstrated a greatly enhanced conductivity in GDC, resulting in a faster and more efficient conversion into electricity.

This breakthrough will pave the path to fabricate next-generation energy conversion and storage devices with significantly enhanced performance, increasing energy efficiency and making energy environmentally benign and sustainable, says Fanglin (Frank) Chen, a mechanical engineering professor in the College of Engineering and Computing at the University of South Carolina.

Segregation of Gd in the grain boundaryChen explains that the origin of the low grain boundary conductivity is known to be segregation of gadolinium (Gd) in the grain boundary, which leads to a built-in charge at the interface, referred to as the space charge

effect. This built-in charge serves as a barrier for ion transport at the interface. The challenge is how to effectively avoid the segregation of Gd in the grain boundary. The grain boundary is extremely narrow, on the order of a few nm, so it is extremely difficult to characterise and rationally control the amount of Gd in such a narrow region.

In order to make clean grain boundaries and avoid the segregation of Gd at the interface, we have added an electronic conductor cobalt iron spinel [CoFe2O4, known as CFO], resulting in a composite structure, adds co-author Kyle Brinkman, a materials science and engineering professor at Clemson University. The CFO reacts with the excess Gd present in the grain boundary of GDC, to form a third [ternary] phase [Figure 1].

It was found that this new phase could also serve as an excellent oxygen ionic conductor. The team further investigated the atomic microstructure around the grain boundary, through a series of high-resolution characterisation techniques. They found that Gd segregation in the grain boundary had been eliminated, leading to dramatic improvement in the grain boundary oxygen ionic conductivity of GDC.

Oxygen permeation demonstrationThe improved oxygen ionic conductivity of GDC has been demonstrated in an oxygen permeation experiment, where the elevated

oxygen ion transport was used to separate pure oxygen from air at elevated temperatures. The approach of targeting emergent phases, resulting in clean interfaces, can be applied to a number of essential materials for energy conversion and storage devices used in handheld electronics, vehicles, and power plants, making them more cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly.

Ceramic composites consisting of ionic and electronic conductive components like those in this study are currently under consideration for membrane separation devices that provide oxygen for enhanced conversion of coal and natural gas, as well as for membrane reactors used in natural gas conversion and recovery.

The other team members include Dr Ye Lin and Dr Shumin Fang from the University of South Carolina, and Dr Dong Su in the Center for Functional Nanomaterials at Brookhaven National Laboratory, who contributed to the electron microscopy investigations.

ReferenceYe Lin, Shumin Fang, Dong Su, Kyle S. Brinkman, Fanglin Chen: Enhancing grain boundary ionic conductivity in mixed ionicelectronic conductors, Nature Communications 6 (10 April 2015), Article number 6824, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7824 (Open Access).

Contact: Professor Frank Chen, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. Tel: +1 803 777 4875, Email: [email protected], Web: http://tinyurl.com/sc-mecheng

University of South Carolina, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Center: www.sofccenter.com

Or contact: Dr Kyle S. Brinkman, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA. Tel: +1 864 656 1405, Email: [email protected], Web: www.ces.clemson.edu/ceramicmaterials4energy

Brookhaven National Laboratory, Center for Functional Nanomaterials: www.bnl.gov/cfn

Scientists from the University of South Carolina and Clemson University in South Carolina have found a way to improve oxygen ionic conductivity in gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC), which is currently in use as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs).

Figure 1. (a) Traditional dual-phase mixed ionicelectronic conductors (DP-MIECs) without for-mation of the third phase, and (bd) novel ternary-phase MIECs (TP-MIECs). The latter are shown as (b) CGOCFO (50:50), (c) CGOCFO (60:40), and (d) CGOCFO (80:20) in this work.

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May 201513

Fuel Cells Bulletin

PNNL method creates alloy particles to replace Pt catalysts

Replacing expensive platinum with common metals in a reactive, highly tunable nanoparticle form may expand the use of fuel cells. Scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have now made such metal nanoparticles, using a new gas-based technique and ion soft landing approach. As an added benefit, the particles are bare, without a capping layer that coats their surfaces and reduces their reactivity.

The PNNL study shows how to create particles comprising abundant metals, but with a similar reactivity to platinum. This new preparation technique may also be used to create alloy nanomaterials for solar cells, heterogeneous catalysts for a variety of chemical reactions, and energy storage devices.

The new method gives scientists fine control over the composition and morphology of the alloy nanoparticles on surfaces, says Dr Grant Johnson, a PNNL physical chemist who led the study.

The team created the nanoparticles using magnetron sputtering and gas aggregation. They placed them on a surface using PNNL-developed ion soft landing techniques. The result is a layer of bare nanoparticles, made from two different metals, that is free of capping layers, residual reactants, and solvent molecules that are unavoidable with particles synthesised in solution.

The process begins with loading 1 inch-diameter metal discs into an instrument

that combines particle formation and ion deposition. Once the metals are locked into a vacuum chamber in the aggregation region, argon gas is introduced. The argon becomes ionised in the presence of a high voltage, and vaporises the metals through sputtering. The metal ions travel through a cooled region, where they collide with each other and stick together. The result is bare ionic metal nanoparticles that are about 410 nm across. The mass spectrometer filters the ionic particles, removing those that dont meet the desired size. The filtered particles are then soft landed onto a surface of choice, such as glassy carbon, a commonly used electrode material.

Creating the alloy particles in the gas phase provides numerous benefits. The conventional solution-based approach often results in clumps of the different metals, rather than homogeneous nanoparticles with the desired shape. Furthermore, the particles lack a capping layer, which eliminates the need to remove these layers and clean the particles, which makes them more efficient to use.

An important benefit is that it allows us to skirt certain thermodynamic limitations that occur when the particles are created in solution, says Johnson. This allows us to create alloys with consistent elemental constituents and conformation. Furthermore, the kinetically limited gas-phase approach also

enables the deposition of intermediate species that would react away in solution.

The coverage of the resulting surface is controlled by how long the particles are aimed at the surface, and the intensity of the ion beam. At relatively short time frames on flat surfaces, the nanoparticles bind randomly. If the process is run for longer, a continuous film forms. Stepped surfaces result in the nanoparticles forming linear chains on the step edges at low coverage. With longer times and a surface with defects, the particles cluster on the imperfections, providing a way to tailor surfaces with particle-rich areas and adjacent open spaces. The characterisation experiments were done using atomic force microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and other tools in PNNLs Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL).

While this work focuses on single nanoparticles, the final result is an extended array with implications that stretch from the atomic scale to the mesoscale. Mesoscale research is about how things work together in extended arrays, says Johnson. Thats exactly what weve successfully built here.

The researchers are now exploring different metal combinations with various platinum ratios to get the desired characteristics for fuel cell catalysts. They plan to study these particles further in the new in situ transmission electron microscope, planned to open in EMSL in 2015, to understand how the particles evolve in reactive environments.

ReferenceGrant E. Johnson, Robert Colby, Julia Laskin: Soft landing of bare nanoparticles with controlled size, composition, and morphology, Nanoscale 7(8) (28 February 2015) 34913503, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nr06758d

Contact: Dr Grant E. Johnson, Chemical Physics & Analysis Program, Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA. Tel: +1 509 371 6753, Email: [email protected], Web: www.pnnl.gov/psd

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory: www.emsl.pnl.gov

Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in the US have developed a method to create nanoparticles with the potential to replace expensive platinum (Pt) in fuel cell catalysts. The team created the nanoparticles using magnetron sputtering and gas aggregation, and placed them on a surface using ion soft landing techniques devised at PNNL.

PNNL researchers created metal alloy particles using a technique that involves magnetron sputtering and gas aggregation, then placed them on a surface using ion soft landing techniques. [Source: Nanoscale, Royal Society of Chemistry]


FEAturE

Proton Motor focuses on cleantech competence

Proton Motor (PM) develops and manufactures fuel cell systems for mobile, marine, and stationary applications based on polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) technology. All of its systems are modular and expandable. The spectrum of supply options offered by PM ranges from stacks developed and produced in-house, right through to turnkey applications.

The companys competence and expertise in the integration of fuel cell technology into overall systems, means that PMs service goes far beyond the system interfaces. To ensure

optimum system integration, PM accompanies and supports its customers as a project partner in both the planning and implementation phases of design, testing, commissioning and servicing, as well as in certification and acceptance by third parties. PMs many years of experience have resulted in highly serviceable products, which guarantee effective operation.

House with autonomous energy supplyThe Blue Hamster [Figure 1] is a long-term energy storage system from Mossau Energy, which is based on hydrogen and is being used at Klar Energie in Dernbach. To allow the energy stored in the form of hydrogen to be used again, a central component of the Blue Hamster system is the Proton Motor PM Module S5 stationary fuel cell system.

A short-term

Fuel Cell Bulletin_2015_Issue 5

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