From [email protected]. This mean of cells: The cell is one of the most basic units of life There are millions of different types of cells. There.

From

[email protected]

This mean of cells:

The cell is one of the most basic units of life There are millions of different types of cells.  There are cells that are organisms onto themselves, such as microscopic amoeba and bacteria cells. 

There are two types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are usually independent, while eukaryotic cells are often found in multicellular organisms.

Anatomy of cells

And there are cells that only function when part of a larger organism, such as the cells that make up your body.  The cell is the smallest unit of life in our bodies.  In the body, there are brain cells, skin cells, liver cells, stomach cells, and the list goes on.  All of these cells have unique functions and features. 

Prokaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells

The prokaryote cell is simpler, and therefore smaller, than a eukaryote cell, lacking a nucleus and most of the other organelles of eukaryotes. There are two kinds of prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea; these share a similar structure.

Procaryotic: These cells are simple in structure, with no recognizable organelles. They have an outer cell wall that gives them shape. Just under the rigid cell wall is the more fluid cell membrane. The cytoplasm enclosed within the cell membrane does not exhibit much structure when viewed by electron microscopy

Procaryotic

Living cells are divided into two types - procaryotic and eucaryotic (sometimes spelled prokaryotic and eukaryotic). This division is based on internal complexity. The following pages can provide graphic roadmaps to the organization of both of these cell types.

cells are about 15 times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as 1000 times greater in volume. The major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound compartments in which specific metabolic activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, a membrane-delineated compartment that houses the eukaryotic cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means "true nucleus." Other differences include:

Eukaryotic

Eucaryotic: The cells of protozoa, higher plants and animals are highly structured. These cells tend to be larger than the cells of bacteria, and have developed specialized packaging and transport mechanisms that may be necessary to support their larger size. Use the Interactive animation of plant and animal cells to learn about their respective organelles.

Eukaryotic

Eukaryotic Cell

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Typical organism bacteria, archaea protists , fungi,

plants, animals Typical size ~ 1–10 µm ~ 10–100 µm (

sperm cells, apart from the tail, are smaller)

Type of nucleus Type of nucleus nucleoid region; no real nucleusreal nucleus with double membrane

Table 1: Comparison of features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

DNA circular (usually) linear molecules (chromosomes) with histone proteins

linear molecules (chromosomes) with histone proteins

coupled in cytoplasm

RNA-synthesis inside the nucleusprotein synthesis in cytoplasm

Ribosomes 0S+30S60 5S+40S

unicellular

amoeba

Amoeba Free-living protozoan groups that inhabit soils and natural waters are extremely diverse, not only in their structure but also in the manner in which they feed, reproduce, and move. The amoebas are a diverse group of free-living protozoa that probably evolved from a number of different primitive protozoan ancestors.

Euglena is a genus of unicellular protists, of the class Euglenoidea of the phylum Euglenozoa (also known as Euglenophyta). They are single-celled organisms. Currently, over 1,000 species of Euglena have been described. There are many to be discovered. Marin et al. (2003) revised the genus to include several species without chloroplasts, formerly classified as Astasia and Khawkinea.

Euglena

Cyanobacteria as blue-green algaeis phylum of bacter are aquatic and photosynthetic, that is, they live in the water, and can manufacture their own food. Because they are bacteria, they are quite small and usually unicellular,

Cyanobacteria

blue-green algae

though they often grow in colonies large enough to see. They have the distinction of being the oldest known fossils, more than 3.5 billion years old, in fact! It may surprise you then to know that the cyanobacteria are still around; they are one of the largest and most important groups of bacteria on earth.

Paramecium is a group of unicellular ciliate protozoa, which are commonly studied as a representative of the ciliate group, and range from about 50 to 350 μm in length. Simple cilia cover the body, which allow the cell to move with a synchronous motion (like a caterpillar).

Paramecium

Plant Cell Structure

Animal Cell Structure

Unit Membrane Typical Structure - composed of protein and lipid (fat) molecules  

Cell Membrane

Structure - same as unit membrane. Function - acts as a boundary layer to contain the cytoplasm (fluid in cell)                - interlocking surfaces bind cells together                

Cell Membrane

               - selectively permeable to select chemicals that pass in and                  out of cells

Cell Wall Structure    - a non-living secretion of the cell membrane, composed of      cellulose    - cellulose fibrils deposited in alternating layers for strength    - contains pits (openings) that make it totally permeable

Cell Wall

Function    - provides protection from physical injury    - together with vacuole, provides skeletal support  

Chloroplast Structure    - composed of a double layer of modified membrane (protein,      chlorophyll, lipid)    - inner membrane invaginates to form layers called "grana"      (sing., granum) where chlorophyll is concentrated

Chloroplast

Centriole Structure - nine triplets of microtubules form one centriole                - two centrioles form one centrosome Function 

- forms spindle fibres to separate chromosomes during cell division  

Centriole

Vacuole Structure    - a single layer of unit membrane enclosing fluid in      a sack Function    - produces turgor pressure against cell wall for support    - stores water and various chemicals    - may store insoluble wastes

Vacuole

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Structure

- sheets of unit membrane with ribosomes on the outside          - forms a tubular network throughout the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Function

- transports chemicals between cells and within cells                - provides a large surface area for the organization                  of chemical reactions and synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Ribosome Structure - non-membraneous, spherical bodies composed of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein enzymes

Function - site of protein synthesis

Ribosome

Golgi Apparatus Structure - stacks of flattened sacs of unit membrane (cisternae)          - vesicles pinch off the edges Function - modifies chemicals to make them functional                - secretes chemicals in tiny vesicles                - stores chemicals                - may produce endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Mitochondrion Structure - composed of modified double unit membrane (protein, lipid)     - inner membrane infolded to form cristae Function - site of cellular respiration ie. the release of chemical energy from food

Mitochondrion

Glucose  +  Oxygen  ------> Carbon Dioxide  +  Water  + Energy (ATP)

Lysosome Structure - membrane bound bag containing hydrolytic enzymes      - hydrolytic enzyme = (water split biological catalyst) i.e. using water to split chemical bonds

Lysosome

Function

- break large molecules into small molecules by inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bond

Lysosome

nuclear envelope                      nucleolus                                  chromatin                                 nucleoplasm

Nucleus

Nucleus The nucleus consists of the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin, and nucleoplasm.

Nuclear Envelope Structure - two unit membranes with a fluid-filled space         - nuclear pores present         - outer membrane may be continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleus

Function - selectively permeable to control movement in or out        - contains nuclear contents

Nucleus

Chromatin Structure - composed of long thin strands of DNA Function

- contains instructions that control cell metabolism and heredity

Chromatin

Nucleolus Structure

- non - membraneous matrix of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein Function - instructions in DNA are copied here       - works with ribosomes in the synthesis of protein

Nucleolus

                                                     - Usually in the form of chromatin

- Contains genetic information

- Composed of DNA

- Thicken for cellular division

- Set number per species (i.e. 23 pairs for human)

Chromosomes

1. Are euglena unicellular or multicellular?

2. What Kingdom do euglena belong to? What Phylum?

3. What organelle carries out photosynthesis?

4. On which end is the flagellum located?

5. Define autotrophic.

Write answers to the following:

6. Define heterotrophic.

7. Describe the two ways in which the euglena get their nutrients.

8. What is the eyespot used for?

9. What is the function of the nucleus?

10. What is the function of the contractile vacuole? What would happen if the cell did not have this organelle.

Cell Structure and Function Quiz

Lable the diagram

Lable the diagram

11. This structure is made of DNA 

12. Produces ATP 

13. Creates turgor pressure 

14. New proteins are made on the 

15.  This organelle controls entry into the cell 

Write answers to the following:

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