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Cell TheoryThe cell is the basic unit of _______in living
organismsAll organisms are made of ________ cellsAll cells ________
from other cellsThere are two types of cells: ___________ (small,
simple, no nucleus, single chromosome, bacteria) and ___________
(nucleus, typical cell, anything other than
bacteria)cellstissueorgansorgan systemorganismExamples?life1 or
morecomeprokaryoteseukaryotes
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Match The Following Terms
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Animal CellGolgi
ApparatusCytoplasmMitochondriaNucleusRibosomesCell MembraneNuclear
MembraneSmooth ERRough ER
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Plant
CellMitochondriaChloroplastNucleusNucleolusCytoplasmVacuoleRough
ERSmooth ERCell WallCell MembraneGolgi
ApparatusRibosomesLysosomeNuclear Membrane
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Energy TransformationLaw of Conservation of Matter: During an
ordinary chemical change, there is no detectable change in the
_________ of matter
Law of Conservation of Energy: energy cannot be _________ or
_________, but can change in form
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are the
organic macromolecules. They are composed of __________ and
___________ with additional elements and are the building blocks of
all living things.amountcreateddestroyedcarbonhydrogen
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Organic
MacromoleculesenergyenergyhereditaryDisaccharidepolypeptidesupportRice,
bread, potatoesMeat, cheese, beansButter, oilDNA/RNAMeat, fruit,
vegetables
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EcologyMatter and energy change forms by means of food chains
and food webs (a series of interconnected food chains).Producers
come first in a food chain. Producers are also called
__autotrophs___ and include plants and other organisms that make
their own food (usually through a process known as
__photosynthesis_______________).Consumers (or _heterotrophs__) are
shown in the order in which they consume their food or prey.
Consumers can obtain their food through __predation___ or
__scavenging___.Decomposers are organisms that break down dead
organisms and allow nutrients to be recycled. They come last in a
food chain.Example of a food chain:
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EcologyEcology is the study of the interaction among organisms
and between organisms and their environment. Levels of ecological
organization:The environment is made up of living components
(_biotic_ factors) and nonliving components (__abiotic__
factors)Organisms that live closely with other organisms are in a
symbiotic relationship.Mutualism a. one organism benefits while the
other is harmedCommensalismb. both organisms benefitParasitismc.
one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor
harmed
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Biomeshabitatnichesuccession
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DNAGenetics is the scientific study of ___heredity__, or the
passing of traits from parents to offspring. Traits are passed by
means of _genes_, or deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA contains segments
called __codons_ which code for certain __proteins___. These
proteins control the traits of an organism. More about DNA:DNA
makes up the _chromosomes___ that are found in the nucleus of a
cell.DNA is a type of nucleic acid.Its shape is a twisted ladder,
or a _double helix____.DNA is made up of sugars and phosphates (the
side of the ladder) and pairs of nitrogen bases (the steps of the
ladder). The bases in DNA are called adenine, thymine, guanine, and
cytosine. __A_ always bonds with _T__ and _C__ always bonds with
_G__.Any change in the base sequence of DNA is known as a
_mutation____. Mutations can lead to a change in the protein that
is coded for by the affected gene. This change can lead to certain
disorders like sickle-cell anemia.
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Genetics
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Mitosis & MeiosisMITOSISProduces _identical_ genetic copies
1 cell copies its DNA and organelles and then splits into_2_
cellsOccurs for the purposes of growth and repair or asexual
reproductionHappens in body cellsConsists of Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, Telophse
MEIOSISProduces _gametes___ or sex cells (sperm and egg) for
sexual reproduction1 cell copies its DNA and splits into __4_ cells
during two cell divisionsEach of the resulting gametes is
__different__ from the starting cell and from each otherThe end
cells have the amount of DNA as the starting cellHappens in cells
of the testes and ovaries onlyConsists of Prophase I, Metaphase I,
Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II,
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Natural SelectionNatural SelectionIdea first stated by __Charles
Darwin_______Survival of the __fittest______Organisms that are best
___suited_____to their environment are more likely to live long
enough to produce offspring and pass their traits on to the next
generation.
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EvolutionChange in groups of organisms over a long period of
timeEvidence for evolutionary changesFossils (The deeper the
fossil, the _older__ it is)Comparative anatomy and the study of
_homologous___ structures (Example: human arm, dolphin fin, bat
wing, dog foreleg)Comparative _biochemistry__ (The fewer the
differences in DNA, the closer the organisms are
related)Comparative __embryology__ (Example: all vertebrates have
gill slits, tail, and notochord in early development)__direct___
evidence (Example: bacteria can quickly become resistant to
antibiotics)
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LifeCharacteristics of Living ThingsReproduceGrow DevelopNeed
food and require energyMade of cell(s)Respond to environmentAs a
group, evolve over time Homeostasis is an organisms ability to
maintain a _stable internal environment__
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Photosynthesis and Cell RespirationRespirationProcess of using
energy from sugar (glucose) to produce __energy__C6H12O6 +6O2 6CO2
+ 6H2O + 38ATPOccurs in ___mitochondria______Occurs in all living
organismsATP provides energy to do work in the cellWhen ATP is
used, it is converted to __ADP__, releasing
energyPhotosynthesisProcess of using energy from the sun to produce
__sugar__(glucose)6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy C6H12O6 +6O2Occurs in
_chloroplasts____of plants and some algae (autotrophs)How are
photosynthesis and respiration related?
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ProteinsProtein SynthesisTranscription_copying___ information
from DNA to mRNAmRNA then transported from DNA in the nucleus to a
_ribosome__TranslationInformation in mRNA used to construct
specific sequence of amino acidsInformation is translated from
language of nucleotides to the language of amino
acids_tRNA___carries amino acids to ribosomes where they are linked
together
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Cell TransportActive Transport- requires ATP (energy); particles
move from a __lower__ to _higher__ concentrationEndocytosis into
cellExocytosis- out of cellPassive Transport- does not require ATP
(energy); particles move from a _higher_ to _lower__ concentration;
works to result in dynamic equilibriumDiffusion- movement of
particles down a concentration gradientOsmosis- movement of
___water___ through a semi-permeable membraneFacilitated diffusion-
movement of particles down a concentration gradient through the use
of a transport protein
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States of MatterMatter is anything that has __mass____ and takes
up __space___.Matter is composed of units known as _elements__.
Elements are substances that are made up of only one kind of atom
and that cannot be broken down by ordinary means such as heating,
cooling, or crushing.A substance made up of two or more elements
chemically combined, such as H2O, is known as a __compound___. The
states of matter are the characteristic forms of all
substances:__solid__-matter that has a definite shape and
volume__liquid___-matter that has a definite volume, but takes the
shape of its container_gas__-matter that has no definite shape and
no definite volume; it fills its container
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ChemistryA __mixture__ is a combination of two or more kinds of
matter that can be separated; there are 2 kinds of
mixtures:Homogeneous- a mixture that is the same
throughoutHeterogeneous-a mixture with an unequal composition
throughoutA homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is known
as a ___solution__. It has two parts: 1. the _solvent__, which is
the substance that is doing the dissolving, and 2. the __solute__,
the substance that is being dissolvedPhysical properties are
characteristics of a substance that can be observed with the
senses. Examples include: hardness, colorChemical properties are
characteristics of a substance that describe how the substance
reacts with other substances. Examples: oxidation
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AtomsThe _atom_ is the smallest unit of an element; all matter
is composed of atoms
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AtomsAn atom that has gained or lost an electron is known as a
__ion__. These have positive or negative charges. __isotopes___ are
atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.The
Periodic Table Atomic number identifies the element and tells the
number of _protons___ in an element.Atomic mass is the average mass
of one atom of that element in atomic mass units.Mass number is the
number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus.
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Chemistry Matching
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BondingMost atoms need 8 valence (outer) electrons to become
stable. This is known as the __octet__ rule.Ionic bonds are
chemical bonds that result from the _transfer__ of an
electron.Ionic compounds contain an ionic bond; these compounds are
electrically charged
Covalent bonds are chemical bonds that results from the
__sharing__ of an electron.Covalent compounds contain a covalent
bond and are also known as _molecules__.
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Physical and Chemical ChangesA physical change occurs when there
is a change in the __physical___ property of a substance. This type
of change does not change the original substance into something
else. Includes:DissolvingMeltingFreezingExamplesA chemical change
occurs when there is a _rearrangement__ of atoms that makes or
breaks chemical bonds. This forms a different substance.
Includes:CombustionFermentationElectrolysisRusting/
oxidationTarnishingExamples
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Chemical ReactionsA chemical reaction is the process by which
the atoms of one or more substances are __changed__ to form
different substances.Reactants yield product(s).A__catalyst__ is a
substance that can speed up the rate of a chemical reaction by
lowering the activation energy but is not itself consumed in the
reaction.A chemical equation is a statement using chemical formulas
to describe the identities and relative amounts of the reactants
and products involved in the chemical reaction.Remember the Law of
Conservation of Matter: matter is neither __created__ nor
__destroyed___. Chemical equations should be balanced.
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Chemical ReactionChemical reactions always involve a change in
energy. But remember that energy is neither created nor destroyed.
Chemical reactions in which energy is absorbed are _endergonic____.
Energy is required for the reaction to occur.Chemical reactions in
which energy is released are __exergonic___. The energy that is
released was originally stored in the chemical bonds of the
reactants. Often the heat give off causes the product(s) to feel
hot.
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SolutionsSolutions are ____homogenous___ mixtures of two or more
substances.Solutions are composed of two parts:The __solvent____
does the dissolving.The ___solute___ is dissolved.Solubility is the
amount of solute that will __dissolve__ in a given amount of
solvent at a given temperature
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SolutionsThere are three types of solutions:In an _unsaturated__
solution, more solute can be added at a certain temperature and
still dissolve.In a _saturated__ solution, the maximum amount of
solute at a given temperature is able to dissolve (if more solute
is added, it will settle out).In a _supersaturated__ solution, more
solute has been added than the solvent can typically hold at a
certain temperature because the solution was heated up and then
allowed to cool slowly. A supersaturated solution contains more
solute than it would if the dissolved solute were in equilibrium
with the undissolved solute.
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Acids and BasesHigh concentrations of H+ ions indicate an
__acidic__ solution.High concentrations of OH- ions indicated a
_basic_ (or alkaline) solution.Equal concentrations of H+ and OH-
ions in the same solution indicates a _neutral__ solution.pH is the
measure of hydronium ion concentration in a solution.
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Acids and BasesAcid rain is rain that is more acidic than normal
rain due to the addition of _nitric and sulfuric acid___. Acid rain
has a pH less than _5.5_. The precursors of acid rain formation can
result from both natural sources (such as volcanoes and decaying
vegetation) and man-made sources (primarily emissions of sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxide resulting from the burning of fossil
fuels)sourbitterBelow 7Above 7