Frederick County Public Schools€¦ · Web viewDuva’s Reading Guide for POL Chapter 3: Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes Concept 3.1: Nucleic Acids Are Informational Macromolecules

Duva’s Reading Guide for POL Chapter 3: Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

Concept 3.1: Nucleic Acids Are Informational Macromolecules

I. Two types

a. DNA –

b. RNA –

II. Monomers =

a. Nitrogenous base –

i. DNA

1. Pyrimidines are ___ and ___

2. Purines are ___ and ___

ii. RNA

1. Pyrimidines are ____ and ____

2. Purines are ____ and ____

b. Pentose sugar –

i. DNA:

ii. RNA:

c. Phosphate group –

d. Phosphodiester linkage

III. Complimentary base pairing

a. DNA:

b. RNA:

c. Hydrogen bonds

IV. Shape

a. RNA:

b. DNA:

V. DNA carries information and is expressed through RNA.

a. DNA is informational

b. Replication

c. Transcription

d. Translation

e. Genome vs. gene

VI. The DNA base sequence reveals evolutionary relationships.

Concept 3.2: Proteins Are Polymers with Important Structural and Metabolic Roles

I. Functions

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

II. Monomers =

a. There are ____ different amino acids (aa).

b. aa structure

i. Amino group

ii. Carboxylic acid group

iii. R group

c. Bonded together by peptide linkages, or bonds.

i. Primary structure

ii. Secondary structure

1. α helix

2. β pleated sheets

iii. Tertiary structure

1. disulfide bridges

2. hydrogen bonds

3. hydrophobic

4. van de Waals interactions

5. ionic interactions

6. denatured

iv. Quaternary structure

d. Environmental conditions affect protein structure.

i. Temperature

ii. pH

iii. Concentration of polar substances

iv. Nonpolar

Concept 3.3: Some Proteins Act as Enzymes to Speed up Biochemical Reactions

I. Catalysts (enzymes)

II. Activation energy (Ea)

III. Substrates

IV. Active site

V. Enzyme-substrate complex (ES)

VI. How enzymes work

a. Inducing strain

b. Substrate orientation

c. Adding chemical groups

VII. Nonprotein partners for enzymes

a. Cofactors

b. Coenzymes

c. Prosthetic groups

VIII. Rate of Reaction

Concept 3.4: Regulation of Metabolism Occurs by Regulation of Enzymes

I. Metabolic pathways – the product of one reaction is a substrate for the next

II. Homeostasis (regulation)

a. Amount of enzyme

b. Activity of enzyme

III. Enzymes can be regulated by inhibitors.

a. Irreversible inhibition –

b. Reversible inhibition –

i. Competitive inhibitor –

ii. Noncompetitive inhibitor –

IV. An allosteric enzyme is regulated via changes in its shape.

a. Allosteric regulation –

i. Covalent modification:

ii. Noncovalent binding:

b. Ex. Protein kinases

V. Some metabolic pathways are usually controlled by Feedback inhibition.

a. Commitment step

b. Feedback inhibition