Francis Fongang Namaya Development of a mobile control system for Teklab Multipurpose Workstations on Android Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences Master of Engineering Information Technology Development of a mobile control system for TEKALAB Multipurpose Workstations on Android
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Francis Fongang Namaya
Development of a mobile control system for Teklab Multipurpose
Workstations on Android
Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences
Master of Engineering
Information Technology
Development of a mobile control system for TEKALAB Multipurpose Workstations
on Android
Abstract
Author(s) Title Number of Pages Date
Francis Namaya Development of a mobile control system for Teklab Multipur-pose Workstations on Android 64 pages 20 June 2013
Degree Master of Engineering
Degree Programme Information Technology
Specialisation option Mobile programming
Instructor(s)
Anssi Ikonen, Head of ICT Department. Antti Piironen, Principal Lecturer
This thesis was done for Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences at the depart-ment of Information and Communication Technology, Piha Lab. The aim of the thesis was to develop a mobile control system for TEKLAB Multipurpose Workstations on Android. The objective was to be able to monitor and control the TEKLAB ELP100NET laboratory tables from a mobile device through a graphical user interface. Another objective was to be able to view the status of all TEKLAB ELP100NET laboratory tables with the application. A Python program that runs on ConnectPort X2 via iDigi Device Cloud was developed along with the Android application developed to provide an interface for controlling and monitoring TEKLAB ELP100NET laboratory tables in the Piha lab Ethernet network. HTTP POST was used for sending and receiving RCI XML data string wrapped over SCI XML. The Digi ConnectPort X2 gateway was configured and connected to the Piha Lab Ethernet network interfacing with iDigi Device Cloud.
Table 1. RCI commands. Copied from Digi (2013). [4, 8.]
The table above summarizes and describes all the required commands in RCI. [4, 8.]
2.3.2 HTTP protocol
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a protocol that provides or establishes communica-
tion between an HTTP client and an HTTP server. This protocol uses the request-
response methods for communication between the client and server.
HTTP data transaction. Figure 6.
An HTTP session is established between sequences of network request-response
transactions. The client always initiates the transaction by sending a request message
11
via the Transmission Control Protocol on port 80. The HTTP server listens on port 80 to
receive the request and returns an appropriate response message back to the client.
Figure 13 shows a graphical representation of HTTP request and response message
architecture. Both messages consist of four fields and they are almost similar to each
other. The difference between a request and a response message is in the first field.
[5.]
HTTP architecture. Figure 7.
Request line
An HTTP communication is always invoked with a request message. This message
made of a request line which is responsible for sending the actual HTTP request type
to the server. A request line is made up of three different elements separated by a
space.
Request line. Figure 8.
The request line is the request method, also known as request type. This element de-
fines the request method that must be sent to the server. Nowadays, HTTP/1.1 sup-
12
ports nine different methods which are all listed in appendix 2.The Uniform Resource
Locator (URL) defines the location of the server where the request must be sent to.
The HTTP version tells the server the type of HTTP version is used by the client. [5.]
Status line
When a server receives a request message from a client, it sends an appropriate re-
sponse message back with the requested data and a status code. This status code is
contained in the status line of the response message.
The status line is made up the same way as the request line. It consists of three ele-
ments separated by a space.
Status line Figure 9.
The first element of the status line defines the HTTP version used by server. The next
two elements are the status code and status phrase. These two elements give infor-
mation back to the client so that he can monitor the HTTP transaction. Each status
code is made up of three digits. The first digit defines the class of response and the last
two digits indicate the response code in the selected class. There are five different
classes and each class has its own specific status codes. For a list of the most com-
mon status codes and phrases, see appendix 3. [5.]
Headers
The headers exchange additional information between the client and the server. There
are four different categories of headers, namely general, request, response, and entity
headers.
The general header gives general information about the message and can be
present in a request message or a response message.
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The request header specifies the client configuration and the preferred docu-
ment format. This type of header can only be present in a request message.
The response header can only be present in a response message and specifies
the server configuration.
The entity header gives some information about the body of the document. This
type of header is mostly present in a response message, but request messages
with PUT or POST methods can also have an entity header. See appendix 4 for
a list of the most common headers. [5.]
Blank line
The blank line separates the headers from the body. [5.]
Body
The body is always present in a request or response message. Usually, the body con-
tains the requested data that must be sent to the server or the client. [5.]
HTTP demonstration
An Http transaction starts with a request message to retrieve an image from a server.
The request line in the message shows the method, the URL, and the HTTP version.
The header is made of two lines, which tells the server that the client can accept imag-
es in the GIF or JPEG format.
The response message contains the status line and four lines of header. The header
lines define the date, server, MIME version, and length of the document. The body of
the document, which is separated by a blank line from the headers, contains the re-
quested image. [5.]
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An HTTP demonstration. This example retrieves an image from a server. Figure 10.
All HTTP sessions and connections undergo the HTTP demonstration shown in figure
10.
2.4 Security
Security is at the heart of every engineering product nowadays. The threats and chal-
lenges exposed to this engineering product are of vital importance. Developing the mo-
bile control system for TEKLAB multipurpose workstation will need to address the se-
curity issue since it involves connectivity of the Android mobile application to iDigi De-
vice Cloud as well as to the Digi connectPort X2 gateway over the Internet. The iDigi
Device Cloud depends on SSL security protocol to provide protection of data during
transmission to connecting devices that support standard HTTP methods. The mobile
application that will be developed on Android platform supports standard HTTP meth-
ods. So, to provide a secured connection for the Android mobile application to control
the TEKLAB multipurpose workstations via iDigi Server will be based on HTTP basic
authentication over SSL protocol.
HTTP basic authentication
HTTP basic authentication is an authentication mechanism based on user name and
password defined in the HTTP/1.0 specification to control accesses to client and server
resources. The user names and passwords are sent over the Internet as unencrypted
base64 encoded text. However, the authentication mechanism used in HTTP basic
authentication is not very secure unless all connections are over SSL. Figure 3 below
describes the HTTP basic authentication process. [6.]
15
HTTP Basic Authentication. Copied from Oracle (2013) [6.] Figure 11.
SSL security protocol
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a security protocol designed by Netscape to ensure a
secured communication across the Internet by using a public key encryption method to
authenticate the client (HTTP, LDAP or POP3) and server, ensuring data integrity and
securing data privacy. It was also designed to provide a secured, reliable and authenti-
cated connection between an HTTP server and client applications over a network using
TCP as a communication layer. [7,376; 8.]
SSL between application protocols and TCP/IP. Copied from Window (2013) [8.] Figure 12.
Two layers of protocol provided by SSL are found within the TCP framework namely;
SSL Record protocol and three protocols (i.e. Handshake Protocol, the SSL Cipher
Change protocol, and the SSL Alert Protocol) are designed to establish an SSL con-
nection. [7,376; 8.]
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The SSL protocol stack copied from Window (2013) [8.] Figure 13.
SSL Record protocol
SSL Record protocol role is to ensure data security and integrity as well as to fragment,
compress, encrypt the application data, and embody it with headers prior for transmis-
sion under the TCP protocol. The header fields to be used to embody the data are
Content type identifies the kind of data transmitted, Major version and Minor version.
[7,376; 8.]
Creating a packet under SSL record protocol copied from Window (2013) [8.] Figure 14.
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol operation
SSL protocol uses two concepts to operate namely; SSL connection implies a suitable
type of service bind to a logical client/server link and SSL session is a session invoked
17
by an SSL handshake protocol allowing parameters to be shared among SSL connec-
tions established between the server and the client.
The SSL protocol operates as follows: After an HTTP session is established between a
client and server, the client tries to connect to a portion of the website secured with
SSL, a message is delivered to the client by the server requesting for a secured con-
nection to be established. The client, in turn, sends its public key and security parame-
ters to the server for verification. Once the public key and security parameters are
matched, the server issues a digital certificate to the client for authentication. The client
verifies if the issued certificate received can be trustworthy and valid. If so, a message
is sent to the server which issues a digital acknowledgement to establish an encrypted
SSL session. This encrypted data is shared between the client and server as long as
the session remains active. [7,376; 8.]
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3 System description
The following components Digi ConnectPort X2 gateway and Application, which are the
cornerstone of the system, will be described.
3.1 Digi ConnectPort X2 Overview
The Digi ConnectPort X2 according to Digi international can be described as:
ConnectPort X2 is a small ZigBee to Ethernet/Wi-Fi gateway that provides low-cost IP networking of RF devices and sensor networks. Featuring an easy devel-opment environment, ConnectPort X2 enables custom applications to run locally while interfacing across existing Ethernet/Wi-Fi networks for WAN connectivity to a centralized server. ConnectPort X2 products feature an end-to-end develop-ment environment based on local customization via the iDigi Dia framework, al-lowing for rapid M2M-specific application development on the industry standard Python scripting engine. [9.]
Simply put, it is a Python programmable gateway that can route or transfer data from
devices to servers over the Ethernet or Internet and can be integrated on iDigi Device
Cloud platform to ease communication to connecting devices. [9.]
ConnectPort X2. Copied from Digi (2013). [9.] Figure 15.
This Digi ConnectPort X2 module as earlier mentioned will be used as the iDigi ena-
bled device in the project.
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3.1.1 Specifications
See appendix 1 for detailed specification of Digi ConnectPort X2.
3.1.2 ConnectPort X2 gateway configuration
As earlier mentioned, we could not connect the Digi Embedded Module implemented in
TEKLAB ELP100NET laboratory tables to the iDigi Device Cloud platform due to the
fact that the firmware of the embedded module was an old version that could not sup-
port iDigi Device Cloud integration or connection. To get around this, a Digi Con-
nectPort x2 gateway module that would routes data from iDigi Device Cloud to the Digi
Embedded Module implemented in TEKLAB ELP100NET laboratory tables was con-
sidered as the iDigi enabled device used in this project.
The ConnectPort x2 was configured and connected to the Piha lab Ethernet network by
Antti Toura. He implemented a list of XML RPC INTER-FACE remote commands in
Python script that executes on connectPort x2 gateway over iDigi Device Cloud to con-
trol the TEKLAB multipurpose workstations. Below is the list of the supported remote
commands implemented.
Table 2. supported remote commands
Commands Request/Reply Description
<status>X</status> Requests the status of a table, where X is a table number in the range [1..10] Response: return GPIO pins status of table X.
<table_down>X</table_down> Set a table to down position, where X is a table number in the range [1..10] Response: Ok!
<table_up>X</table_up> Set a table to an up position , where X is a table number in the range [1..10] Response: Ok!
<unlock>X</unlock> Unlock a table, where X is a table number in the range [1..10] Response: Ok!
<allow_power>X</allow_power> Allows power for a table, where X is a table number in the range [1..10] Response:
</disable_power>X</disable_power> Disable power supply for a table, where X is a table number in the range [1..10] Response: Ok!
20
<unlock_all>1</unlock_all> Unlocks all tables, i.e 10 tables Response: Ok!
<status_all>1</status_all> Requests the status of all tables i.e 10 tables Response: return GPIO pins Status for all the 10 tables
</disable_power>1</disable_power> Disable power supply for all tables i.e 10 ta-bles. Response: Ok!
<allow_power>1</allow_power> Allow power supply of all tables i.e 10 tables Response: Ok!
These supported remote commands can be executed manually on the web console of
iDigi Device Cloud. In order to retrieve the status of each GPIO pin that would enable
us to monitor the status of all the TEKLAB tables in the laboratory, we supplied the
password and username for iDigi Device Cloud because it supports basic HTTP au-
thentication and only valid users can access the database and execute the SCI request
Listing 5. Composed SCI data string. Where COMMANDS = remote commands in table 2.
3.2 Application
The programming environment used for developing the mobile application to control
and monitor the Teklab laboratory tables over iDigi Device Cloud is Android, although
several iDigi devices support additional configurable applications.
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3.2.1 Android
Android is an operating system developed on Linux kernel for mobile devices such as
tablets and mobile phones. It respects the Open handset Alliance principle as de-
scribed below:
A commitment to openness, a shared vision for the future, and concrete plans to make the vision a reality. To accelerate innovation in mobile and offer consumers a richer, less expensive, and better mobile experience. [10.]
Android version 1.0 as a free open OS developed by OHA was firstly used in HTC
dream handsets released in October 2008. Since then, there have been many plat-
forms and SDK releases. [11, 4.]
A lot of features are supported in Android platform to develop mobile application. These
features such as camera, GPS, accelerometer, Google maps, geocoding, location
based services, background services, SQLITE database for storing retrieving data,
shared data and inter-application communication, memory and process management,
extensive media support and 2D or 3D graphics as well as widgets, live folders, and
live wallpaper to enhance home screen using Android APIs provide the opportunity to
create applications. [11, 5-7.]
Android development framework
Android has many different types of applications that can be developed namely: native,
widgets, services, web applications, native applications which are applications specifi-
cally designed to be used on a particular device or operating system and just to men-
tion a few. This thesis concentrates on a native application approach. All these applica-
tions in Android platform can be written in either Java using the Android Software De-
velopment Kit (SDK) or in C or C++ using the Native Development Kit (NDK) provided
by Google but the applications are executed by means of a custom virtual machine
called Dalvik rather than a traditional Java VM.
The Android software development kit (SDK) is required for developing, testing and
debugging Android applications. The SDK includes the following packages, Android
APIs, Development tools, the Android Virtual Device Manager and Emulator, Full doc-
umentation, Sample code and an online support. Furthermore, the most official rec-
23
ommended integrated development environment (IDE) used in this project was Eclipse
IDE which includes an Android Development Tool (ADT) plug-in used to simplify project
creation and tightly integrates Eclipse with the Android Emulator and debugging tools.
Figure 16 shows the Eclipse development environment. [11, 12.]
Eclipse development environment Figure 16.
Android Software Stack
Android software stack is made of a kernel based on Linux kernel version 2.6 and, from
Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich onwards, version 3.x, with middleware, libraries and
APIs written in C, and application software running on an application framework which
includes Java-compatible libraries based on Apache Harmony. Android uses the Dalvik
virtual machine with just-in-time compilation to run Dalvik 'dex-code' (Dalvik Executa-
ble), which is usually translated from Java byte code. Figure 17 shows the components
of the Android software stack. [11, 13.]
24
Android software stack diagram. Copied from Wikipedia (2013). [12.] Figure 17.
Android Application Architecture
The development of any Android application lies on the following architectural compo-
nents
Activity Manager controls the life cycle of Activities as well as the management
of the Activity stack.
Views are used to build the user interfaces for Activities
Notification Manager provides a consistent and nonintrusive mechanism for
signalling.
Content Providers used for applications to share data.
Resource Manager used to create application resources like strings and
graphics. [11,15.]
25
3.2.2 Testing tool
3.2.2.1 Android Emulator
Android Emulator is a virtual mobile device included in the Android SDK designed as a
Dalvik virtual machine to test, and debug Android applications without using a real An-
droid device. All the hardware and software features of a real mobile device are found
on the emulator. Tested and running Android applications make use of these features
such as services of the Android platform to invoke other applications, access the net-
work, play audio and video, store and retrieve data, notify the user, and render graph-
ical transitions and themes to be displayed on the screen provided by the Emulator.
More so, the Android emulator is configured using the AVD manager to easily model or
test Android applications. The emulator cannot be used without creating one or more
AVD configurations. Hardware aspects on the emulated phone are defined by AVDs
which allows the creation of many configurations to test many Android platforms and
hardware permutations. [13.]
26
4 Implementation
4.1 Development and Design
The development of the application was based on a client-server design. iDigi Device
Cloud acted as the server while the Android application is the client as shown below.
Development environment. Figure 18.
The application was developed in two phases. In phase one, a Python application de-
veloped by Antti Toura was running on the Digi connectPort X2 gateway interconnect-
ed to the iDigi server via the internet and TEKLAB multipurpose workstations via
Ethernet so that communication works properly. In the second phase, an Android ap-
plication developed by me was running on a real Android device that connects to iDigi
Device Cloud via HTTP calls over the internet.
4.1.1 Python program
As earlier mentioned, a Python program was developed running on Digi ConnectPort
X2 which routes commands sent by the Android application via iDigi server to control
and monitor TEKLAB ELP100NET tables in the laboratory. Commands towards the
Python application are sent by using HTTP. The Python program running on Digi Con-
nectPort x2 supports HTTP POST messages via iDigi Device Cloud server. This pro-
27
gram sends XML-RPC data string in an HTTP request message and returns the re-
quested information in an XML format depending on the HTTP message.
4.1.2 Android program
I developed a simple Android monitor and control program called Piha Mobile Control
that runs on a real Android device which talks to the Python program over the iDigi De-
vice Cloud to control and monitor all the TEKLAB ELP100NET tables in the laboratory.
This simple program posts an RCI request composed of XML data string wrapped in an
SCI over http request message to ConnectPort X2 via iDigi Device Cloud. The program
also gets a reply from the Digi ConnectPort X2 over iDigi Device Cloud when the RCI
request is posted. The purpose of this program is that teachers can monitor the
TEKLAB ELP100NET tables worldwide, anywhere, anytime and need not to be at the
laboratory. The Android application can be run on devices having Android 2.3 version
or later Android version.
4.1.2.1 The Piha Mobile Control program
This program is divided into two parts the login and control screen. A full control of the
TEKLAB ELP100NET tables in the laboratory is done with these parts.
4.1.2.2 Piha Mobile Login screen
The login screen is the first screen of the Piha mobile control program. In this screen,
the username and password are required to gain access to the control screen.
28
Login Screen of Piha Mobile Control Figure 19.
The login screen above is shown when the application is started.
4.1.2.3 Piha Mobile Control screen
This program is accessible if valid username and password has been provided to the
login screen. On the Control screen, table buttons can either be seen in a locked or an
unlocked state as shown below.
29
Control Screen of Piha Mobile Control Figure 20.
More so, all the TEKLAB laboratory tables are controlled by control_monitor program.
See appendix 6 for the Android code of control_monitor program. When any table but-
ton is clicked, a command window is popup and the following command buttons, Table-
Up, Table-Down and Table-Unlock can be seen in figure 21.
30
Table command window Figure 21.
The Table-Down button command when applied on a table moves the table in
the down and lock position.
The Table-Unlock button command when applied on a table sets the table to an
unlock state.
The Table-Up button command when applied on a table moves the table in the
Up and lock position.
A click on Unlock/power button pops up a command window as shown in figure 22.
31
Unlock/power command window Figure 22.
The Unlock-all button when applied sets all the tables in an unlock state.
The Power-OFF button when applied disables the power supply for all tables.
The Power-ON button when applied allows the power supply for all tables.
4.1.3 HTTP request data string
HttpDataString function was firstly developed. This function constructs and returns
an SCI data string corresponding to a table number and table remote command button.
See the construction of the SCI data in appendix 5.
4.1.4 HTTP response data string
The second major function developed was the HttpConnection function as seen in
appendix 7, posts RCI request wrapped over SCI XML constructed by HttpDataS-
tring function to iDigi Device Cloud, and then receives reply from Digi ConnectPort X2
32
via iDigi Device Cloud as HTTP response composed of SCI XML. To carry out this, the
following Android public interfaces and classes were used; BasicHttpParams, HttpCon-
nectionParams, DefaultHttpClient, HttpPost, HttpResponse, StringEntity, and HttpEntity
for the transmission of the Http data string.
Furthermore, ReadpinStatus function was developed to analyse the HTTP response
data pushed by ConnectPort X2 via iDigi Device Cloud whenever an HttpConnec-
tion function is invoked or instantiated. A text file is used for storing the response data
string. The content of the text file is then transferred to a vector which is then used by
two implemented sub functions namely, showtablestatus function to display the
status of all the TEKLAB laboratory tables if they are unlocked or locked and Up-
datetablestatus function to automatically update the status of all the Teklab tables
if they are unlocked or locked. See appendix 5 for the whole Android codes that con-
trols all the TEKLAB laboratory tables.
4.2 Testing
Using Eclipse IDE, while the Python application was running on the Digi ConnectPort
X2 connected to iDigi Device Cloud via internet and TEKLAB Multpurpose Work-
stations via Ethernet, the Android application package was built automatically under
test and the test package by ADT then installed on the emulator for execution ensuring
that the application worked. The look and feel on Android emulator was the same in the
device used. During the application development, Samsung Galaxy S2 mobile device
was used while the application was tested. The Android application runs on version 2.3
and later versions.
33
5 Discussion
Conflicts or Bottlenecks were encountered during the realisation of this project. This
section will discuss or outline the immediate solutions used to handle these conflicts or
bottlenecks.
5.1 HTTP Server timeout
Server timeout was the first conflict encountered during the establishment of an HTTP
connection in Android to the iDigi Device Cloud. Server timeout always occurred and
no response was ever received because of little information on how to set the appro-
priate time for the server to response. To handle this bottleneck, it was found on the
website of Stack Overflow [14.] on how to set the timeout for the server by using clas-
ses from the website of Apache [15.] and the settings used were:
These classes were implemented in the application and it resolved the server timeout.
5.2 Android UI thread
The second bottleneck encountered was on Android user interface. Every time an http
connection was invoked, it caused the entire application to appear to lock up until the
task is completed. This typically resulted in the operating system displaying an “Appli-
cation is unresponsive” warning to the GUI. We found this difficult to resolve because
of little knowledge about multitasking in Android. To handle this bottleneck, we found
and learnt from Techotopia website that “in such situations, this can be avoided simply
34
by launching the task to be performed in a separate thread, allowing the main thread to
continue unhindered with other tasks”. [16.]
This was achieved with the AsyncTask class in Android. AsyncTask helps in the proper
management of UI thread as well as performing background operations to publish re-
sults on the UI thread without having to manipulate threads and/or handlers. The fol-
lowing methods were used to implement AsynTask class; doInBackground(Params…) ,
onProgressUpdate() and onPostExecute(Result) . See appendix 7 on how Asyntask
class was implemented in this project. [17.]
35
6 Conclusion
The development of mobile applications on different mobile platforms or OS presents
enormous challenges as this might not only be time consuming but also cost effective.
According to the words borrowed from the website of Accenture, it presents the chal-
lenges as:
The plight of a mobile application developer these days is a challenging one. On the one hand, development in this space is vibrant and full of opportunities; a spectrum of new devices, from smartphones to tablets, is redrawing the bounda-ries of what users can do. On the other hand, this new landscape also brings new development questions – including, what devices to target, how to create simple yet effective applications, and how to secure the data that is uploaded and downloaded. In particular, the trend of the consumerization of IT weighs heavily on enterprise mobile application developers. This trend encompasses many fac-ets. Increasingly, corporate users are accessing enterprise data from mobile de-vices which may be their own or may be deployed by their internal IT department. That means developers may not know what the target platform is, requiring either a cross-platform or multi-platform development effort. [18.]
The aim of the thesis was to develop a mobile application that provides a friendly
graphical user interface for monitoring and controlling TEKLAB multipurpose work-
stations. The application was specifically developed to run on Android smart phones
that would provide teachers at Metropolia University of Applied Sciences a convenient
and suitable way to monitor and control TEKLAB multipurpose workstations remotely
instead of teachers to control the TEKLAB multipurpose workstations from a single
computer at the laboratory.
During the design and development phase, several conflicts occurred. These conflicts
were successfully resolved but the future will still demand to address a cross platform
mobile application development as well as enhancing the GUI design and security for
7 Michael E. Whitman & Herbert, J. Mattord. (2005). Principles of Information Secu-rity. Thomson Course Technology, a division of Thompson Learning, Inc.
18 Accenture. Mobile Application Development Challenges [online], URL: http://www.accenture.com/us-en/Pages/insight-mobile-application-development-challenges-best-practices.aspx, Accessed April 30, 2013.
Digi Connect Embedded module specification Copied from Digi (2011) [2.]
Digi ConnectPort X2 Specification. Copied from Digi (2013) [9.]
Appendix 2: HTTP requests methods. Copied from Wikipedia (2013) [5.]
Appendix 3: HTTP response codes. Copied from Wikipedia (2013) [5.]
Appendix 4: HTTP headers. Copied from Wikipedia (2013) [5.]
Appendix 5: SCI data string
//This method builds up and returns an SCI http request data based on the table remote commands public String HttpDataString(String tablecommand, int tablenumber)