Verbal & Non-Verbal Verbal & Non-Verbal Presenter: Mrs. Schaaffe-McFarlane Presenter: Mrs. Schaaffe-McFarlane
Verbal & Non-VerbalVerbal & Non-Verbal
Presenter: Mrs. Schaaffe-McFarlanePresenter: Mrs. Schaaffe-McFarlane
Verbal Communication
Section 1
This involves the use of speech and writing to
communicate. (Lord Et. Al., 2012)
Verbal communication refers to the use of sounds and language to relay a message. It serves as a vehicle for expressing desires, ideas and concepts and is vital to the processes of learning and teaching.http://www.livestrong.com/article/150573
Verbal Communication
Verbal Communication
Oral/Spoken
• Oral communication consists of all spoken exchanges. In oral communication, verbal feedback typically follows the initial message whether in the form of a question or comment.
• Casual conversations among friends as well as political debates fall into this category.
Verbal Communication
Written
Another form of verbal communication which requires no speech. Written communication, while technically nonverbal, commonly falls under the umbrella of verbal communication for the use of words (language) to convey ideas.
Books, letters, email, texts, memos, magazines, newspapers and personal journals are all examples of verbal communication.
Verbal Communication
Formal
• Meeting strangers • Within a business or legal
setting. • Official corporate
communications such as • meetings• speeches• conferences• letters and • Memorandums
Verbal Communication
InformalInformal
Casual spoken and written exchanges.
Informal conversations between friends, co-workers and even
strangers. It requires a common
bond; therefore, it takes place most frequently between close friends and family members.
Language is symbolic – By themselves, language elements
usually have no meaning: the symbols are arbitrary(randomly selected).
Meanings are in people not in words. Language is governed by rules
Phonological rules –govern how sounds are combined to form words
Semantic rules – define the meaning of specific words Syntactic rules – govern the structure of the language, the
way symbols can be arranged Pragmatic rules – govern the appropriateness of words in
given contexts
Characteristics of Verbal Communication
Verbal communication satisfies basic functions such as:
describing ideas
Making requests
solving problems
Functions of Verbal Communication
Verbal Communication shapes attitudes: attitudes towards others and ourselves.It is manifested through naming
It influences our credibility
It influences our status
It informs issues of racism and sexism
Functions of Verbal Communication
Verbal Communication reflects our attitudes:Power (feelings of control)
Affiliation (establishing relationships)
Attraction
Responsibility
Functions of Verbal Communication
Verbal includes both spoken and written communication:Equivocal language – language that allows for the possibility of several different meanings.Relative terms – words that do not have one exact/specific definition. They gain meaning by comparison and can change depending on context.Slang – non standard words and phrases in a given language.
Types of Verbal Communication
Jargon – language used by personnel in a particular
field. Argot – secret language used by various groups e.g.
Schoolmates, prisoners Overly abstract language – Abstract language is used
to discuss ideas. Overly abstract language leaves too much room for interpretation and hides details from others.
Types of Verbal Communication
Emotive language – the deliberate choice of words to
elicit emotion in others.e.g. The men were killed.
The innocent man was executed in cold blood in front of his two year old son.
Evasive language – language that is used to avoid a situation.
Types of Verbal Communication
Non-verbal Communication
Section 2
Non-verbal communication refers to a wide array of
behaviours by which we communicate messages without the use of the voice (McDermott, 2008).
Non-verbal communication is when information is transferred from sender to receiver without the use of words (Lord Et. Al., 2012).
Non-verbal Communication
According to McDermott, 2008 such behaviours are
also termed communicative behaviours since they consistently and inevitably convey meaning.
It can be conscious and deliberate or unconscious and accidental.
Non-verbal Communication
It exists
It has communicative value
It is primarily relational
It is ambiguous
It is culture –bound
The Characteristics of Non-verbal Communication
The most obvious non-verbal behaviours are seen in
our: Vocalics/paralanguage Proxemics Chronemics Artefacts Movement Use of our five senses
Non - Verbal Communication
Vocalics/paralanguage
Non-verbal Communication
Vocalics/Paralanguage
Refers to the use of: volume tone pitch rate of speaking to give additional
meaning or emphasis to what is spoken.
Activity
Say “come here” using a variety of tone, volume and pitch to highlight different meanings.
Non-verbal Communication
Proxemics
Non-verbal Communication
ProxemicsProxemics
Refers to the use of space to convey an idea or image.
Our use of space or proximity is a significant indicator of how close or intimate we feel toward others.
Everyone observes the space around them, this is
called personal space. The concept of personal space is determined by
cultures. Eastern cultures: a kiss on the cheek is a common form
of greeting Western cultures: a handshake is the common form of
greeting.
Proxemics
Chronemics
Non-verbal Communication
ChronemicsChronemics
This is the use of and attitude to time which discloses information about: our status relationship with
others our self-concept
Being late for appointments duties and
responsibilities is almost always read as a sign of disrespect or lack of commitment.
Chronemics
To be punctual suggests that one is:
focused on and committed to the task at hand,
or that one respects those with whom one is meeting.
Chronemics
Artifacts
Non-verbal Communication
Artifacts
The things we own, use, wear and even discard all convey messages about us: Our preferences Tastes Resources Or lack of resources
Movement
Non-verbal Communication
Movement
Posture Gestures Facial expressions and Body languageare perhaps the most
obvious in communicating messages about our attitudes and feelings.
Functions of Non-verbal Communication
Section 3
Functions of Non-verbal Communication
Substituting
A word is replaced or substituted by an action or movements may be used to build sentences and communicate sophisticated concepts.
E.g. Traffic officers, Traffic signs
Come
here
…
Reinforcing Reinforcing
The use of non-verbal communication to complement or add to our verbal sounds.
E.g. pointing and nodding head while speaking
Functions of Non-verbal Communication
Regulating
The use of non-verbal signs to show interest or regulate the flow of interaction.
E.g. hand signal of drivers, raising of the hand to show that you want to say something, traffic cop
Functions of Non-verbal Communication
ContradictionContradiction
To change or contradict your verbal message you can display an opposite non-verbal behaviour.
E.g. Sarcasm, facial expression – bored but you nod and keep eye contact.
Functions of Non-verbal Communication
Managing Impressions
Managing Impressions
The creation and control of the way others perceive you by the way in which you dress, speak, walk.
The use of a car, dog, house, and jewelry to create an impression about yourself.
Functions of Non-verbal Communication
EstablishingRelationshipEstablishingRelationship
Non-verbal messages are used to establish or reveal a relationship.
If, when, how and where you touch someone will communicate information about the relationship you have.
Functions of Non-verbal Communication
McDermott, H. (2008) CAPE Communication
Studies. Pg. 158 – 163
Lord, L. et. al. (2012) CAPE Communication Studies. Pg. 130, 139-140.
Further Readings