FM Radio Broadcasting

Philippine Radio Philippine Radio BroadcastingBroadcasting

BroadcastingBroadcastingBroadcastingBroadcasting is the distribution of is the distribution of

audio and/or video signals which audio and/or video signals which transmit programs to an audience. transmit programs to an audience. The audience may be the general The audience may be the general public or a relatively large sub-public or a relatively large sub-audience, such as children or young audience, such as children or young adults.adults.

HistoryHistoryThe first radio station was called KZKZ The first radio station was called KZKZ

set up by an American Henry Mann in set up by an American Henry Mann in Manila in 1922Manila in 1922

In 1929, radio as introduced into the In 1929, radio as introduced into the provincesprovinces

STATION IDENTIFICATIONSTATION IDENTIFICATIONFour letter call signs beginning with Four letter call signs beginning with

KZ were in the useKZ were in the use

The ITU however decided to give The ITU however decided to give Philippines the right to use the call Philippines the right to use the call letter D (Deutscheland- German letter D (Deutscheland- German name of Germany)name of Germany)

KZKZKZKZA 100 watt station with the call letter A 100 watt station with the call letter

KZKZKZKZOctober 4,1924 he sold it to the radio October 4,1924 he sold it to the radio

Corporation of the PhilippinesCorporation of the Philippines

NomenclaturesNomenclaturesDZ/DWDZ/DW

Established in LuzonEstablished in Luzon

DYDYEstablished in VisayasEstablished in Visayas

DXDXEstablished in MindanaoEstablished in Mindanao

Outside ManilaOutside Manila In 1929, RCP put up KZRC (radio In 1929, RCP put up KZRC (radio

Cebu), a one-kilowatt experimental Cebu), a one-kilowatt experimental station in Cebu city.station in Cebu city.

Early Filipino BroadcastersEarly Filipino Broadcasters Francisco “koko” Trinidad regarded Francisco “koko” Trinidad regarded

as the Father of Philippine as the Father of Philippine BroadcastingBroadcasting

REGULATIONREGULATIONEarly regulation of broadcasting begun Early regulation of broadcasting begun

in 1931 and thus passed the Radio in 1931 and thus passed the Radio Control Law creating the Radio Control Control Law creating the Radio Control BoardBoard

The board examined applications for The board examined applications for licenses to operate radio, allocate licenses to operate radio, allocate band frequencies, and conducted band frequencies, and conducted inspectionsinspections

Martial LawMartial Law on September 21,1972, Martial law on September 21,1972, Martial law

was declared was declared

Government control was instituted Government control was instituted with the establishment of Broadcast with the establishment of Broadcast Media Council (BMC) and the Media Council (BMC) and the Kapisanan ng mga Broadkaster sa Kapisanan ng mga Broadkaster sa Pilipinas (KBP)Pilipinas (KBP)

BMC AND KBPBMC AND KBPBMCBMC

Assists and supports the government in Assists and supports the government in developing the masses, through the developing the masses, through the massive dissemination of broadcast massive dissemination of broadcast informationinformation

KBPKBPAn assembly of media practitioners, which An assembly of media practitioners, which

seeks to self-regulate and “standardize” the seeks to self-regulate and “standardize” the broadcasting industry.broadcasting industry.

KBPKBPFounded in 1972 for its general Founded in 1972 for its general

objectivesobjectivesTo unify broadcast pratitionersTo unify broadcast pratitionersTo formulate policies and standardsTo formulate policies and standardsTo represent broadcasters as their To represent broadcasters as their

spokesman regarding matters spokesman regarding matters concerning policies and legislation.concerning policies and legislation.

Radio Broadcasting Radio Broadcasting OperationsOperations

Broadcast Media operators are Broadcast Media operators are categorized into:categorized into: Commercial-private corporations/ Commercial-private corporations/

associations, private schools etc. they associations, private schools etc. they are business and profit-orientedare business and profit-oriented

Non-commercial – civic or religious Non-commercial – civic or religious organizations with specific target organizations with specific target audiences for their programsaudiences for their programs

Radio Broadcasting Radio Broadcasting OperationsOperationsBroadcast Media operators are Broadcast Media operators are

categorized into cotinuation:categorized into cotinuation:Government sector- operated by a Government sector- operated by a

government, department, agency etc. government, department, agency etc. they provide public service and also they provide public service and also disseminate information on government disseminate information on government activitiesactivities

FM Broadcasting StandardsFM Broadcasting Standards ParameterParameter Philippine Technical Philippine Technical

StandardsStandards

Occupied Occupied SpectrumSpectrum

88 – 108 MHz88 – 108 MHz

Allocated BWAllocated BW 20 MHz20 MHz

BW per stationBW per station In 200 kHz increment In 200 kHz increment from 88.1 MHz to 107.9 from 88.1 MHz to 107.9

MHzMHzSpacing between Spacing between

stationstation800 kHz800 kHz

FM Broadcasting Standards FM Broadcasting Standards Cont..Cont..

Carrier Frequency Carrier Frequency ToleranceTolerance

±2000Hz of the ±2000Hz of the assigned frequencyassigned frequency

Maximum Maximum Frequency Frequency DeviationDeviation

±75 kHz±75 kHz

Guard bandGuard band ±25 kHz±25 kHzPre-emphasisPre-emphasis 7575µµsec with break sec with break

frequency of frequency of 2122Hz2122Hz

Intermediate Intermediate FrequencyFrequency

10.7 MHz10.7 MHz

Receiver Receiver CharacteristicsCharacteristics

SuperheterodyneSuperheterodyne

Audio Frequency Audio Frequency ResponseResponse

50 – 15000Hz50 – 15000Hz

FM Broadcasting StandardsFM Broadcasting Standards Type of Type of

ModulationModulationFMFM

Type of EmissionType of Emission F3EF3E

Pilot SubcarrierPilot Subcarrier 19kHz19kHz

Antenna Antenna PolarizationPolarization

Horizontal or circular Horizontal or circular polarizedpolarized

Classes of StationsClasses of StationsStation Authorized Power

Class A Not exceeding 15kW

Class B Not exceeding 10kW

Class C Not exceeding 1kW

Class D Not exceeding 10W

FM Broadcast Frequency FM Broadcast Frequency AllocationAllocation

FM = FMFM = FM1 1 + (n-1)BW+ (n-1)BW (MHz)(MHz)

Where:Where:FM = channel frequency in MHzFM = channel frequency in MHz FMFM1 1 = frequency of the first FM channel= frequency of the first FM channeln = channel numbern = channel numberBW = channel bandwidthBW = channel bandwidth

FM Transmitter FM Transmitter ConsiderationsConsiderations

1.1. ConstructionConstruction The transmitter shall be constructed on The transmitter shall be constructed on

racks and panels or in totally enclosed racks and panels or in totally enclosed frames protected frames protected

2. Enclosure2. Enclosure The transmitter shall be enclosed in a The transmitter shall be enclosed in a

metal frame or grille separated from metal frame or grille separated from the operating space by a barrier or the operating space by a barrier or other equivalent meansother equivalent means


3. Grounding of Controls3. Grounding of Controls All external metallic handles and controls All external metallic handles and controls

shall be effectively groundedshall be effectively grounded No circuit in excess of 150V shall have any No circuit in excess of 150V shall have any

part exposed to direct contactpart exposed to direct contact4.Interlocks4.Interlocks

All access doors shall be provided with All access doors shall be provided with interlocks which will disconnect all interlocks which will disconnect all voltages in excess of 350V when any voltages in excess of 350V when any access door is openedaccess door is opened


5. Bleeder Resistors5. Bleeder Resistors Proper bleeder resistors or other Proper bleeder resistors or other

automatic shall be installed across all automatic shall be installed across all capacitor banks to lower any voltage capacitor banks to lower any voltage which may remain accessible with access which may remain accessible with access door open.door open.

6. Wiring and Shielding6. Wiring and Shielding All instruments having more than 1000V All instruments having more than 1000V

potential to ground shall be protected by potential to ground shall be protected by a cage or cover.a cage or cover.

Broadcast Transmission Broadcast Transmission Services (FM)Services (FM)

Studio-to-transmitter Link (STL)Studio-to-transmitter Link (STL)BandBand Operating Operating

Frequency Frequency (MHz)(MHz)

AA 310 to 315310 to 315

BB 734 to 752734 to 752860-880860-880942-952942-952

Broadcast Auxiliary Services Broadcast Auxiliary Services Cont..Cont..

Remote Pick-up Broadcast StationRemote Pick-up Broadcast StationBandBand Operating Operating

Frequency Frequency (MHz)(MHz)

AA 305 - 310305 - 310

BB 450-451 450-451

CC 455 -456 455 -456

Broadcast Auxiliary Services Broadcast Auxiliary Services Cont..Cont..

Communications, Coordination and Control LinkCommunications, Coordination and Control LinkBandBand Operating Frequency Operating Frequency

(MHz)(MHz)AA 4 to 124 to 12

BB 26.10 to 26.4826.10 to 26.48

CC 162.235 -162.615 162.235 -162.615 166.25 166.25 170.15 170.15

DD 880-890880-890

SeatworkSeatworkWhat will happen to the FM What will happen to the FM

broadcasting system, if standards broadcasting system, if standards were not yet established until now?were not yet established until now?

FM Radio Broadcasting

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