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-:للمحافظة على معدل نزول ثابت א −1 א .אאא −2 א Vertical Speedא
Indicator.
Airspeed as Desired Power Setting:
15~10" MP. Full RPM.
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CHANGING ATTITUDES
- : LEVEL& STRAIGHT إىل وضع CLIMBمن وضع א −1 א .אא −2 אא .אא -3 א .TRIMMERא
- :DESCENT إىل وضع CLIMB من وضع א −1 א א .אא -2 .TRIMMERא
- :CLIMBضع إىل و LEVEL& STRAIGHT من وضع א -1 א .אא -2 .TRIMMERא
- :DESCENT إىل وضع LEVEL& STRAIGHT من وضع א −1 א .אא −2 א .DESCENTאאא -3 .TRIMMERא
- :CLIMB إىل وضع DESCENT من وضع א −1 א .אא -2 .TRIMMERא
- : LEVEL& STRAIGHT إىل وضع DESCENT من وضع אא −1 א .אא -2 א .TRIMMERא
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PRACTICE
1- HDG 360 7 MIN 2- T/R 090 2.30 MIN 3- T/R 270 2 MIN 4- T/L 180 2 MIN 5- T/L 090 2 MIN 6- T/R 270 2 MIN 7- T/L 180 2 MIN 8- T/L 090 2 MIN 9- T/R 270 2.30 MIN
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ADF (Automatic Direction Finder)
BEARING ADF جهاز يف الطائرة N
360 000
090 °
RMI
180 °
270 °
Radio Magnetic Indicator
Non Directional Beacon
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QDR Magnetic Bearing From Facility
To Fly More QDR Turn Right To Fly Less QDR Turn Left
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QDM Magnetic Heading To Facility
To Fly More QDM Turn Left To Fly Less QDM Turn Right
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Follow the Needle (بوز اإلبرة)
Backward the Needle (ديل اإلبرة)
אBearing080oא: א ؟Bearing100oאא: א אא .א60oא
אBearing080oא: א א ؟Bearing100oאא: א א א .א60oא
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Basic Instrument Flight Patterns Steps: 1. Start timing at A for 2 minutes from A to B. [Figure A] 2. At B, turn 45° (standard rate). After roll-out, fly 1 minute to C. 3. At C, turn 180°. 4. At completion of turn, time 45 seconds from D to E. 5. Start turn at E for 45° change of heading to reciprocal of heading at beginning
of maneuver.
Steps: 1. Start timing at A for 2 minutes (or as instructed) from A to B. [Figure B] 2. At B, enter a left standard-rate turn for a heading change of 80°. 3. At the completion of the 80° turn at C, immediately turn right for a heading
change of 260°, rolling-out on the reciprocal of the entry heading.
1 to 3 min.
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Steps: 1. Start timing at A for 2 minutes from A to B. [Figure C] Reduce airspeed to
holding speed in this interval. 2. At B, enter standard-rate turn for 30° change of heading. Time 1 minute from
B to C. 3. At C, enter standard-rate turn for a 210° change of heading, rolling-out on the
reciprocal of the original entry heading.
Steps: 1. Time 3 minutes straight-and-level flight from A to B. [Figure D] During this
interval, reduce airspeed to the holding speed appropriate for your aircraft. 2. Start 180° standard-rate turn at B. Roll-out at C on the reciprocal of your
heading at A. 3. Time 1 minute straight-and-level flight from C to D. 4. Start 180° standard rate level turn at D, rolling-out on original heading. Note: This pattern is an exercise combining use of the clock with basic maneuvers.
The OBS display has four elements: A. A Rotating Course Card, calibrated from 0 to 360. B. The Omni Bearing Selector, or OBS knob, used. C. The CDI, or Course Deviation Indicator. D. The TO-FROM indicator
دائما أضع االجتاه أعلى الـ OBS
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VOR ORIENTATION
.AR-230O TO VOR050Oא.BR-050O FROM VOR050Oא
אRADIALא ؟C & Dא
FROM H = R TO H X R
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INTERCEPTING RADIALS
OBS OBS OBS
OBS OBS OBS
א45oא
FROM FROM
TO TO
א RADIALא
RADIALאCRS
א אRADIALא אTOFROM.א
R030 FROM STATIONא א א
R050 FROM STATIONא(CRS)א
א050 אא.אCDI45Oא
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.RADIAL(ORIENTATION)א–1א−2 א .OBSאא−3 .אCDIא
FROM TO USING OBS
OBS
040
FROM
OBS
240
TO
030
210 H 195 240
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CROSS RADIALS
א • VORCROSSINGא
RADIALS.א • אRADIALא א (OBS – HSI)א
אCDIא א אCRSא RADIALSא
א אFROMא .TOאא • אRADIALא א(RMI)א א
(TO-FROM)STATION
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HOMING
−:OBSאאHOMINGא1− TO.2− CDI. א −3 א א OBSא
.א
−:HSIאאHOMINGא1− TO.2− CDI. CRSאא −3
.CDIא−:RMIאאHOMINGאא −1 .)א(א
OBS
H330
TO
150
R
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PROCEDURE TURN WITH OBS
OBS HEADING UPSIDE DOWN
OBS
H210
TO
030
R OBS
030
FROM
210
H=R
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DME (DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT)
DME Frequency 962 MHz - 1213 MHz UHF
Function of DME A DME is used for determining the distance from a ground DME transmitter. Compared to other VHF/UHF NAVAIDs, a DME is very accurate. The distance information can be used to determine the aircraft position or flying a track that is a constant distance from the station. This is referred to as a DME arc.
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HSI
( HORIZONTAL SITUATION INDICATOR )
RMI
( RADIO MAGNETIC INDICATOR )
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ILS (INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM)
א)ILS(א−1 א :א
1. Localizer. 2. Glide slope. :א)ILS(א−2
1- Horizontal Course Guidance.
2- Glide Slope.
3- Distance Information.
4- Approach Lighting Aids.
1- LOCALIZER
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2- GLIDE SLOPE
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3- MARKER BEACONS
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ILS BACKCOURSE (BC) To Avoid Reverse Sense during ILS BC Adjust opposite direction of Runway Heading. In this case the G/S inoperative.
• For flying a DME arc, follow these steps: 1. Track inbound on the OKT 325° radial, frequently
checking the DME mileage readout. 2. A .5 NM lead is satisfactory for groundspeeds of 150 knots
or less; start the turn to the arc at 10.5 miles. At higher groundspeeds, use a proportionately greater lead.
3. Continue the turn for approximately 90°. The roll-out heading will be 055° in no-wind conditions.
4. During the last part of the intercepting turn, monitor the DME closely. If the arc is being overshot (more than 1.0 NM), continue through the originally-planned roll-out heading. If the arc is being undershot, roll out of the turn early.
The procedure for intercepting the 10 DME when outbound is basically the same, the lead point being 10 NM minus .5 NM, or 9.5 NM.
• With an RMI, in a no-wind condition, you should theoretically be able to fly an exact circle around the facility by maintaining a RB of 90° or 270°. In actual practice, a series of short legs are flown. To maintain the arc in figure above, proceed as follows: 1. With the RMI bearing pointer on the wingtip reference (90° or 270° position) and the aircraft at
the desired DME range, maintain a constant heading and allow the bearing pointer to move 5° to 10° behind the wingtip. This will cause the range to increase slightly.
2. Turn toward the facility to place the bearing pointer 5°–10° ahead of the wingtip reference, then maintain heading until the bearing pointer is again behind the wingtip. Continue this procedure to maintain the approximate arc.
3. If a crosswind is drifting you away from the facility, turn the aircraft until the bearing pointer is ahead of the wingtip reference. If a crosswind is drifting you toward the facility, turn until the bearing is behind the wingtip.
4. As a guide in making range corrections, change the RB 10°–20° for each half-mile deviation from the desired arc. For example, in no-wind conditions, if you are 1/2 to 1 mile outside the arc and the bearing pointer is on the wingtip reference, turn the aircraft 20° toward the facility to return to the arc.
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TRANSITION LEVEL & TRANSITION ALTITUDE
TARMAC
APT ELEV.
QNH
RUNWAY ELEVATION
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JEPPESEN APPROACH CHARTS
1- HEADING
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2- PLAN VIEW
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3- Profile View (1)
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3- Profile View (2)
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Approach Segment
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TYPE OF RUNWAYS
PRECISION APPROACH PATH INDICATOR (PAPI)
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CIRCLE TO LAND
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RNAV
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DEFINITIONS
OBS: OMNI BEARING SELECTOR. RMI: RADIO MAGNETIC INDICATOR. DGI: DIRECTION GYRO INDICATOR. VSI: VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR. CDI: COURSE DIVIATION INDICATOR. HSI: HORIZONTAL SITUATION INDICATOR. RPM: REVOLUTION PER MINUTE. EFIS: ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT SYSTEM. FMS: FLIGHT MANGMENT SYSTEM. GPS: GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM. QDM: MAGNETIC HEADING TO FACILITY. QDR: MAGNETIC BEARING FROM FACILITY. ADF: AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDING. NDB: NON DIRECTIONAL BAECON. VOR: VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE. ILS: INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM. DME: DISTANCE MAESURING EQUIPMENT. SID: STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE. STAR: STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL ROUTES. QFE: HEIGHT ABOVE AIRPORT ELEVATION. QNE: ALTIMETER SETTING 29.92 HG OR 1013.2 MB. QNH: ALTITUDE ABOVE SEA LEVEL. Apt elev: AIRPORT ELEVATION Alt set: ALTIMETER SETTING MAP: MISSED APPROACH POINT RVR: RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE VIS: VISIBILITY MHA: MINIMUM HOLDING ALTITUDE Lctr: LOCATOR FAF FINAL APPROACH FIX MSA: MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE ATIS: AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE VDP(v): VISUAL DESCENT POINT TCH: THRESHOLD CROSSING HEIGHT ALS OUT: APPROACH LIGHT SYSTEM OUT OF SERVICE DA(H): DECISION ALTITUDE (HEIGHT) MSL: MEAN SEA LEVEL MDA(H): MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE(HEIGHT) TDZ or CL out: TOUCHDOWN ZONE OR CENTERLINE LIGHTS OUT OF SERVICE
NDB FREQUENCY : 190 kHz – 535 kHz. & AM Broadcast Band (550 to 1650 kHz) VOR FREQUENCY : 108.0 MHz – 117.95 MHz. VHF ILS FREQUENCY : 108.10 MHz – 111.95 MHz VHF Localizer; and