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Social securityBy: -Vishnu DasGovt. Medical collegeJAGDALPUR.
Definition:
According to I.L.O, Social security is the protection which society provides for its members through a series of public measure, against the economic and social distress that otherwise would be caused by the substantial stoppage of earning resulting from :-
sickness maternity injuryunemployment old age and death.
Purpose of social security To give individuals and families the confidence that their level of living and quality of life will not erode by social or economic eventuality.
To provide medical care and income security against the consequences of defined contingencies To facilitate the victims physical and vocational rehabilitation
To prevent or reduce ill health and accidents in the occupations
To protect against unemployment by maintenance and promotion of job creation
To provide benefit for the maintenance of any children.Objectives:COMPENSATIONRESTORATIONPREVENTIONApproaches:Social assistance: A method to provide benefits as of right to persons, usually of small means in amounts sufficient to meet a minimum standards of living from general revenues of the state. Characteristics feature of this is the beneficiaries do not make any contribution towards various benefits which are made available to them. It is a Non-contributory benefits towards the maintenance of vulnerable groups such as children, mothers, aged peoples, disabled etc.
Social Insurance
A method to provide benefits as a matter of right for persons of small earnings, in amounts which combine the contributions of the beneficiaries with subsidies from the employer and the state Characteristics feature of this is the beneficiaries, employers and the Government make contributions to-wards the creation of common pool, out of which benefits are paid to the members in the event of any contingencies. Suitable where the class of workers to be covered is sufficiently well organized, legally regulated and financially stable. Social Assistance :
A method to provide benefits as of right to persons usually of small means in amounts sufficient to meet a minimum standards of living from general revenues of the state.
Non contributory
A method to provide benefits as a matter of right for persons of small earnings, in amounts which combine the contributions of the beneficiaries with subsidies from the employer and the state.
Contributory
Social insurance : Cannot be claimed as a matter of right (Provided)
Can be claimed as a matter of right For the vulnerable groups of the community (children, mothers, invalids, aged people, disabled) For the well-organized, legally regulated, financially stable community. Contingencies of Social Security:History of social security. FIRST PHASE:A study on social security (ILO 1984) describes three stages in its modern evolution according to this view, the initial response was paternalistic private charity and poor relief was provided to the indigent, but harsh conditions and stigma made this form of provision politically unacceptable
SECOND PHASE::As a reaction of first phase , in the second phase insurance schemes were developed based on compulsory premium that entitled the participants to pensions and sick pays.In time these programs were expended to include wider coverage and contingencies
.THIRD PHASE:In this phase the concept of prevention and universality were introduced with the aim of maintaining and enhancing the quality of life.
(REFERENCE FROM:ILO 1984,p. 17)Status ofSocial Security in India
Social Security Schemes in India:Preventive Schemes
Promotional Schemes
Protective Schemes PREVENTIVE SCHEMES
Preventive Schemes are the Schemes aimed at risk prevention. In the strategy of social management of risks, preventive approach tries to prevent poverty and helps people under below poverty line to come above poverty line. Preventive health care, vaccinations against diseases forms part of the preventive strategies. Majority of the schemes are of social assistance in nature. Promotional SchemesPromotional social security schemes are mainly of Social Assistance type, where to guarantee minimum standards of living to vulnerable groups of population, the Governments at the State and Center draft schemes financed from the general revenues of the Government. These are the strategies of risk mitigation. These guarantee: Food and Nutritional Security Employment security Health Security Education Security Women SecurityExamples of schemes in the Promotional Social Security Food for workJawahar Rojgar YojanaAntyodayaRural Landless Labourers Employment Guarantee SchemesProgrammes of Integrated Rural Development ProjectSakshara BharathIntegrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)Public Distribution SystemReservations for the disabled in servicesSpecial educational institutions for the disabled persons etc.
ICDS:
l. No.Category[Pr-revised][Revised](per beneficiary per day)Calories (K Cal)Protein (g)Calories (K Cal)Protein (g)1.Children (6-72 months)3008-1050012-152.Severely malnourished children (6-72 months)6002080020-253.Pregnant women and Nursing mothers50015-2060018-20Protective Social Security ProgrammesThe protective social security programmes help the poor in removing/reducing contingent poverty. In India, the protective social security programmes have been designed to address the contingent poverty or the contingencies defined by the ILO.Old-age income needs Survival benefits Medical need of insured families Widow and children/dependant economic needs Maternity benefitsCompensation for loss of employment and Work injury benefits Social security schemes for working class in the organized sector
Employees State Insurance (ESI) Act 1948Employees Provident Fund (EPF) Act 1952Workmens Compensation Act 1923Maternity Benefit Act 1961Payment of Gratuity Act 1972
1. Employees State Insurance (ESI)Beneficiaries:
Small factories employing 10 or more employees whether power is used in the process of manufacture or not.ShopsHotel and restaurantsCinema halls and theatresRoad motor transport establishmentsNewspaper establishmentsAnd some private medical and educational institutions employing 20 or more persons in some state.This act covers all employees manual ,clerical ,supervisory and technical getting up to Rs.15,000 per month or above.
Administration: Administration of ESI scheme is entrusted under an autonomous body called ESI COOPERATION.Headed by union minister for labour.Consists of members representing central and state government, employers and employees organizations, medical professionals and parliament.Contribution :- Employees : 1.75% of wages.Employers : 4.75% of total wage bill.*employees getting wages below Rs. 70/day*, are exempted from payment of contributions.
Benefits:- Full and comprehensive healthcare and medical benefits for insured workers and their families.
- Payment of the full average wage for 12 weeks for confinement /miscarriage, or sickness arising out of pregnancy.- Payment of funeral expenses in cash on death of insured person (not exceeding Rs.5000)In case of death as a result of employment injury ,the dependents of the insured person are eligible for periodical payments. Pensions @ 70 % of the wages is payable
Cash payment ,besides free medical treatment ,in the event of temporary or permanent disablement as a result of employment or occupational diseases.(@ 70% of wages)
Sickness benefits ,maximum payable up to 91 days, in any continuous period of 365 days, the daily rate being about 50% of daily wages.
*Extended sickness benefits:In addition to 91 days of sickness benefits ,insured persons suffering from certain long term diseases are entitled to extent the sickness benefit for a maximum period of 2 years .34 such extended sickness benefit diseases are payable like:Infectious diseasesNeoplasmEndocrine disordersDisorders of nervous systemDisorders of cardiovascular system etc.
The extensive coverage of the scheme:
- 6.79 million workers (2.2% of Indian workers) in 170,000 companies/ organizations.
- 30 million persons (less than 3% of the total population) as included family members
- Maharashtra, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh in the highest numbers of insured persons reaching over 1 million.Comprehensive medical care
- one-eighth of costs provided through the respective states - cash benefits (reimbursements) are administered by the ESI corporation:- through the schemes own, hospitals and dispensaries- through reservation of beds in other hospitals - staffed by competent professionals- appreciated by non-regular workers such as causal & contract workersLimitation and difficulties- level and quality of medical care - the dual administrative control of the state government and corporation- lack of good healthcare infrastructure- lower enrolment (150,000 additional workers per year) but higher requirement of setting up new infrastructureRajiv Gandhi shramik kalyan yojana:ESI cooperation has launched a new yojana for workers/ employees covered under ESI scheme.Unemployment allowance for those who where rendered unemployed involuntary due to reattachment or closure of factory or establishment.Criteria: the employee must have contributed under the scheme for at least five years .Benefit: allowance for 6 months in the form of complete payment.
2.Employees Provident Fund (EPF):-
Provident fund is a scheme by the Government of India by which:
* A fixed percentage is deducted from the persons salary and* A fixed percentage added by the company/establishment.
This amount is kept in an account, which accumulates and is then received back after retirement.
a family pension and a deposit-linked insurance
retirement pension benefits to the workers and his/her family
survival benefits in case of death during service [a maximum of Rs.25,000 is paid]
covering companies employing over 20 workers
the minimum service for eligibility is 10 years and pensionable service of 33 years [50% of the last wages are paid]
permitting withdrawal for purposes of life insurance policies, house building, medical treatment, marriage, higher education, etc
Coverage approx 20 million workers (6.4% of the working population) in about 2,64,000 establishments are enrolled by the different employment sector: 51% of enrollees in the manufacturing industries over 20% of enrollees in the mining and quarrying 5.7% of subscribers in agricultural and allied fields 10.4% of subscribers in the unorganised sector
- 42% of the total membership are in the three states of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal
36The existing provisions of Defined Benefit Pension and GPF would not be available to the new recruits in the central Government service, i.e. to the Government servants joining Government service on or after 1-1-2004.
(from the official site for :ministry of labour)3.Workmens CompensationScheme- covering workers in factories, mines, plantations, railways, and other scheduled employments
- providing compensation to workmen or their survivors in case of injuries, death, and occupational diseases sustained during employment service
the compensation amounts is paid to workers according to the damage :
In case of death :40% of monthly wage ,multiplied by relevant factor or Rs. 20,000; whichever is more.
In case of total permanent disablement :50% of monthly wages or Rs.24,000; whichever is more.
In case of partial disablement the compensation is a % of that payable in the case of total permanent disablement and is determined by a qualified medical practitioner.
In case of temporary disablement 25% of the wages can be paid half a monthly.
LIST OF INJURIES DEEMED TO RESULT IN PERMANENT TOTAL DISABLEMENTDescription of InjuryPercentage of loss of earning1.Loss of both hands or amputation at higher sites
2. Loss of a hand and a foot 3. Double amputation through leg or thigh, or amputation through leg or thigh on one side and loss of other foot 4. Loss of sight to such an extent as to render the claimant unable to perform any work for which eye-sight is essential. 5. Very severe facial disfigurement
6. Absolute deafness100%LIST OF INJURIES DEEMED TO RESULT IN PERMANENT PARTIAL DISABLEMENTDescription of InjuryPercentage of loss of earningAmputation through shoulder joint Amputation below shoulder with stump less than [20.32 Cms.] from tip of acromion Amputation form [20.32 Cms.] from tip of acromion to less than [11.43 Cms.] below tip of olecranon Loss of a hand or of the thumb and four fingers of one hand or amputation from[11.43 Cms.] below tip of colcannon Loss of thumb 9080
70
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304. Payment of Gratuity-Gratuity is a lump sum amount that your employer pays you when you retire or resign from the organization. An Employee does not contribute any portion of his salary towards this amount.
-Applicable to various establishments employing over 10 workers
-Eligible to those who have paid a minimum continuous service of 5 years.
Formula Used :Gratuity Calculation In India =[ (Basic Pay + D.A) x 15 days x No. of years of service ]
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Where, D.A = Dearness Allowance. 5. Maternity BenefitSchemeproviding payment of wages for up to 12 weeks for full-time(ie,6 weeks prior the date of delivery and 6 weeks after)
covers o.5% of women workers nationwide.
- some states have introduced special schemes for extending maternity benefit to landless agricultural workers.
In case of miscarriage or MTP on production of proof , a woman is entitled to leave with wages for a period of 6 weeks immediately after the day of miscarriage or abortion.
Provision of leave with wages for tubectomy operation for a period of 2 weeks .
In case of any diseases or any complication arising out of pregnancy , the lady is allowed to take leave with full wages for 1 month ,provided she submits proper documents related.
Some other benefits:Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS)
Established on 1-7-1954 with the objectives of providing comprehensive medical care facilities to the central Government employees and their family members and to avoid cumbersome system of medical reimbursement
Facilities provided under CGHS through: Dispensaries, poly clinics and Government / recognized hospitals. National Social Assistance Programme
National Old Age Pension Scheme since 1995National Maternity Benefit Scheme since 1996National Family Benefit Scheme
1.National Old Age Pension Scheme
- Granting monthly pensions to the aged over 65 years, those without subsistence income or family support.paid by the central government under the NSAP (national social assistance progamme)Pension amountThe pension amount, as of Union Budget 2012-13is Rs.200 per month per person from 60 79 years and Rs.500 per month per person for those 80 years and above and states are supposed to contribute an equal amount to the scheme.
-widows are entitled to a pension for one year; during the period, skill development for self-employment is encouraged
- physically disabled are eligible for the monthly pension if above the age of 45 years, along with receiving free education, lodging, and boarding facilities in state-run institutions
Limitations
- the amount of pension is considered too low to ensure the minimum subsistence level
- the number of beneficiaries is restricted by state budgetary limitations and central guidelinesName of the StateCurrent amount of pension (Rs per month)Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam *Bihar Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka KeralaMadhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mizoram Orissa Punjab7515060*100200100125100110150100100100200
Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Chhattisgarh West Bengal **Chandigarh Delhi150125200300**2002002.National Maternity Benefit Scheme
- women in all households below the poverty line are eligible for maternity benefits, cashing an amount of Rs.500 for the first and second deliveries respectively
- Stipulating a minimum age of 19 years [around 3% of babies born of girls aged between 15-19 years]
- the maternity assistance amount in Chhattisgarh is Rs.500 & in Andhra Pradesh is Rs.900, payable in four installments,
3.National Family Benefit Scheme
Funding Pattern: 100% funded by the Central government
-given in the form of lump sum family benefit for households below the poverty line on the death of the primary breadwinner in the bereaved family. The amount of benefit is Rs.10000/- in case of death of primary breadwinner due to natural or accidental causes.
Social insurance schemes:Government Sponsored Socially Oriented Insurance SchemesAam Aadmi Bima Yojana(AABY)Janashree Bima YojanaShiksha Sahayog Yojana (SSY)Micro-Insurance ProductsVarishtha Pension Bima Yojana (VPBY)Universal Health Insurance Scheme (UHIS)National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS)Pilot Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS)Pilot Weather based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS)
Shiksha Sahayog Yojana (SSY)
The scheme was launched on 31st December, 2001.
Scholarship as a free add-on benefit is provided under both Janashree Bima Yojana and Aam Admi Bima Yojana to maximum of two children of the beneficiary studying between 9th to 12th standard (including ITI courses) @ Rs. 100 per month for each child payable half yearly on 1st July and 1st January, every year.
The benefit is without any additional premium.
Fund has been set up by Govt. of India called "Aam Admi Bima Yojana Scholarship Fund. Fund is maintained by LIC of India.Micro-Insurance Products
Jeevan Madhur"a simple savings related life insurance plan for low income persons was launched in 2006. On surviving to the date of maturity, sum assured is paid alongwith vested bonus if any.
On death of the policy holder, death benefit amount equal to the total premiums payable during the entire term of the policy will be paid alongwith vested bonus if any.
Jeevan Mangal", LIC's second Micro Insurance product, was launched in 2009. It is a term insurance plan with return of premiums paid on maturity, provided the policy is in force. On death during the term of the policy, the sum assured under the basic plan is payable, provided the policy is in force.
Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana (VPBY)
VPBY meant for senior citizens aged 55 years and above was launched on 14.7.2003. Under the scheme the pensioner gets an effective yield of 9% per annum on the investment.Universal Health Insurance Scheme (UHIS)
The four public sector general insurance companies have been implementing Universal Health Insurance Scheme for improving the access of health care to poor families.
provides for reimbursement of medical expenses upto Rs.30,000/- towards hospitalization floated amongst the entire family, death cover due to an accident @ Rs.25,000/- to the earning head of the family.compensation due to loss of earning of the earning member @ Rs.50/- per day upto maximum of 15 daysThe premium subsidy has been enhanced from Rs.100 to Rs.200 for an individual, Rs.300 for a family of five and Rs.400 for a family of seven, without any reduction in benefits.National Agricultural Insurance Schme (NAIS)
The Government of India introduced the scheme from Rabi 1999-2000 season to protect the farmers against losses suffered by them due to crop failure on account of natural calamities.
implemented by Agriculture Insurance Company of India (AICIL). The scheme is available to all the farmers, loanee and non-loanee, irrespective of size of their holding.
covers all food crops (cereals, millets and pulses) and oil seeds and Annual commercial/ horticultural crops
10% subsidy on premium is available to small & marginal farmers. NAIS is presently being implemented in 24 States and 2 Union Territories except in States of Punjab & Arunachal Pradesh.
What about the workers in
UNORGANISED SECTOR ??Unorganised sector worker:Means a person who works for wages or income: directly or through an agency or contractor; or who works on his own/her own account or is self employed ; in any place of work including his/her home ,field or any public space and who is not availing the benefits under ESIC ACT and P.F ACTParliament of India has enacted unorganised sector workers social security act 2005. National social security board for unorganised sector have been constituted by the central government to exercise the powers confined on and to perform the functions assigned to. Headed by union minister for lab our and employment.
Programmes:Indira gandhi national old age pension schemeNational family benefit scheme.Jannani suraksha yojanaHandloom weavers comprehensive welfare scheme.Handicraft artisans comprehensive welfare scheme.Pension to master craft personsNational scheme for welfare of fisherman and training and extensionJanshree bima yojana Aam aadmi bima yojana.Rashtriya swastiya bima yojana.Janani suraksha yojanaIt was launched on 12th April 2005.
Objectives of this scheme were reducing maternal mortality and infant mortality through encour-aging delivery at health institu-tions & focusing at institutional care among women in below pov-erty line families.
100 percent centrally spon-sored scheme & it integrates the benefit of cash assistance with in-stitutional care during ante natal, natal and immediate post-partum care.
Handlooms Weavers Comprehensive Welfare SchemeSponsored by : Both Central & State Government.
The Health Insurance Scheme aims at financially enabling the weaver community to access the best of healthcare facilities in the country. The scheme is to cover not only the weaver but his wife and children, to cover all pre-existing diseases as well as new diseases . The ancillary Handlooms workers like those engaged in warping, winding, dyeing, printing, finishing, sizing, Jhala making, Jacquard cutting etc. are also eligible to be covered.
Handicraft artisans' comprehensive welfare schemeAims at financially enabling the artisans community to access to the best of healthcare facilities in the country.This scheme covers not only the artisans but his wife and children .
ELIGIBILITY TO GET THE COVERAGEAll Craft persons whether male or female, between the age group of one day to 80years will be eligible.
FUNDING PATTERNi.Contribution by the Govt. of India: Rs.697/- or Rs. 797/- per annumii.Contribution by the handicrafts artisans: Rs.200/- or Rs. 100/-per annum
Total premium:Rs. 897/- per annum
Pension to master craft personsDevelopment Commissioner (Handicrafts) extends financial assistance to senior master craft persons above 60 years of age who are recipients of National Awards/ National Merit Certificate or State Awards in Handicrafts. This provision helps the old artisans to survive with the pension benefit and be able to disseminate their knowledge to the younger generation. Also, this encourages new young artisans to practice handicrafts and devote their fulltime with an assurance of pensionary benefit.National scheme on welfare of fishermenCentrally Sponsored Scheme *objective of the scheme are:a)to provide basic amenities like housing, drinking water, community hall etc. for fishersb)to facilitate better living standards for fishers and their familiesc)to uplift social and economic securities for active fishers and their dependents andd)to update knowledge and improving skills of fishers in regard to modern fishing technology.
Scheme is operated with the following four components:1) Development of Model Fishermen Villages2) Group Accident Insurance for ActiveFishermen3) Saving-cum-Relief; and4) Training & Extention.
Funding pattern:In case of 1stthree component of Schemethe assistance is shared on 50:50 basis by the Government of India and State Government and in case of UT Admn., 100% Assistance is born by the Government of India.
In case of North Eastern States, the assistance is shared on 75:25 basis between the Government of India and the State Government.
The assistance for Training & Extension is shared on 80:20 basis by the Government of India and the State Government and in case of UT Administrations/ FISHCOPFED 100% assistance is given by the Government of India. Janashree Bima Yojana
The objective of the scheme is to provide life insurance protection to the rural and urban poor persons below poverty line and marginally above the poverty line.
ELIGIBILITY:A person who is*Aged between 18 and 59 years.*Below or marginally above poverty line*A member of any of the approved vocation/occupation groups
NODAL AGENCY:A State Government Department which is concerned with the welfare of any such vocation/occupation group, a Welfare Fund/ Society, Village Panchayat,NGO,Self-Help Group,etc.
COVERAGE:-45 occupational groups have been covered under this scheme.
-It includes beediworkers, carpenters, cobblers, fishermen, weavers, persons with disability employed in different sectors, sweepers, drivers, anganwadi teachers and members of self-help groups would be extended the insurance benefits under the scheme.
Besides providing a life cover of Rs. 30,000 for natural death, Rs. 75,000 amount would be paid to the family in case of death due to accidents.Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana
Ministry of Finance, Government of India has approved the merger of Social Security Schemes viz., Aam Admi Bima Yojana (AABY) and Janashree Bima Yojana (JBY).
The merged scheme is renamedAam Admi Bima Yojana and has come into effect from 01.01.2013.
Eligibility criteria:i).The members should be aged between 18 years completed and 59 years nearer birthday.ii) The member should normally be the head of the family or one earning member of the below poverty line family (BPL) or marginally above the poverty line under identified vocational group/rural landless household.
Nodal agency : In the case of Rural Households, the nodal agency will mean the State Government/Union Territory appointed to administer the Scheme.Premium:
The premium to be charged initially under the scheme will be Rs.200/- per annum per member for a cover of Rs.30,000/-, out of which 50% will be subsidized from the Social Security Fund .
In case of Rural Landless Household (RLH) remaining 50 % premium shall be borne by the State Government/ Union Territory and in case of other occupational group the remaining 50% premium shall be borne by the Nodal Agency and/or Member and/or State Government/ Union TerritoryRashtriya swasthya bima yojanagovernment-runhealth insurancescheme for theIndianpoor. It provides for cashless insurance for hospitalization in public as well private hospitals. The scheme started enrolling on April 1, 2008 and has been implemented in 25 states of India.project under the Ministry of Labour and Employment.Every "below poverty line" (BPL) family holding a yellowration cardpaysRs.30 registration fee to get abiometric-enabled smart cardcontaining their fingerprints and photographs.This enables them to receive inpatient medical care of up toRs.30,000 per family per year in any of the empanelled hospitalsthe scheme has won plaudits from theWorld Bank, theUNand theILOas one of the world's best health insurance schemes.Germanyhas shown interest in adopting thesmart cardbased model for revamping its own social security system, the oldest in the world, by replacing its current, expensive, system of voucher based benefits for 2.5 million children.
RATION CARDRation Cards play a vital role in India for Public Distribution System. Depending on the economic condition, people can purchase essential things such as kerosene, sugar and food grains on low cost if they are carrying any of these cards.
Below Poverty Line (BPL) Cards:Indian Government has introduced BPL Card in order to provide alleviation for poor people in which only poor people of the society are eligible for this type of cards. These people can be bifurcated on daily livelihood such as flower sellers, card pullers, rickshaw pullers, black smith, collies, porters etc. These people are identified by the government employees of the department and then BPL Card is issued with the support of Food and Supplies Department.In order to get this card, a person has to submit an application form which has to be duly attested by the Village Sarpanch or by Municipal Councilor, two group family photographs (passport size) and finally an affidavit which has to be duly specified.
Antyodaya Ration CardsAntyodaya Rations Cards are for the families which are the poorest in India and having income which is below Rs.250/- (i.e. per capita per month).The AAY scheme was launched in December 2000 for the poorest among the BPL families.5 Individuals in the following priority groups are entitled to an AAY card, including: (i) landless agricultural labourers, (ii) marginal farmers, (iii) rural artisans/craftsmen such as potters and tanners, (iv) slum dwellers, (v) persons earning their livelihood on a daily basis in the informal sector such as porters, rickshaw pullers, cobblers, (vi) destitute, (vii) households headed by widows or terminally ill persons, disabled persons, persons aged 60 years or more with no assured means of subsistence, and (viii) all primitive tribal households. This card is being issued along with BPL Card for the persons whose income is below Rs. 250/- per month. In order to obtain AAY Card, a person needs to submit an application form which has to be duly attested by the Village Sarpanch or by the Municipal Councilor, two group family photographs (passport size) and finally an affidavit. After that a ration card is developed in Green color for Antyodaya beneficiaries. This card holder will get 35 KG of rice for Rs.3/- per Kg.
Key problems
Social security policies assumes an homogeneity among all the unorganised workers.But the sector is heterogeneous in terms of:-Social security needs-Ability to contribute-Membership and participationWe can divide the unorganised sector workers into two categories:
Ultra poor PoorInability to meet basic need.Need promotional upliftment.Find difficult to contribute to social security due to limited and insecure livelihood.Fulfilled basic needs .
Protective social security schemes Ability to contribute towards social security is higher.Social security :an integral element for poverty alleviation among ultra poor.Improving service delivery system to provide basic needsGovernance of these institutions needs to be improved in terms of participation and accountabilityNew institutions like SELF HELP GROUPS should be formed.Implementation of subsidies to provide social protection.
Protective security for PoorWhat they need is inclusive, participatory , transparent ,and effective social security schemes so that they do not slip back into poverty.GOVT should plan to increase the employment opportunities for people of this strata.Conclusions
About 13% of the working population are covered by the statutory social protection :
- Some 19.5 million government and public sector workers
- Some 21 million private sector workers
These major social security laws do not distinguish between organized and unorganised sectors:
- very few informal economy workers are covered under the statutory schemes
- because there are many difficulties in establishing workers-employer relationship and an effective system for the collection of contribution
The statutes explicitly exclude groups of workers such asthose working outside the scheduled industries and establishmentsthose in smaller enterprisesthe very substantial category of the self-employed (comprising 54% of the workforce)
Lack of awareness and unity among the informal economy workers to enforce the laws
Bibliography:
Parks textbook for preventive medicine.National health programmes of India. -J.kishores(9th edition) Official site for Ministry of industries.Official site for Ministry of finance.National rural health mission website.Social security in india:status,issues and ways forward,by D.Rajashekhar ,isec Bangalore (Institute for Social and Economic Change) Life insurance cooperation of India website. Available from: URLhttp://www.labour.nic.in
Thank you
