Final Report

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

IOCL PANIPAT

ETHANOL DOPING (Marketing Complex)

Kamal Aggarwal

B.Tech, Chemical Engineering,

Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology,

Jalandhar

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have completed my 8 weeks of Industrial Training at IOCL Panipat

successfully in Effluent Treatment Plant (Marketing Division). It was a great

learning experience for me and I tried to cover all the aspects of refining within

my limitations.

At the outset, I would like to thank Mr. Ravi Sharma (Chief Terminal Manager

– Marketing Terminal, IOCL Panipat) for providing me the opportunity to do a

project at Indian Oil Corporation limited.

I would also like to thank Mr. Vinod Sharma (Sr. Manager) and to all

concerned for their support in making my training successful.

I wish to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Mr. Prakrin Kumar,

Mr. Abhishek Gupta, Mr. jaipal singh who was abundantly helpful and

offered invaluable assistance, support and guidance.

I would also like to thank Mrs. Aditi Sharma for her concerned support.

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. - A Brief Overview

Indian Oil Corporation Limited, or Indian Oil, is an Indian state-

owned oil and gas company headquartered at Mumbai, India. It is India‟s largest

commercial enterprise, ranking 125th on the Fortune Global 500 list in 2010.

Indian Oil and its subsidiaries account for a 47% share in the petroleum

products market, 34.8% share in refining capacity and 67% downstream sector

pipelines capacity in India. The Indian Oil Group of Companies owns and

operates 10 of India's 19 refineries with a combined refining capacity of 65.7

million metric tons per year.

Major Divisions:

It comprises of three major divisions viz. Refinery, Pipeline and Marketing.

REFINERY:

At present, Indian Oil controls 10 of India‟s 20 refineries.

The strength of Indian Oil springs from its experience of operating the largest

number of refineries in India and adapting to a variety of refining processes

along the way.

Indian Oil in an excellent position to offer O&M services for latest technologies

such as distillate FCCUs, Resid FCCUs, hydrocrackers, reformers (both semi-

regenerative and continuous catalytic regeneration types), lube processing units,

catalytic de-waxing units, cokers, coke calciners, visbreakers, merox, hydro-

treaters for kero and gasoil streams, etc. Indian Oil refineries also have units for

producing specialty products such as bitumen, LPG, MTBE, Butene-1,

Propylene, Xylenes, Di-Methyl Terephthalate (DMT), polyester staple fibre

(PSF) and other petrochemicals like Linear Alkyl Benzene, Paraxylene (PX),

Purified Terepthalic Acid (PTA), etc.

Indian Oil‟s Refineries team have a deep understanding of the complexities of

all the process units of modern refineries and can offer comprehensive services

of a highly professional nature on different facets.

With strategies and plans for several value-added projects in place, IndianOil

refineries will continue to play a leading role in the downstream hydrocarbon

sector for meeting the rising energy needs of our country.

PIPELINE

IndianOil, the pioneer in cross-country petroleum product pipeline in the Indian

sub-continent constructed and commissioned its first petroleum product

pipeline, Guwahati-Siliguri Pipeline in the year 1964. Since then IndianOil has

mastered the art and technology of pipeline engineering. Over the last four

decades the pipeline network of IndianOil has grown to 10,899 km

IndianOil‟s sustained pursuit and implementation of proven safety and

environmental management systems have brought rich results. All operating

pipeline units have been accredited with ISO 9000 and ISO 14001 certificates.

The pipelines transport petroleum products from refineries to demand areas and

crude oil from import terminals as well as domestic sources to the inland

refineries.

MARKETING

Indian Oil provides a wide range of marketing services and consultancy in fuel

handling, distribution, storage and fuel/lube technical services.

With a formidable bank of technical and engineering talent, Indian Oil is fully

equipped to handle small to large-scale infrastructural projects in the petroleum

downstream sector anywhere in the country.

IOCL project teams have independently or jointly as a consortium, have set up

depots, terminals, pipelines, aviation fuel stations, filling plants, LPG bottling

plants, amongst others.

IOCL PANIPAT-INTRODUCTION

Panipat Refinery, the 7

th Refinery of Indian Oil, a Global Fortune 500 company

having vision to become a major, diversified, transnational, integrated energy

company, with national leadership and a strong environment conscience,

playing national role in oil security & public distribution. Panipat Refinery is

referred to as the country‟s technically advanced refinery. 6 MMTPA refinery

was built and commissioned in 1998 at a cost of Rs. 3868 Crore (includes

Marketing Complex & Pipelines installation). Refinery capacity has been

further augumented to 12 MMTPA in June 2006 at a cost of Rs. 4165 crore and

Rs. 850 crores are further invested in its expansion from 12 MMTPA to 15

MMTPA in 2009.It receives crude oil from Vadinar and Mundra Ports in

Gujarat coast. The refinery is designed for processing both indigenous &

imported crude oil. The refinery has processed about 30 types of imported crude

oil from countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Dubai, Kuwait, Malaysia,

Nigeria and other African countries since commissioning.

Panipat marketing Complex envisages the product marketing facilities for

handling the products produced at the 15.0 MMTPA Panipat Refinery,

Panipat, Haryana. The terminal incudes storage tanks for the products such as

naphtha, Motor Spirit, Aviation turbine Fuel, High Speed diesel, Light diesel

oil, Superior kerosene oil, etc. with associated facilities including road and rail,

tank wagon loading, drainage facilities, road and rail network, pumping etc.

Indian Oil‟s marketing operations network of storage, distribution and supply

hubs is backed by efficient sourcing, on-time logistics, custom-designed

deliveries and round-the-clock after sales service and consultancy.

IndianOil's supply and distribution network is strategically located across the

country linked through a customized supply chain system backed by front

offices located in conceivably every single town of consequence.

PMC's fuel management system to bulk customers offer customized solutions

that deliver least cost supplies keeping in mind usage patterns and inventory

levels and to adopt safe and environmental friendly practices.

It has its own “lubricant and fuel testing laboratory” for quality check and better

fuel handling services.

Gasoline

Gasoline or petrol , is a toxic translucent, yellow-tinted liquid mixture, derived

from petroleum, which is primarily used as a fuel in internal combustion

engines. It is also used as a solvent, mainly known for its ability to dilute paints.

It consists mostly of aliphatic hydrocarbons obtained by the fractional

distillation of petroleum, enhanced with isooctane or

the aromatic hydrocarbons like toluene and benzene to increase its octane rating.

Automotive gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends are used in internal

combustion spark-ignition engines. These spark ignition engine fuels are

primarily used for passenger cars. They are also used in off-highway utility

vans, farm machinery and in other spark ignition engines employed in a variety

of service applications.

Gasoline is a complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons that vary

widely in chemical & physical properties and are derived from fractional

distillation of crude petroleum with a further treatment mainly in terms of

improvement of its octane rating. The hundreds of individual hydrocarbons in

gasoline range from c4 to c11.Small quantities of various additives are common,

for the purposes of tuning engine performance or reducing harmful

exhaust emissions.

In view of the auto fuel policy issued by Govt of India, more & more stringent

specifications oxygenates are being added to the gasoline. Oxygenate is an

oxygen-containing, ash less organic compound which can be used as a fuel or

fuel supplement. This has led to reduction of environmentally polluting factors

in gasolines.The most common oxygenate used for blending with petrol is

ethanol. Brazil and Sweden are the largest producers of vehicles that run on

ethanol-gasoline blended fuel. Brazil is the largest producer of ethanol and

therefore switched over to ethanol-blended fuel to reduce oil imports. 40% of

the Brazil cars are fueled with pure ethanol and the remaining 60% cars with

blended ethanol.

With the growing awareness of ethanol-gasoline blends, India has also initiated

the use of ethanol as an automotive fuel. In india 5%ethanol & 95% gasoline

mixture is used. Indian automobile engines can work with 8% ethanol blend

without any changes.

ETHANOL

Ethanol is an agricultural based product, mainly a by-product of sugar

industries, available in sugar belt areas. Doping of ethanol in gasoline is a well

established worldwide practice and is mainly used in countries like Brazil,

Mexico, USA, etc.

One of the main motivations for use of ethanol in MS is to improve air

quality by reducing pollution. It is primarily used in MS to meet minimum

oxygenate air requirements making fuel more eco-friendly.

TERMINOLOGY

1. Ethanol:

Ethanol is the pure chemical, otherwise known as hydroxyethane,

corresponding to the constitution CH3 CH2OH and molecular formula

C2H5OH.

2. Ethyl Alcohol (Absolute Alcohol):

Ethyl alcohol (absolute alcohol) is a clear, colorless and homogenous

liquid, consisting essentially of ethanol admixed with not more than 0.5% by

vol. of water.

3. Anhydrous Ethanol:

Anhydrous ethanol is essentially ethyl alcohol, which is denatured and is

meant for use as fuel in automobile engines. The IS 15464: 2004 prescribes

requirements, methods of sampling and test for anhydrous ethanol, which is

used either s such or more usually in admixture with petrol and diesel as a

fuel for automobile engines.

4. Denaturant:

Denaturant is a substance completely miscible in ethyl alcohol and of

such character that while its addition makes the material or any aqueous

dilution of it unpleasant and unwholesome for potable purposes, its presence

does not render anhydrous ethanol, either as such or doped with petrol or

diesel, unsuitable for use in automobile engines. The denaturant to be

admixed with ethyl alcohol and the proportion in which it is to be used shall

be as prescribed by law from time to time.

5. Prohibited Denaturants:

Specific mention must be made of some materials that have extremely

adverse effects on fuel stability, automotive engines and fuel systems. These

materials shall not be used as denaturants, for anhydrous ethanol for use in

automobile fuels, under any circumstances. They are as follows: Methanol

Pyrroles, Turpentine, Ketones and Tars (high molecular weight pyrolysis

products of fossil and non-fossil vegetable matter). Unless a denaturant, such as

a higher aliphatic alcohol or ether, is known to have no adverse effect on

gasoline-ethanol mixture or on automotive engines or fuel systems, it shall not

be used.

Motor gasoline

A volatile mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, generally containing a small

amount of additives, suitable for use as a fuel in spark ignition and internal

combustion engines conforming current BIS specification IS: 2796 and or as per

the requirement of the Gazette notification issued by Govt. of India from time to

time and or guideline issued by MOP & NG regulatory authorities from time to

time.

Ethanol doped motor gasoline

A fuel consisting primarily of motor gasoline doped with 5%vol./vol. of

denatured anhydrous ethanol for fuel conforming to motor gasoline

specification.

Oxygenate

Oxygen containing ash less, organic compound such as an alcohol or

ether which may be used as a fuel or fuel supplement.

Denatured anhydrous ethanol for fuel

Denatured anhydrous ethanol for fuel is made unfit for use as beverage by

addition of denaturants as per IS 15464 for Anhydrous ethanol for use in

Automotive Fuel Specification. In the following sections wherever the term

ethanol is used it refers to denatured anhydrous ethanol for fuel.

SALIENT FEATURES OF ETHANOL:

1. Ethanol is completely soluble in water, which presents potential

problems for storage and handling. However, Ethanol will not be significantly

degraded by small amount of clean water, though water addition dilutes its

values as a fuel.

2. A higher conductivity suggests that ethanol will dissipate static charges

that build up when pumping fuel transfers faster than motor gasoline, as static

electrical charges generated will be dissipated more quickly.

3. Viscosity of Ethanol is higher than that of motor gasoline. However, it

does not pose any problem in handling in cold weather.

4. The auto-ignition temperature of Ethanol is significantly higher thn that

of motor gasoline. This makes Ethanol less susceptible to ignition when

spilled on hot surfaces such as Engine Exhaust Manifolds.

5. The lower flammable limit of Ethanol is higher than Motor Gasoline.

This is another advantage over Motor Gasoline.

6. Pure Ethanol burns with a flame that is not clearly visible in bright

sunlight. However, Ethanol doped Motor Gasoline flame is visible.

Quality control

Quality control is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors

involved in production. Quality control emphasizes testing of products to

uncover defects, and reporting to management who make the decision to allow

or deny the release, whereas quality assurance attempts to improve and stabilize

production, and associated processes, to avoid, or at least minimize, issues that

led to the defects in the first place. It implies a complete overview and re-

evaluation of the specification of a product, rather than just considering a more

limited set of changeable features within an existing product. Quality protects the image of the organisation and control helps to meet

prescribed specifications.

Quality checks are carried out at various stages of stock handling

1. During receipt of stock.

2. During storage of stock.

3. Monthly tests.

4. During dispatch.

SAMPLING

It is the process of securing representative quantities from a part or from the

whole of a quantity of material for various tests.

Sampling of petroleum products is covered by

1. ASTM, D-270

2. IP-2546

3. IS:1447,1966

Types of samples

1. ALL LEVEL SAMPLE

CLOSED SAMPLER TO BE SUBMERGED AND

OPENED NEAR DRAW OFF LEVEL AND

RAISED AT A UNIFORM RATE SUCH THAT IT

IS NEARLY FULL WHEN IT COMES OUT.

2. TOP SAMPLE DRAWN BELOW 15 CMS. FROM TOP

SURFACE OF PRODUCT.

3. UPPER SAMPLE 1/6TH

OF THE DEPTH OF PRODUCT

BELOW TOP SURFACE IN A TANK.

4. MIDDLE SAMPLE ½ OF THE DEPTH OF PRODUCT BELOW

TOP SURFACE IN A TANK.

5. LOWER SAMPLE 5/6TH

OF THE DEPTH OF PRODUCT

BELOW TOP SURFACE IN A TANK.

6. COMPOSITE

SAMPLE

A. MIXTURE OF EQUAL QUANTITY

OF UPPER – MIDDLE – LOWER

SAMPLES. (>12‟)

B. UPPER & LOWER SAMPLES (6‟ –

12‟).

C. MIDDLE SAMPLE (<6‟).

7. BOTTOM SAMPLE

SAMPLE TAKEN FROM LOWEST PART

OF THE TANK.

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS FOR SAMPLING

1. SAMPLES SHALL NOT INCLUDE MATERIAL OTHER THAN

THAT TO BE SAMPLED.

2. SAMPLE DURING COOLEST PART OF THE DAY – PREVENT

EVAPORATION LOSS.

3. SAMPLE HIGHLY VOLATILE PRODUCTS WITH JUDGEMENT,

SKILL & EXPERIENCE.

4. SAMPLES SHALL BE DRAWN THROUGH GAUGE HATCHES OR

SAMPLING HATCHES GIVING DIRECT AND UNCONFINED

ACCESS TO THE BULK OF THE PRODUCT.

5. SAMPLES SHALL BE DRAWN BY APPROPRIATE METHOD IN

APPROVED CONTAINERS.

6. . STRAINERS AND FILTERS SHALL NOT BE USED IN

PREPARATION OF SAMPLES.

7. USE CLEAN AND DRY CONTAINER AND EQUIPMENT,

CONTAINER SHOULD NOT BE LEAKY.

8. USE SEPARATE SAMPLING EQUIPMENT FOR EACH PRODUCT.

9. RINSE EQUIPMENT AND CONTAINER PRIOR TO FILLING.

10. LEAVE EXPANSION SPACE.

Quality control measures for ethanol

Receipt of ethanol

1. Receipt of Ethanol:

1. Ethanol shall be received at depots in dedicated tank trucks. All care shall

be taken to prevent ingress of water into the compartments during

transportation.

2. The fittings in tank trucks used for transportation of ethanol to receiving

locations shall be the same as used for storage and handling of class „A‟

petroleum products.

3. The consignment of Ethanol must carry quality certificate as per IS 15464

specification covering the specification as per table no. 1 with foot note

under section 4. this quality certificate should also contain the batch

number and the name of the denaturant used along with its dosage.

2. On arrival, one litre top and bottom sample from each compartment of the

tank truck shall be drawn after the line content is drained off.

3. These samples should be tested for visual appearance and specific gravity

(SG) at 15.6 C / 15.6 C. for conversion of SG from ambient temperature to

15.6 C / 15.6 C, separate charts as per IS 2302 – Table 1 & Table 2 as well as IS

321 – Appendix B are to be used. The SG should be within +_0.0005 of the

dispatch Specific gravity. A composite sample should be made from these

samples for future tests. (Relative Density at 15.6 C / 15.6 C of IS 15464 as

mentioned in table 1 of section 4 is same as specific gravity in air 15.6 C / 15.6

C of IS 321, table 1.

Alternative to the above ASTM D4052 method for density and relative

density of liquids by digital density meter may be used for measurement of

specific gravity, however, the method under IS 15464:2004 will be the

referee method.

4. The above composite sample should be tested for the following

characteristics:

1. Appearance

2. Colour (Visual)

3. Ethanol Content % Vol. IS – 2302

4. Hydrocarbon contamination checks (Refer Clause 5.7)

Specific gravity at 15.6 C / 15.6 C for computing quantity can be calculated

from the percentage of Ethanol content using the table 1 & 2 of IS 2302 and

table 1, in appendix B of IS 321.

5. For determining Ethanol content IS 2302 tables for alcoholometry by

hydrometer method should be used.

6. Specific gravity can be derived by using the Ethanol content and the

Appendix B of IS 321. The specification, however, includes option to determine

specific gravity by the method given in IS 321.

7. To ensure that there is no contamination of hydrocarbon with Ethanol, take

50ml of water in 100ml clean graduated stoppered glass cylinder (A class), put

50ml of Ethanol at the top of it. Stopper the cylinder and shake thoroughly for

15 sec. Set aside the cylinder. Observe that water is fully soluble with Ethanol

and no layer is formed. This ensures no contamination of hydrocarbons with

Ethanol.

8. One litre composite sample of Ethanol from the tank truck should be drawn,

sealed, labelled and jointly signed by the driver/authorized representative of the

transporter and the receiving officer of the oil company. These samples shall be

retained for a period of 30 days. Only glass or stainless steel sample containers

should be used. Aluminium containers should not be used for storing Ethanol

samples.

9. Product can be decanted into tank, after ensuring that it conforms to the

requirements of the characteristics as mentioned in table no. 1 of section 4 as

well as physical verification carried out as per clause 5.3 and 5.4.

10. The unloading operations shall be carried out through special Nitrile rubber

or any other compatible hoses. Ethanol being hygroscopic in nature, utmost

precaution needs to be taken to ensure that there is no ingress of water or

humidity. Both the ends of the hoses after use shall be capped. 80 mesh strainers

(material as specified in section: 6) shall be provided before the pump / tank

inlet as the case may be. All safety precautions shall be taken as that for class

„A‟ product.

11. Appropriate recommended dosage of metal deactivator and Corrosion

inhibiter shall be added during the decantation of Ethanol from tank truck into

the storage tank, so as to ensure homogeneity of additives with Ethanol in the

storage tank. A separate operations and inventory logbook shall be maintained

for the additive.

12. The location shall maintain a Batch-Control Logbook tank-wise for receipt

of Ethanol in the storage tank as per the following format

STORAGE AND HANDLING OF ETHANOL:

1. Material recommendations:

The compatibility of Ethanol/Ethanol Doped motor gasoline with

material coming in contact while handling means not only that equipment

made from material will not deteriorate but also that the quality of

Ethanol as well as Ethanol Doped motor gasoline in contact with the

material will not degrade. The supplier/contractor will ensure in this

regard. It is recommended that integrity of all materials coming in to

contact with the fuel will be verified with „Soak testing‟ as per standard

engineering practice.

2. Nozzles, fittings, connectors, piping, pump and impellers may be of best

suitable material compatible with Ethanol as recommended for the storage

tanks.

3. Zinc, brass, lead, copper and Aluminium are some of the sensitive materials

known to be degraded while contact with Ethanol. Lead based solders are also

incompatible with Ethanol. Avoid using them.

4. Un-plated steel, Stainless steel, black iron and Bronze have shown acceptable

resistance to corrosion by Ethanol.

5. Non-metallic materials that degrade when in contact with Ethanol include

natural Rubber, Polyurethane, Cork gasket material, leather, polyester –

bounded Fiberglas laminate, Polyvinyl Chlorides, Polyamides and Methyl and

Methacrylate Plastics.

6. Non-metallic materials that have been successfully used with fuel Ethanol

include Buna-N, Neoprene rubber, Polyethylene, Nylon, Polypropylene, Nitrile,

Glass, Viton and Teflon.

7. Ethanol can be stored in a above ground or underground tank(S). Factors like

the size of the tank, the space available, requirements for stationary evaporative

emissions and safety aspects will determine which type of tank is best for use.

8. Epicoating is not recommended for the tanks proposed for storage of Ethanol.

9. Epicoating recommended in storage tank for general hydrocarbons may not

be compatible for system handling Ethanol/Ethanol Doped motor gasoline and it

may be ensured before any application or use.

10. Ethanol falls under the same handling and storage requirements as motor

gasoline within the provision of applicable norms.

11. Tank should be constructed of low carbon, cold finished steel and butt-

welded. Do not use any plated material tank.

12. The storage tanks and allied facilities for Ethanol shall be positively

segregated. The existing Class „A‟ product storage tank fitted with Pressure

Vacuum Valve (PV valve) can be used for storing Ethanol after thorough

cleaning. The tank shall be absolutely free from water at all times.

13. Ethanol storage tanks shall be cleaned once in two years or more frequently

depending on the need. Tank cleaning certificate shall be maintained as per

Appendix – A of IQCM. Date of tank cleaning and due date of next tank

cleaning shall be painted on the manhole cover. For underground tanks, the

details of tank cleaning shall be displayed on a suitable display card.

14. All level samples after receipt of first parcel in a newly commissioned tank /

after tank cleaning shall be sent to laboratory for Batch Formation Test (Clause

No. 9.2.2). The product from the tank shall be released only if the laboratory

confirms that the product meets specifications requirement in respect of the tests

carried out.

15. As Ethanol is hygroscopic and will absorb moisture from the air, Silica Gel

trap must be provided in the vent pipe of the tank to prevent ingress of moisture

into the tank. Regular check on the colour of silica gel shall be maintained (Blue

Colour) and shall need immediate replacement on showing signs of saturation

by way of change of colour. Say, Silica get turns from blue to pink after it

absorbs moisture.

16. The silica gel can also be reactivated on heating in an air oven for about one

hour at 110 C, till it again turns blue. Then it will become ready for re-use.

17. Other storage tank openings / pipeline fittings shall be airtight and the

threaded connections if any shall be tightened with the help of Teflon paste or

Teflon tapes. Bolted connections shall have gaskets of Teflon.

Colour Coding for Ethanol:

The colour band for Ethanol on the pipeline shall be purple (ISC No. 796). The

procedure for colour coding shall be in accordance with Clause 4.3.3 of industry

quality control manual for non aviation products (IQCM)

Quality Monitoring for Ethanol:

One litre composite sample of Ethanol from the storage tanks shall be collected

in stainless steel or glass container for monitoring tests and sent to the nearest

lab once in a month.

Doping of Ethanol in motor Gasoline and quality control checks:

At Depot / installation / Terminal:

It is necessary that adequate care be taken to ensure the correct dosage in online

doping of Ethanol with in motor gasoline. Ethanol is to be doped in motor

gasoline with the concentration of 5% v/v.

Manufacturing specification of motor gasoline to be kept at refinery end such

that the end product from marketing after doping 5% v/v Ethanol into motor

gasoline remains within specification IS 2796.

Procedure for doping anhydrous Ethanol in motor gasoline:

To ensure uniform doping of Ethanol with motor gasoline, online doping of

Ethanol shall be carried out through a closed system, with proper interlocks,

while maintaining efficacy of mixing Ethanol in the right proportion of 5% v/v

as per specification.

The quantity of Ethanol to be doped into the motor gasoline is worked out

for each compartment of the tank truck on the basis of 5% vol. of Ethanol in

motor gasoline. Doping shall be carried out by synchronizing with the total

delivery of desired 5% vol. of Ethanol with motor gasoline in that compartment.

This can be verified by test method given in appendix-1

An 80-mesh filter shall be provided on the delivery side of Ethanol storage

tank i.e. between pump and TLF Gantry point.

The following QC checks are recommended for the doping:

All samples shall be drawn, tested and retained as per the procedure laid

down in IQCM.

A sample of Ethanol Doped Motor Gasoline shall be drawn in each shift and

whenever there is a switch over of motor gasoline / Ethanol tank on an hourly

basis. The sample should be tested for appearance, density at 15 C and alcohol

content.

In case ethanol content of motor gasoline exceeds / less than the permissible

level of 5%, corrective steps are to be taken immediately.

Retention of ethanol doped motor gasoline sample from TLF shall be

followed as per IQCM requirements (before commencements of loading in each

shift and whenever there is a switchover of motor gasoline / ethanol tank). In

addition, one litre sample of ethanol from the storage tank should also be

retained for 15 days along with TLF sample(s).

Lab facilities required for testing:

At depot / installation:

Facilities required for the field test of Anhydrous Ethanol content:

Hydrometers / Alcoholometers (IS:3608 part 2 : 1987),

Thermometers,

Glass cylinders,

150ml graduated glass cylinder (A class) with stopper.

Specific gravity at 15.6 C/15.6 C for computing quantity can be calculated from

the percentage of ethanol content using the table 1 and 2 of IS 2302: 1989 and

table 1 of IS 321: 1964.

At QC labs:

As per full specification test of Ethanol other than copper content and methyl

alcohol content (Batch formation test) However, colour of Ethanol may be

slightly vary due to addition of special additive like, Metal deactivator and

corrosion inhibitors..

Tank Trucks for Transportation of Ethanol doped Motor Gasoline:

The tank trucks can be upgraded for the purposes as specified in IQCM for

handling non-aviation products and inspect from inside for cleanliness and dry

out any accumulated water or product before loading Ethanol doped motor

Gasoline.

The tank truck fit for transportation of motor gasoline shall be used for ethanol

doped motor gasoline. Adequate care shall be taken to ensure that the tank truck

fittings are absolutely airtight and no ingress of water or air is allowed.

The Epicoating applied in tank trucks for transportation of petroleum products

may not be compatible with ethanol doped motor gasoline. The compatibility

needs to be ensured before use of such tank trucks.

Handling of Ethanol doped motor gasoline at retail outlets:

Underground tanks, dispensers and fittings

Storage tank shall be suitable for class “A” product and openings/

pipeline fittings shall be airtight and the threaded connections if any shall be

tightened with the help of Teflon tapes. Bolted connections shall be provided

with proper gaskets. Storage tanks shall be thoroughly cleaned; ensuring

absence of any trace of water before commissioning on Ethanol doped motor

gasoline. Fill cap and dip cap fittings shall be watertight and have suitable

gaskets / packing to prevent entry of moisture.

The fill/dip caps shall be raised sufficiently high above the ground level. In case

these are situated in chambers, the chambers shall be constructed in a manner so

as to avoid entry of water into the tank and the caps positioned sufficiently

above the bottom of the chamber. The presence of any water in the underground

tank shall be checked by using water-finding paste every day. During the rainy

season the water shall be promptly removed from the tank.

Ethanol being hygroscopic in nature, utmost precautions needs to be taken to

ensure that there is no ingress of water or moisture in the storage tanks. Suitable

silica gel trap shall be fitted in the vent of the tank storing Ethanol Doped motor

Gasoline at Retail Outlet to prevent ingress of moisture. Regular check on the

colour of silica gel shall be maintained and it should be immediately replaced on

its change. The colour of silica gel turns from blue to pink after absorbing

moisture.

Sampling procedures at the retail outlets would be the same as mentioned in the

industry marketing discipline guidelines.

Dispensing units are typically manufactured with steel, cast iron, aluminium ,

brass, bronze and sometimes stainless steel components. “Ethanol doped motor

gasoline” should not pose problem with any of these metals. Normal dispensing

hoses can be used for “Ethanol doped Motor Gasoline”.

Receipt of Ethanol Doped Motor Gasoline:

1 The procedure will remain same as is being followed for un-doped Motor

Gasoline.

2 During rainy seasons, wherever the canopy is available, the tank lorry

shall be checked under the canopy, to avoid ingress of water. Tarpaulin

cover shall be used during tank lorry discharge. The dip cap of

underground tanks shall be kept closed during tank lorry unloading

operation.

3 Colour coding for dispensing pumps for Ethanol Doped motor

Gasoline:

The colour coding for the dispensing pumps used for ethanol doped motor

gasoline remains same as that of un-doped Motor Gasoline.

4 Fire fighting system:

The most accepted system is dry chemical powder (DCP), which works as

effectively on Ethanol fire as being used for motor gasoline fire. The

personnel should be informed about the properties of ethanol doped MS

and safe practices for operating, fuelling etc.

All staff in the retail Outlets must be trained in handling any emergencies.

Safety:

Ethanol comes under class „A‟ and hence all safety precautions need to be

taken as required for class „A‟ product. Ethanol is a flammable liquid with a

flash point of 13 C. it requires fire-fighting facilities like, alcohol type

concentrate foam (ATC) or CO2/Dry Chemical powder (DCP) extinguishers.

Ethanol material safety data sheet

Chemical formula : C2H5OH

Mol. Wt. : 46.07

Appearance and odour : clear,colourless with an ethereal odour

RON/MON : 108.6/89.7

Octane no. : 98-100

Reid vapour pressure : 2.3 psi

Ignition point

A) Fuel in air % : 3-19

B) Temperature : 4550C

Specific gravity : 0.7936

Boiling point : 780C

Solubility in water@210C : 100%

Flame visibility : poor

Flash point : 13.00C

Extinguishing media:

Carbon-di-oxide, dry chemical Powder & water for small fires and Polar

Solvent Foam for large fires.

Specific fire fighting procedures:

Use necessary protective equipment & breathing apparatus as would

normally be used when fighting fires where there may be danger of breathing

hazardous products of combustion.

Unusual fire and explosion hazards:

Flammable liquid

Stability:

Stable

Conditions to avoid in normal use (incompatibility, material to avoid):

May react vigorously with oxidizing material

Hazardous decomposition or by-products:

Combustion may produce Cox, NOx and reactive hydrocarbons. Hazardous

polymerization will not occur.

Health hazards:

Roots of entry inhalation / skin / ingestion

Acute and chronic health hazards:

May cause mucus membrane irritation, unconsciousness, respiratory failures

and death.

Toxicity:

Moderate

Signs and symptoms of exposures:

May cause dizziness, loss of balance and co-ordination

Emergency and safety procedures:

If swallowed, induce vomiting. If inhaled, remove person to fresh air. Give

artificial respiration if breathing has stopped and call a physician.

If splashed in eyes or on skin, flush immediately with copious amounts of

water.

Precautions for safe handling and use:

In case spilled, released out then eliminate all sources of ignition. Small

spills should be flushed with large quantities of water. Large spills should be

collected for waste disposal.

Waste disposal methods:

Do not allow entering sewers where vapours may become ignited. Incinerate

under the law. Explore for resale to supplier.

Precautions to be taken in handling and storage:

Keep away from heat, sparks and open flames;

Keep containers closed;

Use with adequate ventilation;

Use explosion proof electrical equipment and

Non-sparking tools.

Protective Controlled measures:

Air supplied mask to be used for a high concentration as a respiratory

precaution. Use protective rubber gloves and goggles for eyes. Eye bath and

safety shower is recommended as outer protective equipment.

Salient features:

Carcinogenic compounds are not present in pure Ethanol.

Test Method for Determination of Ethanol Content

A. In Ethanol (received by T/L):

For determining the percentage of Ethanol content table 1 and table 2 of

IS 2302: 1989 should be used.

B. In Ethanol doped motor Gasoline:

Method for determination of Ethanol content in 5% ethanol doped motor

Gasoline by using water – A Field Test

1. Scope:

This method covers the determination of ethanol content in ethanol

doped motor gasoline as field test at supply point. Retail outlet etc. by

using water. This method provides a test of on line ethanol doped

gasoline for ethanol content by % by vol. The method can suitably be

used for quality monitoring of ethanol doped gasoline for ethanol content

in downstream. In case of dispute the sample may be subjected to a

method ASTMD 4815 as referred in BIS IS 2796 Amendment 3, for

Motor Gasoline.

2. Apparatus:

a. 150ml glass stopper cylinder with 0.5ml graduation.

b. 10ml and 5ml glass pipette.

c. Water

3. Definitions:

a. Ethanol / Denatured Ethanol:

Ethanol is the pure chemical, otherwise known as hydroxyl ethane,

corresponding to the constitution CH3CH2OH and molecular

formula: C2H5OH. Nominally anhydrous ethanol made unfit for

beverage use by the addition of noxious of toxic materials

(denaturants) and same is used as ethanol for the purpose of this

test method.

b. Motor Gasoline:

A volatile mixture of liquid hydrocarbon, generally containing a

small amount of additives, suitable for use as a fuel in spark

ignition and internal combustion engines conforming to IS: 2796.

c. Ethanol Doped Motor Gasoline:

A fuel consisting primarily of motor Gasoline doped with 5%

vol./vol. of denatured anhydrous Ethanol for fuel conforming to

IS:2796.

d. Water:

Water is preferred for extraction procedure, but potable water may

be used.

4. procedure

1) Take 100 ml sample of ethanol blended gasoline under test in 150

ml graduated stoppered glass cylinder.

2) Add precisely 30ml water to the sample taken in a glass cylinder.

3) Shake the stopper cylinder vigorously for at least 30 seconds.

4) Loosen the stopper of glass cylinder to release the vapour pressure

in the cylinder but do not remove the stopper.

5) Tighten the stopper of glass and allow the stopper cylinder to sit

undisturbed at ambient temperature upright on the leveled surface

for a period of at least five minutes to allow the water-ethanol

mixture to settle to the bottom.

6) If separation of two layers is not complete lightly tap the cylinder

to encourage the complete separation.

7) Record the level of aqueous layer in glass cylinder by reading the

measurement at the lowest part of the meniscus.

8) Presence of ethanol % in ethanol doped gasoline= (volume of

aqueous layer in graduated cylinder) – 30ml.

5. Calibration on known ethanol content in EDP and its

extraction

1) Prepare twelve number of synthetic EDP with the concentration pf

1-12ml ethanol in 100 ml EDP.

2) Take 100ml sample in 150ml graduated stoppered glass cylinder.

3) Shake the stopper cylinder to vigorously for at least for 30

seconds.

4) Loosen the stopper of glass cylinder to release the vapour pressure

in the cylinder but do not remove the stopper.

5) Tighten the stopper and allow the stopper cylinder to sit

undisturbed at ambient temperature upright on the leveled surface

for a period of at least five minutes to allow the water-ethanol

mixture to settle to the bottom.

6) If separation of two layers is not complete lightly tap the cylinder

to encourage the complete separation.

7) Record the level of aqueous layer in glass cylinder by reading the

measurement at the lowest part of the meniscus.

8) Presence of ethanol % in ethanol doped gasoline= (volume of

aqueous layer in graduated cylinder) – 30ml.

9) Plot a graph on various values obtained for ethanol volume

extracted with water to the ethanol doped in petrol.

6. Calculation:

a. Observation made is to put on the graph and find

corresponding concentration of ethanol doped in petrol.

b. Whenever there is change in source of petrol, it is

recommended to re-plot the graph.

7. Report:

Report the fully corrected results to the nearest 0.5ml as the

ethanol water mixture and report after deducting 30ml.

8. Significance

The test method is employed to check the percentage of ethanol

in ethanol doped petrol, as ethanol is having more affinity for

mixing with water. The addition of water in ethanol doped petrol

extracts the present in the ethanol doped petrol in to aqueous

phase. The increase in the water level indicates the quantity of

ethanol in ethanol doped petrol.

Quality Tests for ethanol at PMC Lab.

1. For ethanol content and density.

An alcoholometer is a device that measures the concentration of ethanol in a

water-ethanol mixture. The depth to which an alcoholometer sinks in a water-

ethanol mixture is related to the mass density of the mixture, but the device is

calibrated to indicate the concentration of ethanol at some fixed temperature.

The density of a water-ethanol mixture varies with the temperature as well as

the concentration of ethanol; therefore, a correction table is required if one

wants to measure the concentration of ethanol at a temperature other than the

one at which the alcoholometer was calibrated.

Procedure

1. Pour your sample into a smooth, clear cylinder or jar that is dry or well

rinsed with a portion of the sample.

2. Make sure your sample is thoroughly mixed before testing.

3. Immerse the alcoholometer in the liquid to a point slightly below the

place where it naturally floats. Make sure the alcoholometer and liquid

are at rest and free of air bubbles.

4. Measure the temperature of the sample. Ideally, the sample temperature

should be equal to the temperature standard of the alcoholometer,

generally 60°F.

5. If temperature differences are unavoidable, correction tables can help to

adjust readings.

6. Take your reading at the point where the surface of the liquid crosses the

alcoholometer.

Alcoholometer

TEST FOR MISCIBILITY WITH WATER

PROCEDURE:

Mix 10ml of the material with 190ml of water in a suitable glass vine and

allow to stand at ambient temperature for minimum 10 min. Compare the

clarity of the mixture with that of an equal volume of water.

The material shall be taken to comply with the specified requirement, if

there is no noticeable difference in clarity between the mixture and water.

TEST FOR ALKALINITY AND DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY

REAGENTS:

1. Standard Sodium Hydroxide Solution- 0.1N.

2. Phenolphthalein Indicator- Dissolve 0.5g of phenolphthalein in 100ml

of rectified spirit and carefully add standard sodium hydroxide solution

till the colour is rendered faintly pink.

PROCEDURE:

1. Place 100ml of water and a few pieces of clean porous pot in a 500ml

conical flask of resistance glass, and boil gently for 5 min to eliminate

carbon dioxide. Cool slightly and add 100ml of the material. Boil gently

for a further period of 5 min. At the end of this period, close the neck of

the flask with a stopper carrying a soda-lime guard tube, and allow to

cool. When cool, examine for alkalinity; if not alkaline, titrate with

standard sodium hydroxide solution using a micro-burette.

2. Determine the specific gravity of the material at room temperature using a

specific gravity bottle or a pyknometer or a suitable hydrometer.

CALCULATION AND REPORT:

1. Report whether the material is alkaline or acidic

2. Calculate the acidity, if any, in terms of acetic acid and express as

percentage by weight of the material taken for the test:

Acidity (as CH3COOH), mg/l = 600 VN

Where

V= volume, in ml, of standard sodium hydroxide solution required for the

titration; and

N= normality of standard sodium hydroxide solution.

DETERMINATION OF RESIDUE ON EVAPORATION

PROCEDURE:

Evaporate, on a water bath, 100ml or more of the material to dryness in a

weighed, clean, dry platinum, silica or resistance glass dish. Dry the residue for

30 min in an oven at a temperature of 100 +- 2 C. Cool in a desiccator and

weigh.

CALCULATION:

Residue on evaporation,

Percent by mass = [(B-A)*100] / VS

Where

B = weight, in g, of dish after evaporation, drying and cooling;

A = weight, in g, of empty dish;

V = volume, in ml, of the material taken for the test; and

S = specific gravity of the material determined at room temperature.

DETERMINATION OF ALDEHYDE CONTENT

METHODS:

a. For low aldehyde content:

A suitable colour reaction is available when the aldehyde content (as CH3CHO)

is expected not to exceed 60 mg/I of the material. This is based on the

resinification that takes place and the yellow colour that results on treatment of

acetaldehyde with sodium hydroxide. The procedure described under F-4.1

provides as satisfactory qualitative limit test, but in case of dispute, the

quantitative procedure described under F-4.2 shall be adopted in the qualitative

procedure, acetals are also included as aldehydes.

b. For Higher Aldehyde Content

For materials containing 0.05 to 0.5 percent of aldehydes, only the quantitative

procedure described under F-4.2 shall be adopted.

APPARATUS:

Stoppered Flasks- Two each of 250 ml capacity and identical in shape, size and

colour.

REAGENTS:

Sodium Hydroxide Solution- dissolve 20 g of sodium hydroxide in water and

dilute to 100 ml with water.

Stock Solution of Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride- Dissolve 20 g of

hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 100 ml of water.

Metaphenylenediamine Hydrochloride

Aldehyde Free Alcohol- Re-distill rectified spirit over solid caustic soda or

caustic potash, add 2 to 3 g of metaphenylenediamine hydrochloride per litre of

rectified spirit, digest at ordinary temperature for several days or under a reflux

condenser on a stream bath for several hours and distil slowly, rejecting the first

100 ml and the last 200 ml of the distillate.

Standard Sodium Hydroxide Solution- 0.1 N.

Bromophenol Blue Solution- Dissolve 0.1 g of bromophenol blue in 1.5 ml of

standard sodium hydroxide solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride with 100

ml of aldehyde-free alcohol, add 2 ml of bromophenol blue solution and then

add standard sodium hydroxide solution till the characteristic dichlroic

yellowish green colour is obtained.

PROCEDURE:

Qualitative Test:

Mix 10 ml of the material with 5 ml of sodium hydroxide solution and set aside

for 5 min.

The limits prescribed for aldehyde content (0.006g/100ml) shall be taken as not

have exceeded, if no yellowish colour is produced in 5 min.

Quantitative Test:

Take 50 ml of the material in a flask; add 25 ml of hydroxylamine reagent and

25 ml of distilled water. Allow to stand for 15 min. Meanwhile prepare a blank

in a similar flask by using 25 ml of hydroxylamine reagent and 75 ml of distilled

water. Titrate this solution with standard sodium hydroxide solution until the

characteristic dischlroic yellowish green colour appears. Titrate the sample

solution with standard sodium hydroxide solution until the colour matches with

that of the blank solution.

Calculation

Aldehyde content (as CH3CHO), mg/l= 880 (V-v) N

Where

V= volume, in ml, of standard sodium hydroxide solution required for the

titration;

v= volume, in ml, of standard sodium hydroxide solution required, if any, in the

blank; and

N= normality of standard sodium hydroxide solution.

SPECIFICATIONS OF PETROL

SR. NO. PROPERTY SPECIFICATION

1 Appearance Free from undisolved

water and visible

impurities.

2 colour Orange/ red

3 Density 710-770

4 Copper strip corrosion Not more than no. 1

5 DISTILLATION

RECOVERY AT

o 700C

o 1000C

o 1500C

o 1800C

FBP

RESIDUE %

10-40%

40-70%

>75%

>90%

>215

<2%

5 EXTENT GUM Max 40gm/m3

6 Lead content Max .005 %

7 Benzene content Max 3.0%

8 Sulphur content Max .05%

Quality tests for petrol at PMC lab.

1. Colour

Determination of the colour of petroleum products is used mainly for

manufacturing control purposes and is an important quality characteristic since

colour is readily observed by the user of the product. In some cases the colour

may serve as an indication of the degree of refinement of the material. When the

colour range of a particular product is known, a variation outside the established

range may indicate possible contamination with another product. However,

colour is not always a reliable guide to product quality and should not be used

indiscriminately in product specifications. Simply note down the colour by

visual appearance.

2. EXISTENT GUM IN FUELS

High gum can cause induction-system deposits and sticking of intake valves,

and in most instances it can be assumed that low gum will ensure absence of

induction system difficulties. However, the test by itself is not correlative to

induction system deposits. The test is applied to motor gasolines to measure the

oxidation products formed in the sample prior to or during the comparatively

mild conditions of the test procedure. Since many motor gasolines are purposely

blended with non-volatile oils or additives, the heptane extraction step is

necessary to remove these from the evaporation residue so that the deleterious

material, gum, may be determined. With respect to aviation turbine fuels, large

quantities of gum are indicative of contamination of fuel by higher boiling oils

or particulate matter and generally reflect poor handling practices in distribution

downstream of the refinery.

Test Procedure

A known amount of the sample i.e. 50 ml in a standard beaker is evaporated at

1500 C by passing heated air for 30 minutes. The beaker is taken out, cool and

weigh. Again give n-heptane washing to the beaker, dry it & weigh. This weight

gives the indicative of Gummy material where as before washing if the quantity

is more, it shows that it is contaminated/ adulterated with kerosene or other high

boiling liquid.

3. DENSITY

Accurate determination of the gravity of petroleum and its products is necessary

for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperature.

Gravity is a factor governing the quality of crude oils. However, the gravity of a

petroleum product is an uncertain indication of its quality. Correlated with other

properties, gravity can be used to give approximate hydrocarbon composition

and heat of combustion.

This test method covers the determination by means of a glass hydrometer of the

API gravity of crude petroleum and petroleum products normally handled as

liquids and having a Reid vapour pressure of 26 psi (180 kPa) or less. Gravities

are determined at 600F or converted to values at 60

0F by means of standard

tables. These tables are not applicable to non-hydrocarbons or essentially pure

hydrocarbons such as the aromatics.

Hydrometer

TEST SUMMARY

This test method is based on the principle that the gravity of a liquid varies

directly with the depth of immersion of a body floating in it. The floating body,

which is graduated by API gravity units in this method, is called an API

hydrometer. The API gravity is read by observing the freely floating API

hydrometer and noting the graduation nearest to the apparent intersection of the

horizontal plane surface of the liquid with the vertical scale of the hydrometer,

after temperature equilibrium has been reached. The temperature of the sample

is read from a separate accurate ASTM thermometer in the sample or from the

thermometer which is an integral part of the hydrometer.

Significance:

· Aromatics have the highest density.

· Paraffins have the lowest density.

· Cycloparaffins and Olefins have the intermediate density.

· Increase in density (above 770 Kg/M3) indicates the presence of possible

adulterants like Kerosene, Diesel, High Aromatic Naphtha (HAN) and narrow

cut aromatics like Benzene, Toluene, etc.,

· Decrease in density (below 710 Kg/M3) indicates the presence of possible

adulterants like SBP solvents, narrow cut solvents mainly aliphatics.

· Intermediate density (between 750 – 770 Kg/M3) indicates the presence of

possible adulterants like HAN, BTX (C6, C7 & C9 aromatics), etc.,

Copper corrosion test

This international method specifies a method for the determination of the

corrosiveness to copper of liquid petroleum products. Volatile products having a

maximum vapour pressure of 124kpa at 37.8 0C are included.

PRINCIPLE

A polished copper strip is immersed in a specified volume of sample and heated

under conditions of temperature and time that are specific to the class of

material being tested. Aviation fuels and natural gasoline are tested in a pressure

vessel and other products are tested under atmospheric pressure. At the end of

the heating period, the strip is removed, washed, and the colour assessed against

corrosion standards.

REAGENTS AND MATERIALS

WASH SOLVENTS

Isooctane of minimum 99.7% purity is the referee solvent.

POLISHING MATERIAL

Silicon carbide powders of 150 mesh size.

Adsorbent cotton of pharmaceutical grade.

APPARATUS

Copper strips, cut from smooth- surfaced, hard temper, cold-finished

electrolytic type copper of more than 99.9% purity.

The strips shall be 75mm (+/-) 2mm in length, and 1.5mm to 3.0mm in

thickness.

Strips must be free from pitting or deep scratches that cannot be removed by the

specified polishing procedures.

Pressure vessels constructed of stainless steel. The vessel should be capable of

withstanding a test pressure of 700kPa gauge.

Test tubes, of borosilicate glass. The internal dimensions shall be checked with

a metal strip copper inserted in test tube. When 30 ml of liquid is added, a

minimum of 5mm shall be above the top surface of the strip.

Test baths

Test bath should be capable of maintaining the product at the specified test

temperature within a range of 10C.

Temperature sensor,

For indicating the test temperature for liquid baths, a total immersion liquid in

glass thermometer is suitable, with graduation of 10C or less. It shall be

submerged in the liquid such that not more than 25mm of the thread extends

above the liquid surface.

Corrosion standards

For the evaluation of the tarnish at the end of the test.

Corrosion standards by ASTM

Preparation of test strips

Surface preparation

Remove all surfaces blemishes from all six sides of the copper strip with silicon

carbide paper or cloth for such degrees of fineness as are needed to achieve the

desired results efficiently. Immerse the copper strip in wash solvent. Withdraw

immediately for final polishing, or store for future use.

Rub the strip against the filter paper with a rotary motion. Protecting the strip to

contact with the fingers with an ash less filter paper.

Final polishing

Remove a strip from the wash solvent. Holding it in fingers protected by ash

less filter paper, polish the first with the silicon carbide powder and absorbent

cotton moistened with a drop of wash solvent. Wipe vigorously with fresh pads

of cotton pads and subsequently handle only with forceps. Do not touch the

strip with the fingers. Clamp in the strips and polish the main surfaces with

silicon carbide powder on adsorbent cotton. After polishing immerse it in

prepared sample.

Procedure

Place a 30ml test portion completely clear and free from any suspected or

entrained water in a chemically clean, dry test tube. Slide the copper strip into

the test portion in the test tube. Stopper with a vented cork, and place the test

tube in the test bath maintained the test temperature range of 10C. At the end of

the specified test period, remove the test tube. If during this process the level of

liquid decreases discard and start with the fresh solvent.

Strip examination

Empty the contents of the test tube into a suitably sized beaker, such as a 150ml

tall form, letting the copper strip slide in gently so as to avoid breaking the

beaker. Immediately withdraw the strip with the forceps and immerse it in wash

solvent. Withdraw the strip at once, dry with filter paper and inspect for

evidence of tarnishing corrosion by comparison with the corrosion standards.

Hold both the test strip and the standard strip in such a manner that light

reflected from them at an angle of approximately 450 will be observed.

Distillation

This method of test covers the distillation of motor gasoline. Distillation

characteristics of petroleum products are indicative of performance in their

intended applications. Petroleum product specifications generally include

distillation limits to ensure products of suitable volatility performance.

It gives an idea of volatility characteristics of the fuel. It can be determined by

· Non-fractionating type ASTM – Manual

· Non-fractionating type ASTM – Automatic

TERMINOLOGY

Initial boiling point

The thermometer reading which is observed at the instant that the first drop of

condensate falls from the lower end of the condenser tube.

End point or final boiling point

The maximum thermometer reading obtained during the test. This usually

occurs after the evaporation of all liquid from the bottom of the flask.

Dry point

The thermometer reading observed at the instant the last drop of the liquid

evaporates from the lowest point in the flask.

Decomposition point

The thermometer reading which coincides with the first indication of thermal

decomposition of the liquid in the flask.

Percent recovered

The volume in ml of condensate observed in the receiving graduate, in

connection with a simultaneous thermometer reading.

Percent recovery

The maximum percent recovered at final boiling point.

Percent total recovery

The combined percent recovery and residue in the flask.

Percent loss

it is the percent of material lost during the distillation. It is equal to ( 100-

percent total recovery).

Percent residue

It is the volume of the material left no evaporated in the flask.

Percent evaporated

The sum of the percent recovered in graduate and the percent loss.

APPARATUS:

1. Distillation flask

Distillation flasks of heat resistant glass and capacity 150ml.

2. Condenser and cooling bath

The condenser shall be made of seamless brass tubing, the capacity of the

cooling bath shall be not less than 5.55 litres of cooling media. Its main

pupose is to cool the vapours coming from the flask. Any cooling media

may be used like brine, crushed ice, cooling water etc.

For distillation of petrol. Temperature of cooling bath is kept at 4oC.

3. Heat source

a. Gas burner

Gas burner should be so constructed that sufficient heat from the

available gas can be obtained to distil the product at the specified rate.

A sensitive regulating valve and gas pressure governor to give

complete control of heating may be provided.

b. Electric heater

Electric heater may be used instead of a gas burner, provided it is

capable of bringing over the first drop from a cold start within the time

specified and of continuing the distillation at the specified rate. Heater

units of low heat retention, adjustable from

0-1000 W, have been found satisfactory.

4. Flask support

The top of the electric heater shall consist of a ceramic heat resistant flask

support board with a centre hole. Provision shall be made for moving the

heater unit, with its top in order to place the distillation flask so that direct

heat shall be applied to the flask only through the opening in the flask

support board.

5. Graduated cylinder

A 100 ml graduated cylinder with 1 ml subdivisions shall be provided.

Construction details and tolerances given in figure.

6. Thermometers

For partly or fully automatic apparatus and procedure, an alternative

means of measuring or recording temperature may also be used provided

this gives the same reading under distillation test conditions and has a

precision not less than that of the prescribed thermometer.

SAMPLE

a. in case of any product having a Reid vapour pressure of 655 mbar

or higher, cool the sample bottle to a temperature in the range of

13-180C. Collect the sample in the previously cooled bottle,

preferably by immersing the bottle in the liquid, where possible,

and discarding the first sample. Where immersion is not possible,

the sample shall be drawn off into the previously cooled bottle in

such a manner that agitation is kept at a minimum. Close the bottle

immediately with a tight-fitting stopper, and place it in an ice bath

or refrigerator capable of maintaining the sample at a temperature

not to exceed 150C.

b. Samples of materials that visibly contain water are not suitable for

testing. If the sample is not dry, and the initial boiling point is

below 660C, shake the sample with anhydrous sodium sulphate or

other suitable drying agent and separate it from the drying agent by

decanting.

Preparation of apparatus

a. Fill the condenser box to cover the condenser tube with any non-

flammable coolant which is suitable for the temperature required bt

table 1, such as chopped ice, water, brine or ethylene glycol

solution. If chopped ice is used add sufficient water to cover the

tube. If necessary make any suitable provision such as stirring or

air blowing, so as to maintain the required condenser bath

temperature throughout the test.

b. Remove any residual liquid in the condenser tube by swabbing with

a piece of soft, lint-free cloth attached to a cord or copper wire.

c. Measure 100 ml of the sample in the graduated cylinder and

transfer it as completely as practicable to the distillation flask,

taking care that none of the liquid flows into the vapour tube.

d. Fit the thermometer provided with a snug-fitting, well-rolled cork,

tightly into the neck of the flask so that the bulb is centred in the

neck and the lower end of the capillary is level with the highest

point on the bottom of the inner wall of the vapour tube.

e. Place the flask containing the charge in its support; and by means

of a cork through which the vapour tube has been passed, make a

tight connection with the condenser tube. Adjust the flask so that it

is in a vertical position, and so that the vapour tube extends into the

condenser tube for a distance of 25-50mm.

f. Place the graduate that was used to measure the charge, without

drying, into its bath under the lower end of the condenser tube so

that the end of the condenser tube is centred in the graduate flask

and extends therein for a distance of at least 25mm, but not below

the 100ml mark. Cover the graduate and extends closely with a

piece blotting paper. Maintain the level of the bath around the

graduate flask so that it is at least as high as the the 100ml mark.

g. Note the record and prevailing barometric pressure, and proceed at

once with the distillation.

AUTOMATIC DISTILLATION MACHINE

PROCEDURE

a. Apply heat to the distillation flask and contents. The heating at this

stage shall be so regulated that the time interval between the first

application of heat and the initial boiling point does not exceed the

prescribed limit.

b. Immediately after observing the initial boiling point, move the

graduate so that the tip of the condenser touches its inner wall.

Continue to regulate the heating so that the rate of condensation

into the graduate shall be uniform.

c. In the interval between the initial boiling point and the end

distillation, observe and record whatever data are necessary for the

calculation and reporting of the results of the test. These observed

data may include thermometer reading at prescribed percentage

recovered, or percentage recovered at prescribed thermometer

readings, or both. Record all volumes in the graduate to the nearest

0.5ml and all thermometer readings to the nearest 0.50C. also

record the final boiling point and also the percentage recovered at

final boiling point.

d. When the residual liquid in the flask is approximately 5ml, make a

final adjustment of the heat so that time taken to final boiling point

must not exceed the prescribed time.

e. Observe and record the end point or dry point, and discontinue the

heating. At the end point, observe if all the liquid has evaporated

from the bottom of the flask.

f. While the condenser tube continues to drain into the graduate,

observe the volume of condensate at 2 minutes interval until two

successive reading agree. Measure this volume to the nearest 0.5ml,

as percent recovery.

g. If the decomposition point is observed, discontinue the heating.

Deduct the percentage recovery from 100, report this difference as

percent residue and loss.

h. After the flask has cooled, pour its contents into the condensate in

the graduate and allow it to drain until no increase in the volume of

liquid is observed. Record this volume as percent total recovery.

CALCULATIONS

a. Make a table for temperature indicated by thermometer at

prescribed percentage recovered and plot a graph between the

percentage recovery and temperature indicated.

The distillation criteria of standard Petrol will be

Temp oC Distillate% by volume

IBP to report

70oC 10- 45

100oC 40 - 70

1800C 90 (minimum)

FBP 215

Residue % by volume 2 (maximum)

SIGNIFICANCE

1. Distillation characteristics of petroleum products are indicative of

performance in their intended applications. Petroleum product

specifications generally include distillation limits to ensure products of

suitable volatility performance.

2. The empirical results obtained by use of this distillation method have

been found to correlate with automotive equipment performance of

petroleum products relative to volatility.

3. Depending upon the nature of adulterant the IBP and FBP will vary.

4. Depending upon the nature of adulterant the E70, E100 and E180 will

vary.

5. Residue percent by volume depends upon the volatility of the

solvent. High boiling compound normally leaves more residue than

low boiling compound (eg: Kerosene, Diesel and High Aromatics)

6. Constant boiling temperature shows the possible presence of

adulterants like narrow cut solvents (aliphatic, aromatic or cyclic) like

Benzene, Hexane, etc.,

Hexane (64°C -- 70°C)

Benzene (80°C -- 82°C)

Determination of sulfur content

1. Scope

This International Standard specifies an energy dispersive x-ray

fluorescence (EDXRF) test method by the determination of the sulfur

content of motor gasoline, including those containing up to 2.7% (m/m)

oxygen, and of diesel fuels, including those containing up to 5%(v/v)fatty

acid and methyl ester (FAME, having sulfur content in the range 30

mg/kg to 500 mg/kg. Other products may be analyzed and other sulfur,

contents may be determined according to the test method; however, no

precision data for products other than automotive fuels and for results

outside the specified range have been established for this International

Standard. For reasons of spectral overlap, this International Standard is

not applicable to leaded motor gasoline lead-replacement gasoline

containing 8 mg/kg potassium to 20 mg/kg potassium, or to products and

feed stocks containing lead, silicon, phosphorous, calcium, potassium or

halides at concentrations greater than one-tenth of the concentration of

sulfur measured.

NOTE- For purposes of this International Standard, the terms „%(m/m)‟

and „%(v/v)‟ are used to represent the mass fraction and the volume

fraction of a material respectively.

2. Principle

The test portion, in a cup fitted with an X-ray transparent window, is

placed in a beam of exiting radiation from an X-ray tube. The intensity of

the sulfur K characteristic X-radiation is measured, and the number of

accumulated counts is compared with the curve constructed from sulfur

standards covering the range of sulfur contents under examination.

NOTE the exiting radiation may be either direct, or indirect via a

secondary target.

3. Reagents and materials

3.1 Diluent oil

a. The reference diluents oil is white oil (light paraffin oil) of high

purity, with sulfur content of 1 mg/kg maximum. However, if only one

type of matrix is to be analysed (e.g. motor gasolines), the accuracy of

results may be improved by using matrix-matched diluents. These

should match approximately the aromatic and oxygen content of the

material to be analysed, and should consist of high purity components

of less than 1mg/kg sulfur content.

NOTE Suitable components for the matched matrix diluent include

heptanes,2,2,4-trimethylpentane, toluene, xylenes, ethanol, methyl

tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl

(ETBE), tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) and fatty acid methyl

ester (FAME).

b. For analysis of diesel fuels containing FAME at contents greater than

5%(v/v), a matched matrix diluent oil of the white FAME shall be

used.

3.2 Sulfur compounds

General

Sulfur compounds of known sulfur content shall be used for the

preparation of primary standards. The compounds given in 4.2.2 to 4.2.5

are suitable, and their nominal sulfur contents are given. Where the purity

of these compounds is less than 99% (m/m), either the concentrations and

nature of all impurities are to be known or certified reference materials

shall be used.

Dibenothipphene (DB), with nominal sulfur content of 17,399 % (m/m).

Dibutylsulfide (DBS), with nominal sulfur content of 21,915 % (m/m)

Thionaphthene (Benzothiophene) (TNA), with nominal sulfur content

of 23,890 % (m/m)

Dibutylsulfide (DBDS), with nominal sulfur content of 35,950 % (m/m)

Reference materials

Certified reference materials (CRMs) from accredited suppliers,

containing a range of sulfur concentration, are suitable alternative to the

compounds listed in 4.2 for use as calibration standards.

3.4 Quality control samples

Stable samples representative of the materials being analyzed, that have

sulfur content that is known by this test method over a substantial period

of time, or supplied commercially with value. Ensure before use that that

material is within its shelf life.

4. Apparatus

4.1 Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analyzer

a. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analyzer, having facilities for

measuring and subtracting the background to give net sulfur intensities.

The instruments shall be capable of measuring the content of sulfur at 50

mg/kg with an error due to counting statistics of 3 % relative standard

deviation (RSD) maximum.

b. Source of X-ray excitation, with significant flux at X-ray energies

above 2.5 keV

c. Removable sample cup, providing a sample depth of at least 5 mm,

and equipped with replaceable X-ray transparent film.

NOTE the transparent film is normally of polyester or polycarbonate with

a thickness between 2 µm and 6 µm. Polyester film is the preferred choice

as samples of every high aromatic content can dissolve or enhancement

effects would be cancelled out when samples and standards are analyzed

using the dame material. It is important that standards and blanks are

measured using the same batch of film to avoid bias.

d. X-ray detector, with high sensitivity, and resolution not exceeding 800

eV at 2.3 keV

e. Means of discriminating between sulfur K characteristic X-ray and

other X-ray of higher energy (e.g. filters)

f. Signal conditioning and data handling electronics, including the

functions of pulse counting and a minimum of two energy regions (to

correct for background X-ray). When matrix of samples and standards is

not used, the instrument shall also be able to measure an energy region

corresponding to scattered radiation, and to use this measurement to

compensate for matrix effects. The latter measurement can also be used as

the second energy region specified above and used to calculate the

background.

NOTE Differences in carbon/hydrogen ratios, or oxygen contents,

between samples and standards can cause matrix effects which may lead

to bias in the analytical result.

4.2 Analytical balance, single-pan or double-pan, capable of weighing to

the nearest 0.1 mg.

4.3 Mixer, magnetic stirrer with PTFE-coated stirring rods.

4.4 Flasks, of 100 ml capacity, narrow-necked, conical, and made of

borosilicate glass.

5 Sampling and sample handling

5.1 Unless otherwise specified, samples shall be taken by the procedures

described in ISO 3170 or ISO 3171.

5.2 Store samples which contain light fractions (e.g. motor gasoline and

naphtha) in refrigerator.

5.3 Mix samples by gently shaking by hand prior to the removal of the

test portion.

5.4 Allow test portions to attain ambient temperature prior to analysis.

6 Apparatus preparation

6.1 Analyser

a. Set up the analyzer (5.1) in accordance with the manufacturer‟s

instructions. Whenever possible, the instrument shall be continuously

switched on to maintain optimum stability.

b. Purge the optical system with helium (99 % purity) following the

manufacturer‟s guidelines of minimum flush to ensure stability of

measurements.

6.2 Sample cups

It is recommended that disposable sample cups be used. If disposable

cups are not used, thoroughly cleaned the sample cups with an

appropriate solvent and dry before use. Do not re-use disposable cups.

Use the same batch of window material for each run of verification and

sampling analysis. Keep handling of window material to the absolute

minimum. Differences in window material thickness between batches,

or the presence of even partial finger marks, are sufficient to affect

results.

7. Calibration

7.1 General

Use either certified reference materials (4.3) or primary standards

prepared from sulfur compounds (4.2) dissolved in diluents oil (4.1) as a

basis for the preparation of two primary calibration standards.

7.2 Preparation of primary standards

a. Prepare two primary standards with sulfur contents of approximately

5,000 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg.

b. Weigh, to the nearest 0.1 mg, the appropriate quantity of diluents oil

(4.1), into a flask (5.4) and add the appropriate quantity of the selected

sulfur compound (4.2) or certified reference material (4.3), weighed to the

nearest 0.1 mg. Mix the contents of the flask thoroughly at room

temperature using the mixer (5.3).

Table 1 – Composition of primary standards based on nominal sulfur

contents

Approximate sulfur

content

mg/kg

White

oil

G

DBT

(4.2.2)

G

DBS (4.2.3)

g

TNA

(4.2.4)

g

1,000 50.0 0.29 0.23 0.21

5,000 50.0 1.48 1.17 1.07

c. Calculate the sulfur content, net of that included in diluents oil, wS, in

milligrams per kilogram to three decimal places in each case, from the

amounts of diluents oil and sulfur compound used as follows.

wS = 10,000

where,

mS is the mass of sulfur compound expressed in grams (g).

wSc is the sulfur content of the compound, expressed in percent mass %

(m/m).

mW is the mass of white oil, expressed in grams (g).

d. Store primary standards in tightly closed glass containers in a dark cool

place, preferably in a refrigerator. Before use, example for any phase

separation or discoloration, shake vigorously, and allow to stand to allow

removal of air bubbles. Discard any standard that shows sediment phase

or discoloration.

7.3 Calibration standards

a. Prepare calibration standards from the primary standards (8.2) in the

selected diluents oil, and calculate the exact sulfur content of the

calibration standard using the equation given in 8.2.3. Prepare calibration

standard of nominal sulfur content of 700 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg from the

5,000 mg/kg primary standard, and calibration standard of nominal sulfur

content of 500mg/kg and 100 mg/kg from the 1,000 mg/kg primary

standard. Use the reference diluent oil as the blank or zero point and the

1,000 mg/kg primary standard as the top point of the calibration.

Calibration standards of certified sulfur content in a specified diluents oil

(e.g. diesel), are suitable for analysis of known similar materials. Where

concentrations of less than 100 mg/kg are to be measured, additional

standards of sulfur content 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg should be included in

the calibration.

7.4 Calibration procedure

a. When carrying out measurements at low contents ( < 100 mg/kg).

b. Carry out the calibration procedure in accordance with the manufacturer‟s

instructions both the sulfur K line and background intensity are measured

and to calculate net intensities for the sulfur line. If required for matrix

corrections, the scattered radiation (e.g. from an X-ray tube line) shall

also be measured.

c. Prepare the sample cup by covering the base of the cup with film, and fill

to a minimum depth of 50 % of the cup capacity. If closed cells are used,

provide a vent hole in the top to prevent bowing of the film during

analysis of volatile samples. Ensure that there are no air bubbles between

the window and the liquid, and that there are no wrinkles in the film or

sagging of the window.

NOTE Scatter from the sample cell and the sample may vary with depth,

and thus matrix corrections may be affected if the depth is not relatively

consistent.

d. obtain three reading on each calibration standard and run in random order,

taking a freash sample aliquot and cell for each reading. Set the counting

times for the sulfur K peak, and the background measurement (and the

scattered radiation if used) to be long enough to obtain an overall

precision estimate of better than 3% relative standard deviation (RSD) at

50mg/kg sulfur content [i.e. at 50 mg/kg sulfur content, results should be

within 3 mg/kg sulfur (95 % confidence)]. Measure the diluents oil as a

blank.

NOTE The objective at low sulfur levels is to obtain adequate counts to

satisfy the above requirements, with the reproducibility of measurement

improved in relation to the number of counts collected. At very low

sulfur levels, thus counting time is related to instrument count rate and the

background count rate (estimated from a sample with less than 1 mg/kg

sulfur). Where the manufacturer‟s data sheet does not recommend

specific counting times, the user should refer to the instrument,

manufacturer for the correct equation to estimate the required counting

time for each sulfur level.

e. Construct a calibration curve from the calibration standards. Check the

curve at a minimum of three points with certified reference materials or

laboratory secondary working standards of appropriate sulfur content and

diluents type, with sulfur values either assigned from determinations on

another instrument or directly traceable to a primary standard. Result

from this check shall be within the control limits allowed for each

standard. If the result fall outside these limits (after repeat tests), repeat

the primary calibration procedure.

Control limits are established from the laboratory statistical control

charts, but initial values should be set before experience is established.

Limits of the repeatability of this method, or 0.7 times the reproducibility,

are reasonable starting points.

f. From the primary calibration graph, assign set-up standards and use them

for frequent restandardization of the graph in order to compensate for

changes in instrument stability and sensitivity. Check the graph regularly

against calibration standards. Whenever tests on the calibration standards

show sulfur content results which differ from their assigned valued by

more than the repeatability precision limits of the test method, standardize

(prepare fresh set-up standards) or recalibrate the analyser. If the

instrument does not meet the minimum precision requirements or the set-

up standards do not give acceptable results even after repeated

recalibration, consul1t the instrument manufacturer. Provided the quality

control check remains within limits, recalibration is not required. If it is

outside the limits, follow the calibration given in 8.4.4.

NOTE 1 Set-up standards may be calibration standards. But are more

commonly secondary standards such as oils or the manufacturers‟

supplied setting-up samples (SUS).

NOTE 2 Instrument drift may be influenced by temperature.

NOTE 3 The typical frequency of primary calibration checks is daily, or

each time the instrument is used if less frequently.

8 Procedure

8.1 when carrying out measurements at low sulfur contents (< 100

mg/kg), follow the guidelines given in Annex B.

8.2 Prepare and fill the samples cup with portion as described in 8.4.3,

taking the same precautions as for test portion capacity, venting and film

continuity.

8.3 Take measurements for the sulfur K line and background (and scatter

peak if used) using the same counting time as used for calibration. Repeat

the measurement using a fresh test portion in a new cell, and calculate the

mea net count.

8.4 After every five to ten unknown sample analyses, analyse an

appropriate quality control sample. Each day analyse a blank sample. If

the values of these quality control samples or the blank fall outside the

control limits, recalibrate the instruments.

9 Calculation

Read the content of sulfur in the sample from the calibration curve, using

the mean count for each test portion, or by direct reading from those

analyzers which have computing facilities.

10 Expression of results

Report the sulfur content to the nearest 1 mg/kg.

11 Test report

The test report shall contain at least the following information:

a) A reference to this International Standards,

b) The type and complete identification of the procedure tested;

c) The result of the test

d) Any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the procedure

specified;

e) The date of the test.

BENEFITS of Ethanol doped Gasoline

1. Ethanol is a renewable fuel. Renewable fuels are fuels that we can make

again and again without depleting valuable resources in the earth.

Extracting crude oil from the ground depletes resources from the earth‟s

crust. The crops we use for ethanol, on the other hand, can be grown,

harvested, and grown again every year. This means that we can make

ethanol this year, next year, and the year after that by growing corn or

other crops. By using renewable fuels, we can preserve the resources that

are remaining in the earth - but still get the fuel our economy needs.

2. Ethanol reduces pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Ethanol

contains a higher percentage of oxygen than traditional petroleum-based

gasoline. Because of it, Ethanol burns more completely than petroleum-

based gasoline, and does not contribute to global warming like burning

petroleum-based fuels does. In fact, using ethanol as a motor fuel reduces

greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 46%. Using just 10% ethanol in

your gas tank reduces greenhouse gas emissions by up to 19%.

3. Ethanol does not pollute ground water. Because of ethanol‟s chemical

structure, ethanol phase separates when it comes into contact with water.

This makes it very safe for the environment because ethanol is

biodegradable. It also means that ethanol will not pollute ground water

like many other potential fuel sources could.

4. Ethanol Is Cheaper To Make Than Gasoline. Ethanol costs about 75

per gallon to make. Gasoline cost about $1.60 per gallon to refine. It only

costs about $30 to convert a car to be a flex fuel vehicle, but doing it can

save hundreds of gallons of fuel per year.

5. Ethanol Is Easy To Switch To. Ethanol can use today‟s vehicles, today‟s

fuel distribution infrastructure, and allows us to leverage today‟s

technologies in order to use these renewable resources. We can blend

ethanol with traditional gasoline in grades from E10 to E85. Even hybrid

vehicles can run off of ethanol.

6. Ethanol supports local farmers. Ethanol is produced in local markets

from available renewable resources, such as corn and sugar cane. When

you purchase ethanol, your money stays nearby, going to local farmers

that produced the crops used and the refineries that produced the fuel. But

when you buy gasoline, some of each dollar boosts oil companies‟ record

profits - and the rest goes overseas.

7. Ethanol reduces our dependence on foreign oil. About 45% of all of

American oil consumption is used as gasoline fuel for consumer vehicles.

By using ethanol as a substitute and/or additive to petroleum-based

gasoline, ethanol helps to reduce regional dependence on imported oil and

petroleum products. We import millions of barrels of oil and millions of

gallons of refined gasoline every day. By switching to ethanol and ethanol

blends, we can continue to grow our economy while reducing our

addiction to foreign oil.

8. Ethanol can be made from nearly anything. Though ethanol was first

made decades ago, the technologies used in today‟s ethanol industry are

still in their infancy. Most of today‟s ethanol production is made from

corn and sugar. The technology for using waste products, such as

unusable portions of crops, to produce cellulosic ethanol is on the horizon

- and it will completely revolutionize the way we fuel our cars.

Demerits of ethanol blended gasoline

1. Ethanol can absorb water and may cause serious problems in some

engines.

2. Production of ethanol requires significant energy and large

amounts of land. 3. •Fuels with more than 10% ethanol are not compatible with

non E85-ready fuel system components and may cause

corrosion of ferrous components. 4. Can negatively affect electric fuel pumps by increasing internal

wear and undesirable spark generation. 5. Is not compatible with capacitance fuel level gauging

indicators and may cause erroneous fuel quantity indications in

vehicles that employ that system. 6. Decreases fuel-economy by 15-30%.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

To suggest an effective mechanism for dosing of

ethanol in petrol

Proper accounting of doped ethanol in petrol.

Existing mechanism of ethanol doping at panipat marketing

complex:

At panipat marketing complex petrol and ethanol are filled in truck tanks

separately. Corrosion inhibitor mixed ethanol comes from four underground

storage tanks to the TLF gantry in bay no. 2, 5 and 6. And petrol comes from the

storage tanks to bay no. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. First air is removed from the petrol

with the help of a deareator at every bay.

Here at IOCL Panipat marketing complex ethanol is doped in two ways:

1. Truck tank is first filled with ethanol from any of bay no. 2, 4 or 5.

Operator set the value of ethanol in meter according to the 5% of

the MS to be filled. The line is lowered in the opening of the truck

tank and then operator presses the start button to initialize ethanol

loading. After filling ethanol in every container it goes to the bay

no. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. For the filling of petrol in bay no. 2, 4 and 5,

petrol comes from the same line from which ethanol comes.

2. In second case first petrol is filled from any of the bay no. 1, 2, 3,

4, 5 or 6. It is done as same way as done for ethanol. Operator sets

the amount of petrol to be filled in the meter and after filling petrol,

it comes to bay no. 2, 4 or 5 for ethanol filling.

After filling of ethanol and petrol in truck tank, a dip is immersed in each

container to measure the quantity of MS filled in it.

Among two ways of doping of ethanol in petrol described above the latter way

of doping is more effective. Because ethanol is denser than petrol so it settles

down and petrol will float on ethanol. If we first fill ethanol in truck tank and

then petrol, it will keep on floating on the surface of the ethanol and proper

mixing of ethanol and petrol will not be possible.

But if we first fill petrol and then we fill ethanol, latter will tend to move

downward towards the bottom of the truck container and petrol will tend to

move upward towards the surface. So that will provide adequate time for the

mixing of ethanol and petrol. So by this method proper mixing of ethanol and

petrol can be achieved.

SUGGESTIONS

Online doping of ethanol and petrol

For effective mixing of ethanol online doping of ethanol in

petrol must be used. In this type of doping ethanol and petrol

comes from their respective storage tanks, lines coming from

both the storage tanks joins at some point and ethanol and

petrol are mixed in the line itself. Now this mixture is filled

in tank trucks. This will provide sufficient time for the

mixing. Flow rates must be controlled to dose accurate 5%

ethanol in petrol.

Providing baffles at the end of the fill pipes so that the mixture of

ethanol and petrol enters in the tank with turbulent flow which

enhances the mixing of ethanol and petrol.