A project report on R.F.I.D. BASED PREPAID ENERGY METER Submitted for partial fulfillment for award of Bachelor of Technology Degree in Electrical and Electronics By Gaurav Vinayak (Roll no-287061) Shubham Aggarwal (Roll no-287072) Faculty of Engineering and Technology (Formerly Career Institute of Technology and Management) 1
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A project report on
R.F.I.D. BASED PREPAID ENERGY METER
Submitted for partial fulfillment for award of
Bachelor of Technology
Degree in
Electrical and Electronics
By
Gaurav Vinayak (Roll no-287061)
Shubham Aggarwal (Roll no-287072)
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
(Formerly Career Institute of Technology and Management)
Faridabad,(Haryana)
May 2012
1
CERTIFICATE
Certificate that Gaurav Vinayak , Shubham Aggarwal has carried out the project work
presented in this report titled RFID based Prepaid Energy Meter for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electrical and Electronics from Faculty of Engineering and
Technology( Formerly Career Institute of Technology and Management),Faridabad under my
supervision. The report embodies result of original work and studies carried out by students
themselves and the content of report does form the basis for the award of any other degree to
the candidate or to anybody else.
Ms Rajni Shrma Dr. Leena G(Assistant Professor) Head of Department
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE NO
List of Figures 4
Acknowledgement 5
Abstract 6
Chapter 1 Introduction 7
a) Purpose 10
b) History 11
c) Objective 13
d) Overview 14
Chapter 2 Material and Methodology 15
a) Block Diagram 15
b) Circuit Diagram 16
c) Flow chart working 18
d) Material used 19
e) Photo of the experimental setup 42
Chapter 3 Result and Discussion 43
a) Snap shots of result 44
Chapter 4 Future Scope and Applications 46
Refrences 47
3
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Page no
Figure 1.1 RFID tag used for vehicle identification 11
Figure 2.1 Block diagram of prepaid energy meter 15
Figure 2.2 Circuit diagram of project 16
Figure 2.3 Flow chart working 18
Figure 2.4 Analog energy meter 22
Figure 2.5 Electronic energy meter 24
Figure 2.6 Pin diagram of 8051 26
Figure 2.7 Architecture of 8051 28
Figure 2.8 Pin diagram of LCD 30
Figure 2.9 16*2 LCD 31
Figure 2.10 Logic diagram of ULN 2003 34
Figure 2.11 Test circuit of ULN 2003 35
Figure 2.12 Electromagnetic Relay 37
Figure 2.13 Contact type Relay 38
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ABSTRACT
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on
storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. The
technology requires some extent of cooperation of an RFID reader and an RFID tag.
An RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or
person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be
read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader.
An RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or
person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be
read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With profound respect and gratitude, We take the opportunity to convey our thanks to
complete the project. We do extend my heartfelt thanks to Ms. Rajni Sharma for her guidance
.We are extremely grateful to all the Electrical and Electronics staff of FET,MRIU for their
co-operation and guidance that helped us a lot. We have learnt a lot working under them and
we will always be indebted of them for this value addition in us which have been significant
factor in the accomplishment of our project.
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
It will be of social interest of the society and will also reduced the billing burden of the
respective state electricity board one has to educate the society of its importance. There will
be awareness of the energy conservation. and the best of all it will avoid the illegal practice
that quite often happen in our society. It will create smart society that it need for the Nation.
Smarftech.Inc is pioneer in producing RFID and smart card technology in India.
Electronic energy meter has got numerous advantages over the conventional
electromechanical meter and due to this; many countries of the world have switched to
electronic metering system. But unfortunately Pakistan is still deprived of such meters. The
paper is based on the final year project of the design & implementation of prepaid electronic
energy meter which we are designing in order to eliminate the problems being faced by the
Pakistani people. By the introduction of prepaid system in Pakistan the problem of
overcharging and over billing and the trouble being faced by the customers in paying the bills
will be removed all together. Since our meter is electronic in nature, it has got no moving
parts and hence the problem of stability & accuracy due to temperature changes are solved.
Our meter is also tamper resistant which eradicates the chances of the theft of electricity[1]
This paper presents the design and development of a reliable PLC/RF ENergy Information
System (ENIS) for promoting voluntary energy conservation benefits. With the help of
monitoring and browsing energy information immediately, the price signal and visible energy
saving profile can provide incentives for customers to migrate peak demand elastically and
economically. Two real-world applications of the ENIS are then reported. First, shedding
peak load and diminishing energy consumption at NCTU University are explored by
managing air conditioners through debit cards and energy meters (EMs). Second, in an
aggregate community, the real-time pricing signals can motivate end users to shift peak
demand by means of manual or automatic load controls. These examples illustrate that EMs
and energy information displays with enhanced reliability are highly applicable for voluntary
energy conservation in densely populated areas.[2]
Energy meter reading is a tedious and an expensive affair. The meter reader has to go and
take the reading manually to issue the bill, which will later be entered in the software to
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automate the billing and payment system. It would have reduced the laborious task and
financial wastage if can automate the manual meter reading process and bill data entry
process. This paper proposes a new network communication system for energy meter reading
by integrating communication technology and software system along with the existing
meters. A wireless or wired communication system will be integrated with electronic energy
meter to have remote access over the usage of electricity. Even though they are two different
modules, energy meter deliver the reading details as on when it demands by the
communication system. The communication system is further connected with electricity
regional/sub-regional office, which will rather act as a base station. Instead of creating a
separate communication system and backbone, any of the secure existing communication
service infrastructures may also be utilized to avoid any initial investments. The
communication channel is identified by the consumer's number and it is secured by any
cryptographic standards. Base office can verify the energy meters performance by checking
the day to day consumption of energy. This will also help to avoid any tampering or break
down of energy meter.[3]
Pre-paid metering and billing for gas and electricity is common in developing nations. South
Africa boasts that it is the pre-paid capital of the world. But in developed nations, pre-paid
billing for gas and electricity is an anathema. It may be time to change.
Individuals from utility employees at Cinergy and Nevada Power that expressed a high level
of interest in prepaid metering at the Spintelligent Metering, Billing, CRM/CIS Americas
conference held in Chicago, IL during May 2003 and sponsored by Elester, Excelergy, Itron,
Kema, and Olameter.The interest from the utilities in prepaid billing is related to the problem
utilities face from bad customers and its effectiveness observed in two US test markets[4]
Prepaid electricity customers would fill up their accounts by making a payment at a payday
lender or money transfer office. The retailers equate the process to filling up the gas tank on
your car. You can put a little in or fill up the tank for a full month.
So far, none of the state’s registered retail electric providers offer a prepaid program that
takes advantage of smart meters’ ability to constantly monitor power usage and consumption.
“They’re changing the game,” Thompson said.
‘Self-disconnection plan’
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Prepaid cellular phone service is a more apt comparison, Thompson says. Those services,
such as the ones offered by Richardson-based MetroPCS, now make up 20% of the cell
phone service market.
“The market for prepaid (electricity) is huge,” Thompson said.
In Texas, that’s especially true. The state is home to more than 1 million completely
unbanked households — 11.7% of the state, according to a December 2009 study by the
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. An additional 2.1 million — or 24.1% of the state’s
households — are categorized as underbanked. (Underbanked refers to households that have
a checking or savings account but also often rely on payday loans or other such services.)[5]
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1 a)Purpose
Our main purpose of this project is to introduce the prepaid concept in electricity distribution
system in India. This aims to reduce the burden of electricity department to collect bills and
also to reduce the theft of electricity which is very common in countries like India.
Worldwide approximately 10 million energy consumers receive prepaid electric service in
nearly 40 countries. Countries with high levels of prepaid electric service include South
Africa, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Early prepayment systems assumed that all
months had 30 days, making it impossible to reconcile the records for prepaid electric service
customers with those of credit customers. Among the many problems this created, it made it
difficult to transfer financial credits to prepaid service customers from support agencies that
operated on a conventional business calendar.
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1 b)History
Figure1.1 A RFID tag used for vehicle identification
In 1945 Léon Theremin invented an espionage tool for the Soviet Union which
retransmitted incident radio waves with audio information. Sound waves vibrated a
diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the
reflected radio frequency. Even though this device was a covert listening device, not
an identification tag, it is considered to be a predecessor of RFID technology, because
it was likewise passive, being energized and activated by waves from an outside
source.
Similar technology, such as the IFF transponder developed in the United Kingdom,
was routinely used by the allies in World War II to identify aircraft as friend or foe.
Transponders are still used by most powered aircraft to this day.
Another early work exploring RFID is the landmark 1948 paper by Harry Stockman,
titled "Communication by Means of Reflected Power" (Proceedings of the IRE, pp
A scheme of Electricity billing system called "PREPAID ENERGY METER WITH TARIFF
INDICATOR" can facilitate in improved cash flow management in energy utilities and can
reduces problem associated with billing consumer living in isolated area and reduces
deployment of manpower for taking meter readings. Every consumer can recharge RFID tag
assigned and recharge its meter at various ranges (i.e. Rs 50, Rs 100, Rs 200 etc).In our
project we have given the name for RFID tag card smart card. Consumer can check its
balance in LCD attached with the module and be prepare for the next recharge in advance. .
There are many different types of RFID systems out in the market. They are categorized
according to their frequency ranges. These frequency ranges mostly tell the RF ranges of the
tags from low frequency tag ranging from 3m to 5m, mid-frequency ranging from 5m to 17m
and high frequency ranging from 5ft to 90ft.
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1 d)Overview
A radio-frequency identification system uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to be identified. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators or readers send a signal to the tag and read its response. The readers generally transmit their observations to a computer system running RFID software or RFID middleware.
The tag's information is stored electronically in a non-volatile memory. The RFID tag includes a small RF transmitter and receiver. An RFID reader transmits an encoded radio signal to interrogate the tag. The tag receives the message and responds with its identification information. This may be only a unique tag serial number, or may be product-related information such as a stock number, lot or batch number, production date, or other specific information.
RFID tags contain at least two parts: an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, collecting DC power from the incident reader signal, and other specialized functions; and an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.
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Chapter 2
MATERIAL AND METHOLOGY
2 a)Block Diagram
Figure 2.1 Block Diagram of prepaid energy meter
When the consumer insert a smart card into the card reader which is connected in prepaid
energy meter with tariff indicator LCD.Then the card reader will read the stored information
using the MC program. That smart card cannot be reused by others. Suppose if a consumer
buy a card for Rs.50/- he / she can insert this amount through the card reader so that prepaid
energy meter with tariff indicator kit will be activated. According to the power consumption
the amount will be reduced. When the amount is over, the relay will automatically shutdown
the whole system. In our project we also have a provision to display remaining amount so
that he can done his recharges on time.
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2 b)Circuit Diagram
Figure 2.2 Circuit Diagram of project
16
Above figure is the basic circuit diagram of RFID based prepaid energy meter. It consists of
six main components like a microcontroller, digital energy meter, connector IC, LCD etc.
Microcontroller is the brain and most important part of our circuit. Each and every part is
either directly or indirectly connected to the microcontroller. Energy meter and reset switch
are connected to the port 1 of controller. LCD is connected at port 2 and relay is also
connected to port 2 via connector IC( ULN 2003).
Energy meter is connected to power supply as well as load. When tag is swiped over card
reader, the value stored in that card get stored in microcontroller. When reach unit is
consumed, a signal is produced by the energy meter and a decrement is done from stored
value. When this value becomes zero, a signal is given to relay which disconnects supply
from load. A LCD is provided to display the remaining value of units.
17
2 c) Flow Chart Working
Figure 2.3 Flow Chart
First of all the energy meter will get the power supply and connected to load. When RFID tag
is swiped over the card reader, an initial value is set in microcontroller, which is taken as our
recharge or we can say available units. With each unit consumption of power the energy
meter will provide signal to the microcontroller and the stored value is decremented by one
each time. When the stored value become zero a signal is given to relay through ULN2003
which in turn disconnects power supply from load. When card is again swiped , recharge is
done and supply again get connected to load.
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2 d) Material used
1.RFID module
A basic RFID system consists of three components:
• An antenna or coil
• A transceiver (with decoder)
• A transponder (RF tag) electronically programmed with unique information
These are described below:
1. ANTENNA
The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and read and write data to it. Antennas are
the conduits between the tag and the transceiver, which controls the system's data acquisition
and communication. Antennas are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; they can be built
into a door frame to receive tag data from persons or things passing through the door, or
mounted on an interstate tollbooth to monitor traffic passing by on a freeway. The
electromagnetic field produced by an antenna can be constantly present when multiple tags
are expected continually. If constant interrogation is not required, a sensor device can activate
the field.
1. TRANSRECEIVER
Often the antenna is packaged with the transceiver and decoder to become a reader (a.k.a.
interrogator), which can be configured either as a handheld or a fixed-mount device. The
reader emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 100 feet or more, depending
upon its power output and the radio frequency used. When an RFID tag passes through the
electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal. The reader decodes the data
encoded in the tag's integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host
computer for processing.
2. TAGS (Transponders)
An RFID tag is comprised of a microchip containing identifying information and an antenna
that transmits this data wirelessly to a reader. At its most basic, the chip will contain a
serialized identifier, or license plate number, that uniquely identifies that item,
similar to the way many bar codes are used today. A key difference, however is that RFID
tags have a higher data capacity than their bar code counterparts
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Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of a wireless non-contact system that uses
radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data from a tag attached to an object, for
the purposes of automatic identification and tracking. Some tags require no battery and are
powered by the electromagnetic fields used to read them. Others use a local power source
and emit radio waves (electromagnetic radiation at radio frequencies). The tag contains
electronically stored information which can be read from up to several metres (yards) away.
Unlike a bar code, the tag does not need to be within line of sight of the reader and may be
embedded in the tracked object.
RFID tags are used in many industries. An RFID tag attached to an automobile during
production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line. Pharmaceuticals can
be tracked through warehouses. Livestock and pets may have tags injected, allowing positive
identification of the animal. RFID identity cards can give employees access to locked areas
of a building, and RF transponders mounted in automobiles can be used to bill motorists for
access to toll roads or parking.
Since RFID tags can be attached to clothing, possessions, or even implanted within people,
the possibility of reading personally-linked information without consent has raised privacy
concerns.
RFID can be used in a variety of applications such as: