Final ppt

An Overview ON BSNL SUMMER TRAINING

SUBMITTED BY-

RAJAN MEENA

08EC071

VII SEM (ECE)

INDEX

1. COMPANY PROFILE

2. INTRODUCTION

3. ABOUT THE EXCHANGE

4. MDF

>TYPES OF FAULTS

>PROTECTIVE DEVICES

5. OCB

6. GSM

7. MEDIA

8. PROCEDURE FOR HANDLING COMPLAINTS

9.OPTICAL FIBER

INTRODUCTION

Today, BSNL is the No. 1 telecommunication company and the largest public sector undertaking of India and its responsibilities includes improvement of the already impeccable quality of telecom services, expansion of telecom services in all villages and instilling confidence among its customers.

EXCHANGE:

Equipment which effects interconnected of telephones is known as switching equipment. The switching centre, which houses the terminating and switching equipment is called telephone exchange.

EXCHANGE LAYOUT

Typical exchange consist of :

Switch Room Operations and Maintenance (OMC) RoomInput Output processor (IOP) Room Power Plant Room Battery Room Main Distribution Frame (MDF) Room 

ABOUT THE EXCHANGE

1. All telephone subscribers are served by automatic exchanges.

2. Today’s automatic exchanges uses a pair of computers.

One, running the program that provides services.

Second, monitoring the operation of the first, ready to take over in a few seconds in the event of equipment failure.

Various exchanges present in BSNL are:

> C-DOT> OCB> EWSD

MAIN SECTIONS OF EXCHANGE:

There are three components of exchange: MDF Power plant Switching Room.

MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (M.D.F) :

INTRODUCTION:

- MDF means Main Distribution Frame. Local cable contact at MDF . - All types of cables out to the door contact connection at MDF .

THE MAIN PARTS OF THE POWER ROOM ARE:

1. BATTERIES

2. UPS (UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY)

3. CHARGING - DISCHARGING UNIT

4. INVERTER AND CONVERTER UNIT:

POWER PLANT :

SWITCHING ROOM :

Switch room consists of BM and CM cabinets mounted in standard switch.

These cabinets are fastened to a switch Room and interconnected by cables.

.

MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME

> The primary function of MDF is to remove fault. It is also known as Fault Remove Section. > The telephone numbers are also disconnected in the MDF because of some specific reason.

ORGANISATION OF THE MDF

• Vertical side• Horizontal side

VERTICAL SIDE 

RACK: -On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight tags. The counting is done from up (0) to down (7).

TAGS: -Each rack consists of eight tags.1 tag = 4 core1 core = 4 bunch1 bunch = 2 line

N.E.:-The word NE stands for the ‘NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT’.It is used for testing number.

WEDGE: Wedge is used as a device for checking the ring. Wedge is placed in jack strips, which is connected to telephone for checking.

HORIZONTAL SIDE:

The horizontal side connected to the underground cable. This cable is having 100 pairs. These pair is distributed when we allot the telephone number to the subscriber.

Horizontal side is again subdivided in two parts:

One part is connected with the vertical side. Another with the subscriber line by using 100 pair underground cable.

CONSTRUCTION OF M.D.F:-

Main distribution frame is mainly divided in two parts.

(1) Vertical Side or Line side.

(2) LEN side or Exchange side.

VERTICAL SIDE:

All the part from vertical side to the subscriber are generally called outdoor section.:

1. One vertical has 10 tag blocks.

2. Each tag block has 10 rows and each row has 10 tags. So each tag block has 100 tags.

3. Connection between vertical side & subscribers are provided by jelly filled cables.

4. These wires are first terminated in cabinet box, then according to requirements the group of the wires (e.g. 200 wires, 100 wires etc.) is terminated in pillar box

LEN SIDE:

• All the parts from LEN to the exchange is called indoor section.

• The connection of subscriber from exchange is terminated on this side of MDF.

• In 1 tag block there are 128 tags. Each tag block is divided in 4 segments. That is 0, 1,2 & 3 and in each segments.

. DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS:-

LOOP FAULT:-IF TWO WIRES ARE JOINED TOGETHER BECAUSE OF IMPROPER CONNECTION,STORMING AIR ETC.

EARTH FAULT:-IF TWO WIRES GET SCRAPE AT SOME PLACES AND IF THIS WIRE COMES INCONTACT WITH TREE, PILLAR OR ANY METAL OBJECTS THEN THIS TYPE OF FAULT OCCURS.

CABLE FAULT:-FOR OUTDOOR CONNECTIONS, JELLY FILLED WIRES ARE USED WHICH ARE AFFECTED BY NATURAL CAUSES SUCH AS RAIN, EARTHQUAKE ETC. AT SUCH TIME THIS FAULT OCCURS.

DISCONNECT FAULT:-THIS TYPE OF FAULT OCCURS DUE TO THE BREAKING OF WIRES BETWEEN THE VERTICAL SIDE & LEN SIDE.

PROTECTIVE DEVICES USED IN M.D.F.

Fuses

Gas Discharge Tube(G.D Tube)

Insertion Tool

Wires

OCB

The new switching systems are based on Stored Program Control concept. The call processing programmers are distributed over different control organs of the system and are stored in ROM/RAM of the units Processor in the control units .

Features:

It is a digital switching system. The system supports all the existing signaling system .The system has ‘auto recovery’ feature. When a serious fault occur in control unit, it gives a message to SMM (operation & maintenance unit).

•GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)

Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard

GSM is a cellular network which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM operates in the 900 MHz frequency band.

THERE ARE FIVE DIFFERENT CELL SIZES IN A GSM NETWORK-

Macro Cells Micro Cells Pico Cells Femto Cells Umbrella Cells

GSM : (SYSTEM ARCHITECHTURE)

This system structured hierarchically as shown:  It consist of one administrative region, which is

assigned to a MSC(Mobile Switching Center). Each administrative Region is made up of atleast

one Location Area(LA). LA is also called the visited area.

An LA consists of several cell groups. Each cell group is assigned to a base station

controller(BSC). Cells of one BSC may belong to different LA’s.

GSM : (SYSTEM ARCHITECHTURE)

BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS:

Mobile Station (MS)

Base Station (BS)

Mobile services Switching Center (MSC)

Databases

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

SYSTEM CAPACITY

Shannon’s Theory predicts the maximum amount of information that can be transmitted over a channel with given BW & SNR.

The optimum usage of given BW is obtained when the signal are noise – like & min SNR.

Hence for increased capacity the choice is CDMA.

MEDIA : -

1.Carrier system

2. Co-axial Cable

3. Optical Fiber Cable(OFC).

4. Satellite.

PROCEDURE FOR HANDLING SUBSCRIBER COMPLAINTS

Telephone Dead:

Case--I Problem concerns a particular subscriber.

Case-II Quit a few numbers of telephone reported dead:

Telephone Held-Up ( No Dial Tone ):

> PERMANENT RING

> PERMANENT DIAL TONE

> PERMANENT BUSY TONE

> PERMANENT RING – TRIP

 > SPEECH QUALITY POOR  > WRONG NUMBERS  > ONE WAY SPEECH

> RINGER CADENCE

FIBER OPTICS TECHNOLOGY

Fibers of glass Usually 120 micrometers in diameter Used to carry signals in the form of light over

distances up to 50 km. No repeaters needed.

INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBERS.

INTRODUCTION (CONT…)

Core – thin glass center of the fiber where light travels.

Cladding – outer optical material surrounding the core

Buffer Coating – plastic coating that protects the fiber.

EVOLUTION OF FIBER 1880 – Alexander Graham Bell 1930 – Patents on tubing 1950 – Patent for two-layer glass wave-

guide 1960 – Laser first used as light source 1965 – High loss of light discovered 1970s – Refining of manufacturing process 1980s – OF technology becomes backbone

of long distance telephone networks in NA.

ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBRE

Thinner Less Expensive Higher Carrying Capacity Less Signal Degradation& Digital Signals Light Signals Non-Flammable Light Weight

AREAS OF APPLICATION

Telecommunications Local Area Networks Cable TV CCTV Optical Fiber Sensors

TYPE OF FIBERS

Optical fibers come in two types:Single-mode fibers – used to transmit one

signal per fiber (used in telephone and cable TV). They have small cores(9 microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light from laser.

Multi-mode fibers – used to transmit many signals per fiber (used in computer networks). They have larger cores(62.5 microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light from LED.

HOW DOES OPTICAL FIBRE TRANSMIT LIGHT??

Total Internal Reflection. Fibre Optics Relay Systems has

-Transmitter-Optical Fibre-Optical Regenerator-Optical Receiver

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION IN FIBER